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1
Horton, E. H., and B. W. Horton. "The Slimline Kanji Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/9.2.132.
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Sahudi, Kliwon, and Cerli Dewi Utamani. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN HITSUJUN KANJI PADA MAHASISWA BAHASA JEPANG TINGKAT DASAR." Jurnal Sora : Pernik Studi Bahasa Asing 5, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58359/jurnal_sora.v5i2.66.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In teaching and learning activities there are writing errors made by Japanese language learners. Some errors are caused by bushu (a form of classification of kanji), kakusuu (number of lines or strokes), hitjujun (sequence of writing lines or strokes) which must be mastered by basic Japanese language learners, especially STBA student of Cipto Hadi Pranoto. This study aims to find out the errors in writing Kanji for Semester III students of STBA Cipto Hadi Pranoto. The method used in this research is a qualitative case study. The data was taken from the test given to the research sample and then analyzed for kanji writing errors based on the sequence of writing lines or strokes. The result of this study is the error rate of kanji writing that is not in the order of writing lines or strokes is 79%. Factors that cause errors include difficulty in memorizing kanji with a large number of strokes, many similar kanji but different reading and writing ways, almost the same form of bushu but different hitsujun, not paying attention to hitjujun kanji, and learning kanji without remembering hitsujun kanji.
Pada kegiatan belajar mengajar terdapat kesalahan penulisan yang dilakukan oleh pemelajar bahasa Jepang. Beberapa kesalahan diakibatkan oleh bushu (bentuk klasifikasi kanji), kakusuu (jumlah garis atau coretan), hitsujun (urutan penulisan garis atau coretan) yang harus dikuasai oleh pemelajar bahasa Jepang tingkat dasar, khususnya mahasiswa STBA Cipto Hadi Pranoto. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesalahan penulisan huruf Kanji Mahasiswa Semester III STBA Cipto Hadi Pranoto.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kualitatif Studi Kasus. Data diambil dari tes yang diberikan kepada sampel penelitian kemudian dianalisa kesalahan penulisan kanji berdasarkan urutan penulisan garis atau coretannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tingkat kesalahan penulisan huruf kanji yang tidak sesuai urutan penulisan garis atau coretannya sebesar 79%. Faktor penyebab terjadinya kesalahan antara lain kesulitan menghafalkan kanji dengan jumlah coretan yang banyak, banyak kanji yang mirip tetapi cara baca dan penulisannya berbeda, bentuk bushu hampir sama tetapi hitsujun-nya berbeda, tidak memperhatikan hitsujun kanji, dan belajar kanji tanpa mengingat hitsujun kanji.
3
Alfionita, Yeni, and Nova Yulia. "Analisis Kesalahan Fonologi Yomikata Kanji Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Universitas Negeri Padang." Omiyage : Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Jepang 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/omg.v4i1.232.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kanji merupakan huruf yang melambangkan arti. Selain itu, kanji juga sebagai “tulang punggung” dalam kosakata bahasa Jepang. Kanji juga memiliki tiga unsur yang terkandung didalamnya, yaitu bentuk, bunyi, dan makna. Kanji menjadi huruf yang sulit untuk dipelajari oleh orang asing seperti orang Indonesia.Dalam mempelajari kanji ditemuinya beberapa masalah, salah satunya kesalahan pada cara baca kanji (yomikata kanji). kesalahan ini dilihat dari hasil pengerjaan soal ujian akhir semester Juli-Desember 2019 yang dikerjakan oleh mahasiswa. Selain itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesalahan fonologi yang terjadi pada yomikata kanji mahasiswa semester III Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Unversitas Negeri Padang.Jenis penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan metode analisis kesalahan. Subjek penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester III JPG 2 angkatan 2018 Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang yang berjumlah 31 orang. Data penelitian ini adalah kesalahan fonologi pada yomikata kanji. sedangkan, sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah dokumen hasil lembar jawaban UAS Juli-Desember 2019 pada mata kuliah shochukyu moji goi zenhan. Instrument penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah peneliti sendiri. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan diketahui dari 20 kanji ditemukannya Kesalahan tersebut ditemukan sebanyak 42 kesalahan fonologi yang diantaranya 6 kesalahan dalam penambahan fonem atau silabel, 15 kesalahan dalam penghilangan fonem atau silabel dan 21 kesalahan dalam perubahan bunyi. Kesalahan fonologi terjadi karena kesalahan ejaan dalam penambahan dan penghilangan fonem, silabel, tanda baca, dan perubahan bunyi serta lambang bunyi bahasa Jepang yang membedakan bunyi fonem atau silabel berdasarkan cara baca kanji, dan tercampurnya penempatan onyomi dan kunyomi, yang disebabkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kaidah cara baca kanji.
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Höflmayer, Felix, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Eric H. Cline, Michael W. Dee, Brita Lorentzen, and Simone Riehl. "New Radiocarbon Dates from Tel Kabri Support a High Middle Bronze Age Chronology." Radiocarbon 58, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article presents new radiocarbon evidence from the Middle Bronze Age palatial site of Tel Kabri (Israel). The final phase of the palace (Phase III) can be dated to Middle Bronze Age II, with an end date around the transition from Middle Bronze II to III or very early in Middle Bronze III. According to our14C data, the end of Tel Kabri Phase III (and thus the transition from Middle Bronze II to III) can be dated to ~1700 BC. This date is about 50–100 yr earlier than traditional chronological models for the Middle Bronze Age propose (~1650 BC according to the traditional chronology or ~1600 BC according to the low chronology).14C data from Tel Kabri thus add additional evidence for a higher Middle Bronze Age chronology for the Levant, consistent with recent14C evidence from Tell el-Dabca (Egypt), Tel Ifshar (Israel), and Tell el-Burak (Lebanon).
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Thürer, Matthias, Thomas Maschek, Lawrence Fredendall, Peter Gianiodis, Mark Stevenson, and Jochen Deuse. "On the integration of manufacturing strategy: deconstructing Hoshin Kanri." Management Research Review 42, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2018-0178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that Hoshin Kanri has the potential to integrate the operations strategy literature into a coherent structure. Hoshin Kanri’s planning process is typically described as a top-down cascading of goals, starting with the senior management’s goals and moving to the lowest organizational level. The authors argue that this misrepresents a firm’s actual cognitive processes in practice because it implies reasoning from the effects to the cause, and assumes a direct causal relationship between what the customer wants and what is realizable by the system. Design/methodology/approach This study is conceptual, based on abductive reasoning and the literature. Findings The actual strategic thought process executed in an organization consists of three iterative processes: (i) a translation process that derives the desired customer attributes from customer/stakeholder data, (ii) a process of causal inference that predicts realizable customer attributes from a possible system design and (iii) an integrative process of strategic choices whereby (i) and (ii) are aligned. Each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice). Research limitations/implications By aligning the thought and planning processes, the competing concepts of manufacturing strategy are integrated into a coherent structure. Practical implications Different techniques have to be applied for each of the three elements. As each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice), the use of unifying tools (e.g. in the form of matrices, as often presented in the literature) is inappropriate. Originality/value This is the first study to focus on the thought processes underpinning manufacturing strategy.
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Astami, Timur Sri. "Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Flashcard dalam Pengajaran Kakikata to Yomikata III pada Mahasiswa UBINUS Semester Tiga Tahun Ajaran 2010/2011." Lingua Cultura 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v4i2.366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Article clarified the process of language learning, especially Japanese in a class environment, in which closely related to the teacher, material learning, and the learning media. In kakikata to yomikata subject (Writing and Reading III), students frequently got difficulties in reading or spelling kanji letters. To observe these difficulties, the researcher uses flashcard for developing the Japanese vocabularies in six weeks regularly in thirty minutes. The result indicates that around 64% of the respondents get significant developments. The positive impact on those successful respondents is their ability in remembering vocabularies as well as writes them in kanji letters.
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Prabowo, Urip Nurwijayanto, Ayu Fitri Amalia, and Widodo Budhi. "Peak Ground Acceleration and Earthquake Intensity Microzonation in Watukumpul, Pemalang Regency." Indonesian Journal of Science and Education 3, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/ijose.v3i2.1169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Watukumpul is located in Pemalang District, Central Java, which is adjacent to the fault seismotectonic line of Baribis fault in the north and subduction area of the Eurasian and Indies-Australian plates in the south. It makes Watukumpul often experiences an earthquake. This study aimed to map the peak ground acceleration calculated using the Kanai equation and earthquake intensity calculated using Wald equations in Watukumpul. This study used historical earthquake data occurred in 1988-April 2018 from the International Seismological Center and microtremor measurements of 33 points. Microtremor data were processed using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio method and resulted the predominant period of study area ranged from 0.13 to 0.74 s. The results showed that the study area had a PGA value of 26.93 - 63.25 gal. The intensity calculation showed that the study area has the potential for earthquake damage with an III-IV MMI scale.
