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Книги з теми "Hypothetical case"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 лютого 2025

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1

Meyer, P. D. Hydrologic uncertainty assessment for decommissioning sites: Hypothetical test case applications. Washington, DC: Division of Risk Analysis and Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2001.

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2

Funke, Michael. Growth and convergence in a two-region model: The hypothetical case of Korean unification. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2002.

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3

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation and Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (U.S.), eds. Economic assessment of the potetntial for profitable use of coal mine methane: Case studies of three hypothetical U.S. mines. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation, 1995.

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4

Nuclear Energy Agency. Probabilistic System Assessment Group., ed. PSACOIN levels intercomparison: An international code intercomparison exercise on a hypothetical safety assessment case study for radioactivewaste disposal systems. Paris: Nuclear Energy Agency,OECD, 1993.

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5

Agency, OECD Nuclear Energy. Psacoin Level O Intercomparison: An International Code Intercomparison Exercise on A Hypothetical Safety Assessment Case Study For Radioactive Waste Disposal Systems. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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6

A, Nies, and OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Probabilistic System Assessment Code User Group., eds. Psacoin level 1A intercomparison: An international code intercomparison exercise on a hypothetical safety assessment case study for radioactive waste disposal systems. Paris, France: Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1990.

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7

Nuclear Energy Agency. Probabilistic System Assessment Code User Group. PSACOIN level 0 intercomparison: An international code intercomparison exercise on a hypothetical safety assessment case study for radioactive waste disposal systems. Paris: O.E.C.D., 1987.

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8

United States. Government Accountability Office. Peacekeeping: Cost comparison of actual UN and hypothetical U.S. operations in Haiti : report to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2006.

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9

Ashley, Kevin D. Modeling legal argument: Reasoning with cases and hypotheticals. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990.

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10

Swartz, Tara M., William V. Hoch, and Mary E. O'Neal. Top 10 tricky FMLA situations & solutions: A series of case hypotheticals. Boston, MA: MCLE New England, 2015.

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11

Miller, Roger LeRoy. Business law today: Alternate essentials edition : text & hypothetical examples--legal, ethical, regulatory, and international environment. 4th ed. Pacific Grove: West Pub. Co., 1997.

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12

1945-, Itō Makoto, Momoo Shigeaki 1940-, Nishioka Seiichirō 1949- та Japan, ред. Atarashii Kaisha kōseihō: Moderu jirei kara manabu unʾyōjō no ronten = The new law of corporate reorganization : a practical guide with hypothetical cases. Tōkyō: Yūhikaku, 2004.

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13

Vukadinovich, D., and S. Krinsky. Ethics and Law in Modern Medicine: Hypothetical Case Studies. Springer, 2010.

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14

Vukadinovich, D., and S. Krinsky. Ethics and Law in Modern Medicine: Hypothetical Case Studies. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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15

Hydrologic uncertainty assessment for decommissioning sites: Hypothetical test case applications. Washington, DC: Division of Risk Analysis and Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2001.

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16

Hydrologic Uncertainty Assessment for Decommissioning Sites: Hypothetical Test Case Applications. United States Government Printing Office, 2001.

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17

Green, Ravonne A. Case Study Research. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400623691.

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This enlightening book presents a hypothetical evaluation case study to explore and propose tools for effective library program assessment. Although outcome assessment is almost universally expected by accreditation committees, it is difficult for librarians to determine the methods that should be employed for completing such assessments. Case Study Research: A Program Evaluation Guide for Librarians provides guidance for developing an effective program-assessment method using a case-study approach. Built around a hypothetical case and complete with vignettes and examples, the guide explains everything from evaluating a case-study proposal to bounding the case, analyzing the context, planning questions and criteria, and identifying design and data collection methods. It discusses how to establish and maintain appropriate political, ethical, and interpersonal relationships; how to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative and qualitative data; and finally, how to evaluate and report the case study. In addition, the book guides the reader through the process of using case-study matrices and selecting appropriate qualitative software.

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18

Strulik, Holger, and Michael Funke. Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model: The Hypothetical Case of Korean Unification. International Monetary Fund, 2002.

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19

Strulik, Holger, and Michael Funke. Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model: The Hypothetical Case of Korean Unification. International Monetary Fund, 2002.

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20

Strulik, Holger, and Michael Funke. Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model: The Hypothetical Case of Korean Unification. International Monetary Fund, 2002.

