Дисертації з теми "Impératifs"
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Guerte, Yves. "Dérivation de programmes impératifs à partir de spécifications algébriques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004992.
Повний текст джерелаBain-Thouverez, Justine. "L’intégrité du déchet face aux impératifs environnementaux et économiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111014.
Повний текст джерелаWaste was previously apprehended along the classic summa division of public and private law while concealing its environmental dimension. This traditional distinction has been called into question ever since the notion of waste has gradually expanded in view of economic and environmental issues. The unity of the notion of waste around his inherent parts is now necessary. The ambivalent nature of waste dictates us to go further than this division of law. In order to respect waste’s integrity and its true nature, environmental law must work together with other branches of law towards a co-production that implies mutual constraints. Defining the different ways these legal disciplines collaborate constitutes the study’s objective. These are founded on one hand, on waste management’s integration into market laws, ensuring the meeting of environmental and economical considerations and on the other hand, on the application of competition law to waste management when practices integrate an environmental aspect. Only once the interactions between environmental and economical imperatives are defined can waste’s unity be recognised
Bourdoncle, François Jérôme. "Sémantiques des langages impératifs d'ordre superieur et interprétation abstraite." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EPXX0023.
Повний текст джерелаIhsen, Saad. "Conception d'un système d'aide à l'ordonnancement tenantcompte des impératifs économiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162379.
Повний текст джерелаPonsini, Olivier. "Des programmes impératifs vers la logique équationnelle pour la vérification." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090688.
Повний текст джерелаTahar, Chloé. "La négation explétive : des impératifs aux connecteurs : approche diachronique et formelle." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLE001.
Повний текст джерелаExpletive negation is a non-canonical negation marker whose distribution is limited, across languages, to a certain set of predicates: apprehensive attitude verbs (‘fear’) exceptive (‘unless’) and prospective connectives (‘before’), comparative clauses (‘more/ less than’). In synchrony, it proves difficult to determine (i) which formal property the heterogeneous set of predicates in the scope of which expletive negation occurs have in common and (ii) which kind of syntactic and semantic dependency to the matrix clause predicate it is involved in. This dissertation investigates those questions from a comparative and diachronic perspective
Saad, Ihsen. "Conception d'un système d'aide à l'ordonnancement tenant compte des impératifs économiques." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECLI0007.
Повний текст джерелаOur works deal with the implementation of methodologies for production resolution and optimization taking into consideration economic imperatives, which are important parts in industrial manufacturing control. For the flexible job-shop problem, five criteria are considered : Makespan, the workload of the critical machine, the total workload of machines, the penalties of earliness/tardiness and the production cost. In this direction, the decision and evaluation problems are introduced and studied, and three integrated approaches, based on genetic algorithms, improving evolutionary approaches which exist in the literature, are presented : static method based on Choquet's integral, approached method based on the Pareto-optimality concept as well as the method based on the concept of ε-dominance Pareto-optimality. The proposed approaches are used to generate a variety of optimal solutions needed to help the decision-maker, when he can not give a particular preference to one of the objective functions. Proposed results, obtained globally for the overall of criteria, are successfully compared with those obtained by other existing approaches on several benchmarks presenting different complexities
Pietrancosta, Alain. "Le droit des sociétés sous l'effet des impératifs financiers et boursiers." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010267.
Повний текст джерелаMakaga, Pea Vivien Patrice. "La souveraineté des Etats africains au 21e siècle : impératifs et menaces." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020027.
Повний текст джерелаColonization then independence require a deep knowledge of Africa in all its geographic, historical, demographic, ethnic, religious and political diversity. Where does Africa stand today as regards economic and political freedom and good governance? Independence has not been given to the people but was rather entrusted to the independence opponents and was maintained in their hands for almost 50 years. Power which is the independence’s concrete expression and sovereignty its symbol have been diverted and given to individuals chosen by the colonial power. Hence, through an intermediary, the colonizer was still in fact managing people’s fate. In order to free itself from dependence, Africa shall supply a tremendous effort by gathering its intellectual, spiritual, moral, material and scientific strengths. Since models cannot be copied, Africa-in order to achieve its goal-will have to build its own patterns from scratch and tailor them to suit various societies. Such models shall be implemented by national and local innovative stakeholders as well as States so-called “nurseryman”. By doing so, the youth will develop themselves through training, funding, organizational and association systems altogether constituent of ecosystem and mutual dependence within African territories. Digital revolution, information technologies and communication have been a game-changer both in Africa and in the rest of the world. Civil society rise in power by the assertion of people’s power is now manifest
Rakibi, Amal. "L' utilisation duale des technologies spatiales : entre impératifs sécuritaires et émancipation commerciale." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA111025.
Повний текст джерелаMaingaud, Séverine. "Certification de programmes impératifs en logique dynamique : le cas du lambda-calcul avec références." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077200.
