Дисертації з теми "Ignition engines"
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Calnan, Peter John Courtney Benedict. "Analysis of new engine cycles for spark ignition engines." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389985.
Повний текст джерелаKaul, Brian Christopher. "Addressing nonlinear combustion instabilities in highly dilute spark ignition engine operation." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Kaul_09007dcc804ea67e.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 28, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-176).
Hu, Zhengyun. "Turbulence enhancement in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340890.
Повний текст джерелаPosylkin, Michael. "Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243438.
Повний текст джерелаNates, Roy Jonathan. "Knock damage in spark-ignition engines." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11478.
Повний текст джерелаMutzke, Johannes Gerhard. "Abnormal combustion in spark ignition engines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0bba0e6c-a989-4791-a80a-8b39fe88f431.
Повний текст джерелаLodi, Faisal Samad. "Reducing cold start fuel consumption through improved thermal management." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3601.
Повний текст джерелаThe engine used for experimentation was a Ford in-line, 4 stroke, 6-cylinder engine, with a compression ratio of 10.3:1, in which 56 K-type thermocouples were installed at different locations to measure the temperature. The experiments were performed with varying coolant flow rate from normal down to zero, utilizing an electric water pump, over an approximation to the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), at a speed of 1161 rev/min and load of 48 Nm. The selected speed and load were the average operating condition for 180 seconds of engine running over the urban part of a simulated NEDC. In addition, the coolant circuit was modified to a split cooling supply and the sets of results analyzed to find the reduction in engine warm-up time and fuel consumption.
It is shown from the results that the warm-up time of the engine and the fuel consumption were notably reduced, as the flow was reduced from maximum to minimum in steps. On average over an interval of engine running for 300 seconds from cold start, the cylinder head temperature was increased by about 2°C , the average engine block temperature was increased by about 6.5°C and the average cylinder head coolant temperature was increased by about 4°C . However, the bulk temperature of the oil in the oil sump showed marginal improvement and remained consistent, even at the lowest coolant flow rate. Nonetheless, the improvements in block temperature had significant effects on reducing the friction between the piston and cylinder walls.
Analysis of the results show that the coolant flow pattern changed with the use of an electric water pump. The flow is less evenly distributed around the cylinders with the use of an electric water pump, whilst retaining the mechanical water pump body, compared to the mechanical water pump operation.
The model was applied to simulate for two engine operating points, i.e., 1161 rev/min, 48 Nm load and 700 rev/min and 0 Nm load. The model was calibrated at 1161 rev/min, 48 Nm load and validated at 700 rev/min, 0 Nm load. The modeling results were in fair agreement with the experimental results. The model can be employed to investigate electric water pump control.
The important finding is that around 3% fuel consumption savings are possible over the NEDC by management strategies that lead to faster cylinder block warm up, even though this may result in little or no change in oil temperature as measured in the sump.
Wiseman, Marc William. "Spark ignition engine combustion process analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11131/.
Повний текст джерелаKapil, Anil. "Cycle-to-cycle variations in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28392.
Повний текст джерелаApplied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Hong, C. W. "Computer simulation of turbocharged spark ignition engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47281.
Повний текст джерелаPashley, Nicholas C. "Ignition systems for lean burn gas engines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b5fcf2d4-b27b-4b3b-a593-ee307ec80f3a.
Повний текст джерелаBleimschein, G. E. "The octane requirement of spark ignition engines." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8286.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis covers the fundamentals of refining and fuel technology, engine technology as regards parameters which influence knock and the results of engine tests. Definitions of octane number and the interpretation of the system developed to establish these numbers using the CFR engine are given. The literature survey covers the fundamental refining processes which are used to upgrade gasoline components in order to raise their octane quality or to achieve a more suitable distillation range. Some of the reactions which take place are described and operating conditions for the reactions to occur are given. The chemistry of fuels which affects their octane quality is given and discussed. Generally, aromatics have very good octane values but straight chain paraffins are poor in this regard.
