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1
Nekoei, Arash. "Immigrants' Labor Supply and Exchange Rate Volatility." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.4.144.
Анотація:
Are an immigrant's decisions affected in real time by her home country's economy? I examine this question by exploiting exchange rate variations as exogenous price shocks to immigrants' budget constraints. I find that in response to a 10 percent dollar appreciation, an immigrant decreases her earnings by 0.92 percent, mainly by reducing hours worked. The exchange rate effect is greater for recent immigrants, married immigrants with absent spouses, Mexicans close to the border, and immigrants from countries with higher remittance flows. A neoclassical interpretation of these findings suggests that the income effect exceeds the cross-substitution effect. Remittance targets offer an alternative explanation. (JEL F24, F31, J22, J61)
2
Sadath K, Asfar. "Diasporic Dilemma in Amit Chaudhuri’s Afternoon Raag." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i2.10914.
Анотація:
Identity is one of the important themes of the diasporic writing. Identity plays an important role in an immigrant's life because they feel rootless and nostalgic when they try to become members of a new group. There are different aspects of identities like political, social, cultural, economic and individual and so on. These are playing an important role in an immigrant's life. The concept of home always gives a sweet feel for immigrants. A sense of belongingness plays an important role in immigrant life. Immigrants never accept the host country as their country.
3
Florax, Raymond J. G. M., Thomas de Graaff, and Brigitte S. Waldorf. "A Spatial Economic Perspective on Language Acquisition: Segregation, Networking, and Assimilation of Immigrants." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 10 (October 2005): 1877–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3726.
Анотація:
Immigration and multiculturalism are at the heart of modern Western societies. The issue of language acquisition of immigrants is intrinsically linked to immigration. We formally link language acquisition of immigrants to the relative size of the immigrant stock, employing a microeconomic trading framework. Our model allows for spatial interaction going beyond the immigrant's area of residence, and explicitly incorporates spatial segregation. In addition, behavioral differences of immigrants with respect to their level of assimilation into the host country, as well as differences in networking within their own ethnic community, are accounted for. We test our model for four non-Western immigrant groups in the Netherlands at two different spatial scale levels. The empirical results reveal that there is only ambiguous support for the inverse relationship between size of the immigrant community and language acquisition or language proficiency in The Netherlands. We find instead that there is strong support for language acquisition and understanding being positively influenced by assimilation to the host country's culture.
4
Dryburgh, Heather. "Social Structures and the Occupational Composition of Skilled Worker Immigrants to Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6kk6d.
Анотація:
The individual decision to immigrate is made in the context of larger social structures that influence the composition of the economic immigrant population over time. Over the last 20 years, economic immigrants to Canada have faced changing selection policies, cycles of economic recession and growth, increased demand for information technology skills, women’s increased labour force participation and an aging labour force. Using data from Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), this paper examines the flow of economic immigrants to Canada by their occupational composition from 1980 to 2000. Relative to Canadians, when all immigrants from this period are grouped together, their economic integration is slow and does not reach parity with Canadians before 16 years. Among skilled worker immigrants, whereas the earlier cohorts did well but did not improve much over time, later cohorts started off in a relatively worse position, but early indications show a fairly steep slope to better relative average earnings. These differences support the need to examine immigrant integration by both the class of immigrant and the context at the time of immigration.
5
Otterstrom, Samuel M., Sarah M. Otterstrom, Amy Kimball Engar, Sarah Udall, and Thomas A. Robins. "Comparative Nicaraguan Migrant and Non-Migrant Experiences in the Early Twenty-First Century." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100355.
Анотація:
This paper examines the circumstances in which Nicaraguan migrants to Costa Rica found themselves and the situations of families in Nicaragua who had household members who had moved to Costa Rica from the late 1990s to 2012. Through surveys and interviews conducted in both Nicaragua and Costa Rica, this paper peers into the immigrant experience of Nicaraguans in Costa Rica and explores such issues as does time in Costa Rica improve the immigrant situation, how competitive were immigrants’ wages compared to those of their home country of Nicaragua, and what percentage of immigrants would send remittances home. The background literature written on the topics of central American migration, chain migration, push and pull factors, and remittances help contextualize the findings of this study. This paper also includes a consideration of how social or trust networks may relate to migrants’ tendency to send remittances. The analysis of the data collected yielded findings such as a small correlation between an immigrant’s salary and the amount of time the immigrant stayed at his or her job, a six times greater wage earned by Nicaraguan immigrants in Costa Rica than the average Nicaraguan wage, and a lower percentage of immigrants sending remittances back to Nicaragua than one might expect, from responses of both Nicaraguan migrants and non-migrants.
6
Kisely, Stephen. "Migration and mental health in Canada: can government policy help?" International Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (July 2008): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000206x.
Анотація:
Canada admits more than 220 000 immigrants every year and this is reflected in the statistic that 18% of the population was born abroad (Beiser, 2005). However, government policy emphasises the admission of healthy immigrants rather than their subsequent health. Immigrants do not show a consistently elevated rate of psychiatric illness, and morbidity is related to an interaction between predisposition and socio-environmental factors, rather than immigrationper se. These factors include forced migration and circumstances after arrival, such as poverty, limited recognition of qualifications, discrimination and isolation from the immigrant's own community. For instance, in Canada more than 30% of immigrant families live below the official poverty line in the first 10 years of settlement (Beiser, 2005).
7
Nell, Liza M. "Conceptualising the Emergence of Immigrants' Transnational Communities." Migration Letters 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2004): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v1i1.26.
Анотація:
Under which circumstances do immigrant transnational political activities emerge into a sustainable transnational community? First, this depends on the transnational political opportunity structure (TPOS) including both immigrant’s country of settlement and the (ancestral) country of origin. Governments’ integration and emigration models – that politically incorporate or exclude immigrants or emigrants – may invite or discourage transnational political action. Second, different models of citizenship of both countries, used to define a migrant’s membership in society, strongly influence the type of transnational activities. At the same time citizenship contains the norms, values, and loyalties immigrants have in their notion of acting as a good (transnational) citizen.
8
Jabrane, Mourad, Mouhsine Idali, and Redouane Madi. "The economic activities of sub-Saharan immigrants: informal sector and low wages." SHS Web of Conferences 119 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111906001.
Анотація:
Immigration is a social phenomenon that leads to the immigrant’s sociological and economic reorganization, the immigrant often finds himself obliged to overcome the challenges of the economic integration into the host society. So, this study is an analysis of the economic activities of 102 sub-Saharan immigrants who live and work in the urban space of Rabat, and one semi-structured questionnaire is used to explores the specificities of the sectors of their economic activities. The results obtained confirm the findings of various authors affirming the recourse of immigrants to informal economic activity sectors generating low wages.
9
Trabsa, A., A. Llimona, L. Vargas, F. Casanovas, M. Martín, A. Valiente, A. Moreno, B. Amann, and V. Pérez-Solà. "Comparison of developmental trauma between immigrant and non-immigrant psychotic patients." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S733—S734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1943.
