Дисертації з теми "Inclusive mobility"

The aim of this research is to combine theories of public participation and rights-based approaches to governance with discourses on social exclusion and transport disadvantage explored through a case study of a planned mass public transport system in a city adopting a rights-based approach to participatory governance. It does so by using a mixed-method case study approach, utilising qualitative research methods. Quito in Ecuador provided the natural choice for the case study given its rights-based approach to participatory governance determined through the Constitution of 2008 and the Law of Citizen Participation (2010), and shortly after receiving the devolved responsibility for urban planning and transport, the city government took the decision to install a metro line in the city centre. The research addressed three research questions. First, it examined the extent to which transport related social exclusion is intensified by existing practices of transport planning and operation. Second, it looked at the potential benefit of a rights-based approach to participatory governance. Third, it examined how a conceptualised understanding of transport-related social exclusion was able to describe the phenomenon as it exists in Quito, and through a framework devised from the literature to evaluate participatory activities, it considered both the activities of the city government in engaging the public, alongside the response received from citizens and civil society organisations. The research concluded that a rights-based approaches to participation in decision-making can address transport-related social exclusion and mobility challenges. Although Quito’s metro project fell into the ‘prepare-reveal-defend’ model of decision making, there were genuine attempts by the city government to initiate participation. Some initiatives took place after the decision was made, and others were overly complex i.e. the formulaic process of the ‘Offering of Accounts’. The research also determined that cultural change is required for residents to embrace a new open government, and that civil society organisations have a key role to play on fostering better participatory processes, and ultimately decision-making.

O presente trabalho de projeto de mestrado em Design da Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal, insere-se na área do design de produto, a partir da ótica do design inclusivo e do design universal, em particular, tendo como referência a perceção contemporânea da deficiência, abordando questões relacionadas com os direitos humanos e a responsabilidade social do design, considerando-se especificamente a pluralidade do escopo de utilizadores de cadeiras de rodas, com especial atenção aos desafios que os mesmos têm de enfrentar na sua mobilidade diária. Mediante uma metodologia qualitativa-mista, com uma componente passiva de revisão da literatura e análise de casos, e outra ativa, por recurso a entrevistas e questionários e, também, dedicada à componente prática da investigação, o produto desenvolvido apresenta-se na forma de um acessório auxiliar para cadeira de rodas, que permite ao utilizador atravessar diferentes superfícies e obstáculos, como o passeio público, de forma segura e intuitiva. Propondo, desse modo, uma solução voltada para facilitar a vida e garantir direitos a toda e qualquer pessoa com deficiência, pessoas com mobilidade reduzida e idosos. Visa-se com esse projeto promover a inclusão social na relação com a mobilidade urbana de pessoas que utilizam cadeira de rodas, de forma permanente ou temporária; ABSTRACT: Inclusive Design for Urban Mobility: wheelchair Accessory - The present project of a master's degree in design from the university of Evora, Evora, Portugal, is inserted in the area of product design, from the perspective of inclusive design and universal design, in particular, having as reference the contemporary perception of disability, addressing issues related to human rights and social responsibility of design, specifically considering the plurality of the scope of wheelchair users, with special attention to the challenges that they have to face in their daily mobility. Through a mixed qualitative methodology, with a passive component of literature review and case analysis, and an active one, using interviews and questionnaires, and also dedicated to the practical component of the investigation, the product developed is presented in the form of an auxiliary wheelchair accessory that allows the user to cross different surfaces and obstacles, such as the public sidewalk, Portugal, is inserted in the area of product design, from the perspective of inclusive design and universal design, in particular, having as reference the contemporary perception of disability, addressing issues related to human rights and social responsibility of design, specifically considering the plurality of the scope of wheelchair users, with special attention to the challenges that they have to face in their daily mobility

Dissertação de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Design de Produto, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.
Todas as pessoas com deficiência têm direitos e é necessário adaptar a sociedade às suas necessidades e não o oposto. Se as pessoas sem qualquer tipo de falha nos 5 sentidos estão expostas a perigos diversos, as pessoas que tenham défice de um deles, verão agravados nas suas vidas riscos e factores de perigo. Este projecto nasce assim da identificação de um problema: os perigos que as pessoas clinicamentecegas e surdas enfrentam no espaço público. O interesse por esta área temática deveu-se ao contacto que surgiu com pessoas portadoras de deficiência auditiva e visual. O pensamento iminente de “como viverão elas se não ouvem?”, “que perigos e limitações encontram se não vêm?”, “como recebem informações sobre o espaço que os rodeia?”, bem como outras questões, levaram à escolha deste assunto. O objectivo é criar um sistema integrado que possa ajudar a minimizar o desconforto e os riscos com que as pessoas com estas limitações se confrontam no ambiente urbano. Pretende-se aumentar a eficiência na mobilidade das pessoas em termos de autonomia e segurança. Ambicionou-se criar um conjunto de produtos e serviços de informação para o espaço urbano adaptados às necessidades das pessoas com deficiência auditiva e visual e que assegurará de alguma maneira uma maior segurança e mobilidade nas travessias pedonais. Espera-se igualmente que este produto, devido ao seu design inclusivo, possa ajudar todos os utilizadores dos espaços públicos. A suportar este sistema está um projecto de investigação, que vai desde uma parte teórica ao desenvolvimento de um sub-produto de um sistema que é esboçado neste estudo. Realizaram-se diversas entrevistas a pessoas que sofrem destas limitações e também se colocou o produto à experiência destas, de maneira a que partilhassem as suas opiniões, necessidades e expectativas. Os resultados obtidos foram meticulosamente analisados e tornaram-se fundamentais para o bom desenvolvimento da dissertação, tendo sido na sua grande maioria bastante positivos.
ABSTRACT: Every disabled person has its rights and it is necessary to adapt our society to its needs and not the opposite. If people without one flaw in any of the 5 senses are exposed to several dangers, people with a deficit in one of them will see the dangers and risk factors intensified on their daily lives. Thus, this project comes from the identification of a problem faced by clinically blind and deaf people in urban space. The interest for this theme is given to the contact with people who carry hearing and visual disability. The imminent thought of “how will they live without istening?”, “what are the limitations they face if they do not see?”, “how do they receive information about their surrounding?” as well as other pending questions, led to the choice of this subject. The objective is to create an integrated system of products that can minimize discomfort and the risks people with these limitations come across in the urban environment. It is intended for the efficiency in mobility to be raised, displaying safety and self-sufficiency. It was aspired to create a set of products and information services for the urban environment adapted to the needs of people with hearing and visual disability that will assure better mobility regarding safety in crosswalks. It is hoped that this product will equally help every user of public spaces, given its inclusive character and design. Supporting this system and sub-product is an investigation project, from a theoretical part to the development of a sub-product of a system, sketched in this study. Several interviews were completed together with people who suffer from these limitations as they experienced the final product, so that opinions, requirements and expectations could be shared. The obtained results were thoroughly analysed and became fundamental for the good development of the dissertation and have been, in their wide majority, rather positive.

