Дисертації з теми "Implicit language learning"
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Al-Hoorie, Ali. "Implicit attitudes in language learning." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42571/.
Повний текст джерелаSchneider, Allison Frances. "NATIVE LANGUAGE IMPACT ON IMPLICIT LANGUAGE LEARNING." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192981.
Повний текст джерелаRebuschat, Patrick. "Implicit learning of natural language syntax." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/237038.
Повний текст джерелаPlante, Elena, Dianne Patterson, Michelle Sandoval, Christopher J. Vance, and Arve E. Asbjørnsen. "An fMRI study of implicit language learning in developmental language impairment." ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625217.
Повний текст джерелаPaciorek, Albertyna. "Implicit learning of semantic preferences." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244632.
Повний текст джерелаChan, Ka-wai Ricky, and 陳嘉威. "Implicit learning of L2 word stress rules." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4961793X.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
English
Master
Master of Philosophy
Michas, Irene Catherine. "Implicit and explicit processes in a second language learning task." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283757.
Повний текст джерелаDenhovska, Nadiia. "The role of frequency in implicit learning of a second language." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-frequency-in-implicit-learning-of-a-second-language(6a4bf2e5-b45f-422b-b9e5-c65b01b95292).html.
Повний текст джерелаLam, Ngo-shan Alision, and 林傲山. "Implicit learning of tonal rules in Thai as a second language." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47869963.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
English
Master
Master of Philosophy
Liu, Kristina. "Evidence for implicit learning of color patterns and letter strings from a study of artificial grammar learning /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7585.
Повний текст джерелаObermeier, Andrew Stanton. "Multiword Units at the Interface: Deliberate Learning and Implicit Knowledge Gains." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/360635.
Повний текст джерелаEd.D.
Multiword units (MWUs) is a term used in the current study to broadly cover what second language acquisition (SLA) researchers refer to as collocations, conventional expressions, chunks, idioms, formulaic sequences, or other such terms, depending on their research perspective. They are ubiquitous in language and essential in both first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition. Although MWUs are typically learned implicitly while using language naturally in both of these types of acquisition, the current study is an investigation of whether they are acquired in implicit knowledge when they are learned explicitly in a process called deliberate paired association learning. In SLA research, it is widely accepted that explicit knowledge is developed consciously and implicit knowledge is developed subconsciously. It is also believed that there is little crossover from explicit learning to implicit knowledge. However, recent research has cast doubt on this assumption. In a series of priming experiments, Elgort (2007, 2011) demonstrated that the formal and semantic lexical representations of deliberately learned pseudowords were accessed fluently and integrated into the mental lexicon, convincing evidence that deliberately learned words are immediately acquired in implicit knowledge. The current study aimed to extend these findings to MWUs in a psycholinguistic experiment that tested for implicit knowledge gains resulting from deliberate learning. Participants’ response times (RTs) were measured in three ways, on two testing instruments. First, subconscious formal recognition processing was measured in a masked repetition priming lexical decision task. In the second instrument, a self-paced reading task, both formulaic sequencing and semantic association gains were measured. The experiment was a counterbalanced, within-subjects design; so all comparisons were between conditions on items. Results were analyzed in a repeated measures linear mixed-effects model with participants and items as crossed random effects. The dependent variable was RTs on target words. The primary independent variable was learning condition: half of the critical MWUs were learned and half of them were not. The secondary independent variable was MWU composition at two levels: literal and figurative. The masked priming lexical decision task results showed that priming effects increased especially for learned figurative MWUs, evidence that implicit knowledge gains were made on their formal and semantic lexical representations as a result of deliberate learning. Results of the self-paced reading task were analyzed from two perspectives, but were less conclusive with regard to the effects of deliberate learning. Regarding formulaic sequencing gains, literal MWUs showed the most evidence of acquisition, but this happened as a result of both incidental and deliberate learning. With regard to semantic associations, it was shown that deliberate learning had similar effects on both literal and figurative MWUs. However, a serendipitous finding from this aspect of the self-paced reading results showed clearly that literal MWUs reliably primed semantic associations and sentence processing more strongly than figurative MWUs did, both before and after deliberate learning. In sum, results revealed that the difficulties learners have with developing fluent processing of figurative MWUs can be lessened by deliberate learning. On the other hand, for literal MWUs incidental learning is adequate for incrementally developing representation strength.
Temple University--Theses
Sandoval, Michelle, Dianne Patterson, Huanping Dai, Christopher J. Vance, and Elena Plante. "Neural Correlates of Morphology Acquisition through a Statistical Learning Paradigm." FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625334.
Повний текст джерелаLarsson, Therese. "Vocabulary learning : A study of students’ and teachers' attitudes towards English vocabulary learning in lower secondary school." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31686.
Повний текст джерелаTanaka, Junko. "Implicit/explicit learning of focus marking in Japanese as a foreign language, a case of learning through output and negative feedback." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ45679.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKuo, Li-Hui. "Improving Implicit Learning and Explicit Instruction of Adult and Child Learners of Chinese." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3635.
Повний текст джерелаKhalifa, AlBara Jamal. "Research on dialogue-based CALL integrating tutoring and implicit learning : the design of an automatic joining-in type robot assisted language learning." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13128125/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13128125/?lang=0.
Повний текст джерела博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
Andersson, Kristin. "Explicit and implicit comparison of English and Swedish in English course books for year 7 and year 11 in Sweden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47873.