Анотація:
IntroductionMeta-analytic evidence suggests that migrants have higher risk for psychotic disorders. Likewise, growing evidence relate developmental trauma (emotional, sexual, physical abuse and neglect in childhood or adolescence) as a causal factor for psychotic symptoms. However, few studies examine developmental trauma in migrant populations.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to describe and compare developmental trauma exposure prevalence between immigrant and non-immigrant psychotic patients in Barcelona.MethodsPatients who have presented, according DSM-V criteria, one or more non-affective psychotic episodes, were recruited in Acute and Chronic inpatients units at Hospital del Mar (Barcelona), leading to a total sample of 77 patients. Demographic characteristics of patients, clinical data and main pharmacological treatment were recorded through a questionnaire. Developmental trauma exposure was assessed by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Comparative analysis was performed with IBM SPSS using Chi-Square Test and t-Student test.ResultsFrom a total of 77 patients, 43 were immigrants and 34 were non-immigrants. Exposure to traumatic events showed significant differences between immigrants and non-immigrant in Child emotional abuse (64,4% immigrants, 35,3% non-immigrant), Child physical abuse (51,2% immigrants, 14,7% non-immigrant), Child Sexual Abuse (41,9% immigrants, 11,8% non-immigrant) and physical neglect (62,8% immigrants, 26,5% non-immigrant). Emotional neglect exposure was no significant between both groups. Total mean CTQ score was 37,53 in immigrants group and 52,60 in non-immigrant group.ConclusionsAccording to our results, there are important and significant differences in developmental trauma exposure between immigrant and non-immigrant psychotic patients. These results should be considered by clinicians in order to design assessment program for this population.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
10
Winders, Jamie. "Seeing Immigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211432281.
Анотація:
Since the 1990s, immigrant settlement has expanded beyond gateway cities and transformed the social fabric of a growing number of American cities. In the process, it has raised new questions for urban and migration scholars. This article argues that immigration to new destinations provides an opportunity to sharpen understandings of the relationship between immigration and the urban by exploring it under new conditions. Through a discussion of immigrant settlement in Nashville, Tennessee, it identifies an overlooked precursor to immigrant incorporation—how cities see, or do not see, immigrants within the structure of local government. If immigrants are not institutionally visible to government or nongovernmental organizations, immigrant abilities to make claims to or on the city as urban residents are diminished. Through the combination of trends toward neighborhood-based urban governance and neoliberal streamlining across American cities, immigrants can become institutionally hard to find and, thus, plan for in the city.
11
Vall, Berta, and Lluís Botella. "Making sense of immigration processes." Narrative Inquiry 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.25.2.01val.
Анотація:
This article analyses the narrative disruption processes and quality of life of adolescent immigrants in Spain. Furthermore, it also provides a new methodological approach to assess meta-subjective and narrative quality of life. Participants were 30 adolescents (15 immigrant and 15 autochthons) selected form a sample of 884 adolescents (from which 204 were immigrants). Data regarding quality of life was collected applying the Friendship Quality Scale and the Vancouver Index of Acculturation to all the participants (n = 884). According to the punctuation of the questionnaires a subsample was chosen, the Biographical Grid was applied to 30 participants; the immigrants group was also asked to write a text. Results indicate that both perceived quality of life and self-esteem of immigrant’s group are lower than the autochthons’ while narrative disruption is higher. A deeply explanation about some of the causes of these results is provided by the narratives’ analysis.
12
Baek, Jihye, BoRin Kim, Sojung Park, and Byeongju Ryu. "LONELINESS AMONG OLDER IMMIGRANTS LIVING IN SUBSIDIZED SENIOR HOUSING: DOES PERCEIVED SOCIAL COHESION MATTER?" Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2926.
Анотація:
Abstract The study compared the level of loneliness among older immigrants living in subsidized senior housing to non-immigrant residents. Also, the role of perceived social cohesion on loneliness was investigated, focusing on the differential influence among older immigrants and non-immigrants. Residents of subsidized senior housing in St. Louis and the Chicago area were recruited, and 182 responses were used in the analysis (126 immigrants and 56 non-immigrants). Descriptive analysis examined the difference in loneliness between immigrants and non-immigrants. Also, multiple regression models estimated the association between 1) immigrant status and loneliness, 2) perceived social cohesion and loneliness, and 3) the moderating role of immigrant status. Linear regression model showed that there was no significant difference between loneliness levels between immigrants and non-immigrants. However, perceived social cohesion was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-.338, SE= .025, p < .001). Additionally, immigration status moderated the relationship between perceived social cohesion and loneliness (β=-1.143, SE= .052, p < .01), which implies that immigrants may benefit more from higher perceived social cohesion in terms of loneliness compared to their non-immigrant counterparts. High perceived social cohesion might be an important community-level protective factor against loneliness in old age, especially for low-income older adults living in subsidized senior housing. Creating socially cohesive environments, particularly for this subgroup, would be crucial for mitigating loneliness and facilitating aging-in-place.
13
Jasso, Guillermina, and Mark R. Rosenzweig. "Sponsors, Sponsorship Rates and the Immigration Multiplier." International Migration Review 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 856–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300404.
Анотація:
This article reviews the evidence pertaining to the extent to which U.S. immigrants actually make use of the family reunification entitlements of United States immigration laws, examining the two available studies which are based on probability samples of immigrant entry cohorts. It then provides new estimates of the characteristics of the U.S. citizen sponsors of immigrant spouses and parents. The first study examined, the 1986 Jasso-Rosenzweig study of the FY 1971 immigrant cohort, suggests that the multiplier — the total number of immigrants brought in by one original immigrant — is far less than its potential size but is not trivial. The 1988 General Accounting Office (GAO) report based on the FY 1985 immigrant cohort indicates that 1) the propensity to sponsor new immigrants is substantially higher for immigrants than for native born citizens and that 2) immigrant sponsors of new immigrants tend to petition as soon as they are able to do so according to the law. With respect to the characteristics of sponsors, analysis of the information in the GAO report indicates that 80 percent of the persons who immigrated in FY 1985 as the spouses of U.S. citizens were sponsored by native born U.S. citizens. In contrast, native born U.S. citizens sponsored only five percent of the parent immigrants. Additional findings on the country of origin and sex of the sponsored immigrants are presented.
14
Matytsina, M. S., O. N. Prokhorova, and I. V. Chekulai. "Media construction of the immigrant’s image: specifics of discourse strategies (based on the content of a Facebook group and articles in The Daily Mail)." Professional Discourse & Communication 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2020-2-3-23-44.
Анотація:
The paper based on the content of the Facebook group Immigrants in EU and The Daily Mail publications discusses the issue of discursive construction of an immigrant image in media discourse. Using the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the authors claim that the image of an immigrant can be viewed as a discursive construct, and the main discursive strategies involved in its construction include the reference strategy and the prediction strategy. As a result of the analysis, the so called CDA-categories (topic blocks) underlying the formation of the immigrant figure, are identified and illustrated by the relevant examples, the need for further study of the social media discourse as part of critical discourse analysis is justified. The relevance of such study is due to the growing research interest in discursive construction of the immigrant figure in the media discourse, since it underpins the definition of discourse as a form of social practice, not only reflecting processes in the society, but also exerting a reciprocal effect on them. The use of both verbal and non-verbal means in the media texts under study reflects the intention of the authors of the messages to use all possible communication channels when constructing an immigrant’s image. The results show that the dichotomy of “friends and foes” is being formed and maintained by the British newspaper The Daily Mail, while the members of the Immigrants in EU group try to mitigate the conflict between immigrants and indigenous people.
15
Mundra, Kusum, and Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere. "Determinants of Homeownership among Immigrants: Changes during the Great Recession and Beyond." International Migration Review 52, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 648–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12311.