En Europe, comme aux États-Unis, l'existence au sein de nos villes de quartiers qui concentrent les difficultés sociales fait l'objet d'une attention particulière de la part de la puissance publique. Quartiers d'habitats sociaux d'après-guerre, ghettos noirs américains, centres-villes autrefois dynamiques, les formes que prennent ces quartiers sont multiples et font l'objet dans la plupart des pays de programmes spécifiques. En France, l'action sur ces quartiers porte le nom de Politique de la Ville. Les différents programmes mis en place considèrent que la concentration spatiale de la pauvreté est à la source des désordres observés. Guidée par cet a priori, la puissance publique n'a cessé de vouloir augmenter la mixité sociale de ces quartiers en diversifiant le parc de logements et le peuplement.En dépit des sommes engagées, le bilan de la politique de la ville est dit contrasté et difficile à évaluer. Se pourrait-il que l'amélioration de la situation de ces quartiers par l'accroissement de leur mixité soit une impasse ? Est-il possible d'améliorer plus efficacement le sort des habitants des quartiers qui concentrent la pauvreté par une politique d'accroissement de la mobilité des individus ? Cette interrogation constitue le cœur de cette thèse qui se compose de trois chapitres.Le premier chapitre est une discussion méthodologique traitant principalement de l'objectif que devrait poursuivre une telle politique. Nous montrons qu'une politique de mobilité, si elle se traduit par une amélioration de l'accessibilité aux emplois, peut constituer une politique alternative convaincante. Mais nous montrons également que le lien entre bonne accessibilité aux emplois et faible taux de chômage n'est pas une évidence.Le deuxième chapitre est consacré au développement d'un modèle urbain complexe permettant de comprendre les effets d'une modification de l'offre de transport sur l'organisation d'une ville dans un contexte de dispersion des emplois et d'absence de plein-emploi chez les travailleurs peu qualifiés. Nous proposons des mécanismes originaux sur la distance aux emplois et la localisation du chômage permettant d'obtenir une organisation de la ville proche de celle observée empiriquement sur quelques agglomérations françaises. Le principal enseignement en est qu'une bonne accessibilité aux emplois peut s'accompagner d'une augmentation du taux de chômage, car le quartier devient attractif pour les demandeurs d'emplois.Le troisième et dernier chapitre est une analyse empirique et statistique visant à confronter les mécanismes utilisés dans le deuxième chapitre aux données réelles des régions Hauts-de-France et Île-de-France. Nous définissons et calculons deux indicateurs d'accessibilité aux emplois dont l'un représente le niveau de tension du marché de l'emploi. Nous utilisons ces indicateurs, ainsi qu'un ensemble de variables de contrôles, pour modéliser le taux de chômage des quartiers à l'aide d'un modèle à dépendance spatiale du terme d'erreur et équations simultanées (SUR-SEM). Un accroissement de l'accessibilité aux emplois aura tendance à faire augmenter le taux de chômage, car le quartier devient plus attractif pour les chômeurs. Mais si cette accessibilité se traduit par une baisse du niveau de tension du marché de l'emploi, elle se traduira au contraire par une baisse du taux de chômage.Il s'avère que la composition du parc de logements a un impact beaucoup plus important sur le niveau de chômage d'un quartier que son niveau d'accessibilité aux emplois. Mais il n'y a aucune raison de penser que cette baisse du chômage soit valable à l'échelle de la ville dans son ensemble. La pauvreté est pour ainsi dire diluée. Une diminution du niveau de tension sur le marché de l'emploi par l'amélioration de la mobilité des personnes, à l'inverse, conduira à une baisse du taux de chômage à l'échelle du quartier et de la ville
In Europe, as in the United States, public authorities pay particular attention to the existence within our cities of neighborhoods that concentrate social problems. Post-war social housing estates, American black ghettos, formerly dynamic city centers - these neighborhoods take many forms and are the focus of specific programs in most countries. In France, action in these areas is known as "Politique de la Ville". The various programs put in place consider that the spatial concentration of poverty is at the root of the disorders observed. Guided by this premise, the public authorities have consistently sought to increase the social mix in these neighborhoods by diversifying the housing stock and population.Despite the sums involved, the results of the urban policy are mixed and difficult to assess. Could it be that improving the situation in these neighborhoods by increasing their social mix is a dead end? Is it possible to improve the lot of residents in neighborhoods where poverty is concentrated more effectively through a policy of increasing individual mobility? This question forms the core of this thesis, which is divided into three chapters.The first chapter is a methodological discussion dealing mainly with the objective that such a policy should pursue. We show that a mobility policy, if it results in improved accessibility to jobs, can be a convincing alternative policy. But we also show that the link between good job accessibility and low unemployment is not self-evident.The second chapter is devoted to the development of a complex urban model to understand the effects of a change in transport supply on the organization of a city in a context of job dispersion and lack of full employment among low-skilled workers. We propose original mechanisms for the distance to jobs and the location of unemployment, enabling us to obtain a city organization close to that observed empirically in a number of French conurbations. The main lesson is that good accessibility to jobs can be accompanied by an increase in the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes attractive to job-seekers.The third and final chapter is an empirical and statistical analysis designed to compare the mechanisms used in the second chapter with real data from the Hauts-de-France and Île-de-France regions. We define and calculate two indicators of job accessibility, one of which represents the level of tension in the job market. We use these indicators, along with a set of control variables, to model the neighborhood unemployment rate using a simultaneous equation error term spatial dependence model (SUR-SEM). An increase in job accessibility will tend to raise the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes more attractive to the unemployed. But if this accessibility translates into a lower level of tension in the job market, it will, on the contrary, translate into a lower unemployment rate.It turns out that the composition of the housing stock has a far greater impact on a neighborhood's unemployment level than its level of accessibility to jobs. But there's no reason to believe that this drop in unemployment is valid for the city as a whole. Poverty is diluted, so to speak. A reduction in the level of tension on the job market by improving people's mobility, on the other hand, will lead to a fall in the unemployment rate at both neighborhood and city level

Esta dissertação apresenta contribuições no design de cadeira de rodas como sistema de mobilidade infantil. A proposta visa favorecer as relações interpessoais existentes nos contextos escolares. Em um primeiro momento, a pesquisa obteve dados a respeito de patentes como indicadores de inovação tecnológica. Utilizou-se esse recurso como estratégia de prospecção para a conceituação do Estado da Arte. Ao verificar as informações contidas nas patentes, investigou-se, também, o grau de inventividade existente nos produtos atuais. A ideia foi a de aplicar as melhores práticas no objeto em questão. Posteriormente, efetuou-se um estudo etnográfico para analisar o cotidiano de uma criança com deficiência física, matriculada na Rede Municipal de Educação de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Com isso, buscou-se compreender o ambiente a ser trabalhado e coletar informações com familiares e profissionais que lidam com essa criança. Paralelo à realização do estudo, foi utilizado um modelo de referência para a estruturação de um recurso assistivo, praticando intensamente as fases de Planejamento, Projeto Informacional, Projeto Conceitual e Projeto Detalhado, em cooperação com a "voz do usuário" e de seus cuidadores. Ainda na fase conceitual, foi desenvolvida uma solução orientada ao contexto escolar, dedicada às séries iniciais. Como desfecho da presente pesquisa, tem-se o desenvolvimento de uma cadeira de rodas infantil, culminando com a confecção de um protótipo que apresenta diferenciais relacionados à mobilidade e interação.
This dissertation presents some contributions to the design of the wheelchair as a children’s mobility system. The proposal aims at facilitating the interpersonal relations that take place in the school environment. At an early stage, the research obtained data related to patents as technological innovation indicators. This resource was used as a prospecting strategy for creating the State of the Art concept. By checking the information contained in the patents, the level of inventiveness of current products was investigated as well. The idea was to apply the best practices to the object in question. Later, an ethnographic research was conducted in order to analyze the daily life of a child with physical disabilities attending the Municipal Education System of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Hence, we sought to understand the setting to be worked on and to collect information from relatives and professionals who deal with this child. Along with the development of this study, a model of reference for the structuring of an assistive resource was used, with an intensive practice of the stages of Planning, Information Project, Conceptual Project and Detailed Project, in cooperation with the “user’s voice” and his caretakers. Still at the conceptual stage, a solution oriented towards the school environment was developed, aimed at the early grades of primary school. The outcome of the present research is the development of a pediatric wheelchair, ending in the production of a prototype that features distinguished improvements related to mobility and interaction.

Le travail de thèse présenté porte sur l'observation de la pratique opérationelle del'intercompréhension selon une perspective de recherche inhabituelle. En effet, si sonpotentiel en tant qu'approche plurilingue de l'enseignement des langues étrangères estdésormais largement reconnu, l'apport de l'intercompréhension en tant que stratégie demédiation dans des espaces de diversité linguistique reste fortement sous exploré. Afin derelever le défi lancé par le 7ème projet de recherche MIME – mobilité et inclusion dans uneEurope multilingue, le champ d'application de l'intercompréhension a été élargi et testé dansdes environnements multilingues spontanés, résultant de la mobilité des citoyens européensavec une attention particulière accordée aux rapports d'inclusion des individus mobiles. Enparticulier, le terrain d'essai de cette étude a été la communication des familles issues del'adoption à l'international comme exemple de communautés qui se construisent à partir dudéplacement de leur barycentre géographique, culturel et linguistique. La méthodologieutilisée dans notre recherche a été organisée selon une structure "à pyramide inversée" quipermet d'observer le phénomène en question selon deux perspectives complémentaires : laperspective émique de l'entretien semi-structurée et la perspective étique de l'observationdirecte. D'après nos résultats, dans un cadre de langues voisines et apparentées,l'intercompréhension émerge spontanément à la fois comme solution adaptative pourcontourner les défis imposés par la diversité linguistique et, ce qui est le plus important,comme espace communicatif orienté vers l'inclusion de l'enfant et de sa langue d'origine.Cette recherche montre tout l'intérêt d'élargir l'observation des applications del'intercompréhension dans l'expérience complexe et évolutive de la mobilité et de favoriser samise en oeuvre des locuteurs au moyen d'une formation ciblée aux contextes pluriels
The study on which the following thesis is based focuses on discussing intercomprehensionfrom an unusual research perspective. Indeed, while its potential as a multilingual approach toforeign language teaching is now widely recognized, the value of intercomprehension as amediation strategy in contexts of linguistic diversity remains largely under-explored. In orderto meet the challenge of the 7th research project MIME - Mobility and inclusion inmultilingual Europe, the scope of intercomprehension has been broadened and tested inspontaneous multilingual environments, that were shaped by the mobility of Europeancitizens, with particular focus on mechanisms of inclusion for mobile individuals. Inparticular, the test case of this study has been the communication of international adoptivefamilies, which are examples of communities that are built on the reorganization ofgeographical, cultural and linguistic references. The methodology used in our research wasorganized according to an "inverted pyramid" structure that makes it possible to observe thephenomenon in question according to two complementary perspectives: the emic perspectiveof the semi-structured interview and the etic perspective of direct observation. According toour results, in a framework of mutually intelligible languages, intercomprehension emergesspontaneously both as an adaptive solution to overcome the challenges imposed by linguisticdiversity and, more importantly, as a communicative space oriented greatly towards theinclusion of the child and his or her original language. This research shows the value ofexpanding research into the applications of intercomprehension in the complex and evolvingexperience of mobility and of promoting its informed implementation among speakersthrough targeted training in plural contexts