Keywords: Kanai, Watukumpul, Intensity, Earthquake
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Jawed, Talat, and F. N. Siddiquie. "Mineragraphic Study of Manganese Ore Deposits of Kandri, Mansar, Beldongri and Satak Mines, Nagpur District (Maharashtra) Central India." International Journal of Geosciences 05, no. 07 (2014): 710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.57064.
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Jöckel, Karl-Heinz. "Re: Mesothelioma is a killer of urban men in Sweden by Kari Hemminki and Xinjun Li." International Journal of Cancer 107, no. 4 (August 25, 2003): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11409.
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Haryati, Sri. "PERAN PEMUDA DALAM MENGELOLA KAWASAN EKOWISATA DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KETAHANAN MASYARAKAT DESA (Studi tentang Pemuda Pengelola Desa Wisata Kandri, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Kota Semarang, Provinsi Jawa Tengah)." Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional 22, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkn.11986.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pengaruh arus globalisasi telah memberikan dampak terhadap pemuda masa kini. Nilai-nilai sosial yang menjadi sosok pemuda telah tergerus dengan adanya modernisasi. Realita yang sama juga terjadi di sebuah Desa Wisata Kandri yang berada di Kelurahan Kandri, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Kota Semarang. Pemuda yang berjumlah sekitar 900-an hanya 16 pemuda yang ikut serta mengelola kawasan ekowisata. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui peran pemuda dalam pengelolaan kawasan ekowisata, dan mengkaji implikasi pengelolaan kawasan ekowisata terhadap ketahanan masyarakat desa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pemaparan secara deskriptif. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu studi pada suatu permasalahan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, pemuda pengelola berperan dalam mengelola kawasan ekowisata di Desa Wisata Kandri hanya pada indikator ekowisata yaitu perjalanan menuju kawasan alamiah. Bentuk peran tersebut berupa program kegiatan wisata edukasi yang meliputi Wisata Nyawah, Wisata Outbond, Wisata Goa Kreo, dan Wisata River Tubing. Peran pemuda pada pengelolaan masyarakat secara keseluruhan terutama pemuda di kawasan ekowisata belum berjalan secara maksimal. Pengelolaan kawasan ekowisata ini berimplikasi terhadap ketahanan masyarakat desa, akan tetapi belum mampu berjalan secara maksimal. Pengaruh yang dihasilkan berupa pengaruh positif dan negatif. Pengaruh positif pada ketahanan masyarakat desa yaitu penguatan modal sosial dan ketaatan hukum dalam diri warga, kemampuan memperbaharui dan memelihara kawasan ekowisata, serta kemandirian warga. Pengaruh negatif yang ditimbulkan yaitu menurunnya kemampuan pemuda RW III dalam memilih nilai-nilai sosial budaya dan kelembagaan sosial. Oleh karenanya, peran pemuda pengelola harus ditingkatkan untuk menjaga kelestarian lingkungan sehingga keberlangsungan ekowisata tetap terjaga.
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Owens, John N., Glenda L. Catalano, Sheila J. Morris, and J. Aitken-Christie. "The Reproductive Biology of Kauri (Agathis australis). III. Proembryogeny and Early Embryogeny." International Journal of Plant Sciences 156, no. 6 (November 1995): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297303.
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Fatiou, Adiss Kamal Issifou, Moussa Konaté, Soulémana Yessoufou, Cossi Luc Adissin Glodji, Matthias Heckmann, and Hamidou Garba Saley. "Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Oligocene Oolitic Iron Ore of the Continental Terminal Formation, Kandi Basin, North-East Benin." International Journal of Geosciences 10, no. 04 (2019): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2019.104029.
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Toure, Montacer Mama, Abdul-Razak Kotchoni, Juste Ornel Mehouenou, and Mohamed Nasser Bako. "Effet de la production cotonnière sur l’environnement physique dans un contexte de réformes institutionnelles dans la commune de Kandi au Nord Bénin." Revue Africaine d’Environnement et d’Agriculture 7, no. 1 (April 27, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rafea.v7i1.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Description du sujet. La filière coton qui constitue la principale culture de rente au Bénin continue de jouer un rôle important dans la mobilisation des ressources nationales et a un impact sur l’environnement.Objectifs. Cet article vise à ressortir l’effet de la production du coton sur l’environnement dans la commune de Kandi dans un contexte de réformes institutionnelles de la filière coton. Spécifiquement, il s’agit d’analyser : (i) l’état actuel des sols dans la zone d’étude, (ii) la place du volet environnemental dans les réformes institutionnelles, (iii) l’effet de la non-prise en compte des mesures environnementales sur la végétation, (iv) les produits utilisés et leurs toxicités et (v) les contraintes liées à l’application des mesures.Méthodes. Les données ont été collectées auprès de cent quarante (140) producteurs de coton de la commune de Kandi. Conformément à l'option méthodologique et en fonction du caractère des données collectées au cours de l'étude, les techniques d'analyse ont privilégié une approche qualitative combinée à celle quantitative.Résultats. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que les réformes n’ont pas permis une amélioration des services de vulgarisation, et le souci d’augmenter les superficies des champs de coton ont engendré l’utilisation excessive des produits chimiques de nature douteuse et la destruction anarchique des forêts produisant des effets sur le milieu naturel. Sur le plan environnemental, on assiste à une destruction anarchique de la végétation, l’appauvrissement continu des sols occasionnant une baisse des rendements des cultures et un accroissement des apports d’engrais minéraux aux sols.Conclusion. La dégradation du milieu physique agit directement sur les conditions de vie et de travail des communautés. Ainsi, il devient nécessaire que des réflexions soient menées sur l’évolution ou les actions à réaliser pour une gestion durable de la production cotonnière au Bénin. Description of the subject. The cotton sector, Benin's main cash crop, continues to play an important role in the play an important role in the mobilization of national resources.Objectives. The overall aim of this article is to highlight the impact of cotton production on the environment in the commune of Kandi in a context of institutional context of institutional reforms in the cotton sector. Specifically, it aims to (i) the current state of soils in the study area, (ii) the place of the environmental in the institutional reforms, (iii) the effect of not taking environmental of environmental measures on vegetation, (iv) the products used and their toxicity products used and their toxicity, and (v) the constraints associated with application of the measures.Methods. Data were collected from one hundred and forty (140) cotton growers in the commune of Kandi. In accordance with the methodological option and depending on the nature of the data collected during the study, the analysis techniques favoured a qualitative approach combined with a quantitative one.Results. The results revealed that the reforms had not led to any improvement in extension services, and the desire to increase the area of cotton fields had led to excessive use of chemical products of dubious nature and the uncontrolled destruction of forests, with consequent effects on the natural environment. From anenvironmental point of view, we are witnessing the uncontrolled destruction of vegetation, the continuous impoverishment of the soil, leading to a drop in crop yields and an increase in the use of mineral fertilizers.Conclusion. The degradation of the physical environment has a direct impact on the living and working conditions of communities. Under these conditions, it becomes necessary to reflect on the evolution or actions to be taken for a sustainable management of cotton production in Benin.
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Marcus, Hadar, Rachel Danieli, Eyal Epstein, Baruch Velan, Avigdor Shafferman, and Shaul Reuveny. "Contribution of Immunological Memory to Protective Immunity Conferred by a Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen-Based Vaccine." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 6 (June 2004): 3471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.6.3471-3477.2004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Protective antigen (PA)-based vaccination is an effective countermeasure to anthrax infection. While neutralizing anti-PA antibody titers elicited by this vaccine serve as good correlates for protection against anthrax (S. Reuveny, M. D. White, Y. Y. Adar, Y. Kafri, Z. Altboum, Y. Gozes, D. Kobiler, A. Shafferman, and B. Velan, Infect. Immun. 69:2888-2893, 2001), no data are available on the contribution of the immunological memory for PA itself to protection. We therefore developed a guinea pig model in which a primary immunization with threshold levels of PA can induce a long-term T-cell immunological memory response without inducing detectable anti-PA antibodies. A revaccination of primed animals with the same threshold PA levels was effective for memory activation, yielding a robust and rapid secondary response. A challenge with a lethal dose (40 50% lethal doses; 2,000 spores) of spores after the booster vaccinations indicated that animals were not protected at days 2, 4, and 6 postboosting. Protection was achieved only from the 8th day postboosting, concomitant with the detection of protective levels of neutralizing antibody titers in the circulation. The practical implications from the studies reported herein are that, as expected, the protective capacity of memory depends on the PA dose used for the primary immunization and that the effectiveness of booster immunizations for the postexposure treatment of anthrax may be very limited when no detectable antibodies are present in primed animals prior to Bacillus anthracis spore exposure. Therefore, to allow for the establishment of memory-dependent protection prior to the expected onset of disease, booster immunizations should not be used without concomitant antimicrobial treatment in postexposure scenarios.
