Статті в журналах: "HYDROTREATED FUEL"

1

Aliyeva, F. Kh, S. G. Aliyeva, G. F. Mamedova, E. M. Kulieva, and S. F. Jabbarly. "Influence of malonik acid monoamides on the thermal-oxidating stability of dieseln fuel." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-12-31-34.

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To improve environmental standards from diesel fuels (DF), it is necessary to remove sulfur and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, which leads to a decrease in oxidative stability, since sulfur and nitrogen compounds are natural antioxidants and help to inhibit the oxidation process of diesel fuel. This article discusses the effective and promising antioxidants synthesized by us for hydrotreated diesel fuel. For this purpose, monoamides of malonic acid (MA) were synthesized; malonic acid and aliphatic amines (from butyl to nonylamine) of various structures were taken as starting compounds. Their structures were studied by IR spectroscopy. Their physicochemical properties have also been studied. With the addition of 0.004 % of the synthesized malonic acid monoamides to hydrotreated diesel fuel, compositions were prepared that were oxidized at 120 oC for 4 hours on an LSART apparatus. It has been established that, compared with the hydrotreated diesel fuel itself, monoamides of MA reduce precipitation by 2–45 times, and compared with the known ionol, MA monoamides have better performance, for example, with the addition of MA monobutylamide, precipitation decreases from 4.5 mg/100 ml to 0.5 mg/100 ml, and monoisobutylamide reduces to 0.1 mg/100 ml. Thus, monoamides of MA can be proposed as antioxidants for hydrotreated diesel fuel due to their high antioxidant properties.

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2

Nikonorov, V. M. "Estimating Quality (Density) of Hydrotreated Straight-Run Winter Diesel Fuel." Materials Science Forum 1086 (April 27, 2023): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-t766tk.

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The research objective is to simplify the method for estimating the density of straight-run hydrotreated winter diesel fuel (HTDFWs). The density of straight-run hydrotreated winter diesel fuel is one of the quality indicators ultimately determining the density of winter diesel fuel and therefore, the quality of winter diesel fuel in terms of density. Problems: to describe the current methodology for estimating the HTDFWs’ density, isolate the cycles, and express the cycles by formulas. Research methods – analysis, synthesis, comparison, mathematical analysis. As a result, simplified density calculation with expressing cycles by formulas has been proposed. A mathematical model has been obtained to estimate the density of straight-run hydrotreated winter diesel fuel.

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3

Tilli, Aki, Tuomo Hulkkonen, Ossi Kaario, Martti Larmi, Teemu Sarjovaara, and Kalle Lehto. "Biofuel blend late post-injection effects on oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 9 (October 24, 2017): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417736466.

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In this article, the effects of different biofuel–diesel blends on engine oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance during late post-injections were investigated. The engine tests were made with an off-road diesel engine under low load conditions at 1200 r/min engine speed. During the experiments, oil samples were periodically taken from the engine oil and later analyzed. Emissions and temperatures before and after the diesel oxidation catalyst were also measured. The fuels studied were fossil EN590:2013 diesel fuel, 30 vol.% biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and 30 vol.% hydrotreated vegetable oil, which is a paraffinic diesel fuel fulfilling the EN15940 specification. The novelty of the study is based on two parts. First, similar late post-injection tests were run with blends of both hydrotreated vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester, giving a rare comparison with the fuels. Second, oil dilution and the fuel exit rates during normal mode without the late post-injections were measured. The results showed the oil dilution and the diesel oxidation catalyst performance to be very similar with regular diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil blend. With the fatty acid methyl ester blend, increased oil dilution, smaller temperature rise in the diesel oxidation catalyst and higher emissions were measured. This indicates that during diesel particulate filter regeneration by late post-injections, fatty acid methyl ester blends increase fuel consumption and require shorter oil change intervals, while hydrotreated vegetable oil blends require no parameter changes.

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Mulyono, Ary Budi, Bambang Sugiarto, Muchammad Taufiq Suryantoro, Hari Setiapraja, Siti Yubaidah, Mochammad Ilham Attharik, Muhamad Raihan Ariestiawan, and Andro Cohen. "Effect of hydrotreating in biodiesel on the growth of deposits in the combustion chamber as a solution for the deposits reduction in the usage of biodiesel." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702014.

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The usage of biodiesel has been encouraged by government based on the issuance of The Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12/2015 on the supply, utilization, and administration of biofuels as other alternative fuels. This regulation sets mandatory biodiesel mixture by 30 percent for national energy consumption by 2025. But the usage of biodiesel with a larger percentage in diesel engines still leaves some problems with the decline of biodiesel fuel quality and the formation of deposits in combustion chamber and injectors. The purpose of this study is to compare biodiesel fuel (B20) with Hydrotreated Biodiesel (HBD) in an experiment by using fuel droplet method on a plate to observe the characteristics and mechanism of deposit formation. Plates are heated in few temperature variations in a sealed test rig so that the conditions are similar to the engine real conditions. Deposit growth of Hydrotreated Biodiesel as known as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) less better than Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). It may occurred because the lubricity of HVO is very low due to the absence of sulfur and oxygen compounds in the fuel, that causes oxidation that can lead to deposits in the combustion chamber.

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Tarusov, D. V., V. K. Slakaev, G. S. Mutovkin, V. E. Znaemov, A. N. Karpov, N. Y. Bashkirtseva, A. V. Tarasov, and D. V. Borisanov. "Changing the properties of narrow fractions in the process of hydrotreating light coking gas oil." World of petroleum products 04 (2022): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2022-0-4-36-41.

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Currently, the main products of the delayed coking plant in the Russian Federation (after hydrotreating) are gasoline and diesel fuel summer. The paper presents the results of a study of the properties of narrow fractions of coking gas oil and hydrotreated coking gas oil, which showed the prospect of organizing production based on the coking process of more marginal aviation kerosene and winter diesel fuel. The separation of products into narrow 20 degree fractions was carried out on an automatic distillation unit AUTOMAXX 9100. The dependences of nitrogen, sulfur, aromatics, density, and low-temperature properties on the boiling temperatures of narrow fractions of the composition of light coking gas oil and hydrotreated light coking gas oil have been studied. Analysis of the properties of narrow fractions of hydrotreated light coking gas oil has shown the theoretical possibility of obtaining fractions of jet fuel and winter diesel fuel on its basis, instead of summer diesel fuel.