Повний текст джерелаWe present a formal System of software verification, MLDL, dedicated to an untyped S\lambdaS-calculus with higher-order references (MLimp) and call-by-value evaluation. MLDL follows a certification approach which consists in proving the correspondence between a program and its specification. MLDL is based on a second-order dynamic logic which combines purely logical deduction steps with symbolic evaluation. There are three types of modality in MLDL: the box of dynamic logic is adapted to MLimp where each program is an expression, updates represents local modifications of the memory and a specific binder (the v-binder) supports allocation of new memory cell. The thesis consists oftwo parts: a syntactic part devoted to the presentation ofMLDL and a semantic part devoted to the construction of a model of MLDL in order to prove the consistency of the formalism. The model ofMLDL is built on a denotational model of MLimp where congruent (through symbolic evaluation) programs belong to the same équivalence class. This denotational model is built with standard techniques ofsolving equations in the category ofdcpos and the category of cpos with injections- projections. We also develop a theory ofgroup action on the dcpo (especially applied to the group of permutations of addresses) and a notion of domination over programs and stores by a set of addresses. These new tools allow to deal with issues of well-foundness and invariance associated with the manipulation of memory locations
Katakpaou, Toure Moudassirou. "La problèmatique de la coopération du Togo avec ses voisins (impératifs économiques et problèmesinstitutionnels)." Lille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL20001.
Повний текст джерелаThe geographical position of Togo allowed him to dessert the neighbouring countries, particularly the enclaved one of sahel. Despite its small area and a modest economical potential Togo has an important role in commercial and economical relations between west african countries. This situation seems to bring advantages to the economy of Togo, thanks to the development of transit activities towards the neighbouring countries. But we have to keep in mind that this situation prevent to some extent a real cooperation in the region. There are too many cooperation organizations in the region. Their number is to be reduced and their economical policy oriented towards production activities
Delporte, François-Xavier. "La prédominance des impératifs économiques dans la libre circulation des travailleurs de la Communauté européenne." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL20023.
Повний текст джерелаThe mobility of the migrant workers meet 2 difficulties. First of all, the free workers circulation is broken down into two elements : the salaried employees and the self-employed whose interests differ. Secondly, there is a broken in the social protection of the migrant workers although the provisions of the 1 408/71 settling. Far from searching for a development of a migrant worker status, the Community law studies the free circulation from the egality of wage between economic agents who act on the same market
Gracia, Alain. "Les impératifs en prothèse adjointe complète : apports des racines sous-prothétiques et des techniques implantaires." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2OC02.
Повний текст джерелаTouzi, Sarra. "La nécessaire évolution des impératifs d'équité et d'efficacité dans la gestion de l'eau potable en Tunisie." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712585.
Повний текст джерелаViret, Marie-Pierre. "Le principe de bonne foi et le droit des sûretés : essai d'une conciliation entre impératifs contradictoires." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIGXXXX.
Повний текст джерелаFerstler, Sabrina. "Exister dans l'espace humanitaire : Médecins du monde, des impératifs de conformation aux évolutions identitaires (1980-2015)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG020.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD originated as a commission from the NGO Doctors of the World, taking the form of a CIFRE fellowship. The organization was trying to boost its recognition domestically and internationally by working on its humanitarian practices, as well as refine its distinctive identity. This research ended up examining the conditions of existence of a NGO in the humanitarian space as one of the main contemporary French NGOs. This status is identified as the outcome of successive adjustments to conform to outside demands (competition-related or from backers) in an organization of volunteer doctors that initially stood out by its refusal to be “professionals of poverty”. These adjustments have had consequences in terms of forms of presentation, of organization, hiring and orientations, characterized by a number of tensions and contradictions. They are explored using a variety of tools (discourse analysis, sociography of actors, observation of mobilizations, etc.), ultimately showing how the organization’s identity has been (re)created and refashioned to fit the ambivalent but inevitable managerialization of the practices and representations of the people who make the NGO exist
Caruana, Nicolas. "La fiscalité environnementale : entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux : une approche conceptuelle de la fiscalité environnementale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1022/document.
Повний текст джерелаAlways mentioned amongst market based-instruments for cost-effective environmental policy, studied by many economists, environmental taxation is ignored by legal opinion and represent only a small amount of tax revenue. This paradox can mostly be explained by the way environnemental taxation is defined.Most of the time seen as exo-taxes, environmental taxation is tackled analytically, through the criteria established prima facie. Using this way of reasoning is not only insufficient to show all the ways the environment can be protected with environmental taxation, but is also preventing the emergence of a real concept of environmental taxation. This concept, that we are trying to define, is multidimensional ; it can be seen from different angles : legal, economic, political and/or scientific.Questioning the foundations of environmental taxation (principles such as the polluter-pay principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle...) and the way professors of law define it, will show that a paradigm shift is needed, to bring a concept of environmental taxation into light. Marked by its environmental efficiency, environmental taxation does not actually include the issues, nor has the beneficial consequences that politicians may imagine
Malam, Mamane Sani Ibrahim. "Entre insécurités alimentaires et impératifs culturels au Niger : le cas du département de Gouré en 2005." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1023.