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21

Vukadinovich, D., and S. Krinsky. Ethics and Law in Modern Medicine: Hypothetical Case Studies (International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine). Springer, 2001.

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22

Psacoin level O intercomparison: An international code intercomparison exercise on a hypothetical safety assessment case study for radioactive waste disposal systems. Paris: OECD, 1987.

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23

Hricko, Jonathon. Retail Realism, the Individuation of Theoretical Entities, and the Case of the Muriatic Radical. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0012.

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Retail realists advocate abandoning wholesale arguments, which concern the reality of theoretical entities in general, and embracing retail arguments, which concern the reality of particular kinds of theoretical entities. They can thus be realists about some and anti-realists about others. But realism about a kind of entity can take different forms depending on how retail realists individuate kinds of entities. This chapter introduces the notion of the inclusiveness of individuation: the more inclusively we individuate a kind of entity, the more theories there are in which it appears. The form of realism that retail realists accept regarding a particular kind of entity can be more selective or more encompassing depending on how inclusively they individuate that kind of entity. This chapter illustrates these ideas in terms of a case from the history of chemistry involving the hypothetical component of hydrochloric acid known as the muriatic radical.

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24

Kumar M., Dileep. 50 short case studies in business management. UUM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474243.

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The Higher Education Institutions that run business management programs in Malaysia is under severe criticism from industry that the passing out management graduates do not have adequate practical exposure to the industry and lack of practical skills to deal industrial issues proactively as the catalyst of change.This indicates that the traditional management education curriculum, as presently constituted, may not be adequately preparing individuals for the challenges they experience as professional managers.To deal with this issue, many management institutes are adopting case study as a pedagogy, a hypothetical or actual business situation to formulate a recommended policy or decision based on the facts and figures provided, to induce practical exposure to the students by simulating case situations, which improve students analytical skills and decision-making skills.A case study in business management course is a rigorous analysis of an incident, situation, person, crisis or any such phenomenon or concept, in relation to industry, business or people in the organisations.It is well related to the management, process or methodology adopted by the organisation stressing analysis of chain of events for better change management in relation to business operation context. The case studies included in this book provides better perspective of various issues and situations in the business field.The cases are written from the field of Organisational Behaviour, Human Resource Management, Marketing, Business Ethics, International Business, Strategic Management, Business Laws and General Management. These case studies are to be thoroughly analyzed by the faculty members before applying that into the classroom. It is expected that the faculty members should refer to the similar case scenarios at local and international levels to stimulate students to have better discussion on the multifaceted issues or situation. Instead of a direct entry into theoretical concepts, the author suggests that the faculty members distribute these cases well in advance and invite students to come for creative discussions and practical solutions.By preparing solutions to case studies, the students will be exposed to a variety of business operations, business process, management roles, and business situations.Thus the case studies can adequately integrate theoretical concepts effortlessly in realistic situations with better referential skills.The 50 cases included in this book can extremely be valuable in preparing students a career in industry by giving better chance to develop analytical and decision-making skills in the classroom that meet up the challenges of industry.

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25

Borzu, Sabahi. Compensation and Restitution in Investor-State Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601189.001.0001.

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This book presents a detailed study on compensation and restitution in investor state arbitration pursuant to investment treaties. The study begins by examining the historical roots of the principles of reparation, restitution, and compensation in international law as reflected in the landmark Chorzów Factory case. The roots of these principles are traced to Roman law and private law concepts that entered into the European continent's legal systems. Moving to modern times, the study focuses on the principle of reparation set out in the Chorzów Factory case and its requirement that reparation put the aggrieved party in the ‘hypothetical position’ that would have existed if not for the wrongful act. Restitution, both material and judicial, is discussed as a form of reparation. Compensation, by far the more common form of reparation in modern international investment disputes, is discussed in detail. In dealing with compensation for expropriation, this book examines the recent trends in which lawful and unlawful expropriation cases are distinguished and the impact that this distinction can have on the amount of compensation. This book additionally outlines some of the main valuation and accounting methods used in setting the hypothetical position to measure compensation due. Various forms of supplemental compensation, such as moral damages, interest, or arbitration costs, may also be necessary to fully restore the hypothetical position; these are discussed along with applicable limitations. This study also sets out important principles that may limit compensation generally, such as causation and the prohibition on double counting.

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26

La Caze, Adam. Frequentism. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.17.