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Zeman, Petr, Vladimír Hönig, Martin Kotek, Jan Táborský, Michal Obergruber, Jakub Mařík, Veronika Hartová, and Martin Pechout. "Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as a Fuel from Waste Materials." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040337.

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Biofuels have become an integral part of everyday life in modern society. Bioethanol and fatty acid methyl esters are a common part of both the production of gasoline and diesel fuels. Also, pressure on replacing fossil fuels with bio-components is constantly growing. Waste vegetable fats can replace biodiesel. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) seems to be a better alternative. This fuel has a higher oxidation stability for storage purposes, a lower temperature of loss of filterability for the winter time, a lower boiling point for cold starts, and more. Viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point of fuel blend, and flash point have been measured to confirm that a fuel from HVO is so close to a fuel standard that it is possible to use it in engines without modification. The objective of this article is to show the properties of different fuels with and without HVO admixtures and to prove the suitability of using HVO compared to FAME. HVO can also be prepared from waste materials, and no major modifications of existing refinery facilities are required. No technology in either investment or engine adaptation of fuel oils is needed in fuel processing.

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7

Sharipov, A. Kh, and V. R. Nigmatullin. "Removal of Sulfur from Hydrotreated Diesel Fuel." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 41, no. 3 (May 2005): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-005-0054-z.

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8

Yu, Guo Xian, Qian Zhong, Mei Jin, Jin Huang Wang, and Ping Lu. "Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel Oxidized with TBHP Coupled with Solvent Extraction Intensified by Ultrasound." Advanced Materials Research 910 (March 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.910.57.

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Deep desulfurization of a hydrotreated diesel fuel was investigated with TBHP oxidation coupled with solvent extraction intensified by ultrasound. The process parameters for the oxidation desulfurization of diesel fuel, such as the type and dosage of catalyst, co-solvent, ultrasound time, molar ratio of TBHP and sulfur were investigated. The results showed that sulfur content of the hydrotreated diesel fuel was reduced from 140 ppm to 12 ppm with using 1%wt of sodium tungstate as catalyst, 20%wt of methanol as co-solvent during the reaction, reaction temperature at 90°C, ultrasound time for 15 min and TBHP/Sulfur molar ratio of 32, and ultrasound irradiation had the obvious reinforcement in oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel.

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9

Yu, Guo Xian, Qian Zhong, Mei Jin, Jin Huang Wang, and Ping Lu. "Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel Oxidized with H₂O₂ Coupled with Solvent Extraction Intensified by Ultrasound." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1135.

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Deep desulfurization of a hydrotreated diesel fuel was investigated with H2O2oxidation coupled with solvent extraction intensified by ultrasound. The process parameters for the oxidation desulfurization of diesel fuel, such as the type and dosage of catalyst, co-solvent, ultrasound time, molar ratio of H2O2and sulfur were investigated. The results showed that sulfur content of the hydrotreated diesel fuel was reduced from 140 ppm to 10 ppm with using 2%wt of phosphotungstic acid as catalyst, 20%wt of methanol as co-solvent during the reaction, reaction temperature at 90°C, ultrasound time for 10 min and H2O2/S molar ratio of 16, and ultrasound irradiation had the obvious reinforcement in oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel.

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10

Zahos-Siagos, Iraklis, and Dimitrios Karonis. "Exhaust Emissions and Physicochemical Properties of Hydrotreated Used Cooking Oils in Blends with Diesel Fuel." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4308178.

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Hydroprocessing of liquid biomass is a promising technology for the production of “second generation” renewable fuels to be used in transportation. Its products, normal paraffins, can be further hydrotreated for isomerization in order to improve their cold flow properties. The final product, usually referred to as “paraffinic diesel,” is a high cetane number, clean burning biofuel which is rapidly gaining popularity among researchers and the industry. Nevertheless, the costly isomerization step can be omitted if normal paraffins are to be directly mixed with conventional diesel in low concentrations. In this work, nonisomerized paraffinic diesel produced through hydrotreating of used cooking oil (hydrotreated used cooking oil (HUCO)) has been used in 4 blends (up to 40% v/v) with conventional diesel fuel. The blends’ properties have been assessed comparatively to European EN 590 and EN 15940 standards (concerning conventional automotive diesel fuels and paraffinic diesel fuels from synthesis or hydrotreatment, resp.). Furthermore, the HUCO blends have been used in a standard stationary diesel engine-generator set. The blends have been considered as “drop-in replacements” for standard diesel fuel. As such, no engine modifications took place whatsoever. The engine performance and exhaust emissions of steady-state operation have been examined in comparison with engine operation with the baseline conventional diesel fuel.

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11

Carvalho, Francielle, Joana Portugal-Pereira, Martin Junginger, and Alexandre Szklo. "Biofuels for Maritime Transportation: A Spatial, Techno-Economic, and Logistic Analysis in Brazil, Europe, South Africa, and the USA." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164980.

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Low or zero carbon fuels are crucial for maritime transportation decarbonization goals. This paper assesses potential localities for maritime biofuels (biobunkers) production in Brazil, Europe, South Africa, and United States considering geographical, logistic, and economic aspects. This assessment combines georeferenced and techno-economic analyses to identify suitable fuel production hotspots based on not only plant performance and costs but also on logistic integration and biomass seasonality. Five technology pathways were considered: Straight vegetable Oils (SVO), Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch Biomass-to-liquids (FT-BTL), Alcohol oligomerization to middle distillates (ATD), and Hydrotreated Pyrolysis Oil (HDPO). Findings reveal that biomass concentration in Brazil makes it the region with highest biobunker potential, which are mostly close to coastal areas and surpasses regional demand. Although other regions registered more limited potentials, hotspots proximity to ports would enable fossil fuel replacements in these areas. For all cases, biobunker costs (USD 21–104/GJ) are higher than conventional marine fuels prices (USD 11–17/GJ). Only 15% of the hotspots’ carbon prices that would allow its competitiveness are lower than USD 100/tCO2. Alternatives to incentivize biobunker production would be, first, to establish mandatory fuel blends and second, to join forces with other sectors that would be benefited from the co-production of advanced biofuels.