Повний текст джерелаIn a Sahelian country like Niger, the space dedicated to food is culturally rich for learnings. However, there are a few writings which make this as a valid sociologically subject of study. This reflection gives itself a taskto analyze the scope of cultural determinants in the occurence of famines. Based on socio-anthropological materials, this thesis highlights social governance to explain the salience of subsistence crises. Despite the weight of cultural factors underlying consumption model of the people in Goure, it is intellectually risky to assert that food taboos may constitute serious causes of food shortages in this part of Niger which faces a succession of food production deficit. However, our contribution shows that these taboos remain enhancing element, especially in high-traditional belief backgrounds. The methodology used in this approach is based on qualitative and quantitative methods using the following collection tools : semi-structured interview guides, focus groups and a questionnaire type KAP (knpwledge, attitudes, practices)
Doessant, Benoît. "Le transport maritime d’hydrocarbures. Les compagnies pétrolières françaises entre impératifs économiques et obligation de pavillon (1918-1998)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040227.
Повний текст джерелаThe question of maritime transport is nerve since the beginning of the oil industry in 1859 for an essential reason: the places of production, processing and consumption are distinct and often separated by oceans. It is necessary therefore to carry much of the crude oil from a limited number of producer countries to the rest of the world with specialized vessels - tankers - over long distances. This trend is reinforced throughout the twentieth century with the discovery of large oil reserves in the Middle East and Africa. In general, the development of the world tanker fleet is following loan increased production and consumption of oil. The shipping of oil is still very far from today's form of international trade the most important - a third - with more than two billion tons carried per year to report to 100 million tons in 1935 and 500 million tons in 1960. France, drawing the consequences supply difficulties of petroleum products during the First World War, fixed throughout the twentieth century binding rules to oil companies by imposing the obligation to import two-thirds of their needs under the national flag. Now they are facing the problem of structuring the French merchant navy: the high operating costs of the fleet. This research seeks to understand the strategies used by these companies to deliver the best possible conditions in the oil to France, despite the obligation of French flag. Beyond this is why oil companies have ended up abandoning their naval armaments despite the legislative framework. Total, oil French company, retired in 1993 from the shipping business. Today, ships under the French flag belonging to Belgian or Norwegian shipowners, but in no case French
Protzenko, Jonathan. "Mezzo : a typed language for safe effectful concurrent programs." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077159.
Повний текст джерелаThe present dissertation argues that better programming languages can be designed and implemented, so as to provide greater safety and reliability for computer programs. I sustain my daims through the example of Mezzo, a programming language in the tradition of ML, which I co-designed and implemented. Programs written in Mezzo enjoy stronger properties than programs written in traditional ML languages: they are data-race free; state changes can be tracked by the type system; a central notion of ownership facilitates modular reasoning. Mezzo is not the first attempt at designing a better programming language; hence, a first part strives to position Mezzo relative to other works in the literature. I present landmark results in the field, which served either as sources of inspiration or points of comparison. The subsequent part is about the design of the Mezzo language. Using a variety of examples, I illustrate the language features as well as the safety gains that one obtains by writing their programs in Mezzo. In a subsequent part, I formalize the semantics of the Mezzo language. Mezzo is not just a type system that lives on paper: the fmal part describes the implementation of a type-checker for Mezzo, by formalizing the algorithms that I designed and the various ways the type-checker ensures that a program is valid
Gérard, Benoît. "La sociabilité et la participation : deux impératifs de la cohésion et de la cohérence dans les groupes organisés." Paris 9, 2011. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2011PA090044.
Повний текст джерелаWhy are successful some organizations while others fail°? Why do some organizations work properly while others cope with difficulties°? This can be explained by the organizations’ ability to adapt their strategy and structure to their environment. However, the success of organizations also depends on their ability to coordinate the collective action. At this level, in addition to the functional realities, psychosocial realities also influence the organizations’ functioning. With the help of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, our work aims at understanding the psychosocial factors which influence the functioning of organized groups. If our conclusions highlight the impact of cohesion on the coherence of organized groups, our research above all puts the emphasis on the essential role of sociability and participation on cohesion and coherence of organized groups
Talla, Tene Marius Rostand. "Le droit positif camerounais face aux impératifs de conservation de la faune sauvage et de promotion des populations autochtones." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS025S.
