Дисертації: "Illusioni"

1

Pecis, Flavia <1997&gt. "Saudi Vision 2030: Tra ambizioni e illusioni." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21027.

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Il seguente elaborato prende in esame l’ambizioso Piano di sviluppo e innovazione saudita lanciato nel 2016 dal Principe ereditario Moḥammad bin Salmān, noto come Saudi Vision 2030. Attraverso un’analisi critica del novello programma, cercherò di dimostrare che i grandiosi obiettivi annunciati s’avvicinano più all’utopia che alla realtà. Esso, infatti, non è altro che l’ennesima retorica sfruttata strategicamente per recuperare la, sempre più vana, autorevolezza reale. I plurimi scopi promossi rispecchiano un’antica e rinomata necessità, quale la diversificazione di un’economia completamente subordinata al comparto petrolifero. Il primo capitolo, attraverso l’approfondimento delle teorie del rentierismo e la presentazione di dati statistici, dimostrerà l’incondizionata subordinazione della stabilità politica al settore energetico, essendo il Regno noto come secondo produttore di petrolio a livello globale. Una rapida menzione dell’evoluzione storica delle politiche economiche, dal 1938 (data di scoperta dell’oro nero) ai giorni nostri agevolerà la comprensione degli incentivi ricevuti da Re Salmān per promuovere la Vision 2030. Il secondo capitolo si concentrerà sulle intimidazioni, tanto politiche quanto economiche, che spinsero i vertici del Regno a promuovere impellentemente l’avvincente Piano di sviluppo che verrà nel dettaglio presentato nel terzo capitolo. Infine, l’ultimo capitolo si focalizzerà sull’analisi del mercato del lavoro saudita, sugli obiettivi prefissati e sulle distorsioni da cui questo è gravato.

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2

Lupi, Giulia. "Geometria Riemanniana per la descrizione di illusioni ottiche di scala." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19465/.

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In questa tesi studiamo un modello di illusioni ottiche di scala introdotto da Franceschiello, Citti, Sarti, e lo estendiamo ad illusioni dipendenti dal tempo. L'illusione viene giustificata come una deformazione della corteccia visiva e un cambiamento della metrica dello spazio indotto dall'input visivo. Introdurremo pertanto strumenti di geometria differenziale riemanniana, e descriveremo la deformazione con un’equazione che generalizza le classiche equazioni di Cauchy Riemann. Infine introdurremo l’equazione del calore, per descrivere il modello temporale, ed arriveremo a giustificare le illusioni.

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3

BERNARDIS, PAOLO. "TRASFORMAZIONI VISUOMOTORIE PER IL TRASPORTO DELLA MANO E PERCEZIONE DI ILLUSIONI OTTIO GEOMETRICHE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2004. http://thesis2.sba.units.it/store/handle/item/12508.

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2002/2003
Lo scopo principale del sistema visivo dell'uomo è quello di costruire un modello interno del mondo per poter interagire con esso. Tale modello ,presumibilmente funge da impianto di riferimento per pensieri ed azioni. Milner e Goodale (1995) hanno proposto una teoria sul funzionamento del sistema visivo (TVSH) secondo la quale il sistema svolgerebbe le funzioni di (l) cognizione visiva e di (2) trasformazione sensomotoria in maniera indipendente. Alla base di questi due sottosistemi funzionali ci sarebbero due rappresentazioni differenti. Prova di questo modello viene dalla dimostrazione di Aglioti e Goodale (1995) che l'illusione di Ebbinghaus influenza i processi di cognizione visiva (percezione) ma non i processi visivi deputati al movimento (azione). In questi ultimi anni è stata prodotta una mole rilevante di dati sulle dissociazioni percezione-azione, in forte contrasto tra loro. È stata fatta una rassegna della letteratura più recente in cui sono state usate le illusioni visive con soggetti non affetti da deficit neurologici e un'analisi delle ipotesi alternative alla TVSH che cercano di spiegare questi dati. Questo lavoro si occupa di percezione visiva e controllo motorio nello spazio peripersonale. È stato studiato il processo di trasformazione visuo-motoria che avviene quando si giudica un'illusione di estensione con un compito motorio di puntamento. In tre serie di esperimenti sono state richiesti dei giudizi percettivi e motori di stimoli che riproducevano la dumbbell illusion, l 'illusione di compressione di Kanizsa, una variante dell'illusione di Brentano e l 'illusione di Miiller-Lyer. Oltre a dimensioni, orientazione e tipo di stimoli, sono state variate il tipo di azione (puntamento contro riproduzione) e il feedback visivo (open-loop contro closed-loop). Si è verificato il ruolo dei movimenti oculari saccadici in un questo tipo di compito. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che anche quando un giudizio visivo è influenzato da un illusione è possibile ottenere dei giudizi motori accurati. Le condizioni cruciali per l'osservazione di queste dissociazioni sono il tipo di codifica egocentrica contro allocentrica, l'utilizzo di feed-back visivo durante l'azione, la posizione nello spazio dove viene eseguita l'azione rispetto a quella dello stimolo. Anche se il modello TVSH fa una distinzione troppo rigida tra funzioni visive per la percezione e per l'azione, le dissociazioni percezione-azione non sono degli artefatti metodologici ma un problema teorico autentico. Sembra plausibile che in questi due sistemi ci siano diverse rappresentazioni spaziali ma anche delle connessioni non previste dal modello TVSH.
XVI Ciclo
1969
Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

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4

Selogna, C. "Il remo spezzato e le illusioni dei sensi. Il problema delle percezioni ingannevoli nel pensiero tardo-medievale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/59572.

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5

Palmieri, Martina. "Realizzazione di un set-up sperimentale per lo studio dei potenziali EEG event-related dovuti a illusioni sensoriali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il modo in cui il nostro cervello elabora i diversi stimoli sensoriali provenienti dall’ambiente esterno è cruciale nel determinare la percezione di ciò che ci circonda. Nonostante siano ormai ben note le vie di elaborazione di stimoli unimodali, appartenenti cioè ad una singola sfera sensoriale, tanti sono gli interrogativi non ancora risolti. Tra questi, il più grande è certamente quello dell’integrazione multisensoriale, ossia lo studio dei meccanismi grazie ai quali vengono coniugate sinergicamente le informazioni appartenenti a modalità sensoriali diverse. Il presente elaborato ha come fine la realizzazione di un di set up sperimentale minimo atto a verificare la fattibilità di una più articolata strumentazione in grado di generare in modo controllato stimoli audio-visivi e di acquisire i relativi potenziali evento-correlati (ERP), in modo da studiare i meccanismi neurali che portano alla corretta percezione del mondo esterno. A tale scopo, sulla base di ciò che finora è stato svolto nell’ambito delle Neuroscienze e della Neurofisiologia, il prototipo realizzato è costituito da: i) un elettroencefalografo a 64 canali per l’acquisizione dei segnali EEG, ii) un circuito ad-hoc di generazione temporizzata degli stimoli cross-modali formato da due LED e due altoparlanti e iii) un software che gestisce sia l’acquisizione dei segnali EEG sia il pattern delle stimolazioni audiovisive. Test eseguiti sulla temporizzazione degli stimoli e sulla contemporanea acquisizione dei segnali ERP hanno confermato il corretto funzionamento del prototipo che si presta, quindi, ad essere facilmente integrato per generare un numero maggiore di sorgenti di stimoli.

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6

UCCELLI, Stefano. "Il ruolo del contesto temporale in percezione e azione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1239498.