Kayes, David J. (David Jonathan) 1972. "Particulate matter formation in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9417.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 180-184).
Recent health concerns over airborne particulate matter (PM) have prompted examination of the mechanisms by which PM is formed in spark ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. A study was undertaken in order to understand the effects of dilution on measured PM, to examine and model the effect of steady state engine operating conditions on engine-out PM, and to characterize the effect of transient engine conditions on particle growth and dynamics. Particle dynamics in diluted SI and compression ignition (Cl) engine exhaust are examined and discussed in the context of SI exhaust dilution. Temperature measurements in the exhaust pipe and dilution tunnel reveal the degree of mixing between exhaust and dilution air, the effect of flowrate on heat transfer from undiluted and diluted exhaust to the environment, and the minimum permissible dilution ratio for a maximum sample temperature of 52°C. Measurements of PM concentrations as a function of dilution ratio, using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), show the competing effects of temperature and particle/vapor concentrations on particle growth dynamics, which result in a range of dilution ratios - from 13 to 18 - where the effect of dilution ratio, independent of flowrate, is kept to a minimum and is therefore optimal in order to achieve repeatable PM concentration measurements. Particle dynamics in transit through the dilution tunnel are measured and compared to previous research. PM emissions are strongly affected by steady state engine parameters that affect global and local air/fuel ratios, the concentration of liquid fuel in the cylinder, and the availability of soot precursors. PM emissions vary by up to six orders of magnitude between the fuels tested, when at the same fuel/air equivalence ratio. Minimum PM concentrations are emitted at a global fuel/air ratio within 10% of stoichiometric, with the exact value depending on the particular fuel, and concentrations can increase by more than three orders of magnitude when the fuel/air ratio is either increased or decreased 30% from stoichiometric. Burning liquid fuel is a significant source of PM, as evidenced by the fact that open valve fuel injection increases PM emissions by up to three orders of magnitude relative to closed valve injection. Coolant and oil temperatures, spark timing, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) affect PM through their effect on intake port and cylinder temperatures, as well as through the effect on the availability of liquid fuel in the cylinder. Particles derived from oil consumption were found to be between zero and 40% of the total PM concentration for the oils used in the present experiments. Differences in PM emissions with and without the catalytic converter are not statistically significant. Particulate number and mass concentrations plus particle sizes are addressed in the present paper, as is the correlation between PM and emissions of gaseous pollutants - hydrocarbons (HCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of carbon (CO and CO2) - as well as oxygen and characteristic temperatures and pressures during the engine cycle. A model of PM formation via homogeneous- and heterogeneous-phase reactions, growth via condensation and adsorption/absorption of vapors, and diminution via oxidation explains the observed behavior of PM emissions with respect to each of the engine, fuel, and dilution parameters above. PM emissions during transient engine operation are generally a first-order time response with characteristic times similar to those involved in the fuel evaporation process, suggesting that PM emissions respond to instantaneous engine conditions and may be modeled using a quasi-steady state application of the model.
by David Kayes.
Ph.D.