Анотація:
In this paper, we explore factors correlated with immigrant homeownership before and after the Great Recession. We focus solely on immigrants because of recent evidence that suggests homeownership rates declined less for immigrants than natives in the United States during the recession and onward. Specifically, we examine to what extent an immigrant's income, savings, length of stay in the destination country, citizenship status, and birthplace networks affected the probability of homeownership before the recession, and how these impacts on homeownership changed since the recession. We examine these questions using microdata for the years 2000–2012. Our results suggest that citizenship status, birthplace network, family size, savings, household income, and length of stay are significant for an immigrant's homeownership. In comparing the pre‐recession period to the period afterward, we find that the impact of birthplace networks on homeownership probabilities doubled while the impact of savings slightly declined.
16
Chykina, Volha. "Educational Expectations of Immigrant Students: Does Tracking Matter?" Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419828397.
Анотація:
Immigrants are known to have high expectations to matriculate into college and achieve a college degree. Yet the majority of the studies that examine the educational expectations of immigrant youth focus only on one country. Furthermore, researchers have not yet examined whether the high educational expectations of immigrants are promoted or hampered by the characteristics of educational systems in immigrants’ host countries. This paper examines the relationship between one such feature, tracking, and the educational expectations of immigrant youth in Europe. It shows that cross-nationally, immigrant students have higher educational expectations than nonimmigrant youth. However, for first-generation immigrants, this advantage is not as pronounced in tracked systems as compared with nontracked systems. This suggests that immigrants and nonimmigrants respond differently to the educational contexts that they encounter and that certain features of educational systems can stymie immigrant advancement.
17
Cogley, Nathaniel Terence, John Andrew Doces, and Beth Elise Whitaker. "Which Immigrants Should Be Naturalized? Which Should Be Deported? Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Côte d’Ivoire." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918801104.
Анотація:
Experimental studies on immigration attitudes have been conducted overwhelmingly in Western countries and have focused on immigrant admission and naturalization, neglecting deportation as a possible outcome. In a survey experiment in Côte d’Ivoire, where immigrants represent more than one-tenth of the population, we randomized attributes of hypothetical immigrants to determine which factors influenced respondents’ support for naturalization or deportation compared with staying in the country without citizenship. Support for naturalization was shaped by several expected economic and social attributes, while deportation preferences were influenced primarily by the immigrant’s legal status and level of savings. Cultural proximity produced mixed results, with respondents less likely to support the naturalization of immigrants from neighboring African countries but also less likely to deport immigrants with whom they shared a religious faith. Finally, respondents were more likely to support the naturalization of immigrants who planned to vote if granted citizenship, especially when they were of the same religion as the respondent, indicating a degree of electoral calculation in a context where voting patterns are associated with religious identities. Together, these findings suggest that citizen preferences for naturalization and deportation are influenced by somewhat different factors, a possibility that warrants further testing in other contexts.
18
Herda, Daniel. "Ignorance in a Context of Tolerance: Misperceptions about Immigrants in Canada." Migration Letters 17, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.816.
Анотація:
Misperceptions about immigrants are pervasive and have piqued the interest of social researchers given their links to greater intergroup hostility. However, this phenomenon is rarely considered in Canada, with its reputation as a particularly welcoming context. The current study simultaneously considers two such misperceptions: over-estimation of the immigrant population size and mischaracterizations of the typical immigrant’s legal status. This research examines their extent and correlates, as well as consequences for five anti-immigrant policies. Results indicate that legal status mischaracterizations, though rare, are more consequential than population over-estimates. Overall, misperceptions exist in Canada, but not all are equally consequential.
19
Indseth, Thor, Mari Grøsland, Trude Arnesen, Katrine Skyrud, Hilde Kløvstad, Veneti Lamprini, Kjetil Telle, and Marte Kjøllesdal. "COVID-19 among immigrants in Norway, notified infections, related hospitalizations and associated mortality: A register-based study." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 49, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494820984026.
Анотація:
Aim: Research concerning COVID-19 among immigrants is limited. We present epidemiological data for all notified cases of COVID-19 among the 17 largest immigrant groups in Norway, and related hospitalizations and mortality. Methods: We used data on all notified COVID-19 cases in Norway up to 18 October 2020, and associated hospitalizations and mortality, from the emergency preparedness register (including Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases) set up by The Norwegian Institute of Public Health to handle the pandemic. We report numbers and rates per 100,000 people for notified COVID-19 cases, and related hospitalizations and mortality in the 17 largest immigrant groups in Norway, crude and with age adjustment. Results: The notification, hospitalization and mortality rates per 100,000 were 251, 21 and five, respectively, for non-immigrants; 567, 62 and four among immigrants; 408, 27 and two, respectively, for immigrants from Europe, North-America and Oceania; and 773, 106 and six, respectively for immigrants from Africa, Asia and South America. The notification rate was highest among immigrants from Somalia (2057), Pakistan (1868) and Iraq (1616). Differences between immigrants and non-immigrants increased when adjusting for age, especially for mortality. Immigrants had a high number of hospitalizations relative to notified cases compared to non-immigrants. Although the overall COVID-19 notification rate was higher in Oslo than outside of Oslo, the notification rate among immigrants compared to non-immigrants was not higher in Oslo than outside. Conclusions: We observed a higher COVID-19 notification rate in immigrants compared to non-immigrants and much higher hospitalization rate, with major differences between different immigrant groups. Somali-, Pakistani- and Iraqi-born immigrants had especially high rates.
20
Hansen, Stine, K. Bruce Newbold, and Robert Wilton. "Disability and the Use of Support by Immigrants and Canadian Born Population in Canada." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 7, no. 3 (November 26, 2018): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v7i3.450.
Анотація:
Immigrants account for a large proportion of Canada’s population. Despite an emphasis on immigrant health issues within the literature, there is surprisingly limited attention given to disability within the immigrant population, although differential prevalence rates between immigrants and the Canadian born population have been noted. The observed differences in prevalence rates by gender and immigrant status raise questions around the use of support services. In this paper, analysis draws on Statistics Canada’s 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS). A mix of descriptive and multivariate techniques are used to explore who provides support, differences in the use of support between immigrants and the Canadian born and need for additional support. The descriptive results suggest that there was a broad parity in terms of the use of support, with immigrants and Canadian born nearly equally likely to use support. Use of support was also greater amongst those with a more severe disability. Multivariate analysis revealed that particular sub-groups of immigrants, and in particular immigrant females, severely disabled immigrants, and some age, income and educational groups were less likely to use support after controlling for other correlates of use. The difficulties confronted by people with disabilities appear to be magnified within the immigrant community, and particularly amongst sub-groups of the immigrant population.
21
Butcher, Kristin F., and Anne Morrison Piehl. "Recent Immigrants: Unexpected Implications for Crime and Incarceration." ILR Review 51, no. 4 (July 1998): 654–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100406.
Анотація:
This analysis of data from the 5% 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples shows that among 18–40-year-old men in the United States, immigrants were less likely than the native-born to be institutionalized (that is, in correctional facilities, mental hospitals, or other institutions), and much less likely to be institutionalized than native-born men with similar demographic characteristics. Furthermore, earlier immigrants were more likely to be institutionalized than were more recent immigrants. Although all immigrant cohorts appear to have assimilated toward the higher institutionalization rates of the native-born as their time in the country increased, the institutionalization rates of recent immigrants did not increase as quickly as would be predicted from the experience of earlier immigrant cohorts. These results contradict what one would predict from the literature on immigrant earnings, which suggests that more recent immigrants have worse permanent labor market characteristics than earlier immigrants.