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Cronin, Dylan J., Senthil Subramaniam, Casper Brady, Alan Cooper, Zhibin Yang, Joshua Heyne, Corinne Drennan, Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy, and Michael R. Thorson. "Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Wastes." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041306.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) uses heat and pressure to liquefy the organic matter in biomass/waste feedstocks to produce biocrude. When hydrotreated the biocrude is converted into transportation fuels including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Further, by liquifying the organic matter in wet wastes such as sewage sludge, manure, and food waste, HTL can prevent landfilling or other disposal methods such as anerobic digestion, or incineration. A significant roadblock to the development of a new route for SAF is the strict approval process, and the large volumes required (>400 L) for testing. Tier α and β testing can predict some of the properties required for ASTM testing with <400 mL samples. The current study is the first to investigate the potential for utilizing wet-waste HTL biocrude (WWHTLB) as an SAF feedstock. Herein, several WWHTLB samples were produced from food waste, sewage sludge, and fats, oils, and grease, and subsequently hydrotreated and distilled to produce SAF samples. The fuels (both undistilled and distilled samples) were analyzed via elemental and 2D-GC-MS. Herein, we report the Tier α and β analysis of an SAF sample derived originally from a WWHTLB. The results of this work indicate that the upgraded WWHTLB material exhibits key fuel properties, including carbon number distribution, distillation profile, surface tension, density, viscosity, heat of combustion, and flash point, which all fall within the required range for aviation fuel. WWHTLB has therefore been shown to be a promising candidate feedstock for the production of SAF.

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13

Ershov, Mikhail A., Vsevolod D. Savelenko, Alisa E. Makhmudova, Ekaterina S. Rekhletskaya, Ulyana A. Makhova, Vladimir M. Kapustin, Daria Y. Mukhina, and Tamer M. M. Abdellatief. "Technological Potential Analysis and Vacant Technology Forecasting in Properties and Composition of Low-Sulfur Marine Fuel Oil (VLSFO and ULSFO) Bunkered in Key World Ports." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121828.

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Analysis of the very-low-sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO) and ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) bunkered in key ports in Asia, the Middle East, North America, Western Europe, and Russia is presented. The characteristics of said fuels, including density, sulfur content, kinematic viscosity, aluminum and silicon content, vanadium and nickel content, as well as pour point are investigated. Furthermore, the main trends and correlations are also discussed. Based on the graphical and mathematical analysis of the properties, the composition of the fuels is predicted. The key fuel components in Asian ports, the most important of which is Singapore, are hydrodesulfurized atmospheric residues (AR) (50–70%) and catalytic cracker heavy cycle oil (HCO) (15–35%) with the addition of other components, which is explained by the presence of a number of large oil refining centers in the area. In the Middle East ports, the most used VLSFO compositions are based on available resources of low-sulfur components, namely hydrodesulfurized AR, the production facilities of which were recently built in the region. In European ports, due to the relatively low sulfur content in processed oils, straight-run AR is widely used as a component of low-sulfur marine fuels. In addition, fuels in Western European ports contain on average significantly more hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (21%) than in the rest of the world (4–5%). Finally, a mixture of hydrotreated (80–90%) and straight-run fuel oil (10–15%) with a sulfur content of no more than 2.0–2.5% is used as the base low-sulfur component of marine fuels in the ports of Singapore and the Middle East.

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Mohammed, Abdul-Halim A.-K., Karim Hankish, and Nihad Abbas. "DELAYED COKING OF HYDROTREATED REDUCED CRUDE." Fuel Science and Technology International 4, no. 3 (January 1986): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843758608915808.

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15

Karpov, N. V., N. N. Vakhromov, E. V. Dutlov, M. A. Bubnov, I. V. Gudkevich, V. M. Kapustin, E. A. Chernysheva, K. B. Rudyak, V. V. Fadeev, and D. V. Borisanov. "Ideal Model of Fractional Feed Separation of Dewaxing Unit." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 626, no. 4 (2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-626-4-43-47.

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Complex analysis of close fractions properties of hydrotreated diesel fuel and hydrocracking diesel fuel has been made to evaluate application as a feed of isodawaxing unit on platinum catalyst. The ideal model of feed fractional separation of dewaxing unit feed has been made. It is revealed that more than half of traditional feed of dewaxing units is ballast of the process, which it is required to identify and direct to marketable winter diesel fuel apart from reactor. It is revealed that the most convenient dewaxing feed is heavy part of hydrocracking diesel fuel.

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ISKENDIROV, B. ZH, G. F. SAGITOVA, S. Т. TANASHEV, and А. U. SARSENBAYEVA. "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF HEAVY OIL RESIDUES ON THE YIELDS OF CATALYTIC CRACKING PRODUCTS." Neft i Gaz, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2023-1.11.

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The results of the study of the process of catalytic cracking of fuel oil on a microspherical zeolite-containing catalyst showed that the cracking of a mixture consisting of hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (85% by weight) and sulfurous fuel oil (15% by weight) leads to an increase in the yield of catalytic distillate by 5.4 – 7.7% by weight, for a mass feed rate of 2 and 4 hours 1, respectively. At the same time, there is a change in the output of all distillate components compared to their output from pure vacuum gas oil. A decrease in coke deposition on the catalyst by 1.9 – 2.6% by weight and an improvement in the quality of the products obtained were found. The content of sulfur and unsaturated hydrocarbons in gasoline obtained from hydrotreated raw materials is less, aromatic compounds are more. Light and heavy gas oils also contain significantly less sulfur. These studies will deepen the oil refining process, increase the yield of catalytic distillate and reduce the environmental burden.

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17

Simacek, Pavel, Ivan Soucek, Milan Pospisil, Dan Vrtiska, and Hugo Kittel. "Impact of hydrotreated vegetable oil and biodiesel on properties in blends with mineral diesel fuel." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180228315s.

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Physicochemical properties of three biofuels suitable for combustion in automotive diesel engines were compared. Two samples represented commercial hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) with different low temperature properties, one sample represented traditional biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). One HVO sample and FAME were blended into mineral diesel fuel to form two series of mixed fuels. One series represented mixed fuels containing 7, 20, 30, and 50 vol.% of HVO, the other series represented mixed fuels containing the same amount of FAME. All pure fuels as well as all prepared blends were then analyzed and evaluated. The composition and properties of HVO samples are discussed in detail as well as the influence of biocomponents on properties of mixed fuels.