When exploring an original and relevant contribution to the continuing development of future transportation solutions, the author was inspired by the unbalanced influence mankind has on our planet earth. Amongst other effects of climate change, sea level is rising and will by the end of this century resultin uninhabitable areas. With this design project, the author aimed at emitting a positive answer to climate change; showing how with a different way of thinking the water no longer has to been seen as a problem but instead as a solution. Forming a basic understanding of how people in the future could live on water required a broad exploration of trends which are currently influencing society and living environment needs. The aging population and the need for smaller living and shared facilities were some of the conclusions of this research, which in collaboration with an architect were translated into a hypothetical floating village plan. Far future scenario planning proved to be a process with many uncertainties, however by empirically filling in the blanks an image emerged which provided a sufficient foundation for the development of potential mobility and transportation opportunities. A living environment where houses and facilities are separated from each other by a barrier (the water), presented challenges for its inhabitants in regards to mobility yet unknown in life as we know on land. The transportation solution the author is putting forward is a shared autonomous shuttle system, seamlessly integrated with the floating architecture and infrastructure, which make the inhabitants perceive the water not as a barrier. The fact that in a floating village architecture and infrastructure move along with the fluctuating water level just like the water transport, allowed for rethinking the archetype of a boat and designing a flush and stable ingress/egress experience. Aesthetic inspiration was found in nature; by analyzing the stance of the water strider insect, a stable looking vehicle was realized which conveys trust towards its users. In short, it has been a degree topic containing a multi-faceted challenge from which the author at the beginning of the project could not foresee the impact.

The main theme of this thesis is the relation between education governance and social inclusion and exclusion. Overall the thesis is based on a life history approach were biographical interviews with young people are complemented with other contextual data such as survey data, longitudinal statistics, interviews with local politicians and school actors and local reports. Data were generated in three Swedish areas: a rural area in the North, an advantaged segregated area, and a disadvantaged segregated area in the South. The thesis consists of four articles that use the concepts of biography, space, and mobility. Article 1. examines the increasing usage of biographical registers in school. It suggests that biography as a form of education governance serves to construct the students as both objects for assessment and as a relay for continuous self-assessment. As such, this is a socio-political technology that is important to acknowledge in order to understand processes of social inclusion and exclusion. Article 2. addresses the following empirically generated question: How is it possible to understand the fact that disadvantaged students from a segregated area have such optimistic future orientations in relation to further education and work? Building on life history interviews with a small sample of refugee youth from a disadvantaged segregated area the paper presents a concept labelled Utopian diaspora biography (UDB). UDB describes a process whereby a high level of aspiration concerning education and labour is accumulated as a consequence of the social, temporal and spatial dynamic of the biography. Article 3. is an attempt to develop new understandings about local production of social inclusion and exclusion in a decentralised, individualised and segregated school landscape. Using a wide range of data the article suggests that local differences concerning schooling and the outcomes of schooling – both in terms of statistical patterns and the identities produced – are interrelated and are based on an amalgamation of local policy implementation, material conditions and spatially guided representations. Article 4. deploys the concept of mobility in order to explore how space and class become related to education and social inclusion and exclusion in the three chosen areas as young people are spatially situated but move, want to move, dream about moving, try to move, and fail to move through, in and out of different forms of communities. This paper shows that the possibilities of moving to desired places on the education- and labour market are unequally distributed between young people and between places. The analysis also seeks to move beyond schematic typologies such as those of ‘immobile working class’ and ‘mobile middle class’ by exploring how mobility is made meaningful and how notions about mobility are structured and enable action. In summary, the thesis contributes to the discussion on processes of inclusion and exclusion in contemporary society. These processes are understood as inter-disciplinary problematics that include the social production of spatiality, historicality, and sociality at both the societal level and on the level of identity. Crucial aspects concern aestheticisation and performativity in education which imply an increasing focus on discursive, or textual, dimensions of identity formation and the competitive strategies developed by students in order to secure social inclusion through the marketing of oneself. Under these circumstances, new identities and new forms of social inclusion and exclusion are produced.

The free movement of persons in the EU has been fraught with tension since the Eastern enlargements. This culminated in 2016 when the UK demanded the possibility to limit rights and benefits to intra-EU migrants, making for a fresh investigation into the state of the free movement. From a constructivist perspective of rights and citizenship this in-depth case study aims to elucidate how EU actors describe the free movement of persons. It will further look at how they situate limitations and obstacles and analyze what this reflects in terms of underlying logics and rationales of rights and citizenship in the EU free movement regime. The interviews with EU actors reveal how distinctions of politically constructed categories of migrants which define Insiders and Outsiders are used to rationalize who has the right to social rights. Inclusion is defined in terms of market liberalism and individual responsibility, logics which thus also define the Insiders of Europe. This produces an image of the EU citizen and indirectly defines those who diverge from this image as Outsiders, including “lesser” Europeans. The underlying logics within the EU could therefore contribute to negative perceptions of those who cannot meet the requirements of the ideal European.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mobility and the standardized testing environment. The project focused on nine students who had a pronounced need for movement while learning and/or being tested. The study was conducted to determine whether the achievement scores of these nine students would be influenced by the denial or availability of movement while they were administered a standardized reading test. Twenty-one second grade students were the subjects. Two forms of Level B of the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test were used. All subjects were tested in a traditional environment with no movement allowed. The same subjects were then tested at a later time in a mobile environment with movement and change of location permitted. The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test was used as the statistical base. Results showed a .05 significance. Of the nine mobile students, six scored equally as well or better when placed in a mobile testing environment.

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This research aims to analyze public policies aimed at subway transportation in its role in social inclusion. Many actions to improve this transportation have been tried over the past year, with investment from state government, city government and the World Bank. The situation of immobility and exclusion of the poorest populations in large urban concentrations motivates us to ask whether the goal of alleviating poverty and promoting social inclusion is mere speech, or whether indeed the subway transportation produces the expected effect. Since access to the fundamental work for the fight against poverty and an efficient way to promote social inclusion, we can say that these factors show the importance of a public transport policy as a strategy of inclusion. The Subway as an important means of movement in the capital of Sao Paulo's prominent component of policies that must address issues of immobility and exclusion they are subjected to the poorest populations provided it has the objective to support these people. A bibliographical and documentary research, using quantitative and qualitative data, collected from various entities, including: Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, the World Bank, Seade, Emplasa, CPTM, IBGE and by public officials and nongovernmental organizations, supports the development this project
Esta investigação tem por objetivo analisar as políticas públicas voltadas para o transporte metroviário e seu papel na inclusão social. Muitas ações para a melhoria deste meio de transporte têm sido tentadas ao longo dos últimos anos, com investimentos do governo estadual, do governo municipal e do Banco Mundial. A situação de imobilidade e exclusão das populações mais carentes nas grandes concentrações urbanas motiva-nos a indagar se o objetivo de minorar a pobreza e promover a inclusão social é mero discurso, ou se, realmente, o transporte metroviário produz o efeito esperado. Sendo o acesso ao trabalho fundamental para a luta contra a pobreza e uma forma eficiente de promover a inclusão social, podemos afirmar que estes fatores mostram a importância de uma política de transportes públicos como estratégia de inclusão. O Metrô, como parte importante dos meios de circulação na capital de São Paulo é componente destacado das políticas públicas que devem enfrentar as questões da imobilidade e da exclusão a que estão sujeitas as populações mais carentes, desde que tenha o objetivo de favorecer estas pessoas. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, utilizando dados quantitativos e qualitativos coletados de diversas entidades, entre elas: Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, Banco Mundial, Fundação Seade, Emplasa, CPTM, IBGE, e por agentes públicos e organizações não governamentais em apoio ao desenvolvimento deste projeto