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This chapter introduces the key frequentist interpretation of probability as developed by Venn, von Mises and Reichenbach. Frequentists identify probabilities with frequencies; but there are problems with this identification. Finite frequentism is beset with problems, including the problem of the single case. Hypothetical frequentism, identifying probability with limiting relative frequencies in infinitely repeated trials, provides a response to the problems of finite frequentism and is consistent with the interpretation of probability in many areas of science. But identifying probability with hypothetical frequencies raises new questions. The chapter focuses on the main criticisms leveled against frequentism. The problems of frequentism raise interesting questions for the role of frequentist probabilities in science. Throughout the chapter an attempt is made to identify the different criteria by which frequentism is assessed as an interpretation of probability in contrast to the instrumental focus of many frequentists in assessing the role of probabilities in science.

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27

Adelstein, Richard. Exchange and Efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0003.

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This chapter articulates the Coase Theorem, which describes how voluntary exchange works when it works perfectly, and considers its implications for both efficient and equitable allocation when conditions are perfect and when they’re not. Distinctions between utility, wealth, and value are developed in relation to the problem of distributional fairness, and transaction costs are introduced as impediments to voluntary exchange, and thus to efficient allocation in markets. Posner extends Coase’s logic to a corollary, that when transaction costs are high, efficiency can only be achieved if rights are granted initially to their highest-valuing owner, and proposes a provocative theory of the judicial role in light of the rule of law and the inevitable subjectivity of justice. This is tested in two cases: a hypothetical case where transaction costs are high, and a real one, involving rights to a significant moment in American history in which they’re low.

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28

Henning, Tim. Parentheticalism about “Want”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797036.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces and motivates parentheticalism about sentences of the form “S wants to ϕ‎.” It is argued that they manifest similar forms of transparency in first-person uses as in the case of “believe,” and that here, too, they are best explained in terms of parentheticalism. Again, formal implementations of the view are suggested. Special attention is paid to the semantics of the complements of “want,” which are argued to be similar to imperative contents. Parentheticalism about “want” is shown to provide an attractive account of certain indicative conditionals (hypothetical imperatives or so-called “anankastic” conditionals) and of certain instances of practical reasoning.

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29

della Cananea, Giacinto, and Roberto Caranta, eds. Tort Liability of Public Authorities in European Laws. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867555.001.0001.

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This book is the first in a series which explores if, and to what extent, there is a common core of shared and connecting elements within the legal systems. It looks at government liability in tort as an entry point for the whole comparative research on the ‘common core of European administrative laws’. The book focuses on administrative procedure. It is divided into four parts. Part I sets the stage, explains the distinctive features of the new research, and deals with issues in methodology. Part II looks briefly at the constitutional and cultural framework in which government liability operates. Part III focuses on the main research done by presenting the case studies and supplying the answers to the hypothetical cases, which are at the heart of the ‘factual method’. Finally, Part IV compares and contrasts the information provided from Part III. It examines both the commonalities and the distinctive traits of these legal systems with a view to understanding their ‘common core’.

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30

Taylor, Joseph J., and Robert Ostroff. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0024.

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This chapter will summarize what is considered to be the first randomized controlled trial to directly compare psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions for unipolar nonpsychotic depression. More specifically, the authors were interested in the degree to which cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, imipramine and a placebo condition ameliorated symptoms of depression in patients from outpatient psychiatric clinics at three academic medical centers in the United States. The chapter will discuss the design and implementation of the study before focusing on the results and their implications. The last section of the chapter will list similar studies and present a hypothetical clinical case that requires the reader to apply basic concepts learned from the study.

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31

Taylor, Joseph J., and Robert Ostroff. Efficacy and Safety of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depressive Disorders. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0025.

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This chapter will summarize an important systematic review and meta-analysis. The authors of this study analyzed decades of evidence from thousands of patients in order to address fundamental questions about the safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive symptoms. The data from this manuscript continue to inform clinical practice in regards to this stigmatized yet potentially life-saving treatment. The chapter will discuss the setup and implementation of the systematic review and meta-analysis before focusing on the results and their implications. The last section of the chapter will identify relevant studies and present a hypothetical clinical case that requires the reader to apply basic concepts learned from the systematic review and meta-analysis.

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32

Willmott, Chris, and Salvador Macip. Where Science and Ethics Meet. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035176.