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La visione è fondamentale per interagire con gli oggetti. Il sistema visivo codifica le informazioni visive per creare rappresentazioni interne che sono usate per guidare azioni come l’afferramento, un’azione che eseguiamo con efficienza molte volte ogni giorno. Tuttavia è poco chiaro come il sistema motorio codifichi le caratteristiche degli oggetti per afferrarli. Nello specifico, un vecchio dibattito nelle neuroscienze cognitive riguarda la natura della rappresentazione della grandezza per afferrare oggetti. Secondo la più influente interpretazione funzionale del sistema visivo dei primati, i flussi dorsale e ventrale codificano la grandezza in modi diversi. Queste differenze hanno diverse conseguenze comportamentali, inclusa una certa immunità delle rappresentazioni dorsali a effetti stimolo-contestuali come quelli osservati nella percezione conscia. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di contribuire alla comprensione delle rappresentazioni per l’azione raccogliendo dati in paradigmi di psicofisica, cinematica, ed elettroencefalografia. Ho condotto quattro esperimenti misurando risposte motorie e percettive all’illusione di Uznadze. In questa illusione, lo stesso oggetto ‘test’ appare più grande (o più piccolo) dopo aver visto un oggetto ‘inducente’ più piccolo (o più grande). Gli Studi 1 e 2 hanno indagato se le rappresentazioni della grandezza in azione e percezione sono influenzate da questa illusione. Nello Studio 1 i partecipanti afferravano il test o ne giudicavano la grandezza (eseguendo un confronto cross-modale chiamato ‘stima manuale’) dopo aver visto un inducente che poteva essere identico, più piccolo, o più grande. I risultati hanno rivelato che in entrambe le risposte motorie e percettive le aperture delle dita mostravano il contrasto di grandezza, cioè erano influenzate dalla grandezza dell’inducente. Lo Studio 2 ha esaminato due ulteriori manipolazioni dell’illusione di Uznadze. Gli inducenti erano presentati apticamente o visivamente, nella stessa posizione del test o in una diversa. I risultati hanno rivelato che le riposte motorie mostrano contrasto di grandezza (l’illusione di Uznadze), assimilazione di grandezza (l’illusione di Uznadze inversa), o nessuna illusione. Questo sembra dipendere da fattori legati all’integrazione multisensoriale e allo schema corporeo, piuttosto che a una distinzione fra azione e percezione. Complessivamente, gli Studi 1 e 2 provano che la codifica della grandezza per l’azione è influenzata da informazioni contestuali. Gli Studi 3 e 4 indagavano il decorso temporale delle rappresentazioni motorie nel flusso dorsale. Abbiamo valutato se il tempo necessario per preparare una presa fosse influenzato dalla vista di un precedente oggetto distrattore di uguale o diversa grandezza. Lo Studio 3 ha mostrato che i partecipanti erano più lenti nel preparare la presa quando i distrattori erano più grandi del test, ma non quando erano più piccoli. Lo Studio 4 estende questo risultato a registrazioni di potenziali evento-reati (ERPs). Abbiamo esaminato indici corticali della preparazione motoria per afferrare il test dopo la presentazione di distrattori di uguale o diversa grandezza. I risultati hanno rivelato che componenti dei potenziali di preparazione lateralizzati (LRPs) erano spostati nel tempo in linea con i tempi di preparazione. Questi studi assieme mostrano che l’afferramento non è programmato solo online ma può essere influenzato da informazioni precedenti. Concludo che il contrasto di grandezza temporale di Uznadze rivela che la preparazione visuomotoria si basa su informazioni spazio-temporali contestuali confrontabili a quelle usate per i giudizi percettivi. Questa conclusione contraddice i modelli attuali sulle proprietà funzionali del flusso dorsale, suggerendo una visione più sfumata dei fattori che influenzano l’afferramento e delle apparenti dissociazioni fra percezione-azione.
Visual information is fundamental to interact with objects. For instance, information is coded by the visual system to create internal representations used to guide actions such as grasping, an action we perform efficiently daily many times. However, how the motor system codes object features for grasping remains poorly understood. In particular, a long-standing debate in the cognitive neurosciences concerns the nature of internal representations of object size during motor preparation, a key aspect of grasping. According to the most influential functional interpretation of the primate visual system, size representations are coded in critically different ways in the dorsal and ventral streams. These key differences in turn have several behavioural consequences, including a relative immunity of the dorsal representations of size from stimulus-contextual effects such as those observed for consciously perceived size. Accordingly, the goal of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of representations for visually-guided actions by collecting data from psychophysical, kinematics, and EEG paradigms. I conducted four experiments assessing motor and perceptual responses to the Uznadze illusion. In this illusion, the same ‘test’ object appears larger (or smaller) after having seen a smaller (or larger) ‘inducing’ object. Studies 1 and 2 investigated whether size representations in action and perception are affected by this form of size contrast. In Study 1, participants either grasped a test or provided a perceptual judgment of its size (by performing a cross-modal match called a “manual estimation”) after the presentation of an inducer that could be identical, smaller, or larger. Results revealed that finger apertures in both motor and perceptual responses showed a size contrast effect, that is, were affected by the inducer size. In Study 2, two further manipulations of the Uznadze illusion were investigated. Inducers were presented either haptically or visually, and either in the same or in a different position relative to the test. Surprisingly, results revealed that motor responses show size contrast (the Uznadze illusion), or size assimilation (the inverse Uznadze illusion), or even no illusion, depending on factors that seem related to multisensory integration and the body schema rather than a perception-action distinction. Overall, Studies 1 and 2 provide evidence that size representations for action are affected by contextual information. Studies 3 and 4 investigated the time course of motor representations in the dorsal stream. We focussed on the time needed to prepare a grasp, testing whether motor preparation is affected by viewing a previous distractor object equal or different in size. Study 3 showed that participants were slower in preparing the grasp when distractors were larger than the test, but not when they were smaller. Study 4 extended this finding to event-related potentials (ERPs) recordings. Here, cortical indices of motor preparation to grasp the test were investigated after presenting distractors equal or different in size. Results revealed that components of lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were displaced in time consistent with the pattern of preparation times observed in Study 3 and 4. Taken together, Studies 3 and 4 show that grasping is not programmed solely from online information, but can be affected by information experienced recently. I conclude that the Uznadze temporal size contrast reveals that visuomotor preparation relies on relative spatiotemporal information comparable to that used to produce perceptual judgments. This conclusion challenges current theoretical models of the functional properties of the dorsal stream, suggesting a more nuanced view of factors affecting grasping and seeming behavioural perception-action dissociations.

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7

TOSI, GIORGIA. "How embodiment shapes our perception: evidence of body and space." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277383.