Kenny, Wilhelm Jordaan. "Development of an engine testing facility for spark ignition engine fuels." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80043.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis comprises of the development of a facility were spark ignition engine fuels can be tested. Development of the facility included the installation of a standard spark ignition engine, an engine dynamometer, control and monitoring equipment, control and monitoring software, and an in-cylinder pressure measurement setup. The system was tested using petrol as well as a petrol-ethanol blend. The results indicated good accuracy and repeatability of the system. Analysis of the performance and combustion of the petrol-ethanol blend showed no significant difference in comparison to the petrol fuel. The petrol-ethanol blend showed a slight increase in oxygen content and fuel consumption as well as an increase in CO2 emissions and a decrease in CO emissions. During the project, a comparison was also made between the performance of fibre optic transducers and a piezoelectric transducer. It was found that the fibre optic transducers performed similarly to the piezoelectric transducer during low engine load conditions. At high load conditions however, the fibre optic transducers were not able to produce the same accuracy as the piezoelectric transducer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bestaan uit die ontwikkeling van 'n fasiliteit waar brandstowwe vir 'n vonkontsteking binnebrandenjin getoets kan word. Ontwikkeling van die fasiliteit sluit in die installering van 'n standaard vonkontsteking binnebrandenjin, 'n enjin rem, beheer en monitering toerusting, beheer en monitering sagteware, en 'n insilinder drukmeting opstelling. Die fasiliteit is getoets met suiwer petrol sowel as 'n petrol-etanol mengsel. Die resultate het hoë vlakke van akkuraatheid en herhaalbaarheid getoon. Ontleding van die werksverrigting en verbranding van die petrol-etanol mengsel het geen beduidende verskil getoon in vergelyking met die suiwer petrol brandstof nie. Die petrol-etanol mengsel het 'n effense toename in suurstofinhoud, brandstofverbruik, sowel as CO2 vrylating en 'n afname in CO vrylating getoon. Tydens die projek is 'n vergelyking getref tussen die akkuraatheid van optiese vesel drukmeters en 'n piësoëlektriese drukmeter. Daar is bevind dat die akkuraatheid van die optiese vesel drukmeters soortgelyk is aan die piësoëlektriese drukmeter gedurende lae enjin lastoestande. By hoë las omstandighede was die optiese vesel drukmeters egter nie in staat om dieselfde akkuraatheid as die piësoëlektriese drukmeter te handhaaf nie.
Duszynski, Marek. "Measurement of lubricant film thickness in reciprocating engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8268.
Повний текст джерелаRoberts, Philip John. "Fuel and residual effects in spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530821.
Повний текст джерелаWeinrotter, Martin [Verfasser]. "Laser Ignition of Internal Combustion Engines : Basic Laser and Ignition Optics Developments, Engine Application and Optical Diagnostics / Martin Weinrotter." München : GRIN Verlag, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1182238203/34.
Повний текст джерелаAndersson, Per. "Air charge estimation in turbocharged spark ignition engines /." Linköping : Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/tek989s.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаXiaofeng, Gao. "Real time knock detection for spark ignition engines." Thesis, Brunel University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241624.
Повний текст джерелаBaker, Philip. "Investigation of barrel swirl in spark ignition engines." Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364160.
Повний текст джерелаMullett, Jack Daniel. "Laser-Induced Ignition Systems for Gasoline Automotive Engines." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507466.
Повний текст джерелаDaham, Basil. "Measuring real-world emissions from spark ignition engines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426900.
Повний текст джерелаWilliams, Paul Andrew. "Characterization of fuel sprays in spark ignition engines." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282716.
Повний текст джерелаSandoval, Daniel 1980. "An improved friction model for spark ignition engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80657.
Повний текст джерелаHasson, Dhari A. "Mixture preparation and combustion in spark ignition engines." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11867/.
Повний текст джерелаHynes, John. "Turbulence effects on combustion in spark ignition engines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3712/.
Повний текст джерелаSrivastava, Shalabh. "Numerical simulation of a direct injection spark ignition engine using ethanol as fuel." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Знайти повний текст джерелаTitle from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-122). Also issued in print.
Sleightholme-Albanis, G. R. "Measurements of spark-ignition engine fuelling variations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241120.
Повний текст джерелаHamori, Ferenc. "Exploring the limits of hydrogen assisted jet ignition /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001606.
Повний текст джерелаDymala-Dolesky, Robert. "The effects of turbulence enhancement on the performance of a spark-ignition engine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26696.
Повний текст джерелаApplied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Norouzi, Shahrouz. "Interaction of diesel type fuels and engine fuel system components in compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5369/.
Повний текст джерелаMin, Kyoungdoug. "The effects of crevices on the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions in spark ignition engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12221.