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Through engaging case studies and clear explanations of the underlying science, this book makes the social impacts and ethical consequences of recent advances in biomedicine understandable for general readers. Recent biomedical discoveries promise considerable improvement in the quality of human life, but they also hold the potential to permanently alter society. Are the anticipated benefits worth the price we would have to pay for them? In Where Science and Ethics Meet: Dilemmas at the Frontiers of Medicine and Biology, a biochemist and a biomedical researcher who are highly experienced in explaining ethics for lay audiences present the most innovative advances in biomedicine and enable readers to develop their own opinions about the ethical and social consequences these technologies will bring. Each controversial topic in modern medicine and ethics is introduced through a hypothetical case study that highlights thorny ethical issues before explaining the key aspects of the science and technology involved and addressing the associated ethical considerations in detail. The interdisciplinary treatment of the topics makes the book relevant to students of science, medicine, ethics, law, and sociology as well as health care professionals.

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33

Kamm, F. M. Rights and Their Limits. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567739.001.0001.

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Abstract This book deals with how rights and their limits are dealt with in theories as well as in hypothetical and practical cases. It begins by considering moral status and its relation to having rights including whether animals have them and what rights future persons have. It considers whether rights are grounded in duties to oneself, which duties are correlative to rights, and whether neuroscientific and psychological studies can help determine what rights we have. The limits of the right not to be harmed are investigated by considering critiques of deontological distinctions, costs that must be undertaken to avoid harming, and a proposal for permissibly harming someone in the Trolley Problem. The possibility that the Trolley Problem can help determine what rights are involved in programming self-driving cars, providing medical treatments, and redistributive economic policy is considered. The book concludes by comparing the use of case-based judgments about extreme cases in moral versus aesthetic theory, and by exploring the significance of the right not to be harmed for morally correct policies in the extreme cases of torture and a pandemic. Where pertinent, the views on these issues of T. Regan, D. Parfit, C. Korsgaard, S. Kagan, R. Dworkin, A. Sen, A. Gibbard, J. Greene, A. Danto, and J. Thomson, among others, are considered.

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34

Borzu, Sabahi. 3 Modern Reparation Doctrine in International Law and Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601189.003.0003.

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This chapter traces the doctrine of reparation in contemporary international law and, in particular, in investment treaty arbitration. It discusses in detail the two significant developments which mark the evolution of the doctrine of reparation during the 20th century: the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Factory at Chorzów case, and the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) on the law governing the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, which culminated in draft articles adopted by the UN General Assembly and recommended to States. It examines the application in investment arbitration of the principles of reparation found in these two sources, and discusses certain fundamental concepts relating to reparation and their pertinence to the particular nature of investment treaty arbitration, particularly the concept of the ‘hypothetical position’.

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35

Potter, Nancy Nyquist. The virtue of giving uptake in psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199663866.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on ethical and epistemological issues that provide some direction in engaging well with defiant behavior, drawing upon Austin’s theory of speech acts to introduce the author’s theory that giving uptake is a virtue. This virtue is not the only one that can be useful in responding to defiance, but giving uptake is especially valuable and it is important for psychiatrists to be aware of it. The author considers epistemic impediments to giving uptake properly. A social epistemology is employed to make the connection between knowing well and being an ethical psychiatrist. It is argued that the kind of problems that occur in psychiatric practice can affect even well-intended and conscientious psychiatrists’ disposition to give uptake well and, in particular, to people who behave defiantly. The author works through a case-study of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and offers a hypothetical case for how idealized psychiatric engagement would look.

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36

Thomas, Bejoy C., and Rebecca L. Malhi. Challenges in communicating with ethnically diverse populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0041.

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Effective cancer communication is crucial for both clinicians and patients, yet is often suboptimal. Health literacy—the ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate health information—is a latent factor that may contribute to ineffective medical interactions. Limited health literacy has been associated with significant negative health outcomes and higher medical costs. Given the compelling evidence that ethnically diverse populations are particularly vulnerable, we use a narrative case example—a hypothetical clinical meeting between an oncologist and a newly-diagnosed patient—to highlight how patient risk factors for low health literacy (e.g. age, language, distress, etc.) may be amplified by clinician and contextual factors (e.g. using medical jargon, complexity of patient educational materials, etc.). Finally, we re-imagine the same clinical encounter and illustrate how some simple strategies could ameliorate the effects of low health literacy and facilitate communication and patient decision-making.

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37

Balkin, Jack M., ed. What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300221558.001.0001.