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Una grande varietà di input sensoriali dal mondo e dal corpo, sono continuamente integrati nel cervello al fine di creare rappresentazioni mentali sovramodali e coerenti del nostro stesso corpo. La plasticità è una caratteristica fondamentale di tali rappresentazioni, che consente costanti cambiamenti adattativi nelle funzioni mentali e nel comportamento. Anche le rappresentazioni corporee possono cambiare in base all'esperienza e, soprattutto, possono essere temporaneamente modificate mediante protocolli sperimentali. Nel presente lavoro, eravamo interessati a valutare la plasticità della percezione metrica del corpo e l'effetto di cambiamenti temporanei in essa sull'elaborazione delle informazioni corporee e spaziali. A tale scopo, sono stati utilizzati due illusioni corporee: la Mirror Box Illusion (MB) e la Full-Body Illusion (FBI). Il meccanismo principale che spiega l'efficacia di queste procedure sperimentali è il processo di incorporazione di una parte del corpo aliena. Nell'esperimento 1 abbiamo usato un paradigma visuo-tattile di FBI per valutarne la fattibilità e la replicabilità con corpi di dimensioni diverse. Abbiamo confermato che è possibile indurre e replicare nello stesso partecipante l'incorporazione verso manichini di dimensioni standard o più grandi. Nell'esperimento 2 e 3 abbiamo studiato la rappresentazione metrica della gamba e la sua malleabilità. Abbiamo quindi misurato l'effetto dell'FBI indotto da diverse dimensioni corporee, su un compito di valutazione della distanza percepita tra due tocchi applicati alla gamba del partecipante. Abbiamo scoperto che l'esperienza soggettiva di incorporazione è accompagnata da un cambiamento nella percezione della metrica del corpo che va di pari passo con la dimensione delle gambe incarnate. Poiché abbiamo confermato che, in soggetti sani, la rappresentazione metrica del corpo può essere modulata, abbiamo affrontato una domanda simile in pazienti con emiplegia. Nell'esperimento 4, usando un compito di bisezione del corpo abbiamo osservato che pazienti emiparetici mostrano una distorsione prossimale nella rappresentazione metrica dell'arto interessato. Abbiamo, inoltre, scoperto che la bisezione si sposta verso il punto medio reale dopo una sessione di trattamento con MB, rispetto a un trattamento di controllo senza specchio. Nell'esperimento 5 abbiamo trovato una modulazione simile della metrica corporea che, in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da aprassia ideomotoria trattati con una versione modificata della MB, era accompagnata da un miglioramento della programmazione dei piani motori. Negli esperimenti 6 e 7 ci siamo concentrati maggiormente sulla relazione tra metrica del corpo e rappresentazione dello spazio. In primo luogo, abbiamo testato l'ipotesi che una rappresentazione del corpo alterata influenzasse la percezione delle proprie attività motorie immaginate. I risultati hanno mostrato che i partecipanti immaginavano di camminare più velocemente dopo essere stati esposti a una FBI con gambe più lunghe. Inoltre, abbiamo scoperto che l'incorporazione illusoria di gambe più lunghe può influenzare la stima delle distanze allocentriche nello spazio extra-personale. L'incorporazione di gambe più lunghe, da un lato, ha, infatti, ridotto la distanza percepita in metri, dall'altro, ha prodotto un aumento del numero di passi che i partecipanti immaginavano di dover percorrere tra gli stessi punti di riferimento. In conclusione, abbiamo confermato che è possibile manipolare la rappresentazione metrica del corpo, mediante illusioni corporee e che ciò influenza la nostra capacità di stimare le distanze nel mondo esterno sia in termini di raggiungibilità che di stima allocentrica della distanza. Tale plasticità della rappresentazione corporea e dell'interazione spazio-corpo fornisce importanti indizi per la comprensione della rappresentazione corporea e della sua riabilitazione nei pazienti neurologici.
A large variety of sensory input from the world and the body, are continuously integrated in the brain in order to create supra-modal and coherent mental representations of our own body. Plasticity is a fundamental characteristic of the nervous systems, allowing constant adaptive changes in mental functions and behaviour. Thanks to this, even body representations can change according to experience and, crucially, they can be temporarily altered by means of experimental protocols. In the present work, we were interested in assessing the plasticity of the subjective metric of the body, and the effect of temporary changes in it on the processing of corporeal and spatial information. To this aim, two types of bodily illusion were used, i.e. the Mirror Box Illusion (MB) and the Full-Body Illusion (FBI), due to their known effects inducing strong modulations of body representation. The core mechanism accounting for the efficacy of these experimental procedures is likely to be the process of embodiment of an alien body part. In experiment 1 we used a visuotactile FBI-like paradigm to assess the feasibility and the replicability of the FBI for bodies of different sizes. Using this paradigm, we confirmed that it is possible to induce and replicate in the same participant, the embodiment towards mannequins of standard or bigger sizes. In experiment 2 and 3 we investigated body metric representation of the leg, and whether it can be plastically modulated by embodying mannequins of different sizes. To address this issue, we measured the effect of FBI induced by different body sizes, over a Body Distance Task (BDT), i.e. the assessment of the perceived distance between two touches applied to the participant’s leg. We found that the subjective experience of embodiment is also accompanied by a change in the perception of body metric that goes hand-in-hand with the current size of the embodied legs. Since we confirmed that, in healthy subjects, the metric representation of the body can be modulated, we addressed a similar question in patients with hemiplegia. In experiment 4, using a body bisection task we first observed that hemiparetic post-stroke patients show a proximal bias in the metric representation of their affected upper limb. Critically, we found that this bias shifts distally, towards the objective midpoint after a MB training session, compared to a control training without the mirror. In Experiment 5 we found a similar modulation of subjective body metric in a group of patients suffering from Ideomotor Apraxia, treated with a modified version of the MB setup, which was accompanied by an improvement in the programming of motor plans. In experiments 6 and 7 we focused more on the relationship between body metric and space representations. First, we tested the hypothesis that an altered body representation could modify the way in which individuals estimate their body affordances during a Motor Imagery Task. Our results showed that participants imagined walking faster after having been exposed to an illusion of longer legs. Furthermore, we found that the illusory embodiment of longer legs can affect the estimation of allocentric distances in extra-personal space. The embodiment of longer legs, on the one hand, reduced the perceived distance in meters, on the other hand, produced an enhancement of the number of steps that participants imagined they would have needed to walk between the same landmarks. In conclusion, we confirmed that it is possible to induce provisional modifications of the metric representation of the body, by means of body illusions. We showed that body representation is malleable to the point to shape our ability to estimate distances in the external world both in terms of reachability and allocentric distance estimation. Such plasticity of body representation and body-space interaction gives important clues for the understanding of body representation and its rehabilitation in neurological patients.

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8

Ferraro, Roberto. "Teoria della scelta razionale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18308/.

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La teoria della scelta razionale si occupa di studiare e definire i principi con cui un individuo sceglie, o con cui dovrebbe scegliere, tra diverse opzioni, quella a lui più vantaggiosa. Questa teoria si concentra sui principi che possono far sì che una scelta venga definita razionale e non sul modo in cui individuare questa scelta. Questo processo si avvale dell'utilizzo del calcolo delle probabilità e quindi i criteri in base ai quali una scelta è razionale dipendono dalla definizione di probabilità che si sceglie di usare.Un primo modello matematico utile ad individuare la scelta razionale è quello della speranza attesa. Questo modello però genera alcuni paradossi come quello di San Pietroburgo. Un secondo modello, che evita di cadere in questo paradosso, è quello dell'utilità attesa. Un terzo modello proposto, originale in letteratura, è quello della letizia francescana che subordina la scelta alla fede dell'individuo. Diversi studi scientifici hanno dimostrato che il comportamento umano non è razionale e che gli uomini non sempre sono in grado di individuare la scelta migliore. La teoria del prospetto, che si fonda sulle illusioni cognitive e sulle euristiche, serve a prevedere quali scelte saranno prese in problemi reali. Gli studenti di tre classi diverse di un liceo scientifico sono stati sottoposti ad un test per verificare la correttezza della teoria del prospetto.

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9

Thibierge, Stéphane. "Généalogie et analyse critique du syndrome d'illusion de Frégoli : contribution à la question des troubles de la reconnaissance et de la nomination en psychopathologie et spécialement dans les psychoses." Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131027.

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Ce travail porte sur les troubles de l'image du corps abordes a partir de la clinique des psychoses, et en particulier d'un syndrome identifie par l'ecole francaise de psychiatrie en 1927: le syndrome d'illusion de fregoli. Premiere partie : genealogie du syndrome d'illusion de fregoli, et comment il a ete decouvert a la suite du syndrome d'illusion des sosies, de capgras et reboul-lachaud. Principaux aspects epistemologiques de sa decouverte. Deuxieme partie : discussion a laquelle a donne lieu le syndrome de fregoli en psychiatrie. Analyse de la serie: syndromes de capgras, de fregoli et d'intermetamorphose. Troisieme partie : contributions neurologiques a la problematique clinique que permet de degager ce syndrome, en particulier concernant la disjonction qu'il fait apparaitre entre l'image du corps et le nom. Quatrieme partie : apports de la psychanalyse, et en particulier de j. Lacan, a cette problematique clinique et a son unite d'un point de vue doctrinal. Comment ce que lacan a ete amene a ecrire i(a) - l'image i en tant qu'elle tient sa consistance d'un objet refoule, note a, qu'elle recele et habille a la fois - pour rendre compte de ce qui se produit dans le registre speculaire, se revele, dans le syndrome d'illusion de fregoli, separe en elements disjoints: l'image d'un cote, de l'autre le retour recurrent d'un objet identifie et nomme par le sujet toujours a l'identique. Enfin, analyse du syndrome de fregoli: 1) comment sa decomposition structurale permet de ressaisir sous quelques traits elementaires la diversite clinique revelee par les syndromes psychotiques de fausse reconnaissance; 2) d'une facon plus generale, comment cette analyse peut confirmer egalement la validite des coordonnees que nous relevons ici pour l'approche de toute une serie de troubles interessant la clinique et la psychopathologie de la reconnaissance et de l'identification. Sont ajoutees, en annexe, l'observation du cas princeps et deux observations cliniques
The present work focuses on disorders of the body image and is based on the clinical study of psychosis with special reference to a particular syndrome, first identified by the french school of psychiatry in 1927 and known as the fregoli delusion syndrome. Part 1 examines the genealogy of the fregoli syndrome and the way it was discovered in connection with the capgras syndrome. An outline of the main epistemological aspects of the discovery. Part 2 recalls the discussion of the fregoli syndrome in the field of psychiatry, including an analysis of the series it seems to fit in with quite naturally and which also includes the capgras syndrome and the syndrome of intermetamorphosis. Part 3 examines the neurological contribution to major clinical issues that can be assigned to the fregoli syndrome, especially as far as the disjunction between name and body image is concerned. Part 4 deals with the contribution of psychoanalysis to the above mentioned clinical issues, with an emphasis on the work of jacques lacan which allows us to underline their unity from a theoretical point of view. Lacan's formula, which he writes i(a), shows the image of the body, i, as based on the repression of an object, a, which the image both conceals and clothes. In the case of the fregoli syndrome, the formula will be split asunder, with the image on the one side, and the object on the other, but always with the same name for the patient. The final section deals with a structural analysis of the fregoli syndrome which makes it possible to caracterize with a remarkably small number of items: 1) the clinical varieties shown by the delusional misidentification syndromes; and 2) a wide range of identification and recognition psychopathological disorders. Appended, the full princeps observation of the fregoli syndrome by courbon and fail, and two clinical observations