Повний текст джерелаLim, Emmanuel G. (Emmanuel Gocheco). "The engine reformer : syngas production in engines using spark-ignition and metallic foam catalysts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100109.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-135).
An experimental study was performed to assess the feasibility of performing methane (CH4) partial oxidation (POX) in two internal combustion engines: one equipped to perform spark-ignition (the "spark-ignited engine"), and the other containing a catalyst in the engine cylinder (the "catalytic engine"). The exhaust gases were rich in hydrogen- (H 2) and carbon monoxide- (CO), and could be used as synthesis gas ("syngas") for the synthesis of liquid fuels such as methanol. Conventional syngas production techniques are only economical on a large scale and cannot be transported to hard-to-reach gas sources, where gas-to-liquids (GTL) would have the biggest impact on the transportability of that gas. Engines could be deployed at these locations to produce syngas on a small scale and at low cost, as they benefit from the economies of mass production that have been achieved through advanced manufacturing techniques. We call this type of engine an "engine reformer". This thesis contrasts the results of performing methane POX in two different engine reformers, using atmospheric air as the oxidizer. One of four cylinders in a Yanmar 4TNV84T marine diesel generator was converted to ignite methane POX mixtures using a spark plug. Intake temperatures > 350 °C were required to minimize misfire. Exhaust H2 to CO ratios of 1.4 were achieved with methane-air equivalence ratios (0m) up to 2.0, while ratios of > 2.0 were achieved with hydrocarbon-air equivalence ratios (PHc) up to 2.8 with the assistance of hydrogen (H 2) and ethane (C 2H6). High equivalence ratios °PHC > 2.2 showed reduced CH4 conversion efficiency, therefore PHC = 2.2 (with H2 produced a good tradeoff between syngas quality and CH4 conversion. A single-cylinder Lister-Petter TRl diesel generator was used to perform methane POX using a palladium (Pd) washcoat catalyst deposited on a Fecralloy® disk. With > 150 °C intake temperatures, exhaust H2 to CO ratios of 1.0 were achieved with methane-air equivalence ratios (PM = 4.0 with varying amounts of CO2 to simultaneously perform methane dry reforming. Spark-ignition appeared to provide higher reliability, though tests will continue to be performed on the catalytic engine to optimize performance. A larger engine of a similar design to the spark-ignited Yanmar will be deployed at a demonstration plant in North Carolina to produce syngas at higher flow rates, and will be integrated with a liquids synthesis reactor to produce methanol.
by Emmanuel G. Lim.
S.M.
Ahmed, Irufan. "Simulation of turbulent flames relevant to spark-ignition engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245288.
Повний текст джерелаBennett, Guy Malcolm. "CFD modelling of ignition and combustion in diesel engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408413.
Повний текст джерелаHull, David Richard. "Combustion technology in the lean-burn spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244514.
Повний текст джерелаBall, Jeffrey K. "Cycle-by-cycle variation in spark ignition combustion engines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390474.
Повний текст джерелаYuen, Hong Chuen Raymond. "An investigation of thermal conditions in spark ignition engines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366457.
Повний текст джерелаLandsberg, Gary B. (Gary Bryan) 1975. "Liquid fuel hydrocarbon emissions mechanisms in spark-ignition engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89274.
Повний текст джерелаAngelos, John P. (John Phillip). "Fuel effects in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50615.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 209-217).