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diamantino Augusto Sardinha Neto.pdf: 4241877 bytes, checksum: 245d0a125c3d9d28dd2adc35f2234a72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research aims to analyze public policies aimed at subway transportation in its role in social inclusion. Many actions to improve this transportation have been tried over the past year, with investment from state government, city government and the World Bank. The situation of immobility and exclusion of the poorest populations in large urban concentrations motivates us to ask whether the goal of alleviating poverty and promoting social inclusion is mere speech, or whether indeed the subway transportation produces the expected effect. Since access to the fundamental work for the fight against poverty and an efficient way to promote social inclusion, we can say that these factors show the importance of a public transport policy as a strategy of inclusion. The Subway as an important means of movement in the capital of Sao Paulo's prominent component of policies that must address issues of immobility and exclusion they are subjected to the poorest populations provided it has the objective to support these people. A bibliographical and documentary research, using quantitative and qualitative data, collected from various entities, including: Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, the World Bank, Seade, Emplasa, CPTM, IBGE and by public officials and nongovernmental organizations, supports the development this project
Esta investigação tem por objetivo analisar as políticas públicas voltadas para o transporte metroviário e seu papel na inclusão social. Muitas ações para a melhoria deste meio de transporte têm sido tentadas ao longo dos últimos anos, com investimentos do governo estadual, do governo municipal e do Banco Mundial. A situação de imobilidade e exclusão das populações mais carentes nas grandes concentrações urbanas motiva-nos a indagar se o objetivo de minorar a pobreza e promover a inclusão social é mero discurso, ou se, realmente, o transporte metroviário produz o efeito esperado. Sendo o acesso ao trabalho fundamental para a luta contra a pobreza e uma forma eficiente de promover a inclusão social, podemos afirmar que estes fatores mostram a importância de uma política de transportes públicos como estratégia de inclusão. O Metrô, como parte importante dos meios de circulação na capital de São Paulo é componente destacado das políticas públicas que devem enfrentar as questões da imobilidade e da exclusão a que estão sujeitas as populações mais carentes, desde que tenha o objetivo de favorecer estas pessoas. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, utilizando dados quantitativos e qualitativos coletados de diversas entidades, entre elas: Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, Banco Mundial, Fundação Seade, Emplasa, CPTM, IBGE, e por agentes públicos e organizações não governamentais em apoio ao desenvolvimento deste projeto

L’impact de ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur l’inclusion sociale des Personnes en Situation de Handicap (PSH). Cette inclusion dépend de plusieurs d’initiatives comme l’Accessibilité des espaces et des informations mais aussi de l’offre de Produits d’Assistance (PA) qui peuvent soulager voire compenser les situations de handicap. Notre travail se place sur ce second terrain, en particulier sur les insatisfactions et abandons des PA par les PSH et la difficulté des fabricants à offrir une variété de produits ciblés sur besoins et avec des prix abordables. Nous pensons que la solution à une telle pro-blématique peut être faite dès la conception des PA. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle de référence pour l’organisation du processus de conception de ces produits autour d’une philosophie et d’une méthodologie de conception. Ce modèle a été construit à partir de recherches bibliographiques sur les processus de conception de produits de manière générale, telles que la conception lean et la customi-sation de masse, et aussi quelques approches et modèles de conception de produits qui intègrent les PSH dans le public de consommateurs. Suite à son développement, la proposition a été testée et amé-liorée à partir de deux cas d’étude réalisés dans le cadre de la Mobilité Personnelle. Le premier cas d’étude se concentre sur la conception de Dispositifs d’Aide à la Marche (DAM), tels que les cannes, les béquilles et les cadres de marche. Ensuite, la deuxième expérience est focalisée sur la conception de Véhicules non-motorisés (VNM), comme les cycles et les fauteuils roulants. Le résultat de ces expéri-mentations et les révisions du modèle de référence pour la conception de PA nous ont permis d'abou-tir à une configuration des principes et à une méthodologie qui accordent les attentes tangibles et in-tangibles des PSH à travers la conception et l’offre de produits personnalisables tout en respectant les exigences des systèmes de fabrication et distribution
The impact of this PhD work focuses on the social inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (PWD). This inclusion depends on several initiatives such as spacial and informational accessibility, and the offer of Assistive Products (AP), which can alleviate or compensate disability situations. Our work focuses on this second point, particularly under the dissatisfaction and abandonment of AP by the PWD and the inability of the manufacturers to offer a variety of products that respond to the users’ needs with affordable prices. We believe that the solution to this problem can be found in the AP design process. Thus, we propose a reference model for the a AT design process organization around a philosophy and a design methodology. This model was constructed from bibliographic research on product de-sign processes in general, such as lean design and mass customization, as well as some product design approaches and models that integrate the PWD as customers. After this, the proposal was tested and improved through two case studies carried out in the Personal Mobility context. The first case study focuses on the design of Walking Aid Devices (WADs), such as walking sticks, crutches and walking frames. Second, the second one focuses on the design of non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), such as cycles and wheelchairs. The result of these experiments and the revisions of the reference model for AP design enabled us deliver a configuration of principles and a methodology of design that matches the tangible and intangible expectations of the PWD through the conception and offering of customi-zed products that respond to the requirements of manufacturing and distribution systems

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar um programa de Orientação e Mobilidade para pessoas surdocegas, sugerindo caminhos para a inclusão na escola, no trabalho, e em outros ambientes; promovendo recursos para o desenvolvimento de autonomia e acessibilidade e sugerir diretrizes para novos programas, bem como, resgatar a auto-estima, a autonomia e, principalmente, a qualidade de vida para esta população. A pesquisa aponta a importância do protocolo de avaliação para o desenvolvimento do programa Passo a Passo de Orientação e Mobilidade para pessoas surdocegas visando realizar as adaptações necessárias nas técnicas de guia-vidente, bengala longa e a criação de recursos para favorecer um deslocamento orientado e seguro.
The objective of this study was to analyze an Orientation and Mobility program for deafblind people, suggesting paths to inclusion at school, work, and other environments; promoting resources for the development of autonomy and accessibility and suggest guidelines to new programs, as well as, to recover self-esteem, autonomy and, mainly, the quality of life of this population. The research points out the importance of the assessment procedure for the development of the Orientation and Mobility Step-by-Step Program for deafblind people, which aims the realization of necessary adaptations in the long cane and sighted-guide techniques, and the creation of resources to favor a safe and oriented travel.

La tesi presenta alcuni risultati fin qui elaborati di una ricerca sulle relazioni tra localizzazione residenziale, dotazioni di servizi di prossimità e accesso alle opportunities urbane condotta a Milano, Bologna e Torino. Nello specifico la tesi è divisa in tre sezioni: una di tipo teorico, una metodologica e una di carattere empirico. La sezione teorica presenta come oggetti principali i due concetti centrali del progetto: la mobilità e l’accessibilità spazio-temporale. Le due proprietà sono analizzate sia da un punto di vista concettuale che operativo. Nella sezione metodologica viene presentata la ricerca empirica. La terza sezione dell’elaborato presenta i dati dell’analisi empirica.

Cette thèse est consacrée aux hybridations des pratiques mobiles et numériques de jeunes de banlieue en insertion sociale et professionnelle. Il repose sur une enquête vidéo-ethnographique menée auprès de jeunes adultes, âgés de 18 à 25 ans, inscrits dans les missions locales de Saint-Denis, Villeurbanne et Marseille. Pour capturer et observer la manière dont les acteurs intègrent les technologies numériques au cours de déplacements réalisés pour la première fois, nous avons accompagné quarante-deux jeunes lors de trajets d’insertion en utilisant la technique du parcours commenté filmé par des lunettes caméra. Au cours de ces trajets inhabituels, l’activité de wayfinding prend une place centrale. Dans une perspective praxéologique, basée sur l’analyse détaillée de la combinaison des informations utiles aux déplacements, notre travail remet en cause l’idée selon laquelle les jeunes de quartiers populaires seraient moins capables de se déplacer que d’autres et que leurs pratiques numériques seraient restreintes aux problématiques d’inégalités numériques. Nous démontrons que pour mener à bien un déplacement, ces jeunes adultes produisent de multiples bricolages articulés autour de ressources spatiales coprésentes, de ressources interactionnelles et de ressources médiées par les technologies numériques. Ces articulations produisent des hybridations différentes. En exposant les habiletés de ces acteurs, la thèse révèle les épreuves situationnelles et existentielles du déplacement, qui reposent sur la capacité des jeunes à élaborer un nouveau trajet et sur leur situation socio-professionnelle compliquée. Le sens du déplacement donné par l’acteur est central pour saisir ses manières de faire. Les habiletés mobiles et numériques de l’acteur ne sont compréhensibles qu’en étant situées dans leurs contextes d’apparition, dans des pratiques et dans des projets de déplacement. C’est pourquoi les hybridations produites par notre analyse restituent ces habiletés en préservant le déroulement et la signification des déplacements
This PhD dissertation develops an approach to the hybridisation of mobile and digital practices of suburbs citizens. This work is based on a video-ethnographic fieldwork with young NEETs, aged between 18 to 25, in three French large urban areas: Saint-Denis, Villeurbanne and Marseille.We used the go-along method subjectively filmed with camera-glasses, to capture the interactions between actors and digital devices during unusual trips. The wayfinding is the principal activity in those trips. We walked and rode with forty-two young people to companies, to training centres and to administrative facilities. With this praxeological approach, we thoroughly analysed the hybridisation in real-time and the combination of different types of travel informations. This emic perspective questions the common idea that these young people, living in poor suburbs, would have fewer skills to move in the city and to use digital devices. Our work shows that NEETs produce many bricolages that combined copresent and spatial resources, interactional resources and digital resources to manage their journey. Actors are into an hybrid do-it-yourself mobility. The articulation of all resources creates different forms of hybridisations in a travel situation, showing a range of mobile and digital skills.This dissertation brings out the importance to examine both of the situational and existential dimensions of mobility to understand how actors are able to manage unusual trips to get a job. The aim of the trip is a key to understand how actors deal with the situation of mobility. Mobile and digital abilities can be properly explored when they are situated in their spatial contexts, into general practices and in a mobility plan. That is the reason why the hybridisations, developed in the dissertation, restore actors’ skills in the trip progress