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Khatun, N., KP Bista, and C. Mahaseth. "Spectrum of Biopsy Proven Glomerular Disease in Children at Kanti Children’s Hospital." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 34, no. 3 (April 8, 2015): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Glomerular disease is one of the most common forms of renal disease and can have many different clinical presentations. However there is variation in the prevalence in the type of glomerular disease according to geographical location and race of population. The aim of the study was to find the overall distribution pattern of glomerular disease based on renal biopsies. Material and Methods: The medical records of all children who underwent kidney biopsy (n=29) between January 2012-june 2014 were analyzed. In this retrospective study we review children from Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nephrology Department. Demographic data including age, sex and indication of kidney biopsy as well as complication of the procedures were recorded. Result: A total number of thirty one biopsies were done. Two children were excluded from the study due to inadequate tissue and artifacts defects in preservative. The remaining twenty nine biopsies were included in the study and analyzed. Renal disease was found nearly equal in both male and female (51.72% vs. 48.27%).Mean age was 10.95±3.30 years. Maximum number of biopsies (75.86%) was performed between 10- 15 years. The most common indication of the kidney biopsy was nephrotic syndrome (steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome, 31.02% followed by lupus nephritis 27.58%.The most common glomerular disease were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and lupus nephritis both contribute 27.58%. Among lupus nephritis class III was found more common (44.44%) in children. IgA nephropathy was also contribute (17.24%) in all glomerular disease. Regarding the kidney biopsy complication gross hematuria was observed in 6.89% of children which was self-limited. Conclusion: FSGS and lupus nephritis is becoming the most common glomerular disease in children attending the Kanti Children Hospital. IgA nephropathy was also contribute the glomerular disease in the children. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):225-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11162
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La Kuji, Hernywati Bin, Abdul Manan, and Laode Ihksan Juarzan. "IDENTIFIKASI PERCEPATAN TANAH MAKSIMUM DAN INTENSITAS KEGEMPAAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE HVSR DATA MIKROTREMOR DAN DATA GEMPBUMI DI KAWASAN PERBATASAN KECAMATAN WANGI-WANGI DAN WANGI-WANGI SELATAN." Jurnal Rekayasa Geofisika Indonesia 4, no. 03 (December 15, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.56099/jrgi.v4i03.28729.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Telah dilakukan penelitian Percepatan Tanah Maksimum dan Intensitas Kegempaan di Kawasan Perbatasan Kecamatan Wangi-Wangi dan Wangi-Wangi Selatan Kabupaten Wakatobi menggunakan data mikrotremor. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan sebaran nilai Percepatan Tanah Maksimum dan tingkat Intensitas Kegempaan dari data mikrotremor yang dapat menunjukkan bahaya gempabumi. Pengukuran mikrotremor dilakukan dengan seismometer tiga komponen TDL 303s. Data tersebut diolah menggunakan software Geopsy 3.4.2 kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode HVSR untuk mengetahui nilai frekuensi dominan (), kemudian nilai digunakan untuk memperoleh nilai periode dominan. Selanjutnya menghitung Percepatan Tanah Maksimum dengan persamaan Kanai mengunakan data gempabumi yang terjadi di Sulawesi Tenggara dalam kurun waktu 100 tahun dari tahun 1920-2020 dan Intensitas Kegempaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebaran nilai Percepatan Tanah Maksimum berkisar antara 80.10-331.25 gal dan untuk nilai Intensitas Kegempaan berada pada Skala III yang berarti tingkat intensitas kegempaan tergolong kecil.
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Joyce, Terry, Bor Hodošček, and Kikuko Nishina. "Orthographic representation and variation within the Japanese writing system." Units of Language – Units of Writing 15, no. 2 (August 10, 2012): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.15.2.07joy.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Given its multi-scriptal nature, the Japanese writing system can potentially yield some important insights into the complex relationships that can exist between units of language and units of writing. This paper discusses some of the difficult issues surrounding the notions of orthographic representation and variation within the Japanese writing system, as seen from the perspective of creating word lists based on the Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo’s ‘Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese’ (BCCWJ) Project. More specifically, the paper (i) reflects on the treatment of lemmas within UniDic, the morphological analyzer dictionary developed for the project, (ii) notes some concerns for extracting word lists that stem from the project’s approach towards defining orthographic words which draws on its conceptualization of short and long unit words, and (iii) attempts to quantify the extent of orthographic variation within the Japanese writing system as represented by the BCCWJ. Keywords: Japanese; Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ); kanji; hiragana; katakana; orthographic variation; UniDic
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Sakurai, Yasuhisa, Yoshinobu Onuma, Gaku Nakazawa, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Toshimitsu Momose, Shoji Tsuji, and Toru Mannen. "Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall." Behavioural Neurology 18, no. 2 (2007): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/906417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective:To characterize various dysgraphic symptoms in parietal agraphia.Method:We examined the writing impairments of four dysgraphia patients from parietal lobe lesions using a special writing test with 100 character kanji (Japanese morphograms) and their kana (Japanese phonetic writing) transcriptions, and related the test performance to a lesion site.Results:Patients 1 and 2 had postcentral gyrus lesions and showed character distortion and tactile agnosia, with patient 1 also having limb apraxia. Patients 3 and 4 had superior parietal lobule lesions and features characteristic of apraxic agraphia (grapheme deformity and a writing stroke sequence disorder) and character imagery deficits (impaired character recall). Agraphia with impaired character recall and abnormal grapheme formation were more pronounced in patient 4, in whom the lesion extended to the inferior parietal, superior occipital and precuneus gyri.Conclusion:The present findings and a review of the literature suggest that: (i) a postcentral gyrus lesion can yield graphemic distortion (somesthetic dysgraphia), (ii) abnormal grapheme formation and impaired character recall are associated with lesions surrounding the intraparietal sulcus, the symptom being more severe with the involvement of the inferior parietal, superior occipital and precuneus gyri, (iii) disordered writing stroke sequences are caused by a damaged anterior intraparietal area.
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Fukuda, Atsuo, Kanji Muramatsu, Akihito Okabe, Yasunobu Shimano, Hideki Hida, Ichiro Fujimoto, and Hitoo Nishino. "NMDA Receptor-Mediated Differential Laminar Susceptibility to the Intracellular Ca2+ Accumulation Induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Rat Neocortical Slices." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fukuda, Atsuo, Kanji Muramatsu, Akihito Okabe, Yasunobu Shimano, Hideki Hida, Ichiro Fujimoto, and Hitoo Nishino. NMDA receptor-mediated differential laminar susceptibility to the intracellular Ca2+ accumulation induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat neocortical slices. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 430–438, 1998. Slices of somatosensory cortex taken from immature rats on postnatal day (P)7–14 were labeled with fura-2. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was monitored in identified pyramidal cells as the ratio of fluorescence intensities (RF340/F380) during oxygen-glucose deprivation. The RF340/F380 ([Ca2+]i) of individual pyramidal cells was monitored in each of the cortical layers II–VI simultaneously. Neurons in all neocortical layers exhibited significant increases in [Ca2+]i that varied with the duration of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Individual neurons responded to oxygen-glucose deprivation with abrupt increases in [Ca2+]i after various latencies. The ceiling level of the [Ca2+]i increase differed from cell to cell. Neurons in layer II/III showed significantly greater increases in [Ca2+]i than those in layers IV, V, or VI. Kynurenic acid, a nonselective glutamate receptor antagonist, and bicuculline, a selective γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist, suppressed the intracellular Ca2+ accumulation induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in all neocortical layers examined. After kynurenic acid, but not after bicuculline, there was no longer a differential [Ca2+]i increases in layer II/III. Both 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), a selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), a non-NMDA receptor antagonist, strongly suppressed the intracellular Ca2+ accumulation induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in all layers. The laminar difference in terms of the [Ca2+]i increases was abolished by AP5, but not by CNQX. These results indicate that layer II/III cells are the most prone to oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, and that this is primarily mediated by NMDA receptors. Thus, layer II/III neurons would be more likely to suffer cellular Ca2+ overload and excitotoxicity during ischemia than layer IV–VI cells. Such a differential laminar vulnerability might play an important role in determining the pathological characteristics of the immature cortex and its sequelae later in life.