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10

Pasquinelli, Elena. "An analysis of the notion of illusion and illusory phenomena : illusions in haptic, dynamic, kinesthetic touch." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0118.

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Le but de la thèse est de montrer qu’une théorie de la perception ne peut pas renoncer au concept d’illusion sans risquer de perdre une partie de son pouvoir d’explication. La caractérisation de la notion d’illusion proposée ici se base sur certaines caractéristiques de l’expérience avec des phénomènes d’illusion : la violation de la cohérence qui avise le sujet de la présence d’une erreur quelque part, la robustesse de l’expérience illusoire et la présence d’une réaction de surprise. La description d’un groupe de phénomènes perceptifs illusoires caractérisés par ces trois éléments enrichit les études sur la perception d’un instrument utile pour un meilleur accès aux mécanismes de la perception. La notion d’illusion présente donc une valeur heuristique aussi en ce qui concerne les approches à la perception (e. G. Approche sensorimoteur et approche écologique) qui sont critiques envers une caractérisation classique de la notion d’illusion
The aim of this thesis is to show that a theory of perception cannot easily renounce to the concept of illusion without loosing a part of its explanatory power. The proposed characterization of the notion of illusion is based on some characteristics of the perceptual experience with illusory phenomena: the existence of a violation of coherence which alerts the subject to the presence of an error, the robustness of the illusory experience and the presence of a reaction of surprise. The description of a special group of illusory perceptual phenomena that are characterized by those three elements provides. The studies on perception with an instrument for acquiring an insight on perceptual mechanisms. The notion of illusion hence presents a heuristic value also in relationship to views of perception (e. G. The ecological and sensorimotor approaches) that criticize the classical characterization of the notion of illusion

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11

Beaujot, Frédéric. "Les illusions sensorielles vestibulaires." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M167.

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12

LaBerge, Nick. "Studying Geometric Optical Illusions through the Lens of a Convolutional Neural Network." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2265.

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Geometrical optical illusions such as the Muller Lyer illusion and the Ponzo illusion have been widely researched over the past 100+ years, yet researchers have not reached a consensus on why human perception is deceived by these illusions or which illusions are the results of the same effects. In this paper, I study these illusions through the lens of a convolutional neural network. First, I successfully train the network to correctly classify how a human would perceive a particular class of illusion (such as the Muller Lyer illusion), then I test the network’s ability to generalize to illusions that it was not trained on (like the Ponzo illusion). I do not find that these networks generalize effectively. Tests to better understand how the network learns to classify these illusions suggest the networks are checking for image data in specific ‘activation regions’ in order to make classifications rather than analyzing the entire illusions.

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Biber, Ulrich [Verfasser], and Uwe J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ilg. "Visuelle Illusionen oder die Illusion des Sehens : Einflüsse von Augenbewegungen auf die visuelle Wahrnehmung / Ulrich Biber ; Betreuer: Uwe J. Ilg." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1162627018/34.

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14

Roux, Valerie. "Le rêve dans l’œuvre de J.-K. Huysman." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20091.

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Parmi les thèmes qui traversent l’œuvre de Huysmans celui du rêve a fait l’objet d’une attention soutenue mais restreinte à quelques œuvres, principalement À Rebours et En Rade. Pourtant, dès ses premiers romans, Huysmans met en scène des rêveurs, taraudés par le désir d’être autres ou d’être ailleurs. Dans ses croquis, ses comptes rendus de Salons, il s’intéresse aux virtualités, aux hypothèses et délaisse la chose vue pour explorer des potentialités. La conversion ne met pas fin à cet attrait, exacerbant au contraire le rejet du monde et la tentation de l’au-delà. Ainsi, l’onirique n’est pas qu’une parenthèse dans des vies médiocres, c’est aussi une modalité de l’écriture. L’attention de Huysmans se porte sur le surgissement : les rêves au cœur du sommeil mais aussi le fantastique du quotidien, le retour du souvenir, les mystères de ce que l’on appelle déjà l’inconscient. Notre ambition est, dans une perspective synchronique, de relever la présence du rêve dans son œuvre et d’envisager les formes qu’il peut prendre. Il s’agit de se demander comment le rêve s’inscrit dans la narration et d’évaluer ce qu’il apporte à des textes dont on sait que le romanesque n’est pas la préoccupation principale. Cependant, il faut se garder de donner de Huysmans l’image d’un idéaliste : son œuvre est fortement marquée par un naturalisme revendiqué et l’auteur exprime constamment son rejet d’un style tiède ou vaporeux. Au désir de « substituer le rêve de la réalité à la réalité même » (À Rebours) s’oppose en permanence une volonté de détruire ces simulacres, de dénier au personnage toute échappatoire. L’ambition formulée d’un naturalisme spiritualiste, dont le modèle lui est fourni par la peinture des Primitifs flamands, permet à l’auteur de concilier ces deux exigences et l’engage sur la voie du roman moderne
Dreaming is one of the well-known themes of Huysmans’ work. It has been well studied as far as Against nature or En Rade are concerned. However, since his earliest writings, Huysmans has presented dreamers who attempt to be somebody else or try to be somewhere else. When writing sketches and art criticism, he takes an interest in different possibilities or assumptions and abandons what he sees to explore virtuality. His conversion does not put an end to this interest, but emphasizes the rejection of the world and the temptation of the beyond. Thus the dream is not a parenthesis in narrow lives, it is also a way of writing. Huysmans’ attention is focused on what springs up: dreams in the heart of sleep but also the fantastic side of everyday life, memories coming back, and the mysterious aspects of what is already called the unconscious. The purpose of this study is to detect, in a synchronic perspective, the presence of dreams in his work and to consider what form they can take. It also wants to show how dreaming is included in the narrative and to evaluate what it brings to novels which reject the romanesque. However, we will be careful not to show Huysmans as an idealist: his work is strongly influenced by naturalism and constantly claims his rejection of a colourless or sentimental style of writing. The desire to “substitute the vision of a reality for the reality itself” (Against nature) is faced with a permanent will to destroy simulacra, to prevent the characters from escaping the real world. Huysmans’ doctrine of spiritual naturalism allows him to reconcile these two requirements and set him as a forerunner of the modern novel

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Ledoux, Aurélie. "Le cinéma américain peut-il être sceptique ? : les effets de "trompe-l'oeil" dans le cinéma américain contemporain ( 1984-2001)." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010580.

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Nombre de films contemporains jouent sur la perméabilité des frontières entre la réalité et l'illusion en reprenant des problématiques sceptiques et en construisant des pièges perceptifs qu'il conviendrait de nommer des « trompe-l’œil cinématographiques ». Cependant, Ie retournement paradoxal de ces films est de renforcer indirectement les normes du réel conformément à 1'« effet pervers» d'un scepticisme insuffisamment radical: contrairement à ce qu'il affiche et loin d'en brouiller les frontières, ce cinéma contemporain du trompe-l’œil rassoit cette notion de réalité dans ce qu'elle a de plus normatif. Ce cinéma contemporain de l'illusion se fonde ainsi sur une image qui se veut « suffisante » : une image qui n'est plus habitee par Ie desir du spectateur, qui la creuse vers un ailleurs mythique et proprement fantasmatique ou se jouerait Ie sens, mais au contraire Ie renvoie crument it une vision totale qui ne laisserait rien à désirer.