Повний текст джерелаDen här uppsatsen jämför hur lingvistisk överföring behandlas engelska kursböcker för årskurs 7 och årskurs 11 i svenska skolor. Studien har fokuserat på att undersöka i vilken mån författarna uttryckligen eller underförstått refererat till överföring och transfer genom att identifiera var kursböckerna innehåller information om likheter och skillnader mellan svenska och engelska. Resultaten från denna studie visar att sådana jämförelser mellan språken fanns i alla böcker, men att uttrycklig jämförelse var det vanligast sättet för författarna att visa på likheter och skillnader. Av de fyra olika lingvistiska nivåer som användes i denna studie (uttal, grammatik, ordförråd, pragmatik), förekom jämförelse av grammatik mest. Författarna till böckerna för årskurs 7 använde sig mer av jämförelser mellan språken än författarna till böckerna för årskurs 11. En slutsats som man kan dra av denna studie är att det är upp till författarna själva att bestämma i vilken mån de ska jämföra de två språken, eftersom läroplanen för ämnet engelska inte ger någon information om hur överföring ska hanteras i språkinlärning.
Hedenius, Martina. "Procedural and Declarative Memory in Children with Developmental Disorders of Language and Literacy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204245.
Повний текст джерелаKleinman, Eva. "The effects of input enhancement and metalinguistic/collaborative awareness on the acquisition of plural-s : an ESL classroom experiment." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79783.
Повний текст джерелаPark, Boon-Joo. "Syntactic Persistence Within and Across Languages in English and Korean L1 and L2 Speakers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194276.
Повний текст джерелаMurray, Jonathan. "Finding Implicit Citations in Scientific Publications : Improvements to Citation Context Detection Methods." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173913.
Повний текст джерелаDetta examensarbete behandlar frågan om att hitta implicita citeringar mellan vetenskapliga publikationer. Förutom att vara intressanta på egen hand kan dessa citeringar användas inom andra problem, såsom att bedöma en författares inställning till en referens eller att sammanfatta en rapport utifrån hur den har blivit citerad av andra. Vi utgår från två nyliga metoder, en maskininlärningsbaserad klassificerare och en iterativ algoritm baserad på en grafmodell. Dessa implementeras och utvärderas på en gemensam förannoterad datamängd. Ett antal förändringar till algoritmerna presenteras i form av nya särdrag hos meningarna (eng. sentence features), olika semantiska textlikhetsmått och ett sätt att kombinera de två metoderna. Arbetets huvudsakliga resultat är att de nya meningssärdragen leder till anmärkningsvärt förbättrade F-värden för de båda metoderna.
Callin, Jimmy. "Word Representations and Machine Learning Models for Implicit Sense Classification in Shallow Discourse Parsing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325876.
Повний текст джерелаKanganas, Alec P. "Familiarity with task and its effect on the way children negotiate for meaning, and provide and use implicit negative feedback." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/728.
Повний текст джерелаElwér, Åsa. "Learning by Liking- a Mere Exposure Version of the AGL Paradigm." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2075.
Повний текст джерелаThe artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm has been intensively researched since the 60-s. In general, these investigations attempt to study the implicit acquisition of structural regularities. Among other things, it has been suggested that the AGL paradigm can serve as a model for the process of acquiring a natural language. Thus it can serve as a well-controlled laboratory task that might be used to understand certain aspects of the process of language acquisition. For example the AGL paradigm has been used in an attempt to isolate the acquisition of syntactic aspects of language. Several experimental studies show that the participants acquire knowledge of the underlying rule system since they are able to differentiate grammatical strings from non-grammatical ones. It has been argued that the traditionally conducted AGL paradigm with grammaticality instructions might make the task explicit, at least during the test phase. In order to imitate the language learning process as close as possible, to rule out the possibility of an explicit component during the testing phase (i.e., keeping the retrieval process implicit) and to rule out explicit rule conformity or rule following, we modified the classical AGL paradigm. In a behavioural study we combined the AGL paradigm with an altered mere exposure paradigm in an attempt to better model aspects of language acquisition. We were able to show that subjects, classifying under mere exposure instructions, categorize grammatical and non-grammatical strings just as well as those solving the classification task with the grammaticality instructions. This indicates that the mere exposure version might serve as a more appropriate model for language acquisition.
Valfridsson, Ingela. "Nebensätze in Büchern und Köpfen : Zur Bedeutung der Begriffsvorstellungen beim Fremdsprachenerwerb." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22224.