Homogenous-charge, compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion is a new method of burning fuel in internal combustion (IC) engines. In an HCCI engine, the fuel and air are premixed prior to combustion, like in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. However, rather than using a spark to initiate combustion, the mixture is ignited through compression only, as in a compression-ignition (CI) engine; this makes combustion in HCCI engines much more sensitive to fuel chemistry than in traditional IC engines. The union of SI- and CI-technologies gives HCCI engines substantial efficiency and emissions advantages. However, one major challenge preventing significant commercialization of HCCI technology is its small operating range compared to traditional IC engines. This project examined the effects of fuel chemistry on the size of the HCCI operating region, with an emphasis on the low-load limit (LLL) of HCCI operability. If commercialized, HCCI engines will have to operate using standard commercial fuels. Therefore investigating the impact of fuel chemistry variations in commercial gasolines on the HCCI operability limits is critical to determining the fate of HCCI commercialization. To examine these effects, the operating ranges of 12 gasolines were mapped in a naturally-aspirated, single-cylinder HCCI engine, which used negative valve overlap to induce HCCI combustion. The fuels were blended from commercial refinery streams to span the range of market-typical variability in aromatic, ethanol, and olefin concentrations, RON, and volatility. The results indicated that all fuels achieved nearly equal operating ranges. The LLL of HCCI operability was completely insensitive to fuel chemistry, within experimental measurement error. The high-load limit showed minor fuel effects, but the trends in fuel performance were not consistent across all the speeds studied. These results suggest that fuel sensitivity is not an obstacle to auto-makers and/or fuel companies to introducing HCCI technology.
(cont.) Developing an understanding of what causes an HCCI engine to misfire allows for estimation of how fuel chemistry and engine operating conditions affect the LLL. The underlying physics of a misfire were studied with an HCCI simulation tool (MITES), which used detailed chemical kinetics to model the combustion process. MITES was used to establish the minimum ignition temperature (Tmisfire) and full-cycle, steady-state temperature (Tss) for a fuel as a function of residual fraction. Comparison of Tmisfire and Tss near the misfire limit showed that Tss approaches Tmisfire quite closely (to within ~ 14 K), suggesting that the primary cause of a misfire is insufficient thermal energy needed to sustain combustion for multiple cycles. With this relationship, the effects of engine speed and fuel chemistry on the LLL were examined. Reducing the engine speed caused a reduction in T, which allowed fuel chemistry effects to be more apparent. This effect was also observed experimentally with 2 primary reference fuels (PRFs): PRF60 and PRF90. At 1000 RPM, PRF60 obtained a substantially lower (~30%) LLL than PRF90, but at speeds >/= 1500 RPM, fuel ignitability had no effect on the LLL. Fuel chemistry was shown to influence the LLL by increasing both Tmisfire and Tss for more auto-ignition resistant fuels. However, the extent to which fuel chemistry affects these temperatures may not be equivalent. Therefore, the relative movement of each temperature determines the extent to which fuel chemistry impacts the LLL.
by John P. Angelos.
Ph.D.
Bhave, Amit. "Stochastic reactor models for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616153.
Повний текст джерелаThoo, Wei Jet. "A study of the ignition delay characteristics of combustion in a compression ignition engine operating on blended mixtures of diesel and gasoline." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32843/.
Повний текст джерелаJohns, R. A. "The analysis of the combustion of methanol in lean-burning, high-compression engines using an engine combustion model." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1985. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847267/.
Повний текст джерелаSchäfer, Lukas [Verfasser]. "Modeling and Simulation of Spark Ignition in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines / Lukas Schäfer." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106593502/34.
Повний текст джерелаAlqahtani, Ali Mubark. "Computational studies of homogeneous charge compression ignition, spark ignition and opposed piston single cylinder engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7899/.
Повний текст джерелаToulson, Elisa. "Applying alternative fuels in place of hydrogen to the jet ignition process /." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3532.
Повний текст джерелаHong, Guang. "Feedback control of transient smoke emissions from compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304278.
Повний текст джерелаKontarakis, George A. "Homogeneous charge compression ignition in four-stroke internal combustion engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272293.
Повний текст джерелаVezzosi, Riccardo. "State of the art and critical review of pre-chamber ignition systems for passenger car spark ignition engines." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22702/.
Повний текст джерелаHe, Yuesheng. "Effect of intake primary runner blockages on combustion characteristics and emissions in spark ignition engines." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1190053207.
Повний текст джерела