22
Schrover, Marlou. "Rats, Rooms and Riots: Usage of Space by Immigrants in the Dutch Town Utrecht 1945–1970." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 244–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00703003.
Анотація:
Abstract Immigrant access to space depended on the activities of local authorities, claim makers, journalists and firms. Together they shaped policies regarding immigrant housing, and more indirectly community formation. Local actors played a key role in migration governance, although they mostly did not work together. This article focusses on the Dutch town Utrecht, where housing was a major issue and immigrant housing was considered to be the worst in the Netherlands. When the number of immigrants was low, when employers arranged housing, and when the immigrants could be presented as much-needed workers, there were fewer protests. This article shows that immigrants lived where they were housed, where they could afford to, or were allowed to live, and only partly where they chose to live. Authorities attached value to the input of immigrant organisation, but most initiatives were for immigrants, rather than by immigrants.
23
Borjas, George J. "Immigrants, Minorities, and Labor Market Competition." ILR Review 40, no. 3 (April 1987): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398704000305.
Анотація:
This paper investigates the extent of labor market competition among immigrants, minorities, and the native population. An analysis of 1980 U.S. Census data reveals that immigrants tend to be substitutes for some labor market groups and complements for others. The effects of shifts in immigrant supply on the earnings of native-born men are, however, very small. On the other hand, increases in the supply of immigrants do have a sizable impact on the earnings of immigrants themselves: an increase of 10 percent in the supply of immigrants, for example, reduces the immigrant wage by about 10 percent.
24
Klandermans, Bert, Jojanneke van der Toorn, and Jacquelien van Stekelenburg. "Embeddedness and Identity: How Immigrants Turn Grievances into Action." American Sociological Review 73, no. 6 (December 2008): 992–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300606.
Анотація:
The social and political integration of Muslim immigrants into Western societies is among the most pressing problems of today. Research documents how immigrant communities are increasingly under pressure to assimilate to their “host” societies in the face of significant discrimination. In this article, we bring together two literatures—that on immigrants and that on social movement participation—to explore whether Muslim immigrants respond to their societal situation by engaging in collective political action. Although neither literature has given much attention to immigrant collective action, they do provide predictive leverage relative to the influence of grievances, efficacy, identity, emotions, and embeddedness in civil society networks. Our analyses are comprised of three separate but identical studies: a study of Turkish (N = 126) and Moroccan immigrants (N = 80) in the Netherlands and a study of Turkish immigrants (N = 100) in New York. Results suggest that social psychological mechanisms known to affect native citizens' collective action function similarly for immigrants to a great extent, although certain immigrant patterns are indeed unique.
25
Barry R., Chiswick, and Paul W. Miller. "Do Enclaves Matter in Immigrant Adjustment?" City & Community 4, no. 1 (March 2005): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2005.00101.x.
Анотація:
This paper is concerned with the determinants and consequences of immigrant/linguistic concentrations (enclaves). The reasons for the formation of these concentrations are discussed. Hypotheses are developed regarding “ethnic goods” and the effect of concentrations on the immigrant's language skills, as well as the effects on immigrant earnings of destination language skills and the linguistic concentration. These hypotheses are tested using PUMS data from the 1990 U.S. Census on adult male immigrants from non‐English speaking countries. Linguistic concentrations reduce the immigrant's own English language skills. Moreover, immigrant's earnings are lower the lower their English‐language proficiency and the greater the linguistic/ethnic concentration in their origin language of the area in which they live. The adverse effects on earnings of poor destination language skills and of immigrant concentrations exist independently of each other. The hypotheses regarding ethnic goods are supported by the data.
26
Wei, Kai, Daniel Jacobson López, and Shiyou Wu. "The Role of Language in Anti-Immigrant Prejudice: What Can We Learn from Immigrants’ Historical Experiences?" Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030093.
Анотація:
Prejudice remains an unpleasant experience in immigrants’ everyday lives, especially for those of stigmatized groups. In the recurring struggle of various immigrant groups, historical and contemporary events reveal the important role of language in the creation, transmission, and perpetuation of anti-immigrant prejudice. Living in an anti-immigrant climate, immigrants are frequently exposed to stigmatizing language in both political and social discourse. This may be a more significant and frequent experience for immigrants since the beginning of the 2016 United States presidential election. Although it has long been understood that language is inextricably linked with prejudice, the investigation of the role of language in creating, transmitting, and perpetuating anti-immigrant prejudice remains undeveloped in social work research. This paper provides a theoretical explanation of anti-immigrant sentiment by discussing how stigmatization has allowed for immigrants to be subjected to various forms of prejudice throughout history. Building upon prior theoretical concepts of stigma, this paper argues that being an immigrant is a stigma. This paper reviews historical and contemporary cases of prejudice against immigrants to provide evidence for how stigmatizing language transmits and perpetuates anti-immigrant prejudice in the United States and building upon prior stigma theories, defines one’s status of an immigrant to be form of stigma itself. The paper concludes with a call for appreciable attention to the role of language in anti-immigrant prejudice and the need for social workers to advocate for immigrants within higher education and in our communities to reduce such stigma though social work practice, education and research.
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Maj, Jolanta, and Sabina Kubiciel-Lodzińska. "COVID-19 Pandemic and the Situation of Immigrants in Enterprises." Central European Economic Journal 9, no. 56 (January 1, 2022): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0011.
Анотація:
Abstract During the first (spring 2020) and second wave (autumn 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic, Poland was among the countries with the strictest regulation, lockdown, and national quarantine. The pandemic has significantly influenced the situation of enterprises, especially for immigrants. The main aim and contribution of this paper is the analysis of the immigrant’s situation during the pandemic from the perspective of companies. The research goal is the identification of strategies adopted by the firms employing immigrants, so as to providing additional help to their foreign workforce during the pandemic. For the purpose of this research, a multilevel model of the triangulation design was chosen. The qualitative research included seven in-depth-interviews with purposefully selected enterprises. The quantitative study was conducted on a sample of n=894 employers. For the purpose of the second round of research, 17 interviews with companies employing immigrants were conducted. The research showed that during the first wave of the pandemic, employers most often terminated employment with immigrants, which, however, in some cases, was the initiative of the immigrant. Some firms recognizing special needs of their foreign workforce developed strategies that manifested themselves in offering additional help to their foreign workers. The paper contributes to the literature on the situation of immigrants in terms of special treatments of immigrants as vulnerable workers and the knowledge of strategies enterprises adopted in order to help their foreign workforce during the pandemic by presenting the perspective of employers.
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Schwartz, Amy Ellen, and Leanna Stiefel. "Immigrants and the Distribution of Resources Within an Urban School District." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 26, no. 4 (December 2004): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737026004303.
Анотація:
In New York City, where almost 14% of elementary school pupils are foreign-born and roughly half of these are “recent immigrants,” the impact of immigrant students on school resources may be important. While immigrant advocates worry about inequitable treatment of immigrant students, others worry that immigrants drain resources from native-born students. In this article, we explore the variation in school resources and the relationship to the representation of immigrant students. To what extent are variations in school resources explained by the presence of immigrants per se rather than by differences in student educational needs, such as poverty or language skills, or differences in other characteristics, such as race? Our results indicate that, while schools resources decrease with the representation of immigrants, this relationship largely reflects differences in the educational needs of immigrant students. Although analyses that link resources to the representation of foreign-born students in 12 geographic regions of origin find some disparities, these are again largely driven by differences in educational need. Finally, we find that some resources increase over time when there are large increases in the percentage of immigrants in a school, but these results are less precisely estimated. Thus, elementary schools appear not to be biased either against or for immigrants per se, although differences in the needs of particular groups of immigrant students may lead to more (or fewer) school resources.