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Rod, K. S., D. R. Walker, and C. A. Bradley. "Evaluation of Major Ancestors of North American Soybean Cultivars for Resistance to Three Pythium Species that Cause Seedling Blight." Plant Disease 102, no. 11 (November 2018): 2241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1341-re.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pythium seedling blight, which can be caused by a number of Pythium spp., is a disease that affects soybean (Glycine max) in the United States and Canada. Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, one of the most common pathogenic species, is favored by cool, wet conditions in early spring and causes seed decay, root rot, and seedling damping-off. In all, 102 major ancestors of modern North American cultivars and “first progeny” cultivars developed directly from ancestral lines were evaluated for resistance to P. ultimum var. ultimum and two other species of Pythium in greenhouse assays. Several ancestors and first progeny cultivars, as well as the resistant check Archer, had varying levels of partial resistance to an Illinois isolate of P. ultimum var. ultimum. In a subsequent experiment, four of the most resistant lines (PI 84637, Maple Isle, Fiskeby III, and Fiskeby 840-7-3) and the susceptible cultivar Kanro were screened for resistance against isolates of P. irregulare and P. sylvaticum, and resistance to P. ultimum var. ultimum was confirmed. The lines that were partially resistant to P. ultimum var. ultimum in the first experiment were also partially resistant to P. irregulare and P. sylvaticum. The P. ultimum var. ultimum isolate was the most aggressive of the three isolates, followed by the P. irregulare and P. sylvaticum isolates. Modern cultivars descended from the soybean lines with partial resistance to these pathogens could be useful sources of resistance to Pythium seedling blight if they are found to have similar levels of resistance.
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Oktaviany, Feny, Frida Philiyanti, and Viana Meilani Prasetio. "Implementation of Active Knowledge Sharing Strategy in Intermediate Level Dokkai through Scientific Approach." JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/japanedu.v5i1.23757.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to determine the effectiveness and to find out the advantages and disadvantages of the Active Knowledge Sharing strategy through a scientific approach in the Dokkai. In learning Japanese, learners often encountered difficulties in reading comprehension or Dokkai. Based on a questionnaire, the difficulties including reading kanji, followed by vocabulary competence and grammar competence. On the other hand, the time limitation in class cause problems of learning method which teacher rarely provide an introduction step to students in the form of questions or vocabulary exercises related to the reading material they will deal with. To overcome this problem, we need a learning strategy that emphasize the cooperative learning among students to achieve the objective of comprehending a reading. We chose the strategy initiated by Silberman (2013), namely Active Knowledge Sharing, as a good way to introduce students to the subject matter that will be learned. In addition, by monitoring how students solving each other's problems in team, teacher can evaluate how much knowledge they have. In this study a scientific approach is complemented to support the active learning in this strategy. The study conducted using an experimental method with pretest and posttest design. The sample are 38 students of fifth semester students who take Dokkai III course. Based on the analysis of research data, it found that the Active Knowledge Sharing strategy through a scientific approach is effective in learning Dokkai III. The advantages are that students who are initially passive become actively participate in learning and students can also answer the meaning of vocabulary without depending on dictionary or smartphones, and students are encouraged to help each other in solving problems which help students to comprehend the contents of reading easier and faster. However there are the disadvantages of this strategy such as inability to enhance student’s critical thinking and less suitable for students who are more focused if studying alone.
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Wijayadi, I. Made Kris, I. Wayan Sadyana, and Kadek Eva Krishna Adnyani. "STRATEGI PENGAJARAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DOKKAI SHOCHUKYU PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER III PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA JEPAANG UNDIKSHA." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbj.v4i2.14999.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis (1) penggunaan strategi pengajaran dalam pembelajaran dokkai shochukyu pada mahasiswa semester III Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi,dokumentasi dan wawancara. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dosen pengampu matakuliah dokkai shochukyu pada mahasiswa semester III Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa strategi yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran dokkai shochukyu adalah model pembelajaran cooperative learning tipe peer lesson. Hal ini terbukti pada setiap topik materi pembelajaran dijelaskan oleh mahasiswa secara berkelompok kepada mahasiswa lain melalui sebuah video yang kemudian dipresentasikan. Model pembelajaran cooperative learning tipe peer lesson ini dikombinasikan dengan strategi bottom-up pada tahap pembelajarannya, ini terlihat dari alur pembelajaran di dalam kelas, yaitu tahapan pembelajaran dimulai dari hal yang paling kecil yaitu pengenalan huruf kanji kemudian menuju ketahapan pembelajaran yang lebih besar yaitu menyimpulkan isi wacana. Kata Kunci : Strategi pembelajaran, bahasa Jepang, dokkai shochukyu 本研究の目的は、（１）ガネシャ教育大学の日本語教育学科二年生の読解初中級学習における指導戦略を分析した。データは、授業観察、記録撮影 インタビューにより収集し、それを定性的記述法により分析した。対象は、ガネシャ 教育大学の日本語教育学科二年生読解初中級授業を担当する教師である。本研究の結果、読解初中級授業の使用される学習法モデルのコープラティプラーニングタイプピアレッスンである。これは、あるグループの学生が他のグループの学生に動画でトピックを説明し発表したときに明らかある。学習段階においては、コープラティプラーニング学習方法のピア―レッスンタイプはボトムアップのストラテジーと組み合わせていました。keyword : キーワード : 学習法、日本語, 読解初中級
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Takeda, Masayuki. "Re: Kanai A, et al. mechanisms of action of botulinum neurotoxins, β3-adrenergic receptor agonists, and PDE5 inhibitors in modulating detrusor function in overactive bladders: ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol urodyn 2012;31:300-308". Neurourology and Urodynamics 31, № 5 (24 квітня 2012): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.21244.
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Fukuda, Atsuo, Kanji Muramatsu, Akihito Okabe, Yasunobu Shimano, Hideki Hida, Ichiro Fujimoto, and Hitoo Nishino. "Changes in Intracellular Ca2+ Induced by GABAA Receptor Activation and Reduction in Cl− Gradient in Neonatal Rat Neocortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fukuda, Atsuo, Kanji Muramatsu, Akihito Okabe, Yasunobu Shimano, Hideki Hida, Ichiro Fujimoto, and Hitoo Nishino. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ induced by GABAA receptor activation and reduction in Cl− gradient in neonatal rat neocortex. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 439–446, 1998. We have studied the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and of reducing the Cl− gradient on the [Ca2+]i in pyramidal neurons of rat somatosensory cortex. The Cl− gradient was reduced either with furosemide or by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Immature slices taken at postnatal day (P)7–14 were labeled with fura-2, and [Ca2+]i was monitored in identified pyramidal cells in layer II/III as the ratio of fluorescence intensities (RF340/F380). The magnitude of the [Ca2+]i increases induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation was significantly reduced (by 44%) by bicuculline (10 μM), a GABAA receptor antagonist. Under normal conditions, GABA generally did not raise [Ca2+]i, although in some neurons a small and transient [Ca2+]i increase was observed. These transient [Ca2+]i increases were blocked by Ni2+ (1 mM), a blocker of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs). Continuous perfusion with GABA did not cause a sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i but bicuculline caused [Ca2+]i oscillations. After inhibition of Cl− extrusion with furosemide (1.5 mM), GABA induced a large [Ca2+]i increase consisting of an initial peak followed by a sustained phase. Both the initial and the sustained phases were eliminated by bicuculline (10 μM). The initial but not the sustained phase was abolished by Ni2+. In the presence of Ni2+, the remaining sustained response was inhibited by the addition of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5, 20 μM), a selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Thus the initial peak and the sustained phase of the GABA-evoked [Ca2+]i increase were mediated by Ca2+ influx through VDCCs and NMDA receptor channels, respectively, and both phases were initiated via the GABAA receptor. These results indicate that, in neocortical pyramidal neurons, a reduction in the Cl− gradient converts the GABAA receptor-mediated action from nothing or virtually nothing to a large and sustained accumulation of cellular Ca2+. This accumulation is the result of Ca2+ influx mainly through the NMDA receptor channel. Thus GABA, normally an inhibitory transmitter, may play an aggravating role in excitotoxicity if a shift in the Cl− equilibrium potential occurs, as reported previously, during cerebral ischemia.