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The authors of this book, sitting as a hypothetical Supreme Court, rewrite the famous 2015 opinion in Obergefell v. Hodges, which guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry. In eleven incisive opinions, the authors offer the best constitutional arguments for and against the right to same-sex marriage, and debate what Obergefell should mean for the future. In addition to serving as Chief Justice of this imaginary court, the book's editor provides a critical introduction to the case. He recounts the story of the gay rights litigation that led to Obergefell, and he explains how courts respond to political mobilizations for new rights claims. The social movement for gay rights and marriage equality is a powerful example of how — through legal imagination and political struggle — arguments once dismissed as “off-the-wall” can later become established in American constitutional law.

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38

Jeske, Diane. Moral Evasion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685379.003.0006.

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Анотація:

The case studies of Albert Speer, Charles Colcock Jones, and Franz Stangl illustrate ways in which people can engage in moral evasion. Moral evasion comes in many forms, such as self-deception, wishful thinking, and rationalization. Stangl refused to engage with the full horror of what he was doing by refusing to use his imagination in thinking about hypothetical scenarios, using a highly rule-bound conception of duty, and compartmentalizing his thought. All of Stangl’s strategies are mirrored in those we often use in thinking about our treatment of nonhuman animals. Speer engaged in belief avoidance: by focusing on the demands of his job, he was able to avoid knowing what he could easily have come to know. Jones engaged in wishful compromise: he convinced himself that by becoming a missionary to the slaves he was taking the best route that he could within the confines of an evil institution.

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39

Langland-Hassan, Peter. Explaining Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815068.001.0001.

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Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our judgments, beliefs, desires, and so on, without being constituted by them. Explaining Imagination looks closely at the main contexts where imagination is thought to be at work and argues that, in each case, the capacity is best explained by appeal to a person’s beliefs, judgments, desires, intentions, or decisions. The proper conclusion is not that there are no imaginings after all, but that these other states simply constitute the relevant cases of imagining. Contexts explored in depth include: hypothetical and counterfactual reasoning, engaging in pretense, appreciating fictions, and generating creative works. The special role of mental imagery within states like beliefs, desires, and judgments is explained in a way that is compatible with reducing imagination to more basic folk psychological states. A significant upshot is that, in order to create an artificial mind with an imagination, we need only give it these more ordinary mental states.

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40

Ashley, Kevin D. Modeling Legal Arguments: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning). The MIT Press, 1991.

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41

Machery, Edouard. The Method of Cases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807520.003.0002.

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Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations and to bring them to bear on philosophical controversies. Surprisingly, however, the characterization of the method of cases is controversial. Chapter 1 defends a particular characterization of the method of cases and identifies some of the roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Alternative characterizations, which appeal to notions such as metaphysical or epistemological analyticity, conceptual competence, or intuition, are rejected. Only a minimalist characterization, according to which cases elicit everyday judgments, is philosophically adequate—it does not rely on empty notions or on notions useless to characterize the method of cases—and descriptively adequate—it captures how philosophers really use cases.

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42

Brown, Alexander. Responsibility as Contrasted with Justice and Legitimate Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812753.003.0003.

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Section I underscores the differences between the Justice-Based Account and the Responsibility-Based Account of the legitimacy of expectations, and tries to motivate the Responsibility-Based Account as being the superior account based on intuitions about hypothetical cases. Likewise, Section II sets out the important differences between the Legitimate Authority-Based Account and the Responsibility-Based Account, and once again attempts to motivate the Responsibility-Based Account as being the superior account by appealing to intuitions about hypothetical cases. All of the cases I shall discuss abstract from any particular legal doctrines of legitimate expectations that currently exist. The aim here is to get at what is the best theory of the general concept of legitimate expectations. This theory can then be used to critically assess actual legal doctrines.

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43

Vaughan, J. Patrick, Cesar Victora, and A. Mushtaque R. Chowdhury. Practical Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192848741.001.0001.

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We focus on the importance of using epidemiological concepts and skills needed to investigate, plan and deliver primary health care services and to strengthen district level public health programmes. We illustrate these with examples from LMICs and for a hypothetical district population of 200,000 people.

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44

Witting, Christian. 6. Breach of duty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811169.003.0006.