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Alvarez, K., B. Cook, F. Montero Bancalero, Y. Wang, T. Rodriguez, N. Noyola, A. Villar, A. Qureshi, and M. Alegria. "Gender and immigrant status differences in the treatment of substance use disorders among US Latinos." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.453.
Анотація:
US Latinos have higher rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) than Latinas, but Latinas face substantial barriers to treatment and tend to enter care with higher SUD severity. Immigrant Latinas may face greater barriers to care than native-born despite lower overall SUD prevalence. This study aimed to identify how SUD treatment needs of Latinos are addressed depending on patient gender and immigrant status within an urban healthcare system serving a diverse population.MethodsData from electronic health records of adult Latino/a primary care patients (n = 29,887 person-years) were used to identify rates of SUD treatment in primary and specialty care. Treatment characteristics and receipt of adequate care were compared by gender and immigrant status.ResultsTobacco was the most frequently treated substance followed by alcohol and other drugs. Forty-six percent of SUD patients had a comorbid psychiatric condition. Treatment rates ranged from 2.52% (female non-immigrants) to 8.38% (male immigrants). Women had lower treatment rates than men, but male and female immigrants had significantly higher treatment rates than their non-immigrant counterparts. Receipt of minimally adequate outpatient care varied significantly by gender and immigrant status (female non-immigrants 12.5%, immigrants 28.57%; male non-immigrants 13.46%, immigrants 17.09%) in unadjusted and adjusted analyses.DiscussionResults indicate overall low prevalence of SUD treatment in the healthcare system. Low rates of minimally adequate care evidence the challenge of delivering integrated behavioral healthcare for Latinos with SUD. Results also demonstrate gender and immigrant status disparities in an unexpected direction, with immigrant women receiving the highest rates of adequate care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Brual, Janette, Cherry Chu, Jiming Fang, Cathleen Fleury, Vess Stamenova, Onil Bhattacharyya, and Mina Tadrous. "Virtual care use among older immigrant adults in Ontario, Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional analysis." PLOS Digital Health 2, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): e0000092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000092.
Анотація:
The critical role of virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the widening disparities to access by vulnerable populations including older immigrants. This paper aims to describe virtual care use in older immigrant populations residing in Ontario, Canada. In this population-based, repeated cross-sectional study, we used linked administrative data to describe virtual care and healthcare utilization among immigrants aged 65 years and older before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Visits were identified weekly from January 2018 to March 2021 among various older adult immigrant populations. Among older immigrants, over 75% were high users of virtual care (had two or more virtual visits) during the pandemic. Rates of virtual care use was low (weekly average <2 visits per 1000) prior to the pandemic, but increased for both older adult immigrant and non-immigrant populations. At the start of the pandemic, virtual care use was lower among immigrants compared to non-immigrants (weekly average of 77 vs 86 visits per 1000). As the pandemic progressed, the rates between these groups became similar (80 vs 79 visits per 1000). Virtual care use was consistently lower among immigrants in the family class (75 visits per 1000) compared to the economic (82 visits per 1000) or refugee (89 visits per 1000) classes, and was lower among those who only spoke French (69 visits per 1000) or neither French nor English (73 visits per 1000) compared to those who were fluent in English (81 visits per 1000). This study found that use of virtual care was comparable between older immigrants and non-immigrants overall, though there may have been barriers to access for older immigrants early on in the pandemic. However, within older immigrant populations, immigration category and language ability were consistent differentiators in the rates of virtual care use throughout the pandemic.
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Saunders, Natasha Ruth, Maria Chiu, Michael Lebenbaum, Simon Chen, Paul Kurdyak, Astrid Guttmann, and Simone Vigod. "Suicide and Self-Harm in Recent Immigrants in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 11 (June 24, 2019): 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719856851.
Анотація:
Objective: To estimate the rates of suicide and self-harm among recent immigrants and to determine which immigrant-specific risk factors are associated with these outcomes. Methods: Population-based cohort study using linked health administrative data sets (2003 to 2017) in Ontario, Canada which included adults ≥18 years, living in Ontario ( N = 9,055,079). The main exposure was immigrant status (long-term resident vs. recent immigrant). Immigrant-specific exposures included visa class and country of origin. Outcome measures were death by suicide or emergency department visit for self-harm. Cox proportional hazards estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: We included 590,289 recent immigrants and 8,464,790 long-term residents. Suicide rates were lower among immigrants ( n = 130 suicides, 3.3/100,000) than long-term residents ( n = 6,354 suicides, 11.8/100,000) with aHR 0.3, 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.3. Male–female ratios in suicide rates were attenuated in immigrants. Refugees had 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.6; rate 6.1/100,000) and 2.8 (95% CI, 2.5 to 3.2) times the likelihood of suicide and self-harm, respectively, compared with nonrefugee immigrants. Self-harm rate was lower among immigrants ( n = 2,256 events, 4.4/10,000) than long-term residents ( n = 68,039 events, 9.7/10,000 person-years; aHR 0.3; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.3). Unlike long-term residents, where low income was associated with high suicide rates, income was not associated with suicide among immigrants and there was an attenuated income gradient for self-harm. Country of origin-specific analyses showed wide ranges in suicide rates (1.4 to 9.9/100,000) and self-harm (1.8 to 14.9/10,000). Conclusion: Recent immigrants have lower rates of suicide and self-harm and different sociodemographic predictors compared with long-term residents. Analysis of contextual factors including immigrant class, origin, and destination should be considered for all immigrant suicide risk assessment.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Anil Verma, and Tingting Zhang. "Brain Gain or Brain Waste? Horizontal, Vertical, and Full Job-Education Mismatch and Wage Progression among Skilled Immigrant Men in Canada." International Migration Review 53, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 646–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318774501.
Анотація:
This study examines the incidence and wage effects of vertical, horizontal, and full job-education mismatch for high skilled immigrant and native-born men over a six-year period, using a Canadian longitudinal dataset. Immigrants (particularly racial minorities immigrants) are more likely to be fully mismatched than white native-born Canadians. Full mismatch lowers initial wages, especially for racial minority immigrants. Full mismatch accelerates immigrants' wage growth slightly over time, but this is not enough to narrow the immigrant wage gap over the six-year survey period. The results highlight the importance of disaggregating the different types of job-education mismatch experienced by immigrants.
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Sorrell, Katherine, Simranjit Khalsa, Elaine Howard Ecklund, and Michael O. Emerson. "Immigrant Identities and the Shaping of a Racialized American Self." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311985278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119852788.
Анотація:
Immigration scholars largely focus on adaptation processes of immigrant groups, while race scholars focus on structural barriers nonwhite immigrants face. By comparing nonwhite immigrants with native-born Americans, we can better understand how racial logics affect the identification of racial minorities in the United States. Drawing on 153 interviews with Indian, Caribbean, Chinese, Filipino, and Mexican immigrants, and comparing their narratives to those of black native-born respondents, the authors find similar understandings of American identity across immigrant groups as well as barriers to recognition as American shared by immigrants and native-born blacks. Immigrant narratives continue to reify the United States as a white nation, thus leading to their exclusion by default.