Повний текст джерелаThe environment’s protection does not have any more cease to be a priority for the subjects of the International law. Since the Summit of Rio de Janeiro on the environment and the development, this concern caused at the international level was taken more and more into account by the States. Cameroun did not remain with the margin of this process since many legal provisions were taken in order to protect nature and its resources in fact those consisted wild fauna. Indeed, while taking as a starting point the International law of the environment, the Cameroonian legislator devoted the principle of conservation of wildlife by recommending the control of hunting activities, by attaching a major importance to the protected areas and by controlling the use of the faunal resources at commercial purposes. These measurements were also combined with the other supposed ones to improve the living conditions of the autochthon communities like the facilitation of the access to the natural resources and the implication of those in the management of wild fauna. However, this regulation knows important limits primarily made up by the restriction of the principle of participation and the multiple difficulties of a functional nature. All these limits result in to relativize the results obtained by the policies of conservation of fauna and promotion of the rights of the autochthon communities to Cameroun. To ameliorate the situation, of important measures should be taken in particular the improvement of decentralization’s policy, the participation’s principle reinforcement, the reinforcement of the control of the commercial exploitation of the wildlife resources and the at last, the equipment of autochthon communities of a clear statute taking that is taking in consideration their particularities
Ingels, Christophe. "L'administration libanaise au sortir du conflit civil : permanence de l'enjeu politique partisan et impératifs fonctionnels de la reconstruction à portée nationale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX32023.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of the lebanese state and its administration, following the end of the civil war, is a matter of importance for those who pay an interest in the general and multi-levelled recomposition process of this middle-eastern country. Historically speaking, the lebanese administration was at stake for the political elites who tried to take a personal advantage out of the growing significance of its resources, particularly in the field of development policies. After the civil war, the new political elites show the same great concern about the state's resources brought along with the reconstruction public policies, hindering by their partisanship attitudes the potential effects of the programme as well as the reform process of the administration
Batigne, Vallet Cécile. "Etude des céramiques culinaires et de leurs procédés de fabrication à Lyon à l'époque gallo-romaine : impératifs techniques et habitudes culturelles." Lyon 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO20057.
Повний текст джерелаAbichou, Ali. "La circulation en Europe des ressortissants des pays tiers : entre les impératifs de sécurité intérieure et le respect des droits fondamentaux." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA111003.
Повний текст джерелаStefanovic, Zana. "L'éthique, ou comment s'orienter dans l'existence." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080109.
Повний текст джерелаThe project of our thesis is to demonstrate certain absolutely valid ethical principles which would enable every man to orient himself in the existence and every community to organise itself in the most just and egalitarian manner possible. We accomplish this demonstration by grounding it in the factual ontology as developed by Quentin Meillassoux. More precisely, we ground the ethical principles in his demonstration of the absolute necessity of contingency from which we derive it’s ethical implications whose absolute validity is thereby also demonstrated.The demonstration of the absolute ethical principles and their application to the empirical facts of the existing world make it possible to determine clearly the just rules that should be respected by every community in the existing world.The determination of these rules brings us to the conclusion that the most just form of society in our world would be a world-wide communist state whose rules of production and distribution of goods would be very similar to those that governed the communist states of the 20th century. We show that there are some essential differences between these two forms of communist states among which especially the following one : the fundamental principles of the organisation of a communist state are now for the first time clearly demonstrated and thereby comprehensible to everyone. Consequently, the legitimisation of these (communist) principles no longer needs any blind faith in the figure of the Chief or that of the Party which were supposed to be above our clear comprehension in the communist states of the 20th century
Perysinaki, Aliki-Myrto. "Evolution du processus de création en architecture face aux impératifs du développement durable : vers une théorie du process pour des temps écosophiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100085/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal awareness of environmental matters and local regulations intending reductions of energy consumption forces disciplines related to space to expand their working methods in a substantial way. This thesis analyses influences of sustainable development on the architectural design process, particularly the case of the Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ and the case of the French context in accordance to the regulation of building and territorial matters in France. It examines the mutations of the modus operandi of the process and offers elements of method and analysis towards the consideration of Pillars of sustainable development , environment, economy, society and culture. The analysis shows that the understanding of the sustainable development issues gathers the different Pillars in common integrative dynamics, making "Complexity" the condition of their interdependency. The account of the "Complexity" through milieu as attested by the case studies in this thesis, raise questions on the project's process through a pluralist imagination that goes beyond a normalised universal answer. When "Complexity" is being applied with a simultaneous consideration of urban, rural, landscaped, architectural, quantitative and qualitative dimensions, it heads towards the crossing and the interdependency of professions. This means that architects as mediators have to build themselves a new identity, cultivating proficiency and competency in leading conception and negotiation of the architectural project
Zoa, Zoa Joseph Yves. "Les migrations interterritoriales des plaines du Logone vers le bassin sucrier de Mbandjock-Nkoteng dans le Cameroun central : des impératifs économiques à l'intégration nationale." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30090.