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Brodin, Lars Jonas. "Illusions of Freedom." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1550.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Government and Politics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Auyer, Jonathan P. "Illusion in the commonplace| Reinterpreting Ernst Gombrich's concept of illusion." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3565358.

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In the dissertation I analyze and interpret Ernst Gombrich's book Art and Illusion, focusing on his view that illusion is involved in pictorial representation. Since Gombrich never gave a concise, systematic account of illusion, my goal will be to fill this void by using the text of Art and Illusion as well as Gombrich's subsequent writings in order to present a coherent account of how illusion might play a role in a picture's representing an object.

My goal is not to present an unassailable account of pictorial representation. Instead, I offer a version of Gombrich's theory that pushes readers towards a better comprehension of what a Gombrichian theory of illusion involves. In the process I introduce and defend a number of terms and concepts in the service of filling in those places where Gombrich is silent. Among other things, in response to Gombrich's notion of visual substitution I elaborate upon the claims that representational pictures function as relational models and afford recognition of the objects they represent; I reply to Richard Wollheim's "twofoldness" objection to Gombrich; and I contend that Gombrich's use of the notion of illusion is not open to the objections commonly made against it (e.g., that normal picture perception does not involve illusion because "illusion" is synonymous with "delusion").

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Lincoln, Lucy, and lucy lincoln@bigpond com. "Light and Illusion." RMIT University. Art, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090306.145318.

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This project is an investigation of visual illusions created through the interaction of light on different surfaces and structures. Illusion implies deception - an optical illusion, in a sense is misunderstood information that creates a 'false' visual reality. This project incorporates macro and non-macro photography to generate illusion through scale and shape. Through deliberate acts of deception the images play on the human desire for mystery. It is through the 'eye of the imagination' that the images reveal themselves. The photographic images are of dioramas created on the top of a light box, using everyday substances and materials such as glass, felt, coloured transparencies, detergents and liquids of varying consistencies. This project reveals the extraordinary in the ordinary. The outcome of this project is a photographic body of work, the product of my experimentation and research, in which the ambiguous content of the composition, compels the viewer to their own interpretation. Translating some of the resulting images into a three-dimensional light based installation of an illusory nature invites people to take on a participatory role, furthering their experience with the artwork. This project makes us aware of our role within the experiential process, ma king us appreciate and question its very nature.

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19

Aasen, S. "Thought without illusion." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1459420/.

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This thesis targets the part of Gareth Evans’s and John McDowell’s view of singular thought which involves the claim that there can be illusions of thought. Singular thought is, according to Evans and McDowell, an object-dependent thought-content; such thought-content could not be entertained unless the object it is about exists. Nevertheless, in a case of perceptual hallucination, where a subject mistakenly takes it that there is an object in front of him or her, Evans and McDowell think that it can seem to a subject exactly as though he or she is having an object-dependent thought, although the subject is in fact not thinking at all due to the absence of any object to think about. The thesis argues for a rejection of this idea of illusions of object-dependent thought. It is further argued that the idea of illusions of thought can be eliminated from Evans’s and McDowell’s view without abandoning their fundamental insight about how singular thought-content is object-dependent. Following specifically McDowell’s development of the view, it is suggested that singular thought is about the world in virtue of how things cognitively appear to the subject. It is suggested that in an alleged case of illusion of thought, the subject has an object-dependent thought about an object whose existence in part is due to the mind’s directedness in that very episode of singular thinking. Furthermore, Evans’s and McDowell’s respective views of acquaintance are criticised, and an idea about acquaintance as awareness of a wider range of objects than just perceivable objects is put forward. In general, the thesis outlines a revised version of Evans’s and McDowell’s view, a version according to which singular thought, although externalistically individuated, is transparent to the thinker.

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brålander, emma. "illusion färg komposition." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5873.

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By working with color and composition I convert flat surfaces to three-dimensionality and the other way around. By distorting the space, my aim is to confuse the viewer of what they perceive. I want to blur the borders between color and object to evoke a curiosity to experience my space.

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Magerstädt, Sylvie. "Illusions for life : on the importance of illusions for our life and the role of cinema in creating these illusions." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2011. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8zz24/illusions-for-life-on-the-importance-of-illusions-for-our-life-and-the-role-of-cinema-in-creating-these-illusions.

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The relationship between art, illusion and reality has been part of philosophical debate for centuries. With the increasing use of digital technologies in modern cinema, this debate entered a new dimension. This thesis aims to discuss the notion of illusions as a system of stories and values that inspire a culture similar to other grand narratives, such as mythology or religion. Cinema thus becomes the postmodern 'mythmaking machine‘ par excellence in a world that has increasing difficulties in creating unifying concepts and positive illusions that can inspire a culture and give hope. I will argue that illusions have always been a crucial element of culture, and my hypothesis is that they are not necessarily a sign of people‘s naivety or unconscious manipulationas has often been argued but a conscious choice, deriving from a longing for positive inspiration. This longing is particularly strong in times of ideological crisis, when other institutions fail to provide relief and guidance. This seems to be emphasised by the fact that in the last decade, at a time of deep ideological crisis, mainstream cinema has seen a significant revival of grand mythic epics. The thesis focuses on three key aspects: the area of belief, illusion and the creation of myths; the relationship between realism and illusion; and the possibilities of modern cinema in relation to these aspects. I chose to base my research project on continental philosophy rather than classic film theory or analytic philosophy in order to stimulate a new debate in film studies and philosophy that links traditional aesthetic concepts with contemporary thoughts on society and cinema. To begin with I draw on theories by Nietzsche, Kracauer and Deleuzeto unravel the interesting similarities in their works, such as the redemptive capacities of art and the acknowledgement that illusion/art/cinema is always closely related to the state of the society that produces them. This is then applied to recent Hollywood epics, namely The Lord of the Rings (P. Jackson, 2001-04), Troy(W. Petersen, 2004) and Avatar (J. Cameron, 2009). Here I argue that rather than being mere escapism, mainstream cinemacan have an important function in providing postmodern culture with important illusions, which is significantly facilitated by new digital technologies.The thesis concludes that these technologies present new creative opportunities for filmmakers and philosophers alike.

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Pinar, Abuzer. "Essays on fiscal illusion." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11496/.

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The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between taxation and public spending in the UK, utilising public choice theories that the level of government spending should reflect voter-taxpayer's demand for public goods. Such theories argue that certain features of the tax structure affect voter's perceptions of their tax burden so that they underestimate how much they are paying for public goods. Fiscal illusion is investigated as a key issue in a time series analysis of general government expenditures, and a cross-section analysis of local government spending. Also survey data from British Social Attitudes is employed to analyse the relationship between tax perceptions and preferences for public spending. The time-series results show quite consistent evidence that low visibility of taxed and deficit financing are associated with increased levels of spending, but for various reasons measures of tax elasticity and complexity performed less well. Closer examination suggests that deficit financing is less an illusory plan to hide expenditure increases from voters and more a short-term necessity when shock cause (trends in) spending and revenue to diverge. The cross-section results suggest fairly strong support for the "flypaper effect" that central government grants increase spending by more than would an equivalent increase in local income. Measures of local accountability appeared to have similar effects, while evidence on renter illusion suggests different outcomes in the two alternative tax regimes (community charge and council tax). Evidence from the micro-data analysis suggests some forms of fiscal illusion, though the influence of tax misperceptions on the demand for public spending is ambiguous. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the tendency to use invisible taxes to support increased spending, however, the use of this evidence, per se, may be misleading in drawing future prospects for tax and expenditure policies. Micro data analysis of fiscal perceptions offers a potentially important means of determining policy instruments. Moreover, if governments aim at increasing local accountability, inter-governmental fiscal relations should be reconsidered.