Повний текст джерелаZusammenfassungHintergrund, Ziel und ForschungsfragenDie übergreifende Frage dieser Arbeit stammt aus meinem Grammatikunterricht an einer schwedischen Universität. In dem Kontakt mit Studenten lässt sich leicht feststellen, dass sie alle individuelle Charakteristika aufweisen – auch was den Erfolg mit den theoretischen Aspekten der Grammatik als auch mit der Anwendung des Wissens. Einige Studenten haben damit große Schwierigkeiten, während andere einigermaßen korrektes Deutsch produzieren können und anscheinend auch verstanden haben, wie die deutsche Sprache aufgebaut ist, wie die grammatischen Begriffe gebildet sind, usw.Ich habe mich dann gefragt, ob vielleicht Grammatiklernen wie Mathematik¬lernen funktioniert und dass die beobachteten Schwierigkeiten auf ein mangelndes Verständnis grundlegender grammatischer Begriffe wie ,Satz‘ und ,Kasus‘ zurückzuführen sind. Nach einer Beschränkung auf ,Satz‘, aber vor allem ,Nebensatz‘ ließen sich folgende Forschungsfragen formulieren:• Welche Vorstellungen haben schwedischsprachige Deutschstudenten vom Begriff ,Nebensatz‘?• Wie verhalten sich die Begriffsvorstellungen eines Studenten zu seiner Fähigkeit, korrekte deutsche Nebensätze zu produzieren?Ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel beim Sprachenlernen und -lehren sind Grammatik¬handbücher. Wenn es um Grammatiken für die Schule, didaktische Gram¬matiken, geht, wird immer eine Auswahl vorgenommen und die Darstellung wird auch in anderer Weise den Schülern und ihren vermuteten Vorkenntnissen angepasst. Eine zweite Spur dieser Arbeit gilt solchen Beschreibungen der Struktur des Deutschen, und eine dritte Hauptfrage lautet:• Wir wird der Begriff ,Nebensatz‘ in schwedischen Grammatiken für den Unterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache beschrieben?Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Teil der ”Realität” zu erkunden (die Vorstellungen der Studenten von ,Nebensatz‘ und ihre Fähigkeit, solche zu produzieren, sowie Sprachbeschreibungen) und daraus folgernd mögliche Verbesserungen der Sprachbeschreibungen und des Sprachunterrichts über¬sichtlich zu diskutieren.Theoretischer RahmenGrundlegende Fragen nach Begriffsvorstellungen betreffen kognitive Prozesse und Produkte. Der theoretische Hintergrund dieser Untersuchung setzt sich deshalb zusammen aus einerseits allgemeinen Lerntheorien sowie Theorien zu Begriffsbildung bzw. Begriffsaneignung, andererseits aus Theorien zum Fremdsprachenerwerb: wie lernen wir? Welche Wissensform ist das Ergebnis? Wie verhalten sich Wissen und Performanz zueinander? In den Gesprächen mit Studenten (s. u.) stellte sich aber heraus, dass die Gespräche an sich und die Möglichkeit, Gedanken und Hypothesen zu verbalisieren, oft zum Lernen führten.Material und MethodeMit zwölf Universitätsanfängern des Fachs Deutsch wurde ein kurzer schriftlicher Test und ein anschließendes gesprächsähnliches Interview durch¬geführt. Die Studenten lösten die Aufgaben individuell und waren aufgefordert, dabei laut zu denken. Wenn die verbalisierten Gedanken nicht aufschlussreich genug waren, wurden spezifische Fragen gestellt. Themen des Interviews waren teils Schulerfahrungen und Einstellung zum Sprachenlernen, teils explizite Fragen zu grammatischen Begriffen. Mit drei dieser Informanten wurde dasselbe Verfahren ein Jahr später wiederholt, nach erfolgreichem Abschluss des ersten Studienjahres. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden auch retrospektivisch ausgerichtete Fragen zum Lern- und Begriffsbildungsprozess gestellt.ErgebnisseWas die Begriffsvorstellungen betrifft, zeigte sich ein Unterschied je nach dem, ob konkrete Nebensätze zum Anschauen zugänglich waren oder nicht. Waren solche vorhanden, wurde eher auf visuell beobachtbare Charakteristika wie Einleiter und Verbletztstellung hingewiesen. Ohne die Unterstützung durch ein Artefakt standen ein Vergleich oder eine Verbindung mit einem Hauptsatz im Fokus.Eine zweite Beobachtung war, dass die Studenten häufig Merkmale anführten, die als fehlerhaft zu betrachten sind. So glauben viele, das Vorhandensein eines Kommas würde einen Nebensatz verursachen.Eine häufig vorkommende Vorstellung war, dass der Nebensatz immer dem übergeordneten Satz nachgestellt ist und inhaltlich eine Spezifizierung dazu ausmacht. Daraus lässt sich der Schluss ziehen, dass der Relativsatz der proto¬typische Nebensatz ist.Obwohl viele Studenten vage oder sogar fehlerhafte Vorstellungen vom Begriff ,Nebensatz‘ verbalisierten, hatten sie selten Probleme, deutsche Sätze mit korrekter Wortstellung zu produzieren oder Sätze mit inkorrekter Wort¬stellung zu korrigieren. Interessanterweise verursachte dabei gerade der Relativsatz Schwierigkeiten. Die Tatsache, dass die meisten Informanten also Nebensätze produzieren konnten, gleichzeitig aber Schwierigkeiten hatten, ihre Vorstellungen zu verba¬lisieren und die gewählten Lösungen im Test metasprachlich zu begründen, lässt sich als Indiz für implizites Wissen interpretieren. Das wiederum legt den Schluss nahe, dass sie eher von ihren konkreten Erfahrungen ausgehend, d. h. im Kontakt mit gesprochenem und geschriebenem Deutsch einen natürlichen Begriff gebildet haben, als dass sie sich einen fertigen, genau definierten Begriff angeeignet hätten. In diesem Fall ist es demnach nicht notwendig, im Besitz eines wissenschaftlichen Begriffs zu sein.Weiter stellte sich heraus, dass die Informanten dieser Untersuchung als Vertreter für unterschiedliche Phasen des Begriffsbildungsprozesses gesehen werden können. Dabei scheint eine Kategorie ”mening” (,Vollsatz‘) der Aus¬gangspunkt zu sein, aus dem sich schrittweise die verschiedenen Neben¬satztypen losmachen, um die Kategorie ,Nebensatz‘ zu bilden. Die