Повний текст джерелаAmong the key characteristics of the majority of present-day human groups, regardless of their size, permanence, or organization, is their great ability to move from one place to another in variable proportions. It is in such a context that were created in Cameroon, strong links between northern savannas, homeland of millet, cotton and bovine, and the southern forests, sheltering cocoa, banana, wood, corn and cassava. Northern savannas, over-populated Logone territories formed the ‘full ones” while the southernmost savannas, under-populated Mbandjock – Nkoteng territories were described as “vacuums”. This concerns mainly inter-territory migrations carried out since 1964 by the populations originating from the Logone plains moving towards Sanaga valley, in the locality of Mbandjock-Nkoteng. This place witnesses a transition between the forest and the savanna, with an average of 2 inhabitants per Km2, all from the Vute tribal group and their relatives. It is in this territory that Cameroon sugar refineries were established and have attracted successive immigration waves amounting approximately ten thousand migrants whose contribution was considerable in the development of SOSUCAM agro-sugar refineries on one hand and of social changes on the other hand. Given its transitory character, this territory offered to new comers some ecological features of their native place, and this contributed to facilitate their lasting settlement. The process of final settlement that immigrants descendants have now completed was launched in 1985, when the sugar refineries put an end to the planned and organized migrations that they initiated in 1964. The space inscription of the urban phenomenon has become more visible with the multiplication of collective management services while some ignored geographical facts have appeared, including national integration. Thanks to their permanent settlement, migrants changed their status and now define themselves as originating from the Mbandjock-Nkoteng sugar basin. The identity and social boundaries are broken by both human groups triggering the inter-territory’s dilution into the national territory
Rezai, Shaghaji Danial. "Le pouvoir des États d'agir à l'encontre des violations des droits humains impératifs et des crimes de jus cogens survenus à l'extérieur de leur territoire." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0023.
Повний текст джерелаTraditional international law based on absolute notion of state sovereignty, is challenged by theemergence of peremptory norms Çus cogens). In this respect, the crystallization of peremptory humanrights norms is the result of the process of humanization of modern international law where theperemptory human rights norms of superior ranks place at the summit. We could believe that theacceptance of peremptory human rights norms creates erga omnes obligations of protection for States,members of the international community. In this context, in the case of violations of peremptoryhuman rights norms, all States are directly affected and injured by the violations in question and have the right to react. To this end, we believe that all States can adopt individual countermeasures against the wrongdoer state, violator of peremptory human rights norms. In the case of violations ofperemptory human rights norms, under certain conditions, States may resort to military interventionfor humanitarian purposes, even without the autholization of the United Nations Security Council.Also, under certain conditions, States can provide humanitarian aid to victims of violations ofperemptory human rights norms occurred outside their territory, even without the consent of theterritorial state. States are also required to suppress jus cogens crimes committed outside their territory. In this context, we believe that States can apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare and prosecute aliens suspected of jus cogens crimes. In this context, States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, must respect the obligation of non-refoulement to prevent violations of peremptory human rights norms abroad. It seems to us that States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare must also apply the principle of universal jurisdiction before their internal courts. In this regard, States can exercise universal jurisdiction againsl jus cogens crimes committed abroad, by foreigners and against foreigners. In this context, we believe that States may exercise the absolute universal jurisdiction. To this end, a State may initiate criminal proceedings against alien suspected of jus cogens crimes, even if helshe is not present and/or in custody in the territory ofthe forum State. It also seems to us that the immunity of senior state representatives and foreign amnesty laws, cannot prevent the forum State to exercise universal jurisdiction in order to protect the general interests of the international community as a whole
Fallah, Bessam. "Pour une patrimonialisation intégrée au développement urbain : élaboration des conditions de conciliations entre obligations de préservation et impératifs de développement à travers l'étude de cas d'Avignon." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024988.