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Poulet, Regis. "L'Orient, généalogie d'une illusion." Lyon 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO31013.

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Comprendre ce que l'Orient représente dans l'imaginaire occidental exige de remonter à l'Antiquité grecque. Il accompagne la naissance de l'idéalisme et de la métaphysique. Très tôt, la temporalité de la décadence le caractérise, de la Rome impériale jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle. Peurs de la barbarie, de la corruption et du déclin témoignent de l'angoisse de l'Occident face au devenir de la nature. Construit sur une pensée de l'être, c'est à dire du manque, l'Orient incarne dès la fin du XVIIIe siècle le rêve d'une androgynie spirituelle synonyme de régénération. Politique, religion et arts sont à divers degrés influencés par cette illusion. Mais un boulversement intervient avec Nietzsche, boulversement dont on tente de tirer ici les conséquences. En tant qu'illusion, l'Orient collabore à l'introduction de la décadence de la vie : c'est le nihilisme. Caratéristique du monde moderne, le nihilisme se traduit par l'uniformisation et la globalisation planétaires où l'Occident perd l'Orient qu'il s'est créé. Mais en révélant qu'il n'est possible de construire que sur le néant (l'Etre étant inaccessible et insuportable) le nihilisme laisse entrevoir une sortie. Pour que le néant devienne positif, il est nécéssaire que le "logos" et la "phusis" se réconcilient. L'attention à la corporéité de la pensée ainsi que la nature esthétique de l'Etre font alors du simulacre et de l'artificiel des viatiques où l'Orient n'a plus sa place mais où l'Asie peut jouer un rôle.

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Svensson, Anton. "Tiden är en illusion." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22934.

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Serieforskning som tvärvetenskapligt fält avancerar framåt ur såväl ett internationellt som nationellt perspektiv och syftar ofta till att synliggöra mediets meningsbyggande funktion, något som är intressant inte minst ur en kommunikativ aspekt. Den vetenskapliga litteraturen på området har stor spridning över olika forskningsfält och det saknas väl etablerade teorier och metoder för att analysera tecknade serier. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera skildrandet av tidsförlopp i tecknade serier utifrån sidlayout och seriens system. Avsikten är att utforska hur den formmässiga kompositionen och förhållandet mellan strukturella element påverkar uppfattningen av tidsförlopp i tecknade serier. Undersökningen baseras på teori som behandlar den tecknade seriens system, dess meningsbyggande funktion, anpassningen av verbalt narrativ till visuellt medium och illusionen av tid. Tillsammans med bildanalyser av produktionsreferenser i form av kanoniserade tecknade serier och en egen mediaproduktion i en metodologisk triangulering för att ge en heltäckande bild av problemet ur olika perspektiv, samt att kunna jämföra och analysera resultaten på ett djuplodande sätt. Studien belyser och problematiserar förhållandet mellan seriestrukturen och det bildmässiga innehållet i skildrandet av tidförlopp i tecknade serier.

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Hayden, Alexander. "No Love for Illusion." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3097.

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I remember being young and being told that birds had special pads on their feet which prevent them from getting electrocuted when they sit on electrical lines. I was told on a different occasion not to put my finger into electrical sockets, so, one day I tried a key. I do not have special pads on my hands. In middle school science class I explained the fascinating pad theory to my class only to find out that I was wrong, and if I aim to be so serious sometimes, perhaps I could at least be funny.

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Amato, Angela. "An illusion of reality /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10307.

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Lovrič, Sara. "Illusion in Puppet Theatre." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Divadelní fakulta. Knihovna, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202410.

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Tématem této práce je studium iluze v loutkovém divadle. V první části se pokusím objasnit pojem iluze v umění všeobecně. Hlavním předpokladem je, že umění a iluze jsou dva neoddělitelné pojmy. Iliuze není výsldkem neby výplodem umění, nýbrž nevyhnutelným prostředkem k analýze věcí. Ona neskutečným způsobem pomáhá k prožitku skutečného a neskutečného světa. V tomto prožitku kromě umělce působí také pozorovatel, na jehož schopnosti vnímat umělcovy iluze závisí také samotný účinek této iluze.V divadelním umění se iluze děje v okamžiku a prostoru před očima diváka. Zázrak iluze se uskutečňuje před námi a zapomínáme, že je tady.V loutkovém umění má loutka, jako uměle stvořená scénická postava, již v samé své podstatě iluzorní charakter. Právě potřebě člověka tvořit a jeho pokusům měnit skutečnost dluží loutka svůj původ. Již v prehistorii byla loutka prostředkem pro navazování kontaktů s Bohem. V romantismu umělci probudí tento metaforický vztah a pozvednou loutkové divadlo jako umělecky hodnotnou formu. Období modernismu přináší nové úvahy o teorii loutek. Modernisté začínají v loutce poznávat nové, symbolické možnosti. Tyto úvahy o loutkách přispěly k vývoji loutkového divadla, které vyžaduje svůj vlastní jazyk iluze. Loutka již nenapodobuje skutečnost, nýbrž vytváří novou skutečnost. Další vývoj loutkového divadla se vydává směrem k experimentování s různými loutkářskými možnostmi vyjadřování. Odhazuje se paraván, loutka a animátor se objevují společně na scéně. Iluze je zpochybněna kvůli prezentaci reálnosti tvorby. Při hledání poetického jazyka vyjadřování se v loutkovém divadle začínají animovat části těla, materiály, předměty? Skutečné předměty dostávají neskutečný význam a iluze metamorfózy se děje před našima očimaNa konci práce se ohlédnu i na loutkové divadlo v Chorvatsku. V tomto krátkém ohlédnutí se pokusím nastínit přehled vývoje loutkářství a jeho iluze a objasnit vlivy, které přispěly k tomuto vývoji.

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Larsen, Ellinor. "Is Time an Illusion?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162361.

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The purpose of this essay was to see whether our idea of time might be an illusion, and inorder to find out, I look both at what modern philosophy says about the concept of time aswell as what modern physics says. I want to see if there is consensus between the two fields inorder to find a unified definition of time; and using this definition I want to see whether timemight be an illusion. As it turns out, time is an elusive concept that is difficult to define, andeven though most, if not all, researchers in both philosophy and physics agree that time exists,there is little else they agree on when it comes to explaining what time in fact is. Inphilosophy, there is also disagreement within the field and the discussion centers on time asquality, while physics focus on time as quantity – used to measure the world around us. Giventhe different accounts of time, it seems that each of us are left to make up our own mindsabout how to define it. Whether or not time is an illusion depends on how time is defined.And until there is a clear definition of time it also becomes impossible to say for certainwhether time is an illusion.

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Carey, Shannon M. "Positive Illusions and Winter Depression: Do Illusions Go the Way of the Summer Sun?" PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5251.

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Traditional psychology has held the view that mentally healthy people have a good grasp of reality. However, studies on self-concept, perceived control and optimism have shown that mentally healthy people have a tendency to distort reality in these areas in a positive, self-serving direction. These studies led Shelley Taylor to coin the term "positive illusions" to describe overly positive self-evaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control, and unrealistic optimism. Taylor also theorized that those who were depressed had fewer positive illusions than those who were not depressed. The current study attempted to extend the foundation of basic research on the concept of positive illusions as well as their relationship to depression. Participants were given questionnaires at two time points (summer and winter) that measured the three components of positive illusions as well as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), or winter depression. It was expected that those who had SAD would be depressed in the winter and therefore have fewer positive illusions at that time than in the summer when they were less depressed. Significant positive correlations between selfconcept, perceived control, and optimism indicated shared variance which is consistent with the existence of an underlying variable, i.e. positive illusions. Though results showed no difference in positive illusion scores between summer and winter, those with higher SAD scores (signifying greater depression) had fewer positive illusions at both time points than those with lower SAD scores. Finally, the remarkable similarity between positive illusion scores at the two time points suggests that positive illusions may exist as a personality trait, rather than being state dependent. Drawbacks of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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30

Parent, Mario. "L'auto-édition : illusions et réalités." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11456.