L’impact de ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur l’inclusion sociale des Personnes en Situation de Handicap (PSH). Cette inclusion dépend de plusieurs d’initiatives comme l’Accessibilité des espaces et des informations mais aussi de l’offre de Produits d’Assistance (PA) qui peuvent soulager voire compenser les situations de handicap. Notre travail se place sur ce second terrain, en particulier sur les insatisfactions et abandons des PA par les PSH et la difficulté des fabricants à offrir une variété de produits ciblés sur besoins et avec des prix abordables. Nous pensons que la solution à une telle pro-blématique peut être faite dès la conception des PA. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle de référence pour l’organisation du processus de conception de ces produits autour d’une philosophie et d’une méthodologie de conception. Ce modèle a été construit à partir de recherches bibliographiques sur les processus de conception de produits de manière générale, telles que la conception lean et la customi-sation de masse, et aussi quelques approches et modèles de conception de produits qui intègrent les PSH dans le public de consommateurs. Suite à son développement, la proposition a été testée et amé-liorée à partir de deux cas d’étude réalisés dans le cadre de la Mobilité Personnelle. Le premier cas d’étude se concentre sur la conception de Dispositifs d’Aide à la Marche (DAM), tels que les cannes, les béquilles et les cadres de marche. Ensuite, la deuxième expérience est focalisée sur la conception de Véhicules non-motorisés (VNM), comme les cycles et les fauteuils roulants. Le résultat de ces expéri-mentations et les révisions du modèle de référence pour la conception de PA nous ont permis d'abou-tir à une configuration des principes et à une méthodologie qui accordent les attentes tangibles et in-tangibles des PSH à travers la conception et l’offre de produits personnalisables tout en respectant les exigences des systèmes de fabrication et distribution
The impact of this PhD work focuses on the social inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (PWD). This inclusion depends on several initiatives such as spacial and informational accessibility, and the offer of Assistive Products (AP), which can alleviate or compensate disability situations. Our work focuses on this second point, particularly under the dissatisfaction and abandonment of AP by the PWD and the inability of the manufacturers to offer a variety of products that respond to the users’ needs with affordable prices. We believe that the solution to this problem can be found in the AP design process. Thus, we propose a reference model for the a AT design process organization around a philosophy and a design methodology. This model was constructed from bibliographic research on product de-sign processes in general, such as lean design and mass customization, as well as some product design approaches and models that integrate the PWD as customers. After this, the proposal was tested and improved through two case studies carried out in the Personal Mobility context. The first case study focuses on the design of Walking Aid Devices (WADs), such as walking sticks, crutches and walking frames. Second, the second one focuses on the design of non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), such as cycles and wheelchairs. The result of these experiments and the revisions of the reference model for AP design enabled us deliver a configuration of principles and a methodology of design that matches the tangible and intangible expectations of the PWD through the conception and offering of customi-zed products that respond to the requirements of manufacturing and distribution systems

Premier réseau ferroviaire d’Afrique, le chemin de fer sud-africain constitue un témoin privilégié des mutations territoriales à l’œuvre depuis des décennies. La radicalité des régimes politiques qui se sont succédé transparaît par la persistance de dispositifs ségrégatifs dont le réseau ferroviaire, en tant qu’outil d’aménagement, constitue l’un des éléments. L’inertie de cette infrastructure questionne sa réappropriation et son insertion dans les différents projets d’aménagement du territoire depuis sa mise en place. Cette thèse appréhende ainsi les dynamiques de territorialisation en Afrique du Sud sur le temps long au prisme du chemin de fer. C’est à l’interaction entre ville et chemin de fer que se situe ce travail, articulé autour de deux niveaux d’observation : l’interurbain et l’intra-urbain. Pour comprendre cette interaction, une analyse de l’évolution de la position des villes et de la diffusion du réseau ferroviaire est menée, tout en portant une attention spécifique à la forme du réseau ferroviaire. En effet, par sa forme, le réseau ferré donne à lire les intentions des acteurs en charge de l’aménagement du territoire. Par les flux qu’il supporte et les pratiques qu’il suscite, il renseigne également sur les impératifs socio-économiques de la société et les rapports de force qui l’animent. Cette recherche repose donc sur une approche qualitative et quantitative dont l’objectif est de souligner les effets structurants spécifiques du chemin de fer en Afrique du Sud sur le temps long. L’instrumentalisation par des pouvoirs ségrégationnistes successifs explique en partie l’héritage du train comme un marqueur de séparation dans l’espace urbain post-apartheid et dans les pratiques des citadins. Toutefois, le renouveau ferroviaire observé depuis quelques années dans les métropoles, au Cap notamment, semble marquer une inflexion majeure dans la persistance de ces traces du passé. L’évolution de l’offre ferroviaire traduit en effet une logique de co-construction entre la société sud-africaine et l’aménagement urbain jusqu’alors inédite
First railway network in Africa, the South African Railways constitute a privileged marker of the territorial mutations that have been shaping this country for decades. The radicalism of political systems shows through the persistency of segregative schemes of which the railways, as part of the planning toolbox, are one of the elements. The inertia of this infrastructure questions its re-appropriation and insertion into the various planning projects over the long term. This thesis approaches the long-term dynamics of 'territorialisation' in South Africa through the prism of railways. This study focuses on the interaction between cities and the railway network, at both the interurban and the intra-urban levels. In order to understand this interaction, cities’ location and railways diffusion patterns are analysed, with a specific emphasis on the shape of the network. Indeed, through their pattern, railways express the intentions of actors in charge of planning at the national level. By the flows it supports and the mobilities it enhances, it gives us information on the socioeconomic requirements of society and the power relations it contains. Thus, this thesis relies on a qualitative and quantitative approach aiming to outline the structuring effects of the railways in South Africa over the long term. Its political use by successive segregationist powers explains partly why nowadays railways keep on marking partition in the post-apartheid urban space and in the practices of city dwellers. However, the recent rail renewal observed in the metropolises, Cape Town in particular, might indicate a possible major inflection in the persistency of inherited dynamics. Indeed, the evolution of the rail offer demonstrates a shift towards a co-construction trend between South African society and urban planning unheard of until now