Повний текст джерелаTankari, Mahamadou Roufahi. "Convergence des impératifs économiques et sociaux des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté en Afrique le cas de la santé et du secteur agricole en Ouganda." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU2003.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, investment in agriculture has become one of the priority objectives of economic policies to fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, from the perspective of Millennium Development Goals, African countries must also deal with the increasing need to focus their scarce budgetary resources towards social spending. In this context, taking the specific case of Uganda, the objective of this thesis is to understand how it is possible to simultaneously achieve these social and economic goals by exploiting the growth effects of some social spending in the agricultural sector. Farmers ‘health plays a critical role of the analysis because it is both a dimension of well-being which are denied to the poor and a determinant of their productivity. At first, socio-economic factors that influence health spending of Ugandans have been identified. They reveal the complexity of this expenditure process, its relationship with morbidity and the choice of healthcare providers, or the interdependencies between the different types of healthcare expenditures. Next, the analysis focuses on a second essential component of health: food diversity. It reveals an a priori unobserved heterogeneity between Ugandan households and the main socio-economic determinants of their demand for food diversity. In a third step, emphasis is placed on the nature and intensity of the link between the different categories of health expenditure and the productivity of Ugandan farmers. Lastly, some of these previous micro-econometric results are replaced in a general equilibrium framework to simulate the macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts of government subsidies on health in Uganda. Results show that it seems possible to design policy in this country which meets simultaneously the short-term social needs of population and the longer-term economic imperatives of pro-poor growth. They also show that it is possible to maximize the effects of these policies at lower cost by targeting certain types of households and / or certain types of health services
Fallah, Bessam. "Pour une patrimonialisation intégrée au développement urbain : élaboration des conditions de conciliations entre obligations de préservation et impératifs de développement à travers l’étude de cas d’Avignon." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG1133/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe preservation of historic cities requires on behalf of the actors committed to the urban development of the urban historic ensemble (EUH) additional efforts to extend their actions beyond isolated buildings. In practice, when developing historic urban ensembles, the conservation of the urban heritage seems to be relegated to an external if compulsory constraint which has to be overcome. This situation often results in the opposition of two aims: development versus conservatory.The question of how can the conservation of urban heritage be better considered is debated on international, national and local scales. By joining this current debate, our thesis aims to answer the following question: how can we improve the management of the imperatives behind urban development in historic cities, when tied to patrimonial obligation towards urban ensembles?The literature review helped us show that the notion of urban heritage, which justifies the urban preservation, was born in the minds of planners confronted with urban development, linking the notion of the urban heritage more closely to that of development than to conservation. In the absence of one that would move towards urban heritage preservation and confronted with the dominant if opposite postures, we realized, based on the literature review, that the opposition shared anchoring elements: the preservation paradigm of actions, centered on buildings and unsuitable in the case of ensembles, this paradigm supported by divergent institutional cultures and strengthened by an opposition between the modes of local implication.Considering the well-known difficulties and the contributions of the literature review, which clarifies the nature of the opposition between heritage conservation and development, how can the preservation of historic urban ensembles be thought differently? To answer that question, we propose reflecting on urban preservation as integrated to urban development.On the methodological level, the nature of the opposition between development and conservation sends us back to the analysis of what takes place on the field. We chose to look at the historic center of Avignon, where various actors have attempted to exceed this opposition. Avignon, as a mid-sized city of the South of France, is endowed with one of France’s biggest protected areas which cover the entire historic center. The history of the actions carried out in the intramural brings out archetypical situations which illustrate the opposition between development and conservation. The case study allowsus to intellectualise the mobilization of urban heritage on 3 levels: Institutional, Find and Urban action. Each of these levels distinguishes itself by the nature of the mobilization and by the point at which are made manifest the mobilization of the material and symbolic dimensions of urban heritage. Starting with the case study, we have conceptualised a model which goes beyond a restricted reading focused on the opposition to think out urban development within the context of urban conservation. The model brings into the urban development the notion of urban heritage designation as a succession of actions which qualify urban historic ensemble as heritage and preserve them. On the scientific level, the model mobilizes notions, borrowed from sociological, communicational, ethnological and geographical approaches of heritage designation. It proposes a new analytical framework for thinking about the actors involved in the urbanistic management of the historic urban ensembles, so as to exceed the oppositions and guarantee a sustainable creation of urban heritage which does not constitute an obstacle for the imperatives of development. The model helps us see the roles at stake and organizes the various actions undertaken by the various actors in favour of both heritage and development to come up with an integrated urban heritage designation
Cacciari, Joseph. "Les ménages face aux impératifs de "transition énergétique" : des raisonnements pris entre marché, normalisation institutionnelle et références pour agir forgées au fil de la trajectoire biographique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0280/document.
Повний текст джерелаHow do heteronomous norms of behavior succeed in defining how individuals organize their everyday lives without being perceived as external or arbitrary constraints? How do individuals come to favor certain references to act rather than others in their life's course ? Energy practices in the domestic space (heating and cooling of rooms, cooking and refrigerating food, domestic hot water, lighting, electrical appliances, etc.) constitute a particularly rich field of analysis of these questions in the current context of "energy transition". The expected changes in behavior are the occasion of social science studies that often take for granted the categories of public debate: in special, that of reducing domestic practices that mobilize energy on consumption and that which naturalizes the energy transition . The aim is here to question these categories for households of the " working classes from the upper", at a distance from the social work schemes designed for deprived situations and nevertheless threatened with difficulties with energy costs. It then attempts to account for the mechanisms of submission to the economic slogan and the socialization of the social actors to the consumption of domestic practices mobilizing energy, bringing them in particular circumstances to pay attention to new prescriptive speeches when deciding on their actions. For this purpose, the thesis is based on a critical review of the social science work on households relation to energy, on monographs of occupational groups with institutional discourses on households and on monographs of households
Moumne, Rolla. "La clause sociale entre impératifs économiques et considérations juridiques : Divergences et convergences en matière de régulation sociale et commerciale internationale: l'OIT ou l'OMC comme instances de régulation." Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020069.