Kenn¬zeichen, Attribute, die diese Mitglieder aufweisen, werden im Prozess zunehmend verfeinert.In den analysierten Grammatiken, die alle in einer ersten oder späteren Auflage in den 1990er Jahren erschienen, ließ sich eine gewisse Entwicklung von einer relativ starken Fokussierung auf Morphologie zu einer ausführlicheren Behandlung der Syntax sowie einer umfangreicheren Diskussion der Begriffe. Bei drei der Grammatiken waren inhaltliche Mängel und undeutliche Formulierungen zu verzeichnen, während die vierte in so hohem Grad eine sprachwissenschaftlich korrekte Beschreibung angestrebt hatte, dass die Anpassung an die Schüler in Frage gestellt werden musste.Didaktische ImplikationenDas abschließende Kapitel der Arbeit umfasst mögliche didaktische Implikationen der Untersuchung für Sprachbeschreibung und Sprachunterricht. Im ersten Fall werden u. a. der Einsatz der Nebensatzeinleiter als Signalwörter sowie der Gebrauch von Visualisierungen fokussiert. Wenn es um Unterricht geht, werden die soziokulturellen Lerntheorien wieder aufgegriffen, wobei besonders ihre Betonung der Bedeutung des Gesprächs fürs Lernen thematisiert wird. Ferner wird auf die positive Wirkung eines induktiven Verfahrens hingewiesen
SammanfattningBakgrund, syfte och frågeställningarDen övergripande frågan för denna undersökning har uppstått i min under¬visning i tysk grammatik på universitetsnivå. Som vid all annan undervisning, eller kontakt med människor över huvud taget, konstaterar man ganska snart att individerna är olika. I mitt konkreta fall har vissa studenter stora svårigheter med både den teoretiska grammatiken och tillämpningen av den, medan andra både kan producera god tyska och tycks ha förstått hur tyskan är uppbyggd, hur de grammatiska begreppen är bildade och liknande. Inspirerad av forskning inom matematikdidaktik som visat att svårigheter som dyker upp kan bero på att eleverna inte förstått grundläggande begrepp som ’tal’ och ’mängd’ frågade jag mig om förhållandet kunde vara likartat här, dvs. att de som hade svårigheter inte förstått grundläggande begrepp som ’sats’ och ’kasus’. I denna undersökning inskränktes arbetet till att i någon mån behandla begreppet ’sats’ men i huvudsak omfatta begreppet ’bisats’.De konkreta forskningsfrågorna för undersökningen är:• Vilka föreställningar har svenskspråkiga tyskstudenter av begreppet ’bisats’?• Hur förhåller sig en students begreppsföreställning(ar) till förmågan att producera korrekta tyska bisatser?Ett viktigt hjälpmedel vid språkinlärning och -undervisning är handböcker i grammatik. När det gäller grammatikor för skolbruk, didaktiska grammatikor, har alltid ett urval gjorts och framställningen har även på annat sätt anpassats till elever och deras förmodade förkunskaper. Ett annat spår i avhandlingen gäller dessa beskrivningar av tyskans struktur och en tredje huvudfråga lyder därför:• Hur beskrivs begreppet ’bisats’ i svenska skolgrammatikor för tysk¬undervisningen?Huvudsyftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur en del av verkligheten ser ut (studenternas föreställningar om och förmåga att producera bisatser samt språkbeskrivningar) och utifrån detta diskutera hur man eventuellt kan förbättra språkbeskrivning och språkundervisning så att eleverna lär sig både mer och bättre.Teoretisk förankringDe grundläggande frågorna omkring begreppsföreställningar handlar om kognitiva processer och produkter. Den teoretiska bakgrunden till denna under¬sökning utgörs därför dels av teorier kring lärande generellt och kring begreppsbildning respektive begreppstillägnande, dels av teorier kring frågor om hur förvärvandet av ett främmande språk går till, vilken form av kunskap detta leder till samt hur kunskaper och performans hör samman. I samtalen med studenterna (se nedan) visade det sig dock att dessa samtal i sig och möjligheten att verbalisera sina tankar och hypoteser ofta ledde till lärande. Detta för¬hållande är centralt inom sociokulturella lärandeteorier varför även sådana beaktas – inte minst i diskussionerna kring didaktiska implikationer av resultaten.Material och metodFör att få svar på forskningsfrågorna sammanställdes ett kort skriftligt test. Sammanlagt tolv studenter på första terminens universitetsstudier i tyska löste testuppgifterna enskilt och ombads därvid tänka högt och motivera sina lösningar. Vissa specifika frågor kring deras svar ställdes också för att få dem att verbalisera sina föreställningar. I anslutning till testet genomfördes en lite längre semistrukturerad intervju dels kring deras erfarenheter från skolan och inställning till språkundervisning, dels kring grammatiska begrepp. Med tre av dessa studenter upprepades test och intervju ett år senare då de med framgång avslutat ett års studier i tyska. Då ställdes också frågor som syftade till att retrospektivt försöka klargöra hur begreppsbildning och -utveckling går till.Både testdelen och intervjun spelades in på video. Undersökningen bygger således på det skriftliga testet (performans) och transkriptioner av den samtals¬liknande intervjun.ResultatNär det gäller föreställningarna av begreppet ’bisats’ visade det sig att de skiljer sig åt något när studenterna hade konkreta bisatser att hänvisa till eller iaktta och när de bara besvarade frågan om vad en bisats är. I det första fallet var de visuella signalerna bisatsinledare och ordföljd viktiga, medan en jämförelse eller annan koppling till en huvudsats gjordes när inga hjälpande artefakter fanns.Ytterligare en iakttagelse var att studenterna i många fall anförde känne¬tecken hos bisatser som måste anses vara direkt felaktiga. Så tycks flera av dem utgå från att förekomsten av ett komma förorsakar en bisats. En vanlig föreställning var också att en bisats