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Chen, Shih-Yuan, Takehisa Mochizuki, Masayasu Nishi, Hideyuki Takagi, Yuji Yoshimura, and Makoto Toba. "Hydrotreating of Jatropha-derived Bio-oil over Mesoporous Sulfide Catalysts to Produce Drop-in Transportation Fuels." Catalysts 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9050392.

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The bio-oil was largely produced by thermal pyrolysis of Jatropha-derived biomass wastes (denoted as Jatropha bio-oil) using a pilot plant with a capacity of 20 kg h-1 at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Thailand. Jatropha bio-oil is an unconventional type of bio-oil, which is mostly composed of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid amides, and derivatives, and consequently, it contains large amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen ~20 wt.%, nitrogen ~ 5 wt.%, sulfur ~ 1000 ppm.). The heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, are highly poisonous to the metal or sulfide catalysts for upgrading of Jatropha bio-oil. To overcome this technical problem, we reported a stepwise strategy for hydrotreating of 100 wt.% Jatropha bio-oil over mesoporous sulfide catalysts (CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3) to produce drop-in transport fuels, such as gasoline- and diesel-like fuels. This study is very different from our recent work on co-processing of Jatropha bio-oil (ca. 10 wt.%) with petroleum distillates to produce a hydrotreated oil as a diesel-like fuel. Jatropha bio-oil was pre-treated through a slurry-type high-pressure reactor under severe conditions, resulting in a pre-treated Jatropha bio-oil with relatively low amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen < 20 wt.%, nitrogen < 2 wt.%, sulfur < 500 ppm.). The light and middle distillates of pre-hydrotreated Jatropha bio-oil were then separated by distillation at a temperature below 240 °C, and a temperature of 240–360 °C. Deep hydrotreating of light distillates over sulfide CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was performed on a batch-type high-pressure reactor at 350 °C and 7 MPa of H2 gas for 5 h. The hydrotreated oil was a gasoline-like fuel, which contained 29.5 vol.% of n-paraffins, 14.4 vol.% of iso-paraffins, 4.5 vol.% of olefins, 21.4 vol.% of naphthene compounds and 29.6 wt.% of aromatic compounds, and little amounts of heteroatoms (nearly no oxygen and sulfur, and less than 50 ppm of nitrogen), corresponding to an octane number of 44, and it would be suitable for blending with petro-gasoline. The hydrotreating of middle distillates over sulfide NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using the same reaction condition produced a hydrotreating oil with diesel-like composition, low amounts of heteroatoms (no oxygen and less than 50 ppm of sulfur and nitrogen), and a cetane number of 60, which would be suitable for use in drop-in diesel fuel.

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Müller, Miroslav, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Vladimir Šleger, Martin Pexa, and Jakub Čedík. "Elastomer-Based Sealing O-Rings and Their Compatibility with Methanol, Ethanol, and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020430.

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Green methanol, ethanol, and diesel-based hydrotreated vegetable oils are some of the renewable liquid fuels that show satisfactory performance in diesel engines. A notable advantage of these fuels is that they are renewable and do not require significant modifications in the existing engines for successful operation. Suitable fuel systems, especially their material compatibility, remain unresolved, and therefore, it is a weak link in their large-scale adaptation. Elastomer-based sealing O-rings lose their mechanical properties after a short exposure time to these fuels, adversely impacting their functionality. This research study evaluated the long-term material compatibility of different elastomer-based sealing materials by immersing the O-rings in these test fuels (hydrotreated vegetable oil, methanol, ethanol, and diesel) for different time intervals (i.e., up to 15 months). The material compatibility was assessed mainly by investigating these changes in various mechanical properties of these O-rings, namely tensile strength (ΔTs), elongation at break (ΔEb), Shore A hardness (ΔH), and mass (ΔM). The degradation of mechanical properties was studied and analyzed during the immersion interval from 0.9 to 15.2 months and compared with O-rings kept in a normal atmosphere. It was noted that individual fuels affect various mechanical properties significantly. In a short interval of 0.9 months (28 days), significant changes in the mechanical properties of the sealing O-rings were observed.

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20

Valeika, Gintaras, Jonas Matijošius, Olga Orynycz, Alfredas Rimkus, Antoni Świć, and Karol Tucki. "Smoke Formation during Combustion of Biofuel Blends in the Internal Combustion Compression Ignition Engine." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093682.

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The proposed changes to the legislation on diesel cars require intensification of work on the possibilities of reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere by these vehicles. The subject of experimental research included in the manuscript was the Skoda Octavia with a 1.9 TDI (turbocharged direct injection) compression ignition engine (type 1Z). Light absorption measurements of smokiness of the exhaust gases emitted after combustion of various biofuels (conventional diesel, pure hydrotreated vegetable oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, biobutanol) and their blends with fossil diesel fuel were studied. The measured light absorption coefficient is the reciprocal of the thickness of the layer, after passing through which the light has a ten times lower intensity. Its unit is the reciprocal of the meter (1/m or m−1). The results obtained by means of a standard smokiness meter indicate that the use of biofuels or their blends, in general, reduces smoke formation.

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Tarusov, D. V., A. N. Karpov, and D. V. Borisanov. "Oil Products for Northern Territories on the Basis of Delayed Coking Process." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 637, no. 3 (2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-637-3-8-14.

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Possible risks of summer and inter-season fuel overproduction at the Russian Federation oil refineries are reviewed. Comprehensive analysis of properties of coking light gas oil narrow fractions hydrotreated at hydrogen pressure of 80 atm is conducted. Dependences of changes in density, cloud point, chilling point, content of aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen on weighting of fraction composition are considered. Based on the received data the components of jet fuel, winter and summer diesel fuel were compounded from narrow fractions. Received blends are analyzed for compliance with the requirements of corresponding GOSTs. The possibility to receive jet fuel, winter and summer diesel fuel from light coking gas oil at hydrogen pressure of 80 atm is shown.

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STRAVINSKAS, Saulius, Alfredas RIMKUS, and Jonas MATIJOŠIUS. "EVALUATION OF VIBRATION AND NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE FUELLED WITH NATURAL GAS-BIODIESEL DUAL FUEL." Transport Problems 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2023.18.1.06.

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As environmental requirements become more stringent and the planet becomes more polluted, the replacement of conventional diesel is attracting more interest. For alternative fuels, such as biodiesel and natural gas, to be used, their effects must be examined not only in terms of the engine’s environmental indicators but also in terms of engine vibrations and sound pressure. This study examined the influence of dual fuel – biodiesel and natural gas – on vibrations and sound pressure of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. Conventional diesel or hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel was used as a pilot fuel for gas ignition. The gaseous fuel was natural gas, which was injected into the intake manifold with different energy shares of the gaseous fuel (40%, 60% and 80%). Tests were performed at a constant engine crankshaft speed and a fixed start of pilot fuel injection of 6° BTDC while the fuel composition and engine load were changed. This experiment revealed correlations between gas energy share (GES) in liquid fuel and ecological and energy indicators of a CI engine.

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YONAHA, Masaki, Takayuki MATSUMOTO, Kotaro TANAKA, and Mitsuru KONNO. "G071041 Influence of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blending on Diesel Fuel Solidification Charactersitics." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013 (2013): _G071041–1—_G071041–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2013._g071041-1.

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Hsieh, Peter Y., Jason A. Widegren, Tara J. Fortin, and Thomas J. Bruno. "Chemical and Thermophysical Characterization of an Algae-Based Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel Fuel." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 5 (April 17, 2014): 3192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef500237t.

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Hemanandh, J., and K. V. Narayanan. "Emission and Performance analysis of hydrotreated refined sunflower oil as alternate fuel." Alexandria Engineering Journal 54, no. 3 (September 2015): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.04.004.

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26

Karpov, N. V., N. N. Vakhromov, E. V. Dutlov, M. A. Bubnov, I. V. Gudkevich, A. L. Maximov, A. I. Gritsenko, L. S. Rathkeen, E. A. Sharin, and D. V. Borisanov. "Analysis of Diesel Fuels Properties of Various Origins in Order to Use Them as Feed for the Production of Hydrocarbon Base for Drilling Fluids." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 629, no. 1 (2022): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-629-1-3-6.

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The advantages of straight-run diesel fuel hydrotreated at pressure of 80 atm on a nickel-molybdenum catalyst over hydrocracking diesel fuel at the use of isodewaxing process as a feedstock to obtain hydrocarbon base for drilling fluids. Based on the results of the laboratory assessment, a test run was carried out at process unit. It was possible to obtain a hydrocarbon base for drilling fluids at the dewaxing unit of the diesel fuel hydrotreatment unit in the amount of 340 tons/day (14 t/h) without compromising quality. The dewaxing unit is idle in the summer time due to the lack of demand for winter diesel fuel, so its use at this time significantly increases the production margin.

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Tubeltseva, A. D., L. V. Ivanova, E. S. Donskaya, and V. N. Koshelev. "Synthesis and Study of Oleic Acid Amides in the Summer Diesel Fuels." Oil and Gas Technologies 143, no. 6 (2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2022-143-6-23-28.

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The results of evaluating the functional properties of oleic acid amides obtained under different synthesis conditions on the functional characteristics of summer hydrotreated diesel fuels produced at two different refineries are presented. It has been established that oleic acid amides in the composition with the depressant of the Keroflux series demonstrate multifunctional properties in the fuel: they improve its low-temperature performance, increase sedimentation stability during cold storage, and also positively affect the lubricating characteristics of the fuel.Comparison of the susceptibility of the fuels from different manufacturers to the additive composition of the depressant and the dispersant showed the influence of the hydrocarbon composition of the fuel on the effectiveness of the action of oleic acid amides as paraffin dispersants. Based on the results of a complex of the tests for the fuels with the additives, including pour point, cold filter plugging point, sedimentation stability, and lubricating properties, the optimal conditions for the synthesis of target amides were determined, which make it possible to obtain the productsthat demonstrate the highest efficiency in the diesel fuel.

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Chojnowski, Janusz, and Patrycja Nogas. "The potential of HVO as a highly reactive biofuel in dual fuel systems." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 70, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7011.

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In times of increased efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere from the automotive sector, engineers and researchers are finding effective solutions to achieve this goal. The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engine or reducing the carbon content in the fuel burned. The combination of both of these assumptions can be the use of modern dual-fuel systems for diesel engines in which the pilot dose of highly reactive fuel is hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), which is an ecological substitute for diesel oil. The topic of the use of HVO as a pilot fuel is empirically unexplored, however the available information on it indicates the validity of such applications.

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Volkov, V., N. Vnukova, I. Taran, O. Pozdnyakova, and T. Volkova. "Influence of diesel vehicles on the biosphere." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-5/094.

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Purpose. To identify environmental climatic impacts resulting from the biodiesel fuel use for vehicles (Vs). Methodology. The methods are based on computation of natural resource consumption and toxic emission with the help of environmental footprint calculator being a software program. Findings. The results of integral assessment of the environmental impact (namely, consumption of water, power, natural resources, and emission of greenhouse gases 2, and NOx in terms of such base traction trucks as VOLVO FM, FH, FE, and FL) were computed for biodiesel fuel types 0, 7, 30, 100 depending upon different standards of EURO propellants. Both positive and negative environmental impact factors have been determined for consuming biofuels during full lifecycle of Vs. It has been defined that minor decrease in 2 emission owing to the use of standard modern biodiesel fuel is followed by significant increase in NOx emission as well as power and water consumption in terms of first-generation biodiesel fuel utilization. VOLVO F Vs were applied for comparative analysis of environmental impact by first-generation biodiesel fuel (i.e. 7, 30, 100) and second-generation fuel being hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Similar tendencies were recognized. Moreover, opportunity to apply biodiesel fuels along with other measures decreasing 2 emission was analyzed. Originality. Originality is stipulated by the use of the integrated assessment of impact of vehicles on climate change as well as use of natural resources while applying biodiesel fuel for vehicles. Practical value. It is possible to forecast environmental consequences resulting from the use of various biodiesel fuels for Vs.

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Rodríguez-Fernández, José, Angel Ramos, Jesus Sánchez-Valdepeñas, and Jose Ramon Serrano. "Lubricity of paraffinic fuels additivated with conventional and non-conventional methyl esters." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 2019): 168781401987707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019877077.

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Fuel lubricity prevents wear between metallic parts in relative motion inside the injection system of combustion engines. Among diesel fuels, paraffinic (gas-to-liquid or hydrotreated oils) and biodiesel (methyl esters) fuels are emerging since some of them are renewable and, in the case of paraffinic fuels, present excellent properties that can be exploited in compression ignition engines. However, the lubricant properties of raw paraffinic fuels are poor. This work explores the potential of individual methyl esters, found in different biodiesel fuels derived from a wide variety of sources, as lubricity additives for paraffinic fuels. Blends at 1% and 2% ester content in a surrogate of paraffinic fuel were tested under the standardized high-frequency reciprocating rig test for lubricity determination. Results confirm the extremely poor lubricity of the surrogate and that the wear scar diameter measured (the higher this, the lower the fuel lubricity) can be significantly reduced with any of the tested esters just at 1% concentration. Higher ester concentration (2%) does not always improve the lubricity further. The number of double bonds in the ester was revealed very significant, but to boost the lubricity of the blend and fulfill the limits set in fuel quality standards, two or more polyunsaturated esters are necessary.

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Kondrasheva, Natalia K., Anzhelika M. Eremeeva, and Konstantin S. Nelkenbaum. "DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUSING HIGH QUALITY CLEAN DIESEL FUEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 9-10 (October 26, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20186109-10.5651.

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The researches related to the development of the best composition and production of environmentally friendly diesel fuel, compliance with the EURO-5 and EURO-6 class, by introducing antiwear additives into the base hydrotreated fuel were conducted. The analysis of modern assumptions to the use in Russia of anti-wear additives of domestic and foreign manufacturers, such manufacturers as Clariant, BASF, Infinéum, JSC "AZKiOС" and others was carried out, and also the main results of efficiency of use of additives for diesel fuel are considered. The synthesis of antiwear additives and antioxidant additives from plant raw materials through the process of transesterification was carried out, as well as the technology of obtaining nitrogen and oxygen-containing compounds with surface active properties was developed. The optimal technological processes of the transesterification process (time, temperature, rate, ratio of raw materials) were revealed. The effect of the obtained bioadditives on the operational and low-temperature properties of hydrotreated diesel fuel was studied. Analysis of the positive effect of additives on lubricating properties of fuel showed that the diameter of the wear spot is reduced by a factor of 4, the amount of harmful emissions (carbon oxides, dispersed particles, volatile organic compounds and hydrocarbons) is reduced by more than 30 times. Also, a decrease in the pour point and change in the cetane number was observed, depending on the composition of the bioadditives (in some cases, the cetane number decreased and ceased to meet the requirements of the standard for diesel fuel GOST R 52368, while others, on the contrary, increased). A distinctive feature of this type of fuel is the maintenance of the minimum amount of gray in your composition, and at the same time compliance with all requirements of GOST. For citation: Kondrasheva N.K., Eremeeva A.М., Nelkenbaum K.S. Development of domestic technologies of produsing high quality clean diesel fuel. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 76-82

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Ershova, A. N., B. V. Grayaznov, M. M. Chernyshova, V. Z. Zlotnikov, S. A. Konakova, V. N. Bauman, and T. A. Dolbanova. "Lube base stocks from hydrotreated raw stock." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 27, no. 6 (June 1991): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00718994.

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33

Xiao, Zengqi, Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, Prapisala Thepsithar, and Kevin Milla. "Biofuel Adoption Pathways for Cargo Vessels under Carbon Tax." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2311, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2311/1/012035.

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Abstract According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy, the shipping industry by 2050 aims to reduce by at least 50% of GHG emission level in 2008. Among various alternative energy sources, biofuels illustrate potential as a drop-in fuel using existing shipboard technologies, bunkering infrastructure, and a new fuel replacing conventional fossil-based fuels. However, the decision to adopt biofuel in vessels depends on various factors. Biofuels may be derived from different feedstock and production routes and thus demonstrate different economic and environmental performances. The compatible type of engines also differs across biofuels, implying differences in capital cost. In addition, a high carbon tax may push the usage of a more expensive biofuel, while a low carbon tax may not drive the switch from fossil fuel. This study aims to analyse biofuel adoption pathways under carbon tax to achieve a net 50% GHG emission reduction for cargo vessels, including bulk carriers, container vessels and tankers. The study focuses on the following types of fuels: low sulphur fuel oil (LSFO), marine gas oil (MGO), Liquefied natural gas (LNG), biodiesel in the form of palm methyl ester (PME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and bio-LNG.

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Matsumoto, Takayuki, Koutarou Tanaka, Yuzo Aoyagi, and Mitsuru Konno. "307 Influence of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil on Low Temperature Fluidity of Diesel Fuel." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2012.20 (2012): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2012.20.69.

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35

Phimsen, Songphon, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Hiroshi Yamada, Tomohiko Tagawa, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Navadol Laosiripojana, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Nickel sulfide, nickel phosphide and nickel carbide catalysts for bio-hydrotreated fuel production." Energy Conversion and Management 151 (November 2017): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.089.

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36

Chojnowski, Janusz, and Tadeusz Dziubak. "Multi-Criteria Analysis of Semi-Trucks with Conventional and Eco-Drives on the EU Market." Energies 17, no. 5 (February 21, 2024): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051018.

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The research provides a comparative theoretical investigation of the operational characteristics of an electric semi-truck and vehicles powered by conventional combustion engines using diesel fuel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and methane (including biomethane) in the dual fuel configuration. The Volvo tractor units that are offered for retail in 2024, namely the Volvo FH Electric, Volvo FH500 in dual fuel configuration, and Volvo FH500TC Diesel Euro VI, were chosen for comparison. The considerations encompassed include the road tractor’s mass, energy usage, power-to-weight ratio, dynamics, ability to recharge or refuel, payload restrictions, impact on logistics expenses, compliance with regulations on drivers’ working hours, and a report on carbon dioxide emissions. The study concludes by discussing and drawing conclusions on the competitiveness of different drive types in truck tractors, specifically in relation to identifying the most suitable areas of application. Synthetic conclusions demonstrate the high effectiveness of the electric drive in urban and suburban conditions. However, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines using renewable fuels fill the gap in energy-intensive drives in long-distance transport.

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d’Ambrosio, S., A. Mancarella, and O. Marello. "Characterization of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Euro 6 Diesel Engine as a Drop-In Fuel and With a Dedicated Calibration." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2648, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2648/1/012074.

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Abstract Renewable fuels can play an important role in achieving future goals of energy sustainability and CO2 reduction. In particular, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) represents one of the most promising alternatives to petroleum-derived diesel fuels. Several studies have shown that conventional diesel engines can run on 100% HVO without significant modifications to the hardware and control strategies. The current activity has experimentally evaluated the potential of HVO as a “drop-in” fuel, i.e., without changes to the original baseline calibration, comparing it to conventional diesel fuel on a 2.3-litre Euro 6 compression ignition engine. Tests revealed that HVO can significantly reduce engine-out soot (by more than 60%), HC and CO emissions (by about 40%), compared to diesel, while NOx levels and fuel conversion efficiency remain relatively unchanged under steady-state warmed-up conditions. The advantages of HVO proved to be further enhanced when the engine has not yet warmed up. Using statistical techniques of design of experiments (DoE) at three warmed-up steady-state operating points, the main engine control parameters were recalibrated to demonstrate that engine-out emissions can be further optimized with a dedicated calibration.

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38

Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Chiara Guido, Carlo Beatrice, and Leonardo Pellegrini. "Impact of hydrocracked diesel fuel and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil blends on the fuel consumption of automotive diesel engines." Fuel 222 (June 2018): 718–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.097.

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39

Bedda, Kahina, Boudjema Hamada, Nikolay Kuzichkin, and Kirill Semikin. "Extractive purification of hydro-treated gas oil with N-methylpyrrolidone." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 1 (2017): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc160523004b.

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The purification of a hydrotreated gas oil by liquid-liquid extraction with N-methylpyrrolidone as solvent has been studied. The results showed that this method, under appropriate experimental conditions, has reduced sulphur content of the gas oil from 174 ppm to 28 ppm, nitrogen content has decreased from 58 ppm to 15 ppm, aromatics content has diminished from 27.1 % to 13.8 % and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were totally extracted. The refined gas oil obtained can be used to produce clean diesel fuel for the environment.

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Rayapureddy, Sai Manoj, Jonas Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus, Jacek Caban, and Tomasz Słowik. "Comparative Study of Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil–Biobutanol Fuel Blends and Diesel Fuel on a CI Engine." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 7324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127324.

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This article is a study of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Butanol Fuel blends, which are mixed in three different proportions (HVOB5, HVOB10 and HVOB20), and the comparison of their combustion (in-cylinder pressure, pressure rise and ROHR), performance (fuel consumption, BSFC and BTE) and emission (CO2, NOX, HC and Smoke) characteristics with those of fossil diesel fuel. In the wake of finding an alternative fuel that requires little to zero modifications to the existing IC engines, it is necessary to account for the necessity of matching the efficiency of conventional fuels as well as greatly reducing its exhaust emissions. As a result of transesterification, HVO is found to have better stability and higher CN compared to other biofuels. It is termed a “renewable diesel” due to its ability to reduce emissions while maintaining efficiency. HVO as a fuel has higher cost efficiency, and for a more stable oxygen content in the fuel, an alcohol substitute is needed. Butanol, which has a considerable advantage over other alcohols due to its higher density, viscosity and CN, is selected. HVOB5 and HVOB10 are found to match diesel fuel in terms of fuel consumption while having a ~1% lesser efficiency. In terms of emissions, all the fuel mixtures including HVO100 are found to have ~4–5% lesser CO2, ~10–15% lesser NOX and a ~25–45% reduction in smoke levels.

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Butsykina, Ekaterina R., Natalia N. Gerasimova, Ekaterina A. Shaleva, and Nadezhda I. Krivtsova. "Nitrogen-containing compounds of Kazakhstan petroleum vacuum gas oil." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 334, no. 12 (December 27, 2023): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2023/12/4217.

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Relevance. The need to accumulate data on nitrogen-containing compounds of heavy fractions, the share of which in secondary oil refining is steadily increasing every year. With the weight of raw materials the amount of sulfur-, nitrogen- and oxygen-containing components in it increases. The high content of heteroatomic compounds has a negative impact on catalytic processing, the quality and performance characteristics of the products obtained, and the environment. One of the widespread processes for upgrading crude oil, in particular, vacuum gas oil, is hydrotreating. However, during the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of heavy distillates the reactions of hydrogenolysis of organic sulfur compounds are inhibited in the presence of nitrogen-containing compounds. At the same time, the degree of hydrodenitrogenation of heavy oil fractions is relatively low. It is known that petroleum nitrogen-containing compounds are divided into nitrogenous bases titrated with acid solutions and nonbasic nitrogen compounds. Nitrogenous bases are represented mainly by alkylbenzo- and alkylnaphthenobenzo derivatives of pyridine. Nonbasic compounds may include benzologs of pyrrole and amides. Determining the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in vacuum gas oil and studying their transformations during hydrotreatment is an important and actual problem. Aim. Comparative study of high- and low-molecular nitrogenous bases and nonbasic nitrogen-containing compounds of vacuum gas oil of Kazakhstan oil before and after hydrotreating. Objects. Samples taken before and after the catalytic hydrotreatment of vacuum gas oil from Kazakhstan oil. Methods. Hydrotreatment, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, benzene cryoscopy, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, structural group analysis. Results. The paper introduces a comparative characteristic of the composition and structure of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases from the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Under the conditions of hydrotreatment, the total removal of nitrogen was 6.56 wt %, and the content of Nbas. decreased by 36%. At the same time, nitrogenous bases in the hydrotreated product are characterized by low molecular weights. Using IR spectroscopy, similar structural fragments were identified in the nitrogen compounds of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil: pyridine rings (1573–1574 cm–1), carboxylic (3209–3225 and 1701–1709 cm–1) and sulfoxide (1032–1033 cm–1) groups. Among the nitrogen-containing compounds of the original vacuum gas oil, amides (1647–1648 cm–1) were identified, which are absent in the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds of the hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Hydrocarbon skeletons of molecules include aromatic (1599–1602 cm–1) and aliphatic fragments (2860–2960 and 1454–1460, 1377, 723–727 cm–1). In accordance with the results of the structural group analysis, the averaged molecules of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil are represented by naphthenoaromatic structures with different alkyl framing. The differences observed between the values of individual structural parameters of the nitrogenous bases average molecules of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil may indicate the compounds transformations under study during hydrotreatment.