Повний текст джерелаGervais, Julie. "La réforme des cadres de l'action publique ou la fabrique d'un "nouveau" corps des Ponts et Chaussées. Impératifs managériaux, logiques administratives et stratégies corporatistes (fin du XXème siècle)." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00375142.
Повний текст джерелаGervais, Julie. "La réforme des cadres de l’action publique ou la fabrique d’un « nouveau » corps des Ponts et Chaussées : impératifs managériaux, logiques administratives et stratégies corporatistes (fin du XXe siècle)." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/gervais_j.
Повний текст джерелаOn 16 April 2002, the French Journal officiel announced the creation of a new grand corps merging the former Ponts et Chaussées, Aviation Civile, Météo France and the Institut geographique national. Founded in 1716, the Ponts et Chaussées thus re-emerged in a completely redefined form if under the same name. The merger of these four high ranking French civil servants attached to the Ministry of Equipment was accompanied by an in-depth reflection on the identity of the new grand corps. The model favoured by these civil servants was that of ‘managing engineers’. Accordingly, the teaching content of the national school of the Ponts et Chaussées was entirely revamped to favour a focus on public management. It took seven years to move from the initial formalisation of the fusion process to the development of a new unified training approach. It has been claimed that this reform answers a need for enhanced managerial competence as part of the wider modernisation of the state. This study reveals a number of other essential factors that shaped the reform; these factors resulted from the interaction of corporatist and administrative logics. The focus on this reformed framework and the changing status of these high-ranking civil servants underlines the importance of inter-ministerial negotiations, and bargaining between the body itself and the rest of the state apparatus. It points to tensions in relation to symbols and resources, identities and self-perceptions, strategies and interests. Perhaps even more importantly, the study reveals the images that were embraced in the course of attempts to reshape perceptions regarding the role of the state and appropriate public action in the light of managerial needs. The systematic study of this interaction between managerial ethos and civil service values points to a reform which embodies the attempts of civil servants to use public management to reassert and reinforce their position, and to ‘bring the state back in’
Santos, Manata Joao-Paulo dos. "Approche méthodologique de la conception des lignes de production industrielles intégrant les impératifs de maintenance, de performance et de coût global de possession : application à des équipements sidérurgiques." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10290.
Повний текст джерелаHakik, Ahmed. "La mesure de la population urbaine et de sa croissance au Maroc : la difficile adéquation entre les impératifs administratifs, les outils de la statistique et de l'extension des aires urbanisées." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063221.
Повний текст джерелаRivier, Raphaële. "Droit impératif et juridiction internationale." Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020065.
Повний текст джерелаCandat, Justine. "Les restructurations et l'emploi : un impératif d'anticipation." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020081.
Повний текст джерелаGenestier, Richard. "Vérification formelle de programmes de génération de données structurées." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe general problem of proving properties of imperative programs is undecidable. Some subproblems– restricting the languages of programs and properties – are known to be decidable. Inpractice, thanks to heuristics, program proving tools sometimes automate proofs for programs andproperties living outside of the theoretical framework of known decidability results. We illustrate thisfact by building a catalog of proofs, for similar programs and properties of increasing complexity. Mostof these programs are combinatorial map generators.Thus, this work contributes to the research fields of enumerative combinatorics and softwareengineering. We distribute a C library of bounded exhaustive generators of structured arrays, formallyspecified in ACSL and verified with the WP plugin of the Frama-C analysis platform. We also proposea testing-based methodology to assist interactive proof in Coq, an original formal study of maps, andnew results in enumerative combinatorics
Camara, Makha. "Repenser la sécurité, un impératif de développement pour l'Afrique." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30009.
Повний текст джерелаThe break-up of the notion of security, which started at the end of World War II, has become even more marked since the end of the cold war. The State is no longer the only centre of security stakes, as new doctrines on security appears (on human and global security in this case). In Africa, the end of the cold war has opened a new era in which several factors have inevitably implied rethinking the notion of security, and rethinking the security policies implemented. At the end of the cold war, subsaharan Africa lost its strategic importance for the Western world, which until then had been engaged in a global fight against communism. France, which was a major reference in this area, started to withdraw in the early nineties, and has reinforced this attitude since 1994. It is much less implied in security and cooperation policies. The void left by the French has increased the African powers' need for security, wich tends to be met by private security operators, as much in the civil as in the military area. Moreover, the rise in conflicts within the States, and their tendency to take on a regional dimension, has reduced the control of the State over security matters. Far from being mainly related to security matters, the causes of these atrocious conflicts can be found in the failure of policies and the failure of the idea of development that existed until the early 2000s. All these factors imply that security should be rethought. This entails new policies which mean Africans should take control of their own security (these new policies will thus be African, and based on African instruments) and which should be implemented on a regional level (and not only at the level of the State). In the same way, foreign assistance concerning security should be multilateral (and less and less bilateral, at least in terms of conflict management). But whereas in Western countries, the State is less and less at the centre of security, in Africa nothing can be considered without strengthening the institutions of the State, which alone can guarantee the best conditions of security and thus of development. A new and wider idea of security implies a notion of development which should better take into account the situation of the majority of the population, which is excluded, marginalised or in extreme poverty
Hérique, Emmanuel. "Étude de l'interjection "tiens" : contribution à l'étude du phénomène interjectif." Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21012.