alltid står efter den över¬ordnade satsen och att den innehållsligt innebär en specificering av denna. Av detta kan man dra slutsatsen att relativsatsen är den prototypiska bisatsen. Trots att många studenter hade luddiga eller till och med felaktiga före¬ställningar av begreppet ’bisats’, hade de sällan problem att själva producera tyska bisatser eller korrigera satser med felaktig ordföljd. Intressant nog visade sig relativsatsen förorsaka mest problem i studenternas egna produktion. Det faktum att de flesta informanterna således kunde producera bisatser samtidigt som de hade svårigheter att verbalisera sina föreställningar och att motivera sina lösningar i testet i någon metaspråklig form kan ses som ett tecken på att de besitter implicit kunskap. Det i sin tur kan tolkas som att de utifrån sina konkreta erfarenheter med bisatser, det vill säga genom sin kontakt med tyskan i tal och skrift snarare bildat ett naturligt begrepp än tillägnat sig ett färdigt, väldefinierat begrepp. Att besitta en begreppsföreställning som motsvarar det vetenskapliga är alltså i detta fall inte nödvändigt.Det visade sig också att de studenter som ingår i denna undersökning kan ses som representanter för olika faser i begreppsbildningsprocessen. I denna tycks utgångspunkten vara en kategori ’mening’ från vilken olika bisatstyper stegvis lösgör sig för att bilda kategorin ’bisats’. De kännetecken, attribut, som dessa uppvisar blir med tiden allt mer förfinade.I de analyserade skolgrammatikorna, som alla utgavs i en första eller senare upplaga under olika skeden av 1990-talet, kunde en viss utveckling från en förhållandevis stark fokusering på morfologi i de äldre mot en utförligare behandling av syntax liksom ökad diskussion av begreppen. Tre av gramma¬tikorna kunde sägas uppvisa innehållsliga brister och otydliga formuleringar, medan den fjärde i så hög grad eftersträvat en språkvetenskapligt korrekt beskrivning att anpassningen till eleverna kunde ifrågasättas. Didaktiska implikationerI det avslutande kapitlet diskuteras de didaktiska implikationer som under¬sökningen har eller kan ha för språkbeskrivning och språkundervisning. I det första fallet fokuseras bland annat hur bisatsinledare kan framhävas som signalord och hur visualiseringar kan bidra till framställningen. När det gäller undervisningen återkopplas bland annat till de sociokulturella teorierna och deras betoning av samtalets betydelse för lärandet samt visas på möjligheterna med ett induktivt arbetssätt.
Sundqvist, Pia. "Extramural English Matters : Out-of-School English and Its Impact on Swedish Ninth Graders' Oral Proficiency and Vocabulary." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för språk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4880.
Повний текст джерелаRiffer, Helena. "Self-perceived English Proficiency in Relation to Extramural Language Environment : A comparison between Swedish students of English living in the UK and in Sweden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-9640.
Повний текст джерелаPettersson, Sara, and Johan Bergdahl. "Extramural English Activities. Teachers’ perceptions of students’ extramural English activities in relation to vocabulary." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35593.
Повний текст джерелаSantos, Jane dos. "Narrativas pessoais : uma experiência didática de escrita em inglês sob a aprendizagem implícita e explícita." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/466.
Повний текст джерелаO tema deste trabalho é a narrativa pessoal como elemento do ensino da língua inglesa. As narrativas pessoais são um gênero textual muito freqüente na oralidade, nas nossas interações do dia-a-dia. Essas narrativas pessoais orais têm a presença constante de certos elementos, em sua estrutura interna, que são geralmente incorporados pelas narrativas escritas. Desta forma, a pesquisa tem como proposta utilizar as narrativas pessoais como uma estratégia de ensino para a aprendizagem da escrita na língua inglesa. Para alcançar este objetivo, uma experiência didática foi desenvolvida com catorze alunos de uma turma sob minha responsabilidade no curso de Letras com habilitação em português e inglês, na Faculdade José Augusto Vieira (FJAV), no município de Lagarto, Sergipe. O objetivo da experiência didática era levar os alunos a escreverem textos empregando conscientemente a estrutura e os elementos do gênero narrativa pessoal. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram questionários, notas de campo, análise das produções escritas dos alunos colaboradores e entrevistas. O referencial teórico apoiou-se nas análises das narrativas, segundo Labov e Waletzky (1967), Pratt (1977), Prince (1983), Polanyi (1979), e Tannen (1982), entre outros. Uma teoria de gêneros baseada em Bakhtin (2003), Schneuwly (2004) e Marcuschi (2005), assim como uma teoria de produção de textos de Raimes (1983), Flower e Hayes (1981) e Grabe e Kaplan (1996), também integraram o arcabouço teórico do trabalho. Da mesma forma, estudos sobre aprendizagem implícita e explícita, realizados por Mathews et al. (1989), Zimmer e Alves (2006), e outros, deram suporte teórico à pesquisa. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de práticas de escrita que atendam tanto às necessidades lingüísticas quanto às sociais dos aprendizes. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua para o desenvolvimento de atividades de ensino mais significativas e para a formação de escritores mais eficientes de inglês como língua estrangeira.
Frangiotti, Graziele Altino. "As variedades linguísticas no ensino de línguas: análise de dois livros didáticos de italiano para estrangeiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-27062014-111639/.