En posant un regard scientifique sur le vécu quotidien d’une population souvent négligée en sciences sociales et dans le débat public, la thèse vise à nourrir la réflexion sur l’inclusion dans la ville des personnes en fragilité psychique vieillissantes. L’objectif est d’interroger le rapport qu’elles entretiennent avec la ville, à travers l’étude de leurs géographies quotidiennes. Peuvent-elles pratiquer et s’approprier la ville comme elles le voudraient ? Trouvent-elles une place qui leur convient en tant qu’habitantes ? La recherche consiste en une étude qualitative des espaces de vie de 14 personnes en fragilité psychique vieillissantes (+50 ans) vivant dans une petite ville française ou dans les villages alentour. Ces personnes sont aussi adhérentes d’un Groupe d’Entraide Mutuelle (GEM), un dispositif d’entraide entre pairs organisé sous forme associative. La collecte des données s’appuie sur plusieurs mois d’observation participante au sein du GEM et sur deux séries d’entretiens (dont l’une avec réalisation d’une carte mentale) auprès des participants. L’analyse montre la multitude de facteurs contraignant les pratiques des participants, en particulier au regard de leur vie sociale, des loisirs et du logement. Les participants évoquent un sentiment mitigé d’appropriation des espaces, avec des géographies quotidiennes marquées par une alternance constante entre prises et manques de prises. L’analyse met aussi en lumière le statut particulier du GEM au sein de leurs espaces de vie. Celui-ci offre un espace-ressource dans la ville que les participants peuvent s’approprier. Ce dispositif, ouvert sur la ville, leur permet également de profiter de lieux où ils n’iraient pas seuls ou bien d’eux-mêmes, contribuant ainsi à diversifier et à accroître le périmètre des espaces de vie. L’analyse souligne la manière dont les adhérents se sont saisis collectivement de leur GEM pour agir eux-mêmes sur la ville et la rendre davantage inclusive
This research seeks to inform the discussion on inclusion in the city of ageing psychologically fragile people by applying a scientific perspective to the daily experience of this population which is often overlooked in the social sciences and in public debate. The aim is to question their relationship to the city by analysing their everyday geographies. Are their urban practices constrained? Are they able to take their place in the city? This research consists of a qualitative study of the living spaces of 14 ageing psychologically fragile people living in a small town and its surrounding villages. These people are members of an associative peer-support group called a “GEM”. The data collection is based on several months of participatory observation in the GEM and on two series of interviews, which included the drawing of a mental map, with the 14 participants. The participants expressed a mitigated sense of spatial appropriation as their everyday geographies are characterized by a constant oscillation between control and lack of control. The analysis highlights the particular status of the GEM in the participants’ living space. It offers a spatial resource in the city which the participants can have control of. As the GEM opens onto the urban environment, it allows them to enjoy places they would not go to as individuals, thus diversifying and extending their living space. The analysis also shows how the members have collectively taken hold of their GEM in order to make the city more inclusive

This thesis develops a theory of international social closure to examine (i) the politics of membership in status groups – or, clubs – in international society and (ii) the persistence of clubs in international society. This thesis offers new concepts to improve the English School’s understanding of international society, its expansion, and its reproduction. In so doing it also addresses limitations and gaps in the IR status literature and the global governance and diplomacy literatures concerned with clubs and networks. This thesis analyses strategies of exclusion, entry, and incorporation used by actors to deny, attempt, or grant inclusion into clubs as well as the institutional contexts underpinning those clubs. Specifically, this research undertakes a study of instances of exclusion, entry, and incorporation in the context of three clubs: the Family of Civilised Nations, the Great Powers club, and G-summitry. In the first two cases, this research relies primarily on secondary sources while in the case of G-summitry it presents original empirical research gathered through archival research, interviews, and ethnographic participant observation. This thesis presents four main conclusions about the operation of closure: (i) the logics of different closure games are defined by overarching normative institutions of international society; (ii) despite a collectivist closure rule, closure in international society is predominantly individualistic; (iii) actors seeking entry tend to employ deferential entry strategies that reproduce a stratified status quo order; and (iv) incorporation promotes stratification along both functional and cultural lines. This thesis also draws three specific conclusions that run counter to much current scholarship: (i) contemporary international society is neither more open nor less hierarchical than nineteenth century international society; (ii) hierarchy is reproduced to a large degree by entry and incorporation strategies rather than exclusion strategies; and (iii) closure does not run along a ‘west versus the rest’ fault line.

O território urbano é o principal palco de constantes fenómenos sociais que, através da sua complexidade e evolução, caracterizam e identificam o próprio espaço urbano. As necessidades mutáveis das populações são refletidas no território, desenvolvendo a procura de uma mutação neste que se coadune com as necessidades vigentes das populações – tendo em conta seus direitos. A arquitetura assume cada vez mais um papel ativo nas sociedades como um mediador social, sendo parte integrante da população num contexto de mobilidade e acessibilidades. O projeto procura encontrar uma relação harmoniosa entre aquilo que são as vivências humanas, vistas pelo prisma da arquitetura, e o espaço. O papel da arquitetura tem como principal objetivo encontrar soluções para o espaço, quer em termos de acessibilidades, bem como na procura da plenitude das vivências urbanas, estimulando as relações entre indivíduos, independemente das suas restrições, garantindo deste modo um espaço unitário e coeso. Cada vez mais torna-se essencial a procura de uma abordagem coerente no território, isto é, sendo o processo de transformação da sociedade um processo complexo, a conceção dos espaços deve acompanhar essa mutabilidade, de forma a poder responder a todas as necessidades. O processo de envelhecimento tem sido cada vez mais visível nos padrões sociais, contudo a longevidade não é sinónimo de um envelhecer com qualidade, uma longa vida é, muitas vezes, um processo de necessidades diferentes que passam muitas vezes pela entrada de políticas inclusivas e de integração que, só podem acontecer com a eliminação das barreiras físicas e mentais. Pretende-se responder através de uma arquitetura acessível na criação de espaços adequados a todos os indivíduos, independemente das suas necessidades. Se os espaços forem capazes de acolher todas as pessoas, sem ele próprio ser um fator de segregação social, a arquitetura cumpre o seu propósito. Cabe então ao arquiteto desenvolver projetos que sejam inclusivos, e é no fundo aquilo que este projeto procura encontrar, respostas e soluções eficazes como resposta aos problemas de segregação social espacial. Assim, as vivências sob um efeito de autonomia e livre mobilidade criam uma rede de ligações sociais, que só a arquitetura e o seu desenho podem desenvolver.
The urban terrain is the main stage of constant social phenomena through its complexity and evolution, it identifies and characterizes the urban space itself. The changing needs of the population are reflected in the territory, developing the demand for this mutation, consistent with the needs of the existing population - taking into account their rights. The architecture assumes an increasingly active role in society as a social mediator, also being part of the population in a context of mobility and accessibility. The project intends to find a harmonious relationship between what are the human experiences, developed through the prism of architecture and space. The role of architecture has as main goal to find solutions to the space, either in terms of accessibility, as well as in the search for the fullness of urban experiences, encouraging relationships between individuals, irrespective of their restrictions, thereby ensuring a space and cohesive unit. Increasingly it is essential to search for a coherent approach in the territory, with the transformation of society a complex process, the design of the spaces must accompany this mutability, and so it can be an answer to all the needs. The aging process has been increasingly visible in social patterns, but most important to recognize, longevity is not synonymous with quality aging, long life is often a process of different needs that often go by the entry of inclusive policies and integration, this can only happen with the elimination of physical and mental barriers. Intend to answer through architecture in creating accessible spaces suited to all individuals, irrespective of their needs. If spaces are capable of accepting all people without itself be a factor of social segregation, the architecture fulfils its purpose. It is then up to the architect to develop projects that are inclusive, and this is basically what this project seeks to find, answers and effective solutions to address the problems of social segregation space. Thus, an effect on the experiences of autonomy and free mobility create a network of social connections that only the architecture and the design can develop.

This study explores the physical features in the urban setting that give rise to inequitable outcomes for people with disabilities (PWDs), in particular, those with mobility impairments. The objective is to identify the dynamic elements of local active mobility networks that act as barriers to PWDs. A review of the principles and metrics of contemporary urban and transportation planning theory and practice is undertaken. This is contrasted against studies that define the heterogeneous needs and preferences of the disabled population. From this, a new framework is introduced - social topography. This model visualizes the community as a network of opportunities embedded into the physical and socio-economic fabric of the community. It is used as a tool for assessing active mobility networks of three neighbourhoods centered on transportation hubs in southern British Columbia, Canada. The audits reveal that accessibility is a complex and dynamic concept that should inform urban and transportation planning policy and practice. The nuances of absolute and relative access challenges are revealed when the social topography framework is applied. In order to reduce the inequitable outcomes that exist, urban and transportation planning will need to reconsider the underlying principles implicitly and explicitly employed as well as the measures and tools deployed. In the end, individuals and communities will benefit from this more inclusive urban planning paradigm.