Повний текст джерелаGuénot, Ludovic. "Le droit impératif général ou La quête d' une démocratie universelle." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10019.
Повний текст джерелаPeremptory norms are a notion little known from public opinion. Yet it is worth knowing because this notion aims to enhance the value of the legal link between individual, people and States. This "constraining" law can be defined like a process constructing a united humanity but no unique, through common interests. From the sixteen century, the international jus Cogens is a product of a ideological speech ; today, hope in "minorities jus cogens", "humanitarian jus cogens", "social jus cogens" provoke a democratic burst of individuals and people
Prin, Christian. "Excentration, extimité, hiatus : le réel se situe dans l'intervalle : structure et temps, excentration et extimité." Paris 8, 2004. http://octaviana.fr/document/184660149#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаA series of apparently homologous formulations are conjoining, which, from philosophy to end of philosophy and to the anti-philosophy closures, leave problematic the always possible superposition of crucial proposals of dialectic (to hear prevalence of the process) and of " structure ". A point of real (réel), like impossibility of the logical modality, introduces the principle of inconsistency in the heart itself of contemporary logics, parallel to the principle of internal contradiction like rational core. It is this gap which is questioned, on the thirty year old spectrum spent, where the dialectical " schema " has to try out an element which denies it : Lacan. The category of time thus in particular is aimed, like that of jouissance [i. E. As distinct from the pleasure]
Bouabdallah, Farouk. "L' impératif de protection des actionnaires et les variations du capital social." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_bouabdallah_f.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe changes in social capital are common operations whose goals can be multiple. The increase, reduction and damping can be used as tools to ensure a coherent management of the capital, to allow the release of certain shareholders who desire it, or even to facilitate the adjustment of the company by recapitalization. Changes in capital can also be due to more complex financial transactions such as for example merging, splitting, and the issuance of stock options or preference shares. The recognized benefits of the changes in social capital cannot however eclipse the risk incurred by actual or potential shareholders. In view of this situation, the shareholders are not without mean of action. On the contrary, they are numerous : preferential right of subscription, uttering premium for the most know, and readjusting of the rights at the end for the shareholders. Nevertheless, those means are not infallible since the protection of the shareholders almost always yields when the envisaged operations are carried out in the social interest. This last notion is essential to understand the legitimacy of the violation of the shareholder's rights at the time of variations to the social capital. In this case, a clear distinction is made between the interests of the shareholders and the interests of the company, taken as an independent entity. If the envisages variations to the capital are useful and necessary for the company, the shareholder's interests are then put to the background. Only a eventual and unlikely redefinition of the concept of social interest could reverse this trend. Otherwise, the violation of the rights of the shareholder's through the adverse effects of the changes in capital must be considered as normal hazard required by any activity in company
Moreau-Nechelis, Dominique. "L' impératif de qualité en droit comptable actuel : des apports à systématiser." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05D002.
Повний текст джерелаFinancial information of sufficient quality to satisfy the needs of the world of finance can only be obtained through a pre-defined international process based on accounting standards. This process needs to take place within States Law and to be subject to the accounting information system implementation control. Although an essential prerequisite, the implementation of accepted international accounting standards is still not enough to ensure reliable financial information. Companies must apply these norms to the highest standards. France is an interesting case as it shows a compromise between adopting international standards whilst retaining its own national financial information process. The use of a dual system is however not desirable in the long run. The search for an alternative which protects each party's interest i. E. The companies and the State is a huge challenge
Dupréelle, Karine. "La régionalisation en Afrique orientale : entre impératif de développement et dynamiques politiques." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50374-2001-5-6.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPerrin, Isabelle. "L'impératif en anglais et les opérations énonciatives." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030021.
Повний текст джерелаWithin the framework of culioli's theory of enunciative operations, this study aims at defining a fundamental linguistic operation common to all imperative utterances, in spite of the numerous values they elicit (order, request, advice, condition, etc. ). On the basis of a corpus made of genuine examples, the analysis proceeds from a diachronic and synchronic study which leads to the proposition of a new theoretical hypothesis about the nature of the english imperative -- a hypothesis then corroborated against actual linguistic phenomena