Повний текст джерелаStudies in Sociolinguistics have shown the complexity of contemporary Italian arquitecture, composed of both linguistic varieties, common to all natural languages and related to diamesic, diastratic, diaphasic and diatopic dimension, and the dialects and interlanguages. Nonetheless, this intricate reality doesn\'t seem to reach learners of Italian, especially outside Italy, which often have the impression that this language is monolithic and that it doesn\'t change. In general, this reflect on their performance as speakers of the language they learn, therefore, since they believe that the Italian language is unique and unchangeable, they will not be able to recognize linguistic varieties produced by native speakers. Considering the importance of the textbook as a source of linguistic input in the classroom and as a guide for teacher\'s and learner\'s activity, we selected, in the period in which our research began, the two most used textbooks for Italian teaching in the State of São Paulo, and analyzed how and to what extent these works expose the learner to linguistic varieties of Italian, in order to develop sociolinguistic competence and mainly receptive sensibility to Italian linguistic reality. We analyzed the dialogues, the student books and teacher\'s guides of the teaching collections Linea Diretta and Rete! based on 67 criteria chosen by selecting phenomena that could identify different varieties of Italian. The results related to the textbook Linea diretta let say that this collection implicitly addresses some of the considered phenomena, but doesn\'t explore them explicitly. On the other side, Rete! practically doesn\'t insert in its dialogues sociolinguistically marked phenomena, but treats phonological issues of regional varieties. So, it was found that the treatment of sociolinguistic varieties proved to be scanty and, in some cases, not existent in both textbooks. This caused the conclusion that learners, whose linguistic input derives from its content, can hardly develop a sociolinguistic competence that can allow them to recognize and understand properly utterances produced in different communicative contexts.
Hoch, Lisianne. "Perception et apprentissage des structures musicales et langagières : études des ressources cognitives partagées et des effets attentionnels." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20049/document.
Повний текст джерелаMusic and language are structurally organized materials that are based on combinatorial principles. Listeners have acquired knowledge about these structural regularities via mere exposure. This knowledge allows them to develop expectations about future events in music and language perception. My PhD investigated two aspects of domain-specificity versus generality of cognitive functions in music and language processing: perception and statistical learning.In the first part (perception), musical structure processing has been shown to influence spoken and visual language processing (Études 1 & 4), partly due to dynamic attending mechanisms (Jones, 1976). More specifically, musical structure processing has been shown to interact with linguistic-syntactic processing, but not with linguistic-semantic processing (Étude 3), thus supporting the hypothesis of shared syntactic resources for music and language processing (Patel, 2003). Together with previous studies that have investigated simultaneous musical and linguistic (syntactic and semantic) structure processing, we proposed that these shared resources might extend to the processing of other structurally organized information that require structural and temporal integration resources. This hypothesis was tested and supported by interactive influences between simultaneous musical and arithmetic structure processing (Étude 4). In the second part (learning), statistical learning was directly compared for verbal and nonverbal materials. In particular, we aimed to investigate the influence of dynamic attention driven by non-acoustic (Études 5 & 6) and acoustic (Étude 7) cues on statistical learning. Non-acoustic temporal cues have been shown to influence statistical learning of verbal and nonverbal artificial languages. In agreement with the dynamic attending theory (Jones, 1976), we proposed that non-acoustic temporal cues guide attention over time and influence statistical learning.Based on the influence of dynamic attending mechanisms on perception and learning and on evidence of shared structural and temporal integration resources for the processing of musical structures and other structured information, this PhD opens new questions about the potential influence of tonal and temporal auditory structure processing on general cognitive sequencing abilities, notably required in structured sequence perception and learning.Jones, M. R. (1976). Time, our lost dimension: Toward a new theory of perception, attention, and memory. Psychological Review, 83(5), 323-355. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.83.5.323Patel, A. D. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 674-681. doi:10.1038/nn1082
Silva, Soraya Fernandes da. "O uso das atividades lúdicas na sala de aula de língua inglesa : que diferença faz?" Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2007. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/434.
Повний текст джерелаO objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar em que medida as atividades lúdicas são eficientes no processo de aprendizagem de Língua Inglesa. A relevância deste estudo deve-se ao fato de que as atividades lúdicas são amplamente usadas nas aulas de inglês nos dias atuais, porém não há muitos estudos sobre sua real contribuição para o processo de aprendizagem da língua. Para verificar isso, a metodologia usada nesta pesquisa foi baseada em pesquisa-ação colaborativa em dois grupos de 3º ano do Ensino Médio no Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Alagoas (CEFET-AL) em Maceió, Brasil, no ano de 2006. Observações de aulas não participativas, questionários, gravações, notas de campo e alguns experimentos como atividades tradicionais e lúdicas foram usados nesta pesquisa. A fundamentação teórica baseou-se no estudo de procedimentos de ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira, da ludicidade, da motivação e das instruções implícita e explícita. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as atividades lúdicas desempenham um papel importante na motivação dos alunos, mas não garantem o sucesso da aprendizagem consciente da língua.
Cossu, Jean-Valère. "Analyse de l’image de marque sur le Web 2.0." Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG0207/document.
Повний текст джерелаAnalyse of entities representation over the Web 2.0Every day, millions of people publish their views on Web 2.0 (social networks,blogs, etc.). These comments focus on subjects as diverse as news, politics,sports scores, consumer objects, etc. The accumulation and agglomerationof these notices on an entity (be it a product, a company or a public entity) givebirth to the brand image of that entity. Internet has become in recent years aprivileged place for the emergence and dissemination of opinions and puttingWeb 2.0 at the head of observatories of opinions. The latter being a means ofaccessing the knowledge of the opinion of the world population.The image is here understood as the idea that a person or a group of peopleis that entity. This idea carries a priori on a particular subject and is onlyvalid in context for a given time. This perceived image is different from theentity initially wanted to broadcast (eg via a communication campaign). Moreover,in reality, there are several images in the end living together in parallel onthe network, each specific to a community and all evolve differently over time(imagine how would be perceived in each camp together two politicians edgesopposite). Finally, in addition to the controversy caused by the voluntary behaviorof some entities to attract attention (think of the declarations required orshocking). It also happens that the dissemination of an image beyond the frameworkthat governed the and sometimes turns against the entity (for example,« marriage for all » became « the demonstration for all »). The views expressedthen are so many clues to understand the logic of construction and evolution ofthese images. The aim is to be able to know what we are talking about and howwe talk with filigree opportunity to know who is speaking.viiIn this thesis we propose to use several simple supervised statistical automaticmethods to monitor entity’s online reputation based on textual contentsmentioning it. More precisely we look the most important contents and theirsauthors (from a reputation manager point-of-view). We introduce an optimizationprocess allowing us to enrich the data using a simulated relevance feedback(without any human involvement). We also compare content contextualizationmethod using information retrieval and automatic summarization methods.Wealso propose a reflection and a new approach to model online reputation, improveand evaluate reputation monitoring methods using Partial Least SquaresPath Modelling (PLS-PM). In designing the system, we wanted to address localand global context of the reputation. That is to say the features can explain thedecision and the correlation betweens topics and reputation. The goal of ourwork was to propose a different way to combine usual methods and featuresthat may render reputation monitoring systems more accurate than the existingones. We evaluate and compare our systems using state of the art frameworks: Imagiweb and RepLab. The performances of our proposals are comparableto the state of the art. In addition, the fact that we provide reputation modelsmake our methods even more attractive for reputation manager or scientistsfrom various fields
Tuomas, Petra. "Learning Grammar : A study of upper secondary level students’ attitudes and beliefs concerning the learning of grammar." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21438.