34
Rahman, Md Mizanur. "Development of Bangladeshi immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 404–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810096.
Анотація:
Canada has developed a comprehensive immigration policy to accept different types of immigrants under its economic, family and humanitarian immigration categories. Canada invites over a quarter-million immigrants in a year. Many of these immigrants do not find suitable jobs upon arrival in Canada. Some of these immigrants choose to open their own businesses and eventually become entrepreneurs. Drawing on the experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants in Canada, this paper examines how immigrants reposition themselves to become immigrant entrepreneurs in the settlement process. Findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurship is embedded within the dynamics of immigration trajectory and the broader context of the receiving society. Even though Bangladeshis are driven toward the lower end of the economy, innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.
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Tergas, Ana Isabel, Megan Johnson Shen, Holly Gwen Prigerson, Andreea Dinicu, Alfred I. Neugut, Jason Dennis Wright, Dawn L. Hershman, and Paul K. Maciejewski. "Inequity in location and quality of death of advanced cancer patients by immigrant status." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 12036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.12036.
Анотація:
12036 Background: Most cancer patients prefer to die at home, a location associated with better quality of death (QoD) and caregiver outcomes. A number of studies demonstrate disparities in end-of-life (EoL) care among immigrant vs non-immigrant populations in the U.S. This study aims to evaluate how immigrant status affects location and QoD among patients with advanced cancer in the U.S. Methods: Data were derived from Coping with Cancer, a federally funded multi-site prospective study of advanced cancer patients and caregivers. The analytic sample of patients who died during the study observation period was weighted (Nw=308) to reduce statistically significant sociodemographic differences between immigrant (Nw=49) and non-immigrant (Nw=259) groups. Immigrant status was determined by patient self-report. Primary outcomes were location of death (intensive care unit, hospital, nursing home, inpatient hospice, home), death at preferred location (yes/no, as per caregiver report in post-mortem interview), and poor QoD (composite score of post-mortem caregiver ratings for patient psychological distress, physical distress, and quality of life in the last week of life). Results: As compared to non-immigrants, immigrants were more likely to die in a hospital as opposed to home [AOR 3.33; 95% CI (1.65-6.71); p=0.001] and less likely to die where they preferred [AOR 0.42, 95% CI (0.20-0.90); p=0.026]. As shown in Table, values-inconsistent aggressive EoL care mediated the effect of immigrant status on death at the patient s preferred location. Further, immigrants were more likely to have poor QoD [AOR 5.47; 95% CI (2.70-11.08); p<0.001]. In particular, among patients who preferred symptom-directed, comfort EoL care, immigrants as opposed to non-immigrants were more likely to have poor QoD [AOR 9.53, 95%CI (4.05-22.40); p<0.001]. Conclusions: Immigrants, as compared to non-immigrants, are more likely to die in hospital settings, less likely to die at their preferred location, and more likely to have poor QoD. These findings are consistent with previously described inequities in EoL care of immigrants and highlight the importance of determining the potential causes and solutions to ensure immigrants receive values-congruent care.[Table: see text]
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Slonim-Nevo, Vered, Yana Sharaga, Julia Mirsky, Vadim Petrovsky, and Marina Borodenko. "Ethnicity Versus Migration: Two Hypotheses about the Psychosocial Adjustment of Immigrant Adolescents." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 52, no. 1 (January 2006): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764006061247.
Анотація:
Study background and aims: This study investigates the psychosocial adjustment of immigrant adolescents and examines two hypotheses: the ethnicity hypothesis, which suggests that ethnic background determines the psychosocial reactions of immigrant adolescents; and the migration hypothesis, which suggests that the migration experience determines such reactions. Methods: The study compared four groups of respondents: first-generation immigrants ( N = 63) and second-generation immigrants ( N = 64) from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel; and Jewish ( N = 212) and non-Jewis ( N = 184) adolescents in the FSU. A self-report questionnaire administered to the respondents collected demographic, educational and psychological data using standardised scales. Results: Immigrant adolescents reported higher psychological distress, lower self-esteem and higher alchohol consumption than non-immigrant adolescents. Second-generation immigrants generally showed a higher level of functioning than first-generation immigrants. These findings favor the migration hypothesis. Conclusions: Our findings support the widely accepted view of migration as a potentially distress-provoking experience. They suggest that psychological reactions of immigrant adolescents, and in fact all immigrants, are best interpreted as reactive and are related to the universal stressful qualities of the migration experience. Further multiethnic comparative studies, however, are needed to confirm and refine these findings.
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Weiser, M., N. Werbeloff, T. Vishna, R. Yoffe, G. Lubin, M. Shmushkevitch, and M. Davidson. "Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 8 (November 8, 2007): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700205x.
Анотація:
BackgroundBeing a small and culturally different minority, or having a different appearance, has been invoked to account for the increased prevalence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. The majority of the Jewish Israeli population are first- or second-generation immigrants from Europe, North Africa or Asia, and during the late 1980s and 1990s, 885 000 persons immigrated to Israel from the former Soviet Union and 43 000 immigrated from Ethiopia. These Ethiopian immigrants came from a very different culture compared to the rest of the population, and have a distinct appearance. To further understand the association between immigration and schizophrenia, we compared risk for later schizophrenia between adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia with risk among the other immigrant groups, and with native-born Israelis.MethodOf 661 792 adolescents consecutively screened by the Israeli Draft Board, 557 154 were native-born Israelis and 104 638 were immigrants. Hospitalization for schizophrenia was ascertained using a National Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry. All analyses controlled for socio-economic status (SES).ResultsRisk for schizophrenia was increased among both first- [hazard ratio (HR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.22] and second-generation immigrants [HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.95 (one immigrant parent) and HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.11–2.0 (two immigrant parents)]. When risk for schizophrenia was calculated for each immigrant group separately, immigrants from Ethiopia were at highest risk of later schizophrenia (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.88–4.65).ConclusionThis comparison between diverse groups of immigrants supports the notion that immigrants who differ in culture and appearance from the host population are at increased risk for schizophrenia.
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Camatta Moreira, Nelson, and Andressa da Silva Freitas Branco. "O direito fundamental à cidadania e imigração: uma aproximação hermenêutica entre direito e literatura a partir da obra O fundamentalista relutante, de Mohsin Hamid." Revista do Instituto de Hermenêutica Jurídica 20, no. 31 (2022): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52028/rihj.v20i31.07.
Анотація:
In the last ten years, the United Nations has identified an increase in migratory flows around the world. The number of displaced persons almost doubled. This is a consequence of several factors, such as globalization, the occurrence of wars, humanitarian crises, environmental disasters and hunger. However, some immigrants are considered more qualified. Even so, the immigrant cannot enjoy the rights granted to him from the exercise of citizenship in a broad sense. There are several reasons for this: from a poor acculturation to the occurrence of exceptional events, such as terrorist attacks. In this scenario, the book “The Reluctant Fundamentalist”, by Mohsin Hamid, portrays the story of a qualified immigrant, resident of the USA, who suffers from the effects after the attack on September 11, 2001. In addition to prejudices and accusations, the narrative also demonstrates how acculturation is fundamental in immigrant's welcome, evidencing that, according to Walter Benjamin’s theory. The immigrant composes the group of “Oppressed of History” and, as a consequence, becomes vulnerable, submitting to a permanent state of emergency. This theoretical bibliographic work aims to analyze, from the cited book, the contours of the immigrant’s citizenship, its role in history and its possible submission to a state of emergency.