L’urbanistica ha sempre avuto una forte responsabilità nel fornire risposte concrete alle rivendicazioni dei diritti emergenti dal territorio, e nella contemporaneità emerge il Diritto alla mobilità quale istanza sociale primaria all’interno del più ampio Diritto alla città. La mobilità infatti rappresenta una componente fondamentale nei processi di riequilibrio territoriale, inclusione sociale e sostenibilità ambientale dei territori, in particolar modo delle città metropolitane. Appare dunque necessario riconoscere l’importanza e l’urgenza della messa in campo di una strategia di Rigenerazione urbana a partire dal modello di mobilità sostenibile quale guida all’evoluzione delle città italiane, storicamente connotate da una “anomalia genetica” che le vede fortemente dipendenti dalla mobilità privata e carenti di infrastrutture per il trasporto pubblico. Tale strategia integrata e interscalare si pone come obiettivo la garanzia a tutte le comunità di un nuovo welfare urbano, verificato alla luce di tali nuove istanze sociali, da conseguire attraverso la città pubblica quale matrice primaria di riferimento che concili interventi di riconfigurazione morfologica e funzionale e interventi ambientali con un progetto socio-economico, per la costruzione di una città policentrica, inclusiva, e sostenibile. La ricerca intende fornire un contributo innovativo nell’ambito delle strategie, regole e strumenti per l’integrazione del modello di mobilità sostenibile nel Piano locale, definendo una metodologia a partire dai punti di incontro a livello strategico e formale tra rigenerazione della città contemporanea e mobilità, e dunque una risposta operativa alle istanze sociali relative al Diritto alla mobilità. L’obiettivo della ricerca è di superare le logiche settoriali e lo scollamento sedimentato tra politiche della mobilità e urbanistica, attraverso l’individuazione, nella produzione legislativa e nelle esperienze sperimentali, dei principali riferimenti teorici e metodologici per la garanzia del Diritto alla mobilità.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão do Turismo Internacional, 31 de janeiro de 2017, Universidade dos Açores.
A acessibilidade das pessoas com necessidades especiais tem vindo a ganhar cada vez mais relevância a nível mundial. A procura de uma sociedade centrada na inclusão, na responsabilidade cívica e na igualdade de direitos é uma aspiração secular, que tem hoje cada vez mais destaque nas sociedades desenvolvidas. A preocupação com estas questões implica adaptações nas cidades, as quais são, por vezes, dificultadas por barreiras arquitetónicas, estruturais, comunicacionais e sociais. As limitações que encontramos na acessibilidade à atividade turística são um reflexo desta falta de sensibilidade e consciencialização. A presente investigação propõe-se estudar os principais aspetos implícitos no desenvolvimento de uma atividade turística acessível, refletindo em particular sobre as pessoas que sofrem de mobilidade reduzida, tendo como propósito a criação de uma oferta que vise o aumento do turismo acessível na Região Autónoma dos Açores. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho baseiam-se na realização de entrevistas com vista à recolha de informação relativa à oferta turística acessível na ilha Terceira e na execução de questionários, através dos quais se pretendeu caracterizar a procura turística e efetuar um levantamento das necessidades das pessoas com deficiência quando viajam. O tratamento dos dados obtidos levou-nos a concluir que a oferta dirigida a pessoas com necessidades especiais, na ilha Terceira, é quase nula, estando as maiores dificuldades associadas à sua deslocação, ao transporte dos seus pertences e à realização das tarefas diárias. Com base nos resultados obtidos, propõe-se um produto turístico adequado a pessoas com mobilidade reduzida, visando proporcionar uma oferta turística de qualidade.
ABSTRACT: The accessibility for people with special needs has been gaining importance worldwide. The search for a society centered on inclusion, civic responsibility and equality of rights is a secular aspiration that, nowadays, has been increasingly highlighted in the developed societies. The concern with these facts involves adaptations in the cities, which are sometimes hampered by architectural, structural, communicational and social barriers. The limitations found in the accessibility to tourism reflect this lack of sensitivity and awareness. This research undertook the study of the main aspects concerning the development of an accessible tourism, reflecting, particularly, on people suffering from reduced mobility, with the purpose of creating an offer that aims the growth of the accessible tourism in the Azores. The results of this study are based on interviews that pretend to collect information on the touristic offer available on Terceira Island and on questionnaires, through which it was intended to characterize the touristic demand and make a survey on the needs of people with disabilities when traveling. The data processing led us to conclude that the offer addressed to people with special needs, on Terceira Island, is almost absent, and the main difficulties are associated with the mobility, transport of belongings and carrying out daily tasks. Based on these results, we propose a suitable tourist product to people with reduced mobility, aiming to provide a quality touristic offer.

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Marketing Research and CRM
The inclusion of people with disabilities has been receiving research attention in recent years. This study contributes to the existent knowledge by exploring, with the use of in-depth interviews, the experiences of Portuguese people with reduced mobility regarding their travel experience. The most common barriers are identified, and possible solutions outlined, to add value to the academic research on this topic while giving useful and practical recommendations to decision makers. The study also contributes to previous literature on tourists with disabilities by demonstrating that the website structure and design of famous travel booking websites in fact reduces the travel intentions of people with reduced mobility. The study also identified the potential of visual information to serve as a tool for people with reduced mobility to better access, with full transparency, if an accommodation serves their specific needs and the requirements of accessibility.

O nosso estudo é composto por uma componente teórica de investigação e por uma componente prática de projecto. Da primeira, consta uma componente teórica que constitui a base de sustentação das fases de projecto, das soluções e das opções apresentadas na proposta final A problemática em estudo, “acessibilidade e a mobilidade para todos”, constitui uma temática elementar a considerar, quando se projecta um espaço urbano para indivíduos com limitações ou para indivíduos sem ela pois, em qualquer momento da vida, qualquer cidadão poderá ser portador de uma mobilidade condicionada e estar dependente de um ambiente concebido para pessoas com necessidades especiais. Há que criar soluções arquitetónicas na cidade, que sejam de inclusão social de todos os cidadãos. Em sequência deste tema geral, surgiu a inclusão do subtema, “espaços verdes urbanos”, que consideramos de supremo valor na vida de todos os cidadãos, mas cujas acessibilidades, muitas vezes, são deficitárias. A vegetação, além de ser essencial para que exista equilíbrio entre a temperatura, a humidade e a poluição do ambiente, também constitui uma forte presença na vida do ser humano e uma grande importância na sua qualidade de vida. Os espaços verdes, nomeadamente, a vegetação arbórea deverá ser vista como sendo mobiliário urbano, podendo engrandecer o interesse a nível de embelezamento e estética dos espaços urbanos. Uma intervenção urbanística e arquitetónica, tendo em conta a envolvente, deverá ser inclusiva e potencializadora da vivência dos indivíduos presentes na sociedade. O nosso estudo prático envolve a realização de um projecto que consiste no desenvolvimento de uma proposta urbana realizada no âmbito do concurso internacional promovido pela Schindler Award, 2012, para uma zona da cidade de Berna, Suíça. No nosso desenho urbano, pretendemos que as barreiras na cidade sejam inexistentes e que todos os espaços possam ser acessíveis a todos, particularmente os espaços verdes, visto serem a união perfeita com a cidade. O edifício, alvo de desenvolvimento (“Drogenanlaufstelle”), pretende ser de apoio aos grupos de risco, logo, a função psicológica é mais decisiva do que parece. O ser humano tem necessidade de se sentir próximo da natureza, com vista ao seu bem-estar físico e psicológico.
Our study is composed by a theoretical component of investigation and by a practical component in the form of an actual project. From the former we draw the basis for the steps, solutions and options presented in the final proposition. The subject at hand, ‘accessability and mobility for all’, constitutes an elementar theme to consider when an urban space is projected, both for individuals with limitations as well as those without, as, at any given period of one’s life, one can see its mobility affected and depend on an environment conceived for those with special needs. Creating architectural solutions in the city that allow for the social inclusion of all citizens is a must. Along the lines of this general theme came the inclusion of the sub-topic ‘urban green spaces’, which we consider to be of the highest value in the lives of all citizes. The acessibility to said spaces, however, tends to be of low quality. As well as being essential for the balance between temperature, humidity and polution, vegetation also constitutes a strong presence in the life of the human being and is of great importance in its the quality of life. Green areas, namely arborean vegetation should be seen as a part of the urban environment, and can even enhance the interest from an embelishment of the urban spaces and its aestethics point of view. An urbanistic and architectonic intervention, bearing in mind the surroundings, should include and enhance the quality of life of the individuals in its society. Our practical study involves taking on a project that consists in the development of a urban proposition, put in place in the ambit of an international contest, promoted by Schindler Award 2012, for an area in the city of Bern, Switzerland. In our urban drawing we aim for the inexistence of barriers within the city and, therefore, full accessability for all, particularly for the green areas, as they should unite in perfection with the city. The building that is being develped (“Drogenanlaufstelle”), should be one of help to risk groups, making the psichological function therefore crucial, even more than one would think. The human being has the need to feel close to Nature, so as to maximise its physical and mental well-being.