Повний текст джерелаBoughim, Amel. "L'acquisition d'une langue étrangère par la télévision : apprendre l'italien par la Rai Uno à Tunis." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030028.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to shed light on the fact to acquire a foreign language autonomously by watching television. It comes according to two fields of research that are “the didactic of languages” and the “cognitive psychology”. This thesis is based on a survey of Tunisian spectators who have acquired the Italian language by watching the Italian channel Rai Uno and also experimentation conducted with young children. Indeed, the acquisitions of language by the spectators are real despite the absence of education and interaction. They were evaluated by tests [CELI1] which have shown that these viewers have an intermediate level in Italian language. Qualitative analysis of interviews showed that exposure to a foreign language television is accompanied by an implicit learning of the language. The acquisition of the latter is the result of a long exposure and it is further developing the understanding skills than the production skills. Together, these data also showed the validity of Krashen hypothesis regarding the primacy of the acquisition to the learning, the importance of understandable inputs and the impact of the emotional filter
Le, Gall Monique. "Apprentissage implicite et explicite des concepts en langue étrangère : étude d'une relation transductive et de la place et du rôle de l'explicitation." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1089.
Повний текст джерелаFrançois, Clément. "Apprentissage implicite des structures linguistiques et musicales : approche multi-méthodologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20673/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aims of the present thesis were two-folded. Firstly, we wanted to compare behavioral and electrophysiological measures related to the implicit learning of linguistic and musical structures contained within an artificial sung language. While behavioral measures suggest that only the linguistic structure was learned, electrophysiological data revealed similar N400 effects in both linguistic and musical dimensions, suggesting that participants did also learn the musical structure. The second goal was to evaluate to what extent musical expertise can affect speech segmentation. At this aim, we compared a group of adult musicians to a group of nonmusicians. While behavioral data showed that musicians had marginally better performance than non musicians in both dimensions, electrophysiological data revealed, via early (N1/P2) and late (N400) differences, a better speech segmentation in musicians than in non musicians. Moreover, event-related potentials and time-frequency analyzes during learning revealed a faster and more efficient learning process in musicians. However, the only way to unambiguously claim causality between expertise and the observed effects requires a longitudinal approach. At this aim, we conducted a study with 8 year-old children who followed either music or painting lessons over a period of 2 years. Behavioral and electrophysiological data revealed a larger benefit of musical compared to painting training, bringing evidences for the importance of music in childrens' education
Pélissier, Maud. "Effets d'entrainements explicites et implicites sur l'acquisition de la syntaxe de l'anglais par des apprenants francophones : étude en potentiels évoqués." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC091/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work examines the effect of learning conditions on the evolution of the neurocognitive mechanisms used by French speakers to process a second language (English). We used behavioural (acceptability judgments) and electrophysiological (event-related potentials) measures. Two types of training were compared, designed to reflect two learning situations : through exposure (implicit learning) or instruction (explicit learning).Two experiments were conducted. In the first one (E1), we studied how our trainings affected the processing of morphosyntactic violations working in a similar or conflictual way in the L2 and L1 of our participants. In the second experiment (E2), we tried to reduce the bias towards explicit learning entailed by the presence of violations, by studying how learners process temporary syntactic anomalies triggered by prosody-syntax mismatches.Results show a beneficial effect for both types of training. Explicit learning proved to be slightly more effective in improving the processing of a coflictual structure. In E2 it reduced the impact of individual abilities. E1 confirmed that the level of attention to grammaticality affects the nature and amplitude of ERP components. In E2, implicit training was linked to a faster and more automatic processing of incongruities.This research confirms that learning conditions can affect L2 processing even in a short time and for intermediate learners, but underlines the importance of reducing the biases towards explicit processing that are inherent to the EEG violation paradigm
Gossieaux, Caroline. "Enseigner la culture littéraire en FLE : mieux comprendre et interpréter le monde vu par les natifs en décryptant les références littéraires dans la presse." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP5125.