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Un sujet original. Voilà le premier critère qui nous a amené à opter pour une étude de l'auto-édition. Mais, en fait, qu'est-ce que l'auto-édition? Quels sont ses attraits, ses défauts? Vers quoi débouche-t-elle? Qu'est-ce qui incite un auteur à se lancer tout entier dans cette aventure où, souvent, on y laisse sa chemise et parfois plus? Peu d'études ont été consacrées, ici, à ce phénomène. En fait, il n'existe pas de travaux universitaires entièrement axés sur l'auto-édition. Phénomène marginal, bien souvent négligé sinon occulté par les diverses instances de reconnaissance (édition officielle, critique littéraire, librairie) l'auto-édition, si elle a attiré des noms maintenant célèbres en littérature, n'en demeure pas moins dans l'esprit de bien des gens un cas mineur de la représentation littéraire...

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31

Kenny, Michael. "Narcissistic illusions : an empirical typology." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221270.

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The purpose of this study is to examine whether a typology of narcissism can be identified through various statistical analyses, specifically cluster analysis. Furthermore, this study attempted to further delineate whether claims of a dual nature of narcissism are well founded and to examine the mental health implications of "positive illusions." Subjects were 251 college students at a large Midwest University. The mean age of the participants was 21 years. Self-report measures of narcissism, positive illusions, and mental health were administered in counterbalanced order. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis and cluster analysis to examine the relationship between narcissism, positive illusions and mental health. A moderate amount of narcissism was positively related to mental health and adjustment. Furthermore, participants high and low in narcissism correlated with poorer mental health and adjustment. Positive illusions were related to mental health, except for in groups high in narcissism. Indeed, there appears to be an optimal level of illusions, which are beneficial for mental health. The relationship between narcissism and positive illusions should continue to be explored.
Department of Educational Psychology

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32

Yarrow, Kielan Nicholas. "Temporal illusions subsequent to movement." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404473.

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Grebot, Élisabeth. "Le rôle du style cognitif dans la suggestibilité hypnotique : l'influence des capacités d'imagerie et d'absorption sur les réponses à trois suggestions d'hallucination positive." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100083.

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Ce travail doctoral est consacré à l'étude des relations entre certaines sous-capacités d'imagerie et certaines dimensions de la suggestibilité hypnotique. Dans le champ de l'imagerie, nous avons validé le questionnaire de style cognitif de Paivio (individual differences questionnaire), le questionnaire de contrôle et de vivacité de l'image de Switras (survey of mental imagery) et un questionnaire expérimental d'imagerie soutenue. Le contrôle, la vivacité et l'imagerie soutenue sont évalués dans quatre modalités : visuelle, auditive, somesthesique et kinesthésique. Lors d'une session individuelle, nous avons administré a 81 sujets trois suggestions d'hallucination selon un ordre randomisé : une suggestion d'hallucination visuelle, une suggestion d'hallucination musicale et une suggestion d'hallucination somesthesique. Trois dimensions de la suggestion sont estimées : la suggestibilité idéationnelle, la suggestibilité motrice et la suggestibilité subjective involontaire. Pour chaque suggestion, la perte de contrôle idéationnel joue un rôle moteur dans la production d'une réponse motrice involontaire aux suggestions c'est-à-dire dans la perte de contrôle moteur. Cette relation confirme la théorie néo-dissociative de la suggestibilité hypnotique et infirme la théorie idéomotrice. Entre l'imagerie et la suggestibilité, nos résultats montrent deux relations modales : premièrement, entre la vivacité et la suggestibilité idéationnelle et deuxièmement, entre la capacité d'imagerie soutenue et la suggestibilité involontaire subjective. La conception analytique de l'imagerie est confirmée puisque la vivacité et l'imagerie soutenue entretiennent des relations différentes avec les trois dimensions de la suggestibilité. De plus, la différenciation des sous-capacités d'imagerie comme la vivacité et l'imagerie soutenue semble être susceptible d'expliquer les résultats contradictoires obtenus dans la plupart des recherches
This doctoral work studies relations between some sub-capacities of imagery and some dimensions of hypnotic suggestibility. In the domain of imagery, we have validated the inventory of cognitive style of Paivio (individual differences questionnaire), the questionnaire of controllability and vividness of Switras (survey of mental imagery. ) And an experimental questionnaire of sustained imagery capacity. The controllability, the vividness and the sustained imagery capacity were evaluated in four modalities : visual, auditory, somesthetic and kinesthesic. In an individual session, we have administered three hallucination suggestions with a randomized order to 81 subjects : a visual hallucination suggestion, an auditory hallucination suggestion and a somesthetic hallucination suggestion. Three dimensions of suggestibility are estimated : the ideational suggestibility, the motor suggestibility and the subjective involuntary suggestibility. For each suggestion, the loss of ideational control plays a motor role in the production of involuntary response to suggestions e. G. In the loss of motor control. This relation confirms the neo-dissociative theory of hypnotic suggestibility but infirms the ideomotrice theory. Between imagery and suggestibility, our results demonstrate two modal relations : first, between vividness and ideational suggestibility and second, between sustained imagery and subjective suggestibility. The analytic conception of mental imagery is confirmed because the vividness and the sustained imagery maintain distinct relations with the three dimensions of suggestibility. In addition, the differenciation of sub-capacities of imagery like vividness and sustained imagery may explain the contrasted results obtained between imagery and "hypnotic susceptibility" by most researchers

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Inglis, Kelly. "Conscious will : illusion or reality? /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35881549.

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Sundberg, Martin, and Nikolai Nyqvist. "Illusion av val i spel." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för teknik och estetik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2812.

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Vad är val? Är de val vi har våra egna? Spelutvecklare idag kämpar med spelares fria vilja då detta kan orsaka problem. Till exempel när spelare gör val som spelutvecklare inte har räknat med, vilket som följd kan skapa frustration hos båda parter. Problemet med spelares oförutsägbarhet i sina val är något som spelutvecklare ständigt har försökt lösa. Idag finns det flera tekniker som syftar till att diskret manipulera möjligheten till val inom spel och samtidigt låta spelare vara ovetande om detta. I följande kandidatarbete eftersträvar vi att belysa dessa tekniker för kontroll och manipulation inom spel, samtidigt som vi utforskar nya alternativ för hur spelutvecklare kan manipulera spelare utan att deras känsla av frihet påverkas. ---- What is choice? Are our choices entirely our own? Game developers today struggle with the problem of players free will. For example, when players make choices that the game developer had not accounted for, which can cause great frustration from both parties. The problem with players unpredictability in their choices is something that game developers have continuously tried to solve. Today there are multiple techniques whose purpose is to manipulate the possibility of choice within games, while still keeping the players none the wiser. This thesis persues to shine a light upon these techniques for guidance and manipulation within games, while also exploring new options for how developers may controll players without having them lose their sense of freedom.
Detta är en reflektionsdel till en digital medieproduktion.

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36

Smilansky, Saul. "Free will, justice and illusion." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305685.

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Helgesson, Anna. "Constructing Reality : a textile illusion!" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10637.

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This bachelor degree work explores textile print with illusionary qualities, and aims to challenge the viewers visual perception and ideas of reality. With focus on creating three-dimensional illusionary prints the motive is to question how we evaluate design in relation to society and expected imagery. By working with the techniques of weaving, digitally developed print and transfer printing techniques this work strives to create an opportunity for the viewer to expand their idea of reality.

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Bencheikh, Farid Zine Eddine. "La criminologie : l'avenir d'une illusion." Paris 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA020118.