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Ayeni, Oluwatosin A., Shingirai Chiwambutsa, Wenlong Carl Chen, Nyasha N. Kapungu, Comfort Kanji, Roslyn Thelingwani, Nivashni Murugan, et al. "Abstract P4-07-03: The impact of HIV on non-adherence for tamoxifen among women with breast cancer in South Africa." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P4–07–03—P4–07–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p4-07-03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction HIV-positive women with breast cancer (BC) have worse overall survival than HIV-negative women with BC, and poor adherence to prescribed tamoxifen is known to contribute to poor survival. We, therefore, investigated the association of HIV infection with adherence to adjuvant tamoxifen among women with localized hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer in South Africa. Methods Among 4,097 women diagnosed with breast cancer at six hospitals in the prospective South African Breast Cancer and HIV Outcomes (SABCHO) cohort study between July 2015 and December 2020, we focused on women with stages I-III HR-positive breast cancer who were prescribed 20mg of adjuvant tamoxifen daily for ≥3 months during the study period. We collected venous blood once from each participant during a routine clinic visit and analyzed concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites using a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. We defined non-adherence as a tamoxifen level < 60ng/mL after 3 months of prescribed daily tamoxifen use. We compared socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, tamoxifen-related side effects, and concurrent medication use among women with and without HIV and developed multivariable logistic regression models of tamoxifen non-adherence. Results Among 369 participants, 78 (21.1%) were HIV-positive and 291 (78.9%) HIV-negative. After a median (interquartile range) time of 13.0 (6.2-25.2) months since tamoxifen initiation, the tamoxifen serum concentration ranged between 1.54 and 943.0ng/mL, with a median of 52.3ng/mL. In the full cohort, 208 women (56.4%) were non-adherent to tamoxifen; only 161 (43.6%) were adherent. Women < 40 years of age were less likely to adhere to tamoxifen than women >60 years (73.4% vs 52.6%, odds ratio (OR)=2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26-4.94); likewise, HIV-positive women (70.5% vs 52.6%, OR=2.16, 95% CI=1.26-3.70) were less likely to adhere than HIV-negative women. In an adjusted model, only HIV was associated with non-adherence; HIV-positive women had twice the odds of non-adherence to tamoxifen, compared to HIV-negative women (OR=2.40, 95% CI=1.11-5.20). Conclusion Non-adherence to tamoxifen may limit the overall survival of women with HR-positive breast cancer; in our study, especially in HIV-positive women. Citation Format: Oluwatosin A Ayeni, Shingirai Chiwambutsa, Wenlong Carl Chen, Nyasha N. Kapungu, Comfort Kanji, Roslyn Thelingwani, Nivashni Murugan, Rophiwa Mathiba, Boitumelo Phakathi, Sarah Nietz, Duvern Ramiah, Daniel S. O’Neil, Judith S. Jacobson, Paul Ruff, Herbert Cubasch, Tobias Chirwa, Maureen Joffe, Collen Masimirembwa, Alfred I. Neugut. The impact of HIV on non-adherence for tamoxifen among women with breast cancer in South Africa [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-03.
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Ishiba, Toshiyuki, Ikuno Nishibuchi, Fumitaka Hara, Keita Sasaki, Ryo Sadate, Yuta Sekino, Ryunosuke Machida, et al. "Abstract PO3-19-01: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Metastasis-directed Therapy for Oligometastases in Breast Cancer (OLIGAMI trial; JCOG2110)." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): PO3–19–01—PO3–19–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po3-19-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background: Oligometastases were initially described as a concept bridging localized disease with widespread distant metastases, but a consensus on its definition has yet to be reached. Recently, the term "metastasis-directed therapy" (MDT) was coined to encompass local therapy for distant metastases, including surgery and radiation therapy (RT), especially stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Though OLIGO-BC1 and SABR-COMET have indicated the potential benefits of MDT for oligometastases, NRG-BR002 revealed no significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS). As a definitive conclusion to this clinical question has not been reached, there is an increasing demand for phase III trials focusing on breast cancer (BC). We planned the JCOG2110, also called as OLIGAMI trial . Design: OLIGAMI trial is a multi-institutional, two-arm, open-label, randomized controlled phase III trial being conducted with the participation of 50 hospitals belonging to Japan Clinical Oncology Group. After the first registration, all patients will be performed in a 12-week, subtype-specific, systemic therapy consisting of CDK4/6 inhibitors with hormonal therapy for luminal BC, docetaxel with trastuzumab and pertuzumab for HER2-positive BC, chemotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors for triple-negative BC expressing PD-L1, and olaparib for cases harboring BRCA mutations. For other triple-negative BC, chemotherapy will be administered. If this 12-week systemic therapy dose not cause any progression or complete response, patients proceed to second registration for randomization; arm A continues same systemic therapy alone, and arm B performs MDT followed by same systemic therapy. The MDT will involve either RT or surgery, and RT will involve mainly SBRT and partly conventional RT. Eligibility criteria: OLIGAMI trial will encompass all subtypes of advanced BC. The key criteria of the first registration are as follows: 1) Histologically diagnosed as invasive BC. Biopsy from oligometastases is desirable but not required. 2) Diagnosed with advanced BC with oligometastases by neck to pelvis enhanced CT, FDG-PET, and brain enhanced MRI. 3) Oligometastases defined as: (i) Maximum diameter of each tumor is 3 cm or less. (ii) Total number of 3 or less. (iii) In case of brain metastasis, maximum diameter is 2 cm or less and asymptomatic. 4) The patient with local recurrence is included. 5) De novo stage IV BC is included. The criteria of secondary registration are as follows: 1) The planned number of courses of systemic therapy has been performed. 2) No progression or new distant metastasis by response evaluation. 3) At least one oligometastaseis remains. Specific Aims: OLIGAMI trial aims to confirm the superiority of MDT to systemic therapy for oligometastases of BC. The primary endpoint is overall survival (OS) after randomization, while the secondary endpoints include OS after first registration, PFS, progression site (oligometastases vs. non-oligometastases), PFS specifically related to MDT (restricted arm B), proportion of adverse events and serious adverse events, and the non-progression proportion of health-related quality of life. Statistical methods: The sample size was calculated as 268 to detect 12% of 5-year OS difference with one-sided alpha of 0.05, power of 70%, 3 years of accrual, and 5 years of follow up. Therefore, we assumed the planned sample size for second registration for randomization as 270. We set the number of first registration as 340, assuming that there may be some patients with progression or complete response after the systemic therapy for 12 weeks. Present accrual and target accrual: The patient accrual will start in August 2023. Enrolment of 340 patients for first registration is planned over a 3-year accrual period. Contact information: Principal investigator, Toshiyuki Ishiba, MD. Ph.D. ishiba0313@gmail.com Citation Format: Toshiyuki Ishiba, Ikuno Nishibuchi, Fumitaka Hara, Keita Sasaki, Ryo Sadate, Yuta Sekino, Ryunosuke Machida, Haruhiko Fukuda, Takahiro Kogawa, Tomomi Fujisawa, Yasuaki Sagara, Yoichi Naito, Kaori Terata, Yukinori Ozaki, Akihiko Shimomura, Takehiko Sakai, Chizuko Kanbayashi, Tsuguo Iwatani, Hideo Shigematsu, Kenji Tamura, Takashi Mizowaki, Michio Yoshimura, Naoto Shikama, Tadahiko Shien, Hiroji Iwata. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Metastasis-directed Therapy for Oligometastases in Breast Cancer (OLIGAMI trial; JCOG2110) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-19-01.