Повний текст джерелаThe research presented in this doctoral thesis is situated in the field of language didactics and deals with the pedagogical exploitation of literature as a component of the target culture. The research presented is based on in-class experiments carried out with foreign students learning French as a foreign language during a stay in France. The students in question were not specialists in literature, and the experiment consisted in a series of activities and projects that focused on literary references that were present in French journalistic sources (both within titles and the texts themselves). The hypothesis that guided this research is that the deciphering of cultural references that contain a value of social usage of literature corresponding to an accessible level for the learners of French as a foreign language facilitates the development of the interpretative component of their cultural competences. The first experiment respected the current task-based orientation of language didactics. Through monitoring the principal stages involved in the completion of these cultural projects, which were focused on French authors (Proust, Molière), two tasks were revealed as particularly characteristic: literature search and observation/analysis of documents. The second experiment examined the use of acquired literary knowledge. More specifically, this part of the research project analyzed, for native speakers of French, the connection between shared references and argumentation patterns found in three articles taken from the French press. The observations that resulted from this part of the research project made it possible to measure the impact of the learners' developing literary culture in French as a foreign language on their ability to use an interpretative competence. The analysis of oral and written productions from the learners who participated in this project reveals certain traces of the relationship between literary references/interpretation/acquisition of French, which can be used to create situations in teaching above and beyond the teaching of or with literature. Indeed, without overstating the importance of the current research and recognizing its limitations, the results may interest teachers of French as a foreign language who wish to help their students to develop the acquisition of a portion of Culture (history, arts, ...) based on natives' own use and representation
Wang, Bing. "L'interculturalité dans l'enseignement universitaire du français en contexte chinois : enjeux, démarches et perspectives." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0026.
Повний текст джерелаSince relations between China and France are forever growing, the issue of intercultural communication between the two countries is becoming an increasingly important art. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to put in place an intercultural approach of teaching French in Chinese Universities, to sensitize students to cultural diversity and prepare them for intercultural contacts. With a methodological reference framework developed essentially under the pragmatic and ethnographic aspects, we have tried to identify the origins of communication and relational difficulties between Chinese and French people by identifying the main cultural variables expressed by allusions in language, in sociolinguistic and sociocultural uses that govern verbal interactions and behaviour inherent to non-verbal language, etc. The Sino-French cultural differences revealed by our comparative and descriptive analysis helps on one hand to explain eventual problems/obstacles to understanding linked to implicit cultural meanings of two communities, and on the other hand, they can be used as an important mark to propose pedagogic clues aiming to the better teaching of culture and training of an intercultural communication competence
Dias, Gaël. "Information Digestion." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669780.
Повний текст джерела"Generating Vocabulary Sets for Implicit Language Learning using Masked Language Modeling." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57258.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Software Engineering 2020
Riggall, Emily. "Implicit Sequence Learning in Children with Dyslexia with and without Language Impairment." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/psych_theses/173.
Повний текст джерелаHelena, de Vries Meinou. "Implicit learning of artificial grammars : its neural mechanisms and its implications for natural language research /." 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018656836&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Повний текст джерелаHeinsch, Dieter Paul. "Sequential Second Language Acquisition For Speech Production: Implicit Learning Processes And Knowledge Bases And Instructional Exemplifications For German." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24814.
Повний текст джерелаPhD Doctorate
Heinsch, Dieter Paul. "Sequential Second Language Acquisition For Speech Production: Implicit Learning Processes And Knowledge Bases And Instructional Exemplifications For German." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24814.
Повний текст джерелаPhD Doctorate
"Effects of learning strategies and motivation on implicit vs. explicit instructional approaches for Spanish L2 vocabulary." Tulane University, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерелаacase@tulane.edu
Shih, Hsin-Yi, and 施欣怡. "The acquisition of Chinese literacy as a second language correlates with statistical learning of implicit transitional probability." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62205121308024208017.
Повний текст джерела國立中央大學
認知與神經科學研究所
101
Recent findings have indicated that statistical learning ability correlates with literacy acquisition of alphabetic languages both as a first and a second language. However, it was unclear whether the correlation was demonstrated only in alphabetic languages or not. In the present study, we examined whether the same ability of detecting statistical regularities embedded in sequential stimuli, as well as the abilities of auditory perception and phonological processing, predict the literacy level in adults who learn Chinese as a second language. Cross-sectional results from native speakers of alphabetic languages showed that the performance of Chinese literacy was significantly correlated with the time participants spent on learning Chinese and their performance on statistical learning of visual stimuli (VSL). The regression analysis further revealed that VSL accounted for unique variance of the size of Chinese characters that participants know even when the contribution from other variables, intelligence, and working memory was considered. The follow-up research examined whether the potential factors have influence on the development of Chinese literacy. Analysis of the data from all remaining participants who were tested in both Experiment 1 and 2 did detect obvious improvement of Chinese literacy. Correlation and regression results showed no significant relationship between all the predictor variables and Chinese literacy. However, further analysis indicated that participants who continued studying Chinese during the past six months between Experiment 1 and 2 had greater improvements in Chinese literacy, especially in reading fluency. Significant correlation was also observed between the improvement of Chinese literacy indices and the performance of VSL for participants who did not continue taking formal Chinese courses. That is, formal instructions generally improved the performance of Chinese literacy, while the performance of VSL had impacts on Chinese literacy acquisition, especially when formal instruction was not available. To conclude, the current study suggests that the ability of statistical learning is a critical predicting factor for learning Chinese as L2. These results are compatible with previous research that statistical learning ability has association with literacy acquisition both for L1 and L2. Moreover, the results demonstrated that not only in alphabetic languages, but also in Chinese, the ability to extract regularities and to compute transitional probability is greatly correlated with literacy acquisition.
Jung, Ji-Yung. "Effects of Implicit and Explicit Focus on Form on L2 Acquisition of the English Passive." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-ek22-ka98.
Повний текст джерелаBell, Philippa/K. "Incidental, explicit, and implicit language learning during meaning-based exposure: Their effectiveness and relationship to individual cognitive abilities." Thesis, 2012. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974095/1/Bell_PhD_F2012.pdf.
Повний текст джерела