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This chapter examines breach of duty in negligence. It discusses the factors that the court considers in determining whether the defendant is in breach of his duty of care to the claimant. These include the foreseeability of harm to the claimant, the appropriate standard of care owed by the defendant to the claimant, and the conduct of the defendant in comparison to the expected standard of care. This chapter suggests that the question of whether the defendant has breached a duty of care is a mixed one of law and fact and that the standard of care required of the defendant is an exclusively legal construct and based on the standard of a hypothetical reasonable person.

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45

Kleege, Georgina. Touching on Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604356.003.0003.

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While the Hypothetical Blind man is a useful prop for philosophical theories of mind, he also influences the research of many contemporary neuroscientists. This chapter will survey cases of “restored sight” from the eighteenth century to the present. These cases follow such a predictable script that they have supplied the plots of such literary texts as Wilke Collins’s Poor Miss Finch and Brian Friel’s Molly Sweeney. The chapter will go on to describe research on brain plasticity that employs blind subjects to investigate various aspects of tactile perception and mental imaging, without any direct applications for blind people themselves.

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46

Kamm, F. M. Torture. Edited by Seth Lazar and Helen Frowe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199943418.013.3.

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This chapter examines torture in relation to rescue, prevention, and punishment, beginning with a discussion of what torture is and the differences among various legal and philosophical conceptions of torture. It analyses the legal definitions of torture proposed by the UN Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the US Torture Statute; Henry Shue; and David Sussman. These conceptions of torture focus on the type of pain and suffering being inflicted as well as their purposes and by whom and when they are inflicted. The chapter considers hypothetical cases that address whether torture is permissible and involve officials who know the perpetrator and expect what he would do. It also explores other categories of people whom it might be useful to torture aside from a perpetrator whose being tortured will save only his own victim from the harm he would cause.

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47

Machery, Edouard. Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807520.001.0001.

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In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, Edouard Machery argues that resolving many traditional and contemporary philosophical issues is beyond our epistemic reach and that philosophy should reorient itself toward more humble, but ultimately more important intellectual endeavors. Attempts to resolve such issues are modally immodest: Any resolution would require an epistemic access to metaphysical possibilities and necessities, which, Edouard Machery argues, we do not have. In effect, then, Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds defends a form of modal skepticism. The book assesses the main philosophical method for acquiring the modal knowledge that the resolution of modally immodest philosophical issues turns on: the method of cases, that is, the consideration of actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations. Canvassing the extensive work done by experimental philosophers over the last fifteen years, Edouard Machery shows that the method of cases is unreliable and should be rejected. Importantly, the dismissal of modally immodest philosophical issues is no cause for despair: Many important philosophical issues remain within our epistemic reach. In particular, reorienting the course of philosophy would free time and resources for bringing back to prominence a once-central intellectual endeavor: conceptual analysis.

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48

Department of Defense. Federal Response to a Domestic Nuclear Attack - Topics Include Mitigation, Nuclear Bomb Effect, Hypothetical Cases, Shelter Decision, Message, Transportation Dilemma, Posse Comitatus, and Stafford Act. Independently Published, 2018.

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49

Bouffard, Jeffrey A., and Nicole Niebuhr. Experimental Designs in the Study of Offender Decision Making. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.22.

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Research on offender decision making has utilized experimental designs and has often coupled these strong designs with the use of hypothetical vignettes that describe specific offending circumstances for the would-be offender to consider. In some cases, these studies have experimentally manipulated situational elements of the imagined setting. In others, researchers have experimentally manipulated the context in which the participants make the decision. Other researchers have utilized randomized designs with behavioral analogues within the research setting. This research has found that various situational and individual-level factors influence the content and process of offender decision making in important ways. Future research should further explore how offenders form risk perceptions and how these influences may interact with one another, and it should continue to refine these methods to more closely approximate real-world settings.

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50

Poehler, Eric E. World of the Mulio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614676.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 is the story of Sabinus, the fictional cart driver (mulio), from the Casa del Menandro. Sabinus is a narrative device invented to help imagine what the archaeological evidence cannot reveal: how traffic at Pompeii operated day-to-day and how as a system it was maintained. Although a fiction, the image of what Sabinus sees and encounters in the Pompeian street is a culmination and enlivening of the deep archaeological detail of preceding chapters. Importantly, Sabinus is also a means to explore the more speculative aspects of traffic management while simultaneously signaling the hypothetical nature of such exploration. The potential management mechanisms through which traffic information flowed are (1) the social networks that connect local drivers to civil authorities, (2) the observation of the environment and other drivers, and (3) direct contact with such information proxies as inscriptions, maps, and hired guides.

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