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Aprilia, Trisna, and Adriani Adriani. "PEWARNAAN BATIK ZAT SINTETIS DI RUMAH BATIK PANDAN MANGURAI KOTA SUNGAI PENUH." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i1.29839.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study uses synthetic dyes in the dyeing process of synthetic dye batik in Sungai Penuh City (Case Study at Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai). The purpose of this study is to describe the recipe and process of batik coloring at Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai. This research method is descriptive qualitative method, primary data with secondary data, research informants batik business owners and workers at Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai. The instrument in the researcher's own research, which uses an observation guide, an interview guide, a documentation guide then the equipment used is a recording (camera). The validity of the data was obtained through careful observation, and trigulation. The data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation and gathering conclusions. The conclusion is the research on recipes and dyeing techniques used at Rumah Batik Pandan Mangutai with a vlot of 1:20 and the dye used is 5gr per 200 gr of fabric. Using 5000 ml of water for the dye used in this batik coloring technique using naptho, indigosol and remasol dyes. And using TRO to remove the starch on the cloth so that the color results are perfect. The coloring technique used is the dyeing technique, which is repeated as desired. Keywords: recipes, techniques, batik synthetic substances. AbstrakPenelitian ini pewarnaan Batik Zat Sintetis di Kota Sungai Penuh (Studi Kasus di Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai) menggunakan pewarna sintetis pada proses mewarnai kain batik pewarna sintetisnya terdiri dari zat pewarna napthol, zat pewarna indigosol, dan zat pewarna remasol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini guna mendiskripsikan resep dan proses pewarnaan batik di Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai. Metode penelitian ini ialah metode deskriptif kualitatif, data primer dengan data sekunder, informan penelitian pemilik usaha batik dan pekerja di Rumah Batik Pandan Mangurai. Instrumen pada penelitian peneliti sendiri, yang menggunakan panduan obesrvasi, panduan wawancara, panduan dokumentasi kemudian peralatan yang digunakan ialah perekaman (kamera). Keabsahan data didapatkan melalui telitian pengamatan, dan trigulasi. Data dianalisis memakai reduksi data, penyajian data serta pengumpulan kesimpulan. Kesimpulan yang penelitian resep dan teknik pewarnaan yang digunakan di Rumah Batik Pandan Mangutai dengan vlot 1:20 dan zat pewarna yang digunakan yaitu 5gr per 200 gr kain. Menggunakan 5000ml air untuk zat pewarna yang pakai pada teknik pewarnaan batik ini dengan menggunakan zat warna naptho, indigosol dan remasol. Dan menggunakan TRO untuk menghilangkan kanji yang ada dikain agar hasil warnanya sempurna.Teknik pewarnaan yang digunakan menggunakan teknik celup, yang dilakukan berulang-ulang sesuai dengan keinginan.Kata Kunci: resep, teknik, batik zat sintetis. Authors:Trisna Aprilia: Universitas Negeri PadangAdriani: Universitas Negeri Padang References:Barcode, T. S. (2010). Batik. Jakarta: PT. Niaga Swadaya.Chatib, Winarni. (1980). Pengetahuan Bahan Tekstil 1. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Pendidkan Menengah Kejuruan.Herina, Sri and Yuniasari, Dwi. (2013). Pewarnaan. Jakarta: PT. Niaga Swadaya.Noor, F. (2007). Teknologi Tekstil dan Fashion. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.Ramanto, Muzni. (2007). Pengetahuan Bahan Seni Rupa Dan Karya. Padang: UNP Press.Setiawati, P. (2004). Kumpas Tuntas Teknik Proses Membatik . Yogyakarta: Absolut.Soermarjadi, dkk. (1992). Pendidikan Keterampilan. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi, Proyek Pembinaan Tenaga Kependidikan.Sunarto. (2008). Teknologi Pencelupan Dan Pengecapan Jilid III. Jakarta: Direktorat Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Direktorat Jendral Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar Dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.Tejahjani, I. (2013). YUk, Membatik!. Jakarta: Esensi.
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Oda, Katsutoshi, Hidenori Kage, Manabu Muto, Katsuya Tsuchihara, Natsuko Okita, Yusuke Okuma, Junko Kikuchi, et al. "Abstract 3225: Real-world surveillance from cancer patients about their experience of comprehensive genomic profiling tests in Japan." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction: Over 40,000 cancer patients have taken comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) tests under health insurance coverage in Japan since June 2019. However, the indication is limited only to cancer patients who have finished (or are expected to finish) standard treatments. The aim of this study is to evaluate patients’ outcomes, levels of understanding, and satisfaction of the patients who received CGP tests. Methods: We performed a nationwide surveillance of 933 cancer patients who examined CGP tests at 80 institutions in Japan under the approval of the institutional ethics committee. The responses to the questionnaire (either web-based or paper-based) were from patients (81.6%) or their families (18.4%). Results: The range of patients’ age was 70s at 29.6%, followed by 60s at 26.8%, and 50s at 20.8%. The level of understanding during informed consent for the CGP tests {11 scales from 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest)} were 7 or higher in 70.8%, and those about their test results were 7 or higher in 75.2 %. The information was predominantly provided by attending physicians (78.0%) or physicians specialized in genomic medicine (19.6%), and limitedly from cancer genome medical coordinators (11.4%) and nurses (10.4%). The patients underwent FoundationOne CDx® (56.3%), FoundationOne Liquid CDx® (11.6%), or a domestic tumor/normal paired panel (OncoGuideTM NCC Oncopanel System, 14.4%). 16.2% of the patients could not recall which CGP test they received. New treatments based on the CGP testing were suggested in 46.8%, and 20.8% of them were treated with a suggested treatment by an expert panel (i.e., molecular tumor board). The treatment type was (i) approved drugs, 70.3%, (ii) clinical trials, 16.5%, (iii) patient-proposed national basket trial, 3.2%, and (iv) off-label use, 1.1%. 77.4% of the patients requested disclosure of germline findings, 10.5% declined, and 11.4% did not remember their decision. Overall satisfaction scores (11 scales) were found to be 7 or higher at 64.6%. The reasons for satisfaction included having the opportunity to learn about cancer risks of relatives (21.0%), having received detailed explanation (19.7%), having received information on new therapies (18.4%), and having the opportunity to learn about their cancer in detail (15.9%). The reason for lower scores (6 or lower) was mainly due to not receiving recommendations to a genome-matched therapy (58.3%). Conclusion: Our surveillance highlighted the significance of drug accessibility, information from interdisciplinary collaboration team, and appropriate information about the test results. The opportunity to learn about their cancer in detail was valuable for the patients as well, even when the results of CGP testing did not lead to a novel therapy. Citation Format: Katsutoshi Oda, Hidenori Kage, Manabu Muto, Katsuya Tsuchihara, Natsuko Okita, Yusuke Okuma, Junko Kikuchi, Hidekazu Shirota, Hideyuki Hayashi, Toshio Kokuryo, Daisuke Sakai, Akira Hirasawa, Makoto Kubo, Hirotsugu Kenmotsu, Nana Akiyama, Hyangri Chang, Aya Shinozaki-Ushiku, Masahiko Tanabe, Tetsuo Ushiku, Kaori Muto, Kiyoshi Miyagawa, Yasuyuki Seto. Real-world surveillance from cancer patients about their experience of comprehensive genomic profiling tests in Japan [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3225.
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Terata, Kaori, Yasuaki Sagara, Tadahiko Shien, Takehiko Sakai, Shin Takayama, Dai Kitagawa, Tsuguo Iwatani, et al. "Abstract PO4-19-07: Tailored Axillary Surgery (TAS) in Patients with Clinically Node-Positive Breast Cancer in the Upfront Surgery Setting: A Prospective, Single-Arm, Multicenter Trial." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): PO4–19–07—PO4–19–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po4-19-07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A brief background discussion: Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), which can induce lymphedema, has been omitted in clinically node-negative(cN0) patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) if they meet the eligibility criteria of ACOSOG Z0011. Furthermore, the omission of ALND has been attempted through targeted axillary dissection (TAD) in patients whose clinically node-positive(cN+) status converts to ycN0 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, ALND remains the standard of care in patients with cN+ who undergo upfront surgery. Trial design: This is a prospective, single-arm, multicenter phase II feasibility trial with the participation of 41 hospitals belonging to the breast cancer study group of Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG). Tailored axillary surgery (TAS) removes labeled lymph node (LN) with clip, wire, or tattoo, palpable LNs, and SLNs. ALND is performed after TAS. These LNs removed by ALND other than TAS are defined as non-TAS LNs. Eligibility criteria: The eligibility criteria are as follows: 1) histologically-proven invasive breast cancer, 2) upfront surgery is planned, 3) pathologically diagnosed metastatic LN (cytology or core needle biopsy), 4) 1-3 LN metastases in level I by imaging, 5) cT1-3, and 6) females aged ≥18 and ≤74 years on the enrollment date. Specific aims: This trial aims to establish a surgical method of tailored axillary surgery (TAS) among patients with cN+ who undergo upfront surgery and to determine the appropriate criteria for the next phase III TAS trial, which omits ALND by TAS safely. The primary endpoint is the non-TAS LNs positive rate. Clinicopathological factors (the number of suspected metastases by imaging, the number of metastases in LNs resected by TAS, tumor size, and invasive ductal/lobular carcinoma) are analyzed to predict the non-TAS LN metastasis rate (e.g., < 10%). The secondary endpoints are the TAS LNs identification rate, marked LN resection rate, arm edema incidence rate, and QOL (FACT-B, QuickDASH). Statistical methods: In this trial, among the combinations of factors involved in treatment selection, the objective is to narrow down the combinations that will result in a non-TAS metastasis-positive rate of less than 10% when TAS is performed. For a single combination, 167 cases need to be considered to reject a non-TAS metastasis-positive rate of 10% or more (5% one-sided alpha error, 70% power, and 5% expected value). However, performing these studies for all combinations lacks feasibility. Therefore, we decided to improve the estimation accuracy by using a regression model with the non-TAS metastasis-positive rate as the outcome variable and the factors involved in treatment selection as explanatory variables and to search for combinations of factors with a non-TAS metastasis-positive rate less than 10%. Based on the rule of thumb that a sample size of at least ten times the number of factors is required when using regression methods, a regression model is used when 60 cases are accumulated. The combinations with a 90% confidence upper limit of less than 10% of non-TAS metastasis positivity as the predictive value of the regression model will be selected as candidate combinations that fulfill the conditions. If the accuracy of the predictive value is considered insufficient, 60 cases will be added sequentially up to a maximum of 300 cases. Present accrual and target accrual: The patient recruitment was started in April 2023. Up to 300 patients will be enrolled over a 2-year recruitment period. Twenty-one patients were already enrolled until July 2023. Citation Format: Kaori Terata, Yasuaki Sagara, Tadahiko Shien, Takehiko Sakai, Shin Takayama, Dai Kitagawa, Tsuguo Iwatani, Takahiro Tsukioki, Mami Ogita, Naoko Sanuki, Masayuki Yoshida, Hitoshi Tsuda, Seiichiro Yamamoto, Hiroji Iwata. Tailored Axillary Surgery (TAS) in Patients with Clinically Node-Positive Breast Cancer in the Upfront Surgery Setting: A Prospective, Single-Arm, Multicenter Trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-19-07.