Orientação: Margarida Alice Ferreira Pinto Santos Carvalho
Para que o sucesso educativo se verifique, a escola tem de ajustar a sua prática educativa a todos os alunos, incluindo os que apresentam necessidades educativas especiais (NEE). Portugal dispõe de legislação que assegura o direito à educação e à igualdade de oportunidades, consignados na Constituição da República Portuguesa (artigos 71º, 73º e 74º), em consonância com a Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem e na Lei de Bases do Sistema Educativo (artigos 2º, 7º, 17º e 18º). O nosso país subscreveu também a Declaração de Salamanca, a qual reuniu, em 1994, o consenso de noventa e dois governos e de vinte e cinco organizações internacionais, reafirmando o direito à educação para todos. A construção da escola inclusiva passa pela responsabilização da escola por todos os alunos, na perspectiva de educação para todos, exigindo a sua concretização novas estratégias e resposta a novos desafios. Há que alterar práticas para atender à diversidade. Assim, as escolas precisam de estar arquitectonicamente adaptadas às necessidades dos alunos que utilizam a cadeira de rodas como forma de mobilidade, respeitando o direito à diferença e possibilitando, em igualdade de oportunidades, o sucesso escolar e educativo. Levar à prática as medidas previstas na lei portuguesa e implementar, em cada escola, a inclusão do aluno com mobilidade condicionada, implica equipar as escolas com adaptações, meios e recursos educativos facilitadores do seu processo ensino/aprendizagem. A constatação do que efectivamente acontece no terreno educativo no que concerne aos alunos com deficiência motora que usam a cadeira de rodas para se movimentarem assume toda a centralidade da nossa investigação, que tem o cariz de um estudo de caso. Incide sobre a compreensão mais aprofundada de como se processa o acesso arquitectónico nas escolas do Ensino Básico da Zona Norte e mais concretamente do Concelho de Guimarães. Recolhemos dados através de questionários dirigidos aos professores de apoio educativo e coordenadores de escola; ouvimos os alunos com deficiência motora pronunciar-se sobre as dificuldades que sentiam; observámos o seu quotidiano escolar e, finalmente, escutámos as entidades locais, através de uma entrevista realizada à Vereadora da Cultura do Concelho de Guimarães. Os resultados obtidos serão, como foi acordado, divulgados aos intervenientes com responsabilidades directas no campo da educação que se prontificaram a partilhar connosco a sua informação e saber, no sentido de os sensibilizar para a necessidade de rever o aspecto das acessibilidades arquitectónicas nas instituições educativas que servem o seu concelho, pois, como verificámos, muito há ainda a fazer para que o Ensino Básico, universal e obrigatório, se traduza numa igualdade de oportunidades de acesso e sucesso educativo para os alunos que utilizam a cadeira de rodas para se movimentarem no espaço escolar.
For the educational success of a school it has to adjust its educational practice so that it includes those with special needs. According to the Portuguese law, disabled people have the right to education and equal opportunities, well expressed in the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (articles 71st, 73rd, and 74th), in consonance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in the main law the educational system (articles 2nd, 7th, 17th and 18th). Our country has also subscribed the Declaration of Salamanca, which was written in 1994 with the agreement of Representatives from ninety-two governments and twenty-five International Organizations, where was reaffirmed the right of education for all. It is necessary that school increases its responsibility in what concerns the education of all its students. Educating all and every student demands new strategies to face new challenges and so some practices have to be changed to respond to diversity. Schools must be architecturally adapted to give the disabled students, who use a wheel chair, equal opportunities to achieve educational success. Taking the measures foreseen in Portuguese law into practice, and implementing in each school the inclusion of students with conditioned mobility, involves equipping schools with adaptations, equipment and educational resources that facilitate the teaching / learning process. The observation of what actually happens on educative ground, regarding to pupils with motor disabilities who use a wheelchair to move, assumes the centrality of our research, which is a case study. It focuses on the deeper understanding of the way the architectonic access in primary schools of the North, and more specifically the Municipality of Guimarães, is processed. We collected data through questionnaires addressed to educational support teachers and school coordinators; heard students with motor disabilities to comment on the difficulties they felt; observed their daily school life, and finally heard the local authorities, through an interview the Councillor of Culture of the Municipality of Guimarães. As agreed, the results will be communicated to intervenients with direct responsibilities in the field of education who were willing to share with us their information and knowledge in order to raise awareness of the need of looking over the aspect of architectural accessibility in educational institutions that serve their county, because, as noted, much remains to be done so that the basic education, universal and compulsory, will result in equality of educational opportunities in access and success for students who use a wheelchair to move in school space.

O objetivo do presente relatório consiste em analisar se a implementação do Programa de Apoio à Educação Física Curricular – Bloco de Natação (P.A.E.F.C. – Bloco de Natação) resultou numa alteração da realidade desportiva do Município de Lisboa e em que medida essa alteração foi positiva. Particularmente procura saber a importância, influência e impacto que o Programa tem vindo a apresentar nos alunos das escolas do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e nas piscinas que colaboram com o Bloco de Natação. O estudo apresentado no relatório tem três pontos fundamentais: centrados no impacto do Bloco de Natação no Programa Clubes do Mar e na Piscina de São Vicente (Alfama), ambos no ano letivo 2017/2018; nas opiniões dos Diretores Técnicos das Piscinas que colaboram com Bloco de Natação; e na análise da Tendência que o Programa tem vindo a apresentar desde a sua implementação até à atualidade. A realização do estudo passou por diversas fases de desenvolvimento, em primeiro a recolha de dados e posteriormente a análise dos mesmos, sendo possível por último reunir e concluir a análise de toda a informação com todos os pontos fundamentais do estudo, em conjunto. Desta forma, perante os dados analisados é possível verificar que o P.A.E.F.C. – Bloco de Natação tem vindo a aumentar a sua influência junto do município de Lisboa, pois tem crescido em diversos aspetos ao longo dos anos desde a sua implementação. O Bloco de Natação tem evoluído de forma positiva no sentido dos seus objetivos previamente definidos que visam proporcionar as condições básicas e fundamentais no que diz respeito à adaptação ao meio aquático e à aprendizagem da natação, que são consideradas competências basilares no processo formativo das crianças que se encontram definidas no programa curricular oficial da Expressão e Educação Física Motora, e também de forma geral no sentido do valor social e de forma particular na oferta de educação aos alunos através dos valores desportivos. Assim sendo, é possível afirmar que a implementação do Bloco de Natação conduziu a uma alteração da realidade do Município de Lisboa no âmbito do desporto de uma forma positiva, como comprovam os dados de crescimento do Programa, desde a sua implementação. Conclui-se assim que a Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, através da implementação do P.A.E.F.C. – Bloco de Natação apresenta uma alteração da realidade desportiva do Município de forma positiva, esta tem criado condições por via do desporto para o desenvolvimento sustentável da sua cidade, indo assim ao encontro do paradigma das cidades Europeias da atualidade, que se Página | 4 definem como “cidades sustentáveis” e mais recentemente como “cidades inteligentes”. Pois, de acordo com a (United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, 2014) na “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, “o desporto é encarado como um grande contributo para a concretização o desenvolvimento sustentável e da paz é promovendo a tolerância, respeito, poder associado a mulheres e jovens, comunidades, assim como contribuições para serem efetivados os objetivos delineados para a saúde, educação e inclusão social”.
The objective of this report is to examine whether the implementation of the Program to Support the Physical Education Curriculum – Swimming Block (P.A.E.F.C. - Swimming Block) resulted in a change of the reality of the sports city of Lisbon and to what extent this change was positive. In particular, it seeks to know the importance, influence and impact the program has had on the elementary school students (1st to 4th grade) that collaborate with the Swimming Block. The study presented in this report has three fundamental points: focusing on the impact of swimming at the Sea Club Program, and in the São Vicente (Alfama) pool, both in the academic year 2017/2018; in reviews of the Technical Directors of the pools that collaborate with the Swimming Block; and in the analysis of the trend that the program has been present since its implementation to the present. The completion of the study went through various stages of development, particularly in the first data collection and analysis, allowing for the compilation and conclusion of the analysis of all the information with its fundamental key points, as a whole. Confronting the data, it is possible to conclude that the P.A.E.F.C. – Swimming Block has been increasing its influence in the county of Lisbon due to the fact that it has grown in many aspects over the years since its implementation. The Swimming Block has positively grown when in regards to its previously defined objectives in the aims of providing the basic and fundamental conditions regarding the adaptation to the aquatic environment and swimming education, which are considered core skills in the formative process of children under the “Expressão e Educação Física Motora” official curricular programme. It has also generally evolved with respect to its social value, particularly through providing education to students by sports figures. Therefore, it is possible to confirm that the implementation of the Swimming Block has led to a positive change in the county of Lisbon in regards to the reality of sports, as the programme’s data concludes, ever since it was implemented. In conclusion, through the implementation of the P.A.E.F.C. – Swimming Block, the Municipal Council of Lisbon has grown positively within its sports panorama, by using sports as a method of contributing to the sustainable development of the city, putting it on par with the panorama Página | 6 of the modern European cities, self-defined as “sustainable cities” or most recently as “inteligente cities”. According to the (United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, 2014) in “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”: Sports are seen as a great contributer to sustainable development and peace, through the promotion of tolerance, respect, empowerment of women and the youth, community, as well as health, education and social inclusion.