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La criminologie se propose comme tache d'etudier scientifiquement le phenomene criminel. Elle est de ce fait la science du crime. Son objectif est de combattre les concepts juridiques de responsabilite penale et de volonte libre qu'elle qualifie de scolastiques et de metapphysiques. Elle se veut autonome et independante, mais a quel point peut-elle se defaire de l'emprise de la psychiatrie ? peut-elle definir son objet sans se referer a la notion de l'interdit qui est purement juridique ? que restera-t-il du projet criminologique sans le savoir psychiatrique et les definitions juridiques du delit en tant qu'objet de cette pretendue science ? la criminologie n'est qu'une psychiatrie extra-legale. Le droit penal continuera a regner dans le domaine de la criminalite parce qu'il est le representant social de la vie psychique
The criminology has as ambition the scientifical study of the criminal phenomenon. It is therefore the science of crime. Its purpose is to combat the juridical concepts of penal responsibility and free will which it qualifies as being scolastical and metaphysical. It pretends to be independent and autonomous, but can it dispose of the psychiatrical ascendancy ? can it define its object without referring to the notion of forbidden which is purely juridical ? what will remain of the criminological plan without the psychiatrical knowledge and the juridical definitions of the crime being an objectif of this pretended science ? the criminology is only an extralegal psychiatry. The penal law will continue to reign the field of criminality because it is the social representative of the psychic life

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Andersson, Bastian, and Magnus Jansson. "Likvärdig bedömning – Illusion eller verklighet?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35849.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera några vanliga strategier för bedömning hos verksamma lärare, samt att undersöka hur väl dessa strategier fungerar om man strävar efter att uppnå en likvärdig bedömning. Med detta examensarbete ville vi fördjupa vår förståelse för hur man kan arbeta för att nå fram till rättvisa och likvärdiga betyg. För att komma åt vad som ligger bakom ett rättvist och likvärdigt betyg har vi studerat vilken typ av bedömningen som läraren bygger upp sin bild av elevens måluppfyllelse kring. Vi har genomfört sex kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare, samt två med rektorer, verksamma på högstadiet och gymnasiet. Det är deras uttalanden och relevant litteratur som har legat till grund för detta examensarbete. Vi har funnit att lärares arbetssätt kring bedömning går att kategorisera, samt att man utifrån denna indelning kan resonera kring deras förutsättningar för likvärdig bedömning och betygsättning.
The purpose with this paper is to study some strategies for assessing students, used by teachers working in Swedish secondary schools. The strategies are studied with the intention to find out if they can produce comparative results, when putting the emphasis on the result being equal between schools, teachers and years. We have looked at how the teachers assemble their view on a student, and how they later on link this to the grade that they will present to the student. We have interviewed six different teachers, three men and three women, working at both lower and upper secondary schools. We also interviewed two headmasters from the schools the teachers worked at. We have made use of the statements from the teachers and literature relevant to fair and equal assessing in this document. We have shown that the strategies the teachers were using are possible to place in categories, and that from these categories we are able to debate their strengths and weaknesses in regard of producing equal assessments and consequently equal grades.

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40

Semtner, Alexis. "Magic, Mystery, Illusion and Magic." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1072.

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Sheahan, M. A. (Margaret Ann) 1933 Carleton University Dissertation Social Work. "Training programs - the great illusion." Ottawa.:, 1989.

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42

Flannery, Denis. "Henry James : a certain illusion /." Aldershot : Ashgate, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38817265w.

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Grier, Michelle. "Kant's doctrine of transcendental illusion /." Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40196532z.

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Wong, Souk Yee. "Plato's illusion : republic of Singapore." Thesis, View thesis, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/27293.

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This essay attempts to explain and justify the style and structure of the novel within the traditions of contemporary literary writing. It will discuss realist conventions and devices applied in the novel, such as plot and character, and examine their effectiveness, or limits, in telling a story. The writing of this novel was prompted by the relentless stream of political events that has flowed through the recent history of Singapore. Since the island's independence from British colonial rule in 1965, a small ruling elite embarked on a ferocious nation-building programme that has not always recognised its citizens as individuals, but rather more collectively as workers, managers, professionals, housewives and students: each group expected to perform a specific role in society. State apparatuses such as law enforcement, the civil service and the mass media are engineered to direct the conduct of citizens from cradle to grave. This instigated, and provided the background to, the writing of Plato's Illusion. An objective of this novel is to document as well as imaginatively capture life in Singapore under its prevailing authoritarian rule. The writing strategy adopted is to represent politics in terms of individual 'common' experience, for almost every aspect of the private citizen's life has been politicised in Singapore. Government intervention and manipulation are situated in the personal affairs of attending university, getting a job, finding a husband and having children. In other words, by portraying the process and effects of those interventions on the characters in the novel, the body politics will simultaneously take on a more concrete shape with a face and an attitude. This strategy, used in the development of plot and characters, would be a good representation of life in Singapore, if the effects of government policies and the personal psyche were thoroughly explored and articulated.

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Wong, Souk Yee. "Plato's illusion : republic of Singapore /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030911.110049/index.html.

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Thesis (M.A.)(Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1999.
A novel and an essay submitted to the University of Western Sydney, Nepean for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours). References p. xx.

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Poma, Sofia. "Modelli di analisi per l'integrazione multisensoriale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12254/.

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La percezione unitaria della realtà è il risultato di un complesso processo d’integrazione delle informazioni provenienti dai differenti canali sensoriali. La capacità del sistema nervoso centrale di utilizzare sinergicamente queste molteplici sorgenti sensoriali è definita Integrazione Multisensoriale (Stein & Meredith, 1993). A causa della sua importanza sul comportamento, lo studio dei processi che la regolano è da tempo riconosciuto come un aspetto cruciale nell'ambito delle neuroscienze. Da questo punto di vista, un importante contributo può venire dallo confronto tra soggetti sani e soggetti con deficit cerebrali, al fine di chiarire quali aree cerebrali sono coinvolte, e per poter quindi far luce sui meccanismi neurali sottostanti. Un metodo utile di indagine sui fenomeni di interazione multisensoriale sfrutta le illusioni sensoriali, ovvero quelle situazioni in cui due stimoli di natura sensoriale differente vengono presentati più o meno in contemporanea, creando una falsa interpretazione dell'oggetto o dell'evento da cui provengono tali stimoli. Il presente lavoro esamina due forme di integrazione. La sound-induced flash illusion analizza l'integrazione audio-visiva (Shams et al., 2002): quando un singolo flash è accompagnato da molteplici segnali acustici (beep), il singolo flash è percepito come multiplo. L'aspetto interessante di questa illusione è che è stata riscontrata anche in soggetti patologici affetti da autismo (van der Smagt et al., 2007). Un secondo interessante fenomeno è quello delle body ownership illusions (BOIs), utili per indagare patologie quali la somatoparafrenia, in quanto i soggetti percepiscono oggetti non corporei come appartenenti al proprio corpo. I risultati raccolti hanno permesso la formulazione di alcuni modelli computazionali che possono essere testati con i dati esistenti. Il presente elaborato fa una panoramica sui modelli bayesiani, l'elettroencefalografia e, infine, le reti neurali, illustrando i risultati raggiunti.

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Gagné, Faby. "Effects of mindset on relationship illusions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ43870.pdf.

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48

Daniels, Victoria. "Studies of occlusion and associated illusions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241130.

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CESARO, ANNA LISA. "UNA NUOVA ILLUSIONE VISIVA: L'EFFETTO "SLALOM"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 1997. http://thesis2.sba.units.it/store/handle/item/12937.

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Novy, Andreas. "Illusionen grenzenloser Globalisierung." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6055/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2018_01.pdf.

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Wir leben in interessanten Zeiten. In den reichen Ländern verbreitet sich das Bewusstsein, dass die Zukunft keinesfalls zwangsläufig besser wird. Die Verhältnisse sind im Umbruch, was für diejenigen, die weltweit lange Zeit zu den GewinnerInnen gezählt haben - das heißt wir alle, die wir hier sitzen -, unangenehm werden könnte. Bleibt die hierarchische Weltordnung, die Wohl und Wehe so ungleich verteilt, in dieser Form bestehen, nur wir verlieren den Platz an ihrer Spitze, dann könnte dies dramatische Konsequenzen für uns haben. Was tun? Auf jeden Fall steht einiges auf dem Spiel. Aus diesem Grund teilen immer mehr Menschen die Einschätzung, dass "Weiter so wie bisher" nicht möglich ist. Doch was ist damit gemeint? Die OrganisatorInnen dieser Entwicklungstagung beschreiben ein komplexes Ineinanderspielen vielfältiger Krisen. Krieg, Flucht und Wetterkapriolen sind die wahrnehmbaren Symptome globaler Unordnung, Nachrichten aus fernen Gegenden sind die bedrohliche Hintergrundmusik, die daran erinnert, dass die eigene, als selbstverständlich angesehene Lebensweise gefährdet sein könnte.
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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