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Singh, M. K., G. D. Nayak, and K. K. Sardar. "Phenotypic characterization of native chicken populations reared underfamily-based free-range scavenging system in Odisha, India." Indian Journal of Animal Research, no. 0f (October 4, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.v0i0f.3797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The genetic architecture of 10 rural poultry populations in two distant tribal districts of Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi of Odisha state in India were studied for 15 quantitative and 11 qualitative characteristics through a field survey. Analysis of dispersion was conducted to test the simultaneous significance of mean differences in above characteristics and was found to be highly significant (p is less than 0.01). Cluster-I (Khairi and Kabri), cluster-II (Hansli, Gujuri, Dumasil, Dhabla, Kalua and Khadia), cluster-III (Jhinjiria), and cluster-IV included Chitri populations. The maximum D2 value was found between Hansli and Kabri (513.825) followed by Gujuri and Kabri (410.312) while minimum D2 value was observed between Khairi and Kabri (1.50). The average inter cluster distance was high between cluster-I and cluster-II (17.218) and also between cluster-II and IV (17.207). The genetic variation can be confirmed using biochemical and DNA markers which will help to obtain phenotypically pure local fowl genetic resources for future selection and breeding.
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"Runoff Estimation by Integration of GIS and SCS-CN Method for Kanari River Watershed." Indian Journal of Ecology, December 20, 2021, 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55362/ije/2021/3425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conventional water management is the only alternative to overcome the gap between demand and supply and for this surface water resource management is interpretative issue. Kanari river watershed, located between 23°33′36.73″N and 80°06′57.49″E at an elevation of about 490 m in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh State, India has been used for the study. The major component of the hydrologic cycle is rainfall, directly related to runoff. Integration of GIS and SCS-CN method can be beneficial to overcome this problem of runoff estimation. The runoff varies from 465.59 to 1119.24 mm (1990–2019). The amount of rainfall varies from 1136.7 to 1592.98 mm in the Kanari river watershed. The calculated average annual runoff was 729.87 mm and average runoff volume for the period of 29 years is 218.36. The model finally depicted the runoff in the area kept on increasing as rainfall kept on increasing following a linear trend which predicted that the infiltration opportunity decrease and ultimately resulting in decreased infiltration rate causing decreased base flow. Artificial recharge structures can be recommended in the study area.
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Dieng, Amady Aly. "L’odysée d’intellectuels maghrébins." Africa Review of Books 1, no. 1 (April 5, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/arb.v1i1.4796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Parcours d’intellectuels maghrébinspar Aissa Kadri et aliiKarthala,1999, 428pages, 27,44euros ISBN : 2-86537997-3 Cet ouvrage publié sous la direction de Aïssa Kadri, maître de conférences en sociologie à l’Université de Paris 8, se situe à l’opposé de nombreux textes portant sur les intellectuels en pays d’islam qui, l’air du temps et la surmédiatisation de l’islam politique aidant, traitent ces derniers au travers du prisme du discours politique et de catégories idéologiques. Les travaux présentés ici se situent dans une perspective comparatiste et historique et s’attachent à comprendre les positionnements des intellectuels maghrébins dans l’action sociale et politique. L’originalité de ces études consiste en une analyse sociologique et anthropologique des modes de socialisation et de formation institutionnels ou non, et des structurations premières définissant des espaces-temps dans lesquels s’inscrivent les parcours individuels. Ces modes et structurations sont caractéristiques des contacts culturels qui déterminent des engagements souvent plus variés et nuancés que tranchés.
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"Identification and Mapping of and egradation through Remote L D Sensing in Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India." Indian Journal of Ecology, April 15, 2022, 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55362/ije/2022/3567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study is assess the land degradation in the Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir with the use of multi temporal satellite images of Sentinel II data of three seasons of the year 2018 with the spatial resolution of 10 metres within the third, fourth, and the Eighth bands in conjunction with the ground truthing of the study area. The evaluation was done with the utilization of visual interpretation keys like tone, texture, etc in Arc GIS 10.2 Software. Based on the severity of the land degradation the study area was mapped into categories of anthropogenic (mining), barren rocky/ stony waste, water erosion gullies and water erosion ravines. Out of 1371 square kilometres of the study area, approximately 129.20 square kilometres are degraded, out of which 118.84 square kilometres were categorized into the barren rocky stony waste class, which is due to the undulating topography (Kandi) of the realm. The decrease in the vegetation cover and also the transformation of the agricultural land into horticulture and other commercial activities is the reason for the land degradation. This paper will function as an input to the planners, district system for monitoring and management of the severity of land degradation within the area.
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Sudarsana, Putu Brahmanda, Wayan Nata Septiadi, and Mulya Juarsa. "Kajian Performa Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS) pada System-Integrated Advanced Modular Reactor (SMART)." Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jpen.2021.23.2.6337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SMART (System-Integrated Advanced Modular Reactor) merupakan desain reaktor multifungsi Generasi III+ tipe SMR (Small Modular Reactor) yang dikembangkan oleh KAERI (Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute) dengan kapabilitas produksi listrik 107 MWe dan energi termal 365 MWt. Sistem SMART meliputi berbagai fitur keselamatan untuk mengatasi LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) dan skenario kecelakaan lainnya. Salah satu dari fitur tersebut adalah Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS) atau sistem pembuang sisa panas pasif yang bekerja tanpa membutuhkan sumber daya elektrik. Sistem ini bekerja sesuai dengan prinsip sirkulasi alam sehingga bergantung pada aspek termal, tekanan, dan pengaruhnya terhadap aliran massa. Ketiga aspek tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kapabilitas pembuangan panas pada sistem. Data performa PRHRS reaktor SMART pada beberapa kondisi kecelakaan yang diperoleh melalui studi eksperimental maupun simulasi termohidrolika dianalisis pada kajian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan unjuk kerja pembuangan sisa panas yang baik oleh PRHRS SMART dengan waktu aktuasi yang tepat dan pendinginan yang stabil. Dengan kapabilitas multifungsi dan kemampuan pendinginan yang baik pada berbagai skenario kecelakaan, SMART memiliki potensi tinggi untuk kelak diterapkan di Indonesia.
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Dominik, William J. "The Classical ‘Traception’: Reconceptualizing Classics in Africa (With an Analysis of Fugard, Kani and Ntshona’s The Island)." International Journal of the Classical Tradition, February 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12138-022-00636-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractClassics has been used for various social, cultural and political purposes on the African sub-continent. Part I highlights some theoretical considerations regarding the traditional models of the classical tradition and the classical reception in Africa. The idea of the classical ‘traception’ embraces the classical tradition through its suggestion of linear descendent and the classical reception through its ‘receptive’ and reconfigurative associations. Part II discusses how and when classical ideas and texts reached and extended into Africa from the time of the sixteenth century and the main areas that constitute the classical ‘traception’ on the subcontinent. Part III presents a case study in the area of drama to illustrate some of the interpretive consequences of using the model of the classical tradition as opposed to that of the classical reception. My proposed model of the ‘classical traception’ seems preferable to either of these models when describing the dynamics of Fugard, Kani, and Ntshona’s The Island (1974) since it spans both the European conception of the original Antigone and its linear descent as well as its reconfiguration by its split collective (hybrid) multi-racial ‘author’ in The Island. Considering the elements of the classical tradition along with those of the classical reception—what I jointly term classical ‘traception’—helps to provide a broader view of the ways in which Classics has helped to shape and been received by different African societies and their cultures from the perspectives of both the European colonizers and indigenous peoples.