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Akresh, Ilana Redstone, and Reanne Frank. "Differential Returns?: Neighborhood Attainment among Hispanic and Non–Hispanic White New Legal Permanent Residents." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 788–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12313.
Анотація:
We use data from the New Immigrant Survey to examine patterns of residential attainment among Hispanic immigrants who recently became legal permanent residents (LPRs) relative to new LPR non–Hispanic white immigrants. We focus on whether these Hispanic and non–Hispanic white immigrants differ in their ability to transform human capital into residential advantage. Our results suggest that the answer depends on the neighborhood attribute in question. When predicting residence in tracts with relatively more non–Hispanic whites, the answer is yes, with evidence in support of the place stratification model of residential attainment. We find that non–Hispanic white immigrants have access to relatively whiter neighborhoods than their Hispanic immigrant counterparts, irrespective of differences in education levels. When assessing Hispanic immigrants’ ability to enter socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, however, the differences we observe are mostly accounted for by compositional differences in sociodemographic and acculturation factors. Taken together, our findings suggest that Hispanic immigrants are more similar to their white immigrant counterparts when it comes to converting higher education into higher income neighborhoods than into increased residential integration with whites; although their exposure to more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods at all levels of education remains lower than that of their white immigrant counterparts.
40
Filindra, Alexandra, David Blanding, and Cynthia Garcia Coll. "The Power of Context: State-Level Policies and Politics and the Educational Performance of the Children of Immigrants in the United States." Harvard Educational Review 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 407–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.81.3.n306607254h11281.
Анотація:
Children of immigrant backgrounds—children who are immigrants themselves or were born to immigrant parents—are the largest segment of growth in the U.S. school population. In this exploratory interdisciplinary analysis, Filindra, Blanding, and Garcia Coll ask whether the context of policy and political receptivity, even when they are not directed at school reform or at immigrants, nonetheless affects the high school completion of children of immigrant backgrounds. The novelty of this work is its theoretical integration of insights from multiple disciplines and its emphasis on the larger context in analyzing the educational outcomes for children of immigrants. The authors' findings suggest that policy matters and that it matters in different ways. Specifically, they find a strong positive association between the immigrant inclusion in state welfare programs and high school graduation rates for the children of immigrants. At the same time, the study suggests that multiculturalism policies, targeting racial and ethnic minorities rather than immigrants specifically, may have the opposite effect. Finally, the authors suggest that politics also matters, as seen in the gap in graduation rates between the children of immigrants and the children of U.S.-born parents, which is narrower in Democrat-dominated states than it is in Republicancontrolled states.
41
Suwal, Juhee Vajracharya. "Health Consequences to Immigrant Family Caregivers in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2010): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t90j.
Анотація:
This study revisited the “double jeopardy” hypothesis in terms of the health of immigrant family caregivers. It also investigated the effect of “reciprocity” (feeling of giving back something) on the health of family caregivers. The General Social Survey 2002 Cycle 16 data were analyzed using χ2-test and Logistic regressions. About 16% of immigrants and 13.6% of non-immigrants said that their health was negatively affected as a result of caregiving. Immigrant family caregivers were three times more likely than non-immigrants to report a health consequence. Reciprocity played a big role in this outcome. Given the fact that an increasing number of culturally diverse immigrants enter Canada every year and that the immigrant population is aging, more caregivers will be in demand. Policy makers need to find ways to keep immigrant caregivers healthy so that quality care can be given to immigrant older adults and also for maintaining an overall healthy Canada.
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Caron Malenfant, Éric, Patrice Dion, André Lebel, and Dominic Grenier. "Immigration et structure par âge de la population du Canada : quelles relations ?" Articles 40, no. 2 (July 30, 2012): 239–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011541ar.
Анотація:
Prenant le relais des études qui se sont intéressées au lien entre immigration et vieillissement démographique, cet article vise à isoler, au sein des données canadiennes existantes, les divers aspects de la mécanique démographique qui sous-tendent cette relation : structure par âge de la population immigrante à l’arrivée, vieillissement des immigrants au Canada, fait qu’ils donnent naissance à des enfants au Canada, différences entre immigrants et non-immigrants à l’égard de la fécondité, de la mortalité et de l’émigration. À cette fin, les auteurs ont développé des scénarios de projection qu’ils ont intégrés au modèle de projection par microsimulation Demosim, puis ont analysé au moyen de ceux-ci des indicateurs projetés de la structure par âge de la population, et ce, pour la période de 2006 à 2106. Exploitant la richesse du contenu de ce modèle et son potentiel analytique, ils montrent que les spécificités démographiques des populations immigrantes du Canada affectent bel et bien la structure par âge de la population dans son ensemble, mais par le biais d’effets, les uns vieillissants et les autres rajeunissants, qui se compensent en grande partie.
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Fasoro, Sunday Adeniyi. "Immigration, Humanity, and Morality." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2019): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0004.
Анотація:
AbstractThe trend toward the concept of humanity in political theory has arisen largely as a reaction against the mistreatment of vulnerable people such as immigrants. The issue of immigrants’ vulnerability has led political thinkers to ponder on how to apply the principle of humanity to the question of the treatment of immigrants. I would like to address this matter by examining two questions: what is humanity, is it a value property, or a virtue? Does it really matter if the means by which an immigrant immigrates is demeaning to his own humanity as a person? The most common or intuitive reply to these questions would probably be: ‘humanity’ is simply a value-bestowing property, so regardless of immigrants’ actions they are owed respectful treatment. The aim of this paper is to emphasise instead that ‘humanity’ should be conceived as a virtue of actual commitment to act on moral principles. I explore three different meanings of humanity. First, I discuss ‘humanity’ as the common ownership of the earth. Second, I discuss ‘humanity’ as a value property. Third, I discuss humanity as a virtue of acting, on the one hand, with humanity, and on the other hand, on moral principles.
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Borjas, George J. "Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs." International Migration Review 36, no. 4 (December 2002): 1093–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00119.x.
Анотація:
This article examines the impact of the 1996 welfare reform legislation on welfare use in immigrant households. Although the data indicate that the welfare participation rate of immigrants declined relative to that of natives at the national level, this national trend is entirely attributable to the trends in welfare participation in California. Immigrants living in California experienced a precipitous drop in their welfare participation rate (relative to natives). Immigrants living outside California experienced roughly the same decline in participation rates as natives. The potential impact of welfare reform on immigrants residing outside California was neutralized because many state governments responded to the federal legislation by offering state-funded programs to their immigrant populations and because the immigrants themselves responded by becoming naturalized citizens. The very steep decline of immigrant welfare participation in California is harder to understand, but could be a by-product of the changed political and social environment following the enactment of Proposition 187.
45
Okamoto, Dina G., Linda R. Tropp, Helen B. Marrow, and Michael Jones-Correa. "Welcoming, Trust, and Civic Engagement: Immigrant Integration in Metropolitan America." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220927661.