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Reksowardojo, Iman K., Long H. Duong, Rais Zain, Firman Hartono, Septhian Marno, Wawan Rustyawan, Nelliza Putri, Wisasurya Jatiwiramurti, and Bayu Prabowo. "Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Gas-Turbine Engine Fueled with Biojet/Jet A-1 Blends for the Development of Aviation Biofuel in Tropical Regions." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2020): 6570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246570.

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Biofuels as alternative fuels in today’s world are becoming increasingly important for the reduction of greenhouse gases. Here, we present and evaluate the potential of a new alternative fuel based on the conversion of medium-chain fatty acids to biojet (MBJ), which was produced from coconut oil using hydrotreated processes. MBJ is produced by using both deoxygenation and isomerization processes. Several blends of this type of biojet fuel with Jet A-1 were run in a gas-turbine engine (Rover 1S/60, ROTAX LTD., London, England) for the purpose of investigating engine performance and emissions. Performance results showed almost the same results as those of Jet A-1 fuel for these fuels in terms of thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, turbine-inlet temperature, and exhaust-gas temperature. The results of exhaust-gas emissions also showed no significant effects on carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides, while a decrease in smoke opacity was found when blending MBJ with Jet A-1. MBJ performed well in both performance and emissions tests when run in this engine. Thus, MBJ brings hope for the development of aviation biofuels in tropical regions that have an abundance of bioresources, but are limited in technology and investment capital.

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Demuynck, Joachim, Roland Dauphin, Marta Yugo, Pablo Mendoza Villafuerte, and Dirk Bosteels. "Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 12711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212711.

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Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel.

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Varga, Tamás, István Major, Róbert Janovics, Júlia Kurucz, Mihály Veres, A. J. Timothy Jull, Mónika Péter, and Mihály Molnár. "High-Precision Biogenic Fraction Analyses of Liquid Fuels by 14C AMS at HEKAL." Radiocarbon 60, no. 5 (October 2018): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.109.

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ABSTRACTThe biocomponent ratio in liquid fuels as well as the usage of renewable resources for fuel consumption in the transport sector needs to be increased as a result of EU directive 2003/30/EC. Based on radiocarbon (14C) measurements, it should be relatively simple and fast to measure the weight percentage of the fossil and biological sources by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) as recommended in the ASTM D 6866-12 and EN 16640 standards. In this study, a relatively easy and fast sample preparation and measurement method based on AMS measurements was developed at the Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies (HEKAL) using reference samples from the Hungarian MOL Nyrt. oil company. Considering the recent EU regulation for mixing rates of liquid fuels in the transport sector (0.7–2% biofuel content) and the projected higher rates (2–10% biofuel content), the method is applicable to determine fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and/or hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) derived proportions of fuel blends with a 1σ uncertainty better than±0.3% m/m.

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Fabio de Sousa Santos, Marcelo A. Moret, and Lilian Lefol Nani Guarieiro. "Techniques Used for Determining the Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Presence in Diesel." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGIES AND HEALTH 5, no. 4 (February 3, 2023): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v5i4.261.

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Determining HVO content in diesel is essential for fuel quality control and other important aspects, so studying the techniques used for this purpose is necessary. In this article, the authors did a systematic review to determine the techniques used to define HVO in diesel and the efficiency of each technique. The results of the study showed that the use of techniques that are based on measuring the amount of C14 radiocarbon in the sample have good efficiency, but concerning the cost and time used to perform the exams, FTIR spectroscopy together with the use of Chemometric techniques is an excellent alternative for the study.

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Guzmán, Héctor J., Fernanda Isquierdo, Lante Carbognani, Gerardo Vitale, Carlos E. Scott, and Pedro Pereira-Almao. "X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Hydrotreated Athabasca Asphaltenes." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 10 (September 15, 2017): 10706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01863.

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47

Hunicz, Jacek, Paweł Krzaczek, Michał Gęca, Arkadiusz Rybak, and Maciej Mikulski. "Comparative study of combustion and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with FAME and HVO." Combustion Engines 184, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-135066.

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This study investigates combustion and emission characteristics of a contemporary single-cylinder compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). These two drop-in fuels have an increasing share in automotive supply chains, yet have substantially different physical and auto-ignition properties. HVO has a lower viscosity and higher cetane number, and FAME has contrary characteristics. These parameters heavily affect mixture formation and the following combustion process, causing that the engine pre-optimized to one fuel option can provide deteriorated performance and excess emissions if another sustainable option is applied. To investigate the scale of this problem, injection pressure sweeps were performed around the stock, low NOX and low PM engine calibration utilizing split fuel injection. The results showed that FAME and HVO prefer lower injection pressures than diesel fuel, with the benefits of simultaneous reduction of all emission indicators compared to DF. Additionally, reduction of injection pressure from 80 MPa to 60 MPa for biodiesels at low engine load resulted in improved brake thermal efficiency by 1 percentage point, due to reduced parasitic losses in the common rail system.

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48

Gawron, Bartosz, Aleksander Górniak, Tomasz Białecki, Anna Janicka, Radosław Włostowski, Adriana Włóka, Justyna Molska, and Maciej Zawiślak. "Impact of a Synthetic Component on the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds during the Combustion Process in a Miniature Turbine Engine." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248462.

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This paper refers to the study of biofuel as an alternative power source for turbine aviation engines. Blends of Jet A-1 fuel and synthesized hydrocarbons from Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) technology at different proportions, such as 25%, 50% and 75%, were used for tests. All the test results were compared with the neat Jet A-1 fuel. A miniature GTM series turbojet engine was used in the test rig studies. During the tests conducted at a specific rotational speed, selected engine operating parameters as well as the emission of volatile organic compounds were measured. In terms of engine performance, no significant differences were found between the test fuels. The results of volatile organic compound emissions indicate that among the most toxic compounds the highest concentrations were obtained for benzene. The addition of the HEFA synthetic component and increasing its proportion in the blend resulted in the obtained concentration values for benzene showing a decreasing trend. The plotted utility profile indicates that the most optimal blend, i.e., the least toxic, is the blend with the share (v/