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Farhikhtah, Arghanoon, Lena Hohfeld, Alexandria Schmall, Martin Ahimbisibwe, Inyogba Saliu, Kusum Hachhethu, Carrie Morrison, Nancy Aburto, and Stephen Kodish. "Rapid Assessment Procedures Formative Research Approach Used to Design a Mobile-technology Enhanced Social and Behavior Change Communication Nutrition Strategy in Nigeria (P16-053-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz050.p16-053-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives To design of a tailored social and behavior change communication (SBCC) strategy to improve program coverage and key nutrition behaviors of internally displaced persons (IDP) in northeast Nigeria, To determine preferred and appropriate ways of integrating one- and two-way mobile communication tools into SBCC activities, To demonstrate application of the Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) formative research approach in a humanitarian context with severe insecurity. Methods A RAP approach and was conducted over 4 weeks in August, 2018. It included multiple qualitative methods and various participant types for triangulation. In-depth interviews (IDI), open-ended interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted among mothers and fathers of children under 5 years, local community leaders and health workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among professionals (nutrition and technology experts) with contextual programming knowledge. Interviews and FGD were digitally recorded in Hausa or Kanuri before translation and transcription into English. Textual data were managed in NVivo software, where salient themes pertinent to the research questions were identified. Results A total of 29 IDI, 12 FGD and 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted among diverse stakeholders. An SBCC strategy was designed with preferred communication channels, defined audience segments and tailored messages using emic terms in local languages. Primary caregivers, typically female in this context, were identified as the primary audience. Community health workers, local leaders (e.g., imams) and husbands were identified as secondary audiences who influence the primary caregivers’ nutrition behaviors. Interpersonal (care groups), media (radio) and mobile technologies (interactive voice response calls; SMS; chatbots in low-cost websites) emerged as preferred and viable communication channels. Salient terms and phrases were applied to standard biomedical nutrition messages about breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Conclusions A RAP approach offers a viable formative research model in humanitarian contexts where security challenges might not allow for desired lengthy, in-depth formative work typical of high-quality SBCC strategy design. Funding Sources World Food Program, Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs
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Koivulehto, Jorma. "Etymologisesti hämäriä -(is)tA-johdosverbejä, lainoja ja omapohjaisia." Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 2009, no. 92 (January 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.33340/susa.82022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Suomessa on paljon verbejä, joiden vartalo päättyy elementtiin -ta-/-tä-. Valtaosa on nomineista johdettuja ns. supistumaverbejä, joissa infinitiivin tunnus on alun perin liittynyt johtimen konsonanttivartaloon; johtimen edellä ollut nominin loppuvokaali on taas säilynyt: kuvata : kuvaan (*kuva-t-tak : *kuva-ta-n > *kuva-δa-n, vrt. kuva), lainata (vrt. laina), tervata (vrt. terva). Supistumaverbityyppi on nykyään erittäin produktiivinen ja siihen on liittynyt paljon myös lainoja, joiden vieras originaali on verbi: vrt. kelvata : kelpaan (vrt. germ. *χelpa-), maalata : maalaan (vrt. muinaisruotsin māla), pestata : pestaan (muinais- ja nykyruotsin fästa).
Toinen tyyppi on sellainen, että johdin liittyy konsonanttiseen tai yksi tavuiseen vokaaliseen kantavartaloon. Kiistattomia vanhoja verbikantaisia johdoksia ovat nostaa, vartalo nos-ta- (verbivartalosta nouse-); pistää, vartalo *pis-tä- (verbivartalosta *pise- > pysy-); päästää, vartalo pääs-tä- (verbivartalosta pääse-). Nominikantaisia taas ovat jäätää, vartalo jää-tä- (kantavartalo nomini jää); kaartaa (vrt. kaari), kannustaa (vrt. kannus). Tähän tyyppiin on mukautunut myös joukko vanhimpia verbilainoja, kuten niittää (niit-tä-, vrt. germ. *snīþ-e/a- ’leikata’), sietää (vrt. germ. *stē- > muinaisruotsin stā ’seisoa’, myös ’sietää’; vrt. engl. stand kielteisenä myös ’sietää’ jne.).
Tällaisten johdosten joukossa on jo useita, joiden hahmottaminen johdokseksi ei enää ole aivan selvää. Sellaisiksi voi kai lukea vaikkapa verbit kastaa (johdos substantiivista kasi ’kaste, kosteus’), säätää (? johdos substantiivista sää ’säie’, ks. SSA III 246) tai vuotaa (johdos substantiivista vuo ’virran uoma; virta’). Nykykielessä täysin perusvartalon veroisia ovat sellaiset vanhat johdokset, joiden kantasana on kielestä hävinnyt tai muuttunut tunnistamattomaksi: ostaa (*wos-ta-), kantasana on ollut substantiivi *wosa ’kauppatavara’, vanha indoeurooppalais-esigermaaninen laina, jonka originaalia edustaa nykysaksan Ware ’(kauppa)tavara’; pistää (vrt. yllä). Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen joitakin hämärtyneitä -ta-/-tä-johdoksia, etenkin vanhoja lainaverbejä, joissa tämä johdin esiintyy.
Lainaverbejä on muodostettu useilla muillakin suffikseilla. Otan tässä lisäksi esiin vain joitakin sellaisia verbejä, joissa on -(i)sta-/-(i)stä-suffiksi. Mukana on myös yksi omakantainen verbi. Suffiksia voi pitää yhdysperäisenä suffiksina perussuffiksista -ta-/-tä- (ks. Hakulinen 2000: 297). Käsittelen seuraavien verbien etymologioita: 1. hoitaa (hoiva), 2. hyötää, 3. höystää, höistää, 5. kaataa, 6. kostaa, 7. kuristaa, 8. ottaa, 9. pettää, 10. *taistaa, taisto, taistella. Lisäksi käsittelen verbien hyötää ja höystää kantasanaksi katsomani adjektiivin 4. hyvä etymologiaa. Alaviitteissä koskettelen lyhyesti vielä etymologiankannalta verbejä syöksyä/syöstä ja tunkea (alaviite 7, alaviite 13) ja nominia maa (alaviite 10).
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Saha, Rohini, Saptarshi Saha, and Gourab Kanti Das. "Theoretical Investigation on the Mechanistic Pathways of Cp*Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed Transformation of N-Substituted Carbamoyl Indoles to Pyrroloindolone Derivatives." Current Indian Science 01 (August 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210299x01666220816153029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim: A theoretical study on the Cp*cobalt(III) catalyzed C-H functionalization transformation of N-substituted carbamoyl indoles with alkyne derivatives to pyrroloindolone derivatives has been performed using DFT method. Background: Indole skeleton is an important part for developing regioselective C-H bond functionalisation reactions. Pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole bearing a 6-5-5 tricyclic skeleton (Scheme-1) is an important structural component found in many biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals, (such as antitumor mitomycin C, antimalarial flinderole B etc.).Thus C−H activation process has great demand methods for efficiently synthesizing a pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole unit from readily available starting materials. One such attractive report was published by Matsunaga & Kanai et.al., Which shows pyrroloindolone derivatives can be synthesized (Scheme-2) through Cp*Co(III) catalysed C-H alkenylation and annulations from N-substituted carbamoyl indoles. Objective: Our current project deals with the determination of the rate determining step of the reaction, to determine the energetically favourable pathway. Investigation of the actual reason behind the regioselectivity of the products whether it is steric or electronic effects of the substituents. Method: The geometry optimization and energy calculations of all the systems were carried out with the Gaussian 09 software. Construction of trial geometries, monitoring the progress of calculations and visualization of the final output were done by several graphical user interface softwares like Gauss View, Molden etc. Geometry optimization of all species is performed using M06-2X functional in DFT method as a method for performing optimization of structures. 6-31G (d, p) basis set was employed for all non-metal atoms and the LANL2DZ basis set was employed for cobalt. To find out the geometries of several transition structures on the potential energy surface (PES) of the reaction pathway, relaxed scan method was used. Result: DFT study on a reaction of carbamoyl indoles with alkyne derivatives by activate Co(III)Cp* catalytic condition is done here. The target scheme followed the energetics of two possible pathways. The initial step of the reaction is the alkyne insertion step which needs 21.27 kcal mol-1 amount of energy. In the first case the final annulated product has been generated through a carbon-carbon bond formation, proton transfer and demetallation processes in path-a. The global activation barrier has been found to be quite high (30.17 kcal mol-1). However the study of the second pathway, which generated the simple alkenylated product through the proto-demetalation process in path-b, reveals a more reliable activation barrier (21.27 kcal mol-1). Conclusion: Comparison of the energy requirement clearly reveals that the formation of the final product should go through favourable simple alkenylation process that is path-b for dimethyl amine. Due to lower energy barrier the simple alkenylation pathway (i.e Path-b) is more favourable one. Initial alkyne addition step is the rate determining step. The regioselectivity of the alkyne addition is purely governed by the steric crowding around the substrate. Thus the favourable mode of alkyne addition has lower energy barrier due to lesser steric interactions. This theoretical investigation may guide the future researchers for developing some other economical route for generating similar derivatives.