Анотація:
Prior studies have sought to understand how immigrants integrate into U.S. society, focusing on the ways in which local contexts and institutions limit immigrant incorporation. In this study, we consider how interactions among immigrants and U.S.-born within receiving communities contribute to the process of immigrant integration. We emphasize the extent to which immigrants perceive that they are welcome in their social environments and the downstream effects of those perceptions. Drawing on new representative survey data and in-depth interviews with first-generation Mexican and Indian immigrants in the Atlanta and Philadelphia metropolitan areas, we examine what constitutes feeling welcomed and how these perceptions are associated with immigrants’ interest and trust in the U.S.-born and with their civic participation. Our focus on two metropolitan areas with long-standing racialized dynamics, coupled with new waves of immigration, provides insights about the role of welcoming contexts in immigrant integration in the twenty-first century.
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Traunmüller, Richard, Andreas Murr, and Jeff Gill. "Modeling Latent Information in Voting Data with Dirichlet Process Priors." Political Analysis 23, no. 1 (2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu018.
Анотація:
We apply a specialized Bayesian method that helps us deal with the methodological challenge of unobserved heterogeneity among immigrant voters. Our approach is based ongeneralized linear mixed Dirichlet models(GLMDMs) where random effects are specified semiparametrically using a Dirichlet process mixture prior that has been shown to account for unobserved grouping in the data. Such models are drawn from Bayesian nonparametrics to help overcome objections handling latent effects with strongly informed prior distributions. Using 2009 German voting data of immigrants, we show that for difficult problems of missing key covariates and unexplained heterogeneity this approach provides (1) overall improved model fit, (2) smaller standard errors on average, and (3) less bias from omitted variables. As a result, the GLMDM changed our substantive understanding of the factors affecting immigrants' turnout and vote choice. Once we account for unobserved heterogeneity among immigrant voters, whether a voter belongs to the first immigrant generation or not is much less important than the extant literature suggests. When looking at vote choice, we also found that an immigrant's degree of structural integration does not affect the vote in favor of the CDU/CSU, a party that is traditionally associated with restrictive immigration policy.
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Atiso, Kodjo, Jenna Kammer, and Denice Adkins. "The information needs of the Ghanaian immigrant." Information and Learning Science 119, no. 5/6 (May 14, 2018): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-02-2018-0013.
Анотація:
Purpose This study aims to examine the information needs of Ghanaian immigrants who have settled in Maryland in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Using an ethnographic approach, immigrants from Ghana shared their information needs, challenges and sources they rely upon for information. In total, 50 Ghanaian immigrants participated in this study. Findings Findings indicate that like many immigrant populations, Ghanaians who have immigrated to the USA primarily rely on personal networks, mediated through social media, as their primary sources of information. Despite the availability of immigration resources in the library, Ghanaian immigrants may not view it as a useful resource. Social implications While this study examines a single immigrant population, its social implications are important to libraries who aim to serve immigrant populations in their community. Originality/value This study provides new information about African immigrant population, a population whose information needs have rarely been covered in the literature.
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Saunders, N., A. Macpherson, and A. Guttmann. "Predictors of Unintentional Injuries in Paediatric Immigrants in Ontario." Paediatrics & Child Health 21, Supplement_5 (June 1, 2016): e78a-e78a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/21.supp5.e78a.
Анотація:
Abstract BACKGROUND: Unintentional injury is a frequent reason for emergency department visits and is the leading cause of death for Canadian children. Injury is associated with a number of socio-demographic variables but it is not known whether being an immigrant changes this risk. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between family immigrant status and unintentional injury; and to test this relationship within immigrants by refugee status. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective population-based cross-sectional study of children ages 0 to 14 years residing in Ontario, Canada from 2008 to 2012, using linked health administrative databases and Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s Permanent Resident Database. The main exposure was immigration status (immigrant or child of an immigrant vs. Canadian born). Secondary exposure was refugee status. Main outcome measure was unintentional injury events (emergency department visits, hospitaliza-tions, deaths), annualized. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression models to estimate risk ratios (RR) for unintentional injuries. RESULTS: There were 11 464 317 injuries per year. Non-immigrant children sustained 12051 injuries/100 000 and immigrants had 6837 injuries/100 000, annually. In adjusted models, immigrants had a significantly lower risk of injury compared with non-immigrant children (RR 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57, 0.63). Overall, the most materially deprived neighbourhood quintile was associated with a higher rate of injury (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07, 1.02, quintile 5 vs. 1) whereas within immigrants, material deprivation was associated with a lower rate of injury (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94, 0.98, quintile 5 vs. 1). Other predictors of injury included age (0 to 4 years: RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.81, 0.88; 5 to 9 years: RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.67, 0.73), male sex (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.26, 1.35), and rural residence (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.43, 1.57). Injury rates were lower in immigrants across all types of unintentional injuries. Within immigrants, refugees had a higher risk of injury compared with non-refugees (RR 1.12; 95% CI 1.10, 1.14). This risk was particularly high for motor vehicle accidents (RR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.46, 1.71) and scald burns (RR 1.23; 95% CI 1.11, 1.35). CONCLUSION: Risk of unintentional injury is lower among immigrants compared with Canadian-born children. These findings support a healthy immigrant effect. Socioeconomic status has a different effect on injury risk in immigrant and non-immigrant populations, suggesting alternative causal pathways for injuries in immigrants. Risk of unintentional injury is higher in refugees versus non-refugee immigrants, highlighting a population in need of targeted injury prevention strategies.
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Hernandez, Exequiel, and Elena Kulchina. "Immigrants and Foreign Firm Performance." Organization Science 31, no. 4 (July 2020): 797–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1331.
Анотація:
Studies have demonstrated that foreign firms locate where immigrants from their home countries reside and have suggested that doing so can improve performance. We argue that to properly assess how immigrants impact the performance of co-national firms, research must account for heterogeneity in how independent foreign firms (owned by individual foreigners) versus multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries (owned by a foreign corporate parent) benefit from immigrant communities. Independent firms have a greater need for resources from the immigrant community and depend more on their individual managers’ personal connections within the community to obtain such resources. Subsidiaries of MNCs can instead rely on the impersonal organizational resources of their parent firm (e.g., brand, reputation, channels) to access valuable immigrant community resources. Using data on foreign firms in Russia during 2006–2011, we find that immigrants improve the profitability of co-national independent firms only if they are managed by immigrant chief executive officers (CEOs), whereas co-national MNC subsidiaries profit from immigrants regardless of their CEOs’ nationality. Our study suggests that although organizations benefit from the resources of co-national immigrant communities in foreign markets, the means by which they activate them—personal or impersonal—systematically vary across different types of firms.
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Cengiz, Paula-Manuela, and Leena Eklund Karlsson. "Portrayal of Immigrants in Danish Media—A Qualitative Content Analysis." Societies 11, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11020045.
Анотація:
Media coverage can affect audiences’ perceptions of immigrants, and can play a role in determining the content of public policy agendas, the formation of prejudices, and the prevalence of negative stereotyping. This study investigated the way in which immigrants are represented in the Danish media, which terms are used, what issues related to immigrants and immigration are discussed and how they are described, and whose voices are heard. The data consisted of media articles published in the two most widely read Danish newspapers in 2019. Inductive qualitative content analysis was conducted. The portrayal of immigrants was generally negative. Overall, immigrants were portrayed as economic, cultural and security threats to the country. The most salient immigrant groups mentioned in the media were non-Westerners, Muslims, and people ‘on tolerated stay’. Integration, xenophobia and racial discrimination were the three immigrant-related issues most frequently presented by the media. The media gave voice mainly to politicians and immigrant women. The material showed that Danes have a strong affinity for ‘Danishness’, which the papers explained as a major barrier to the integration and acceptance of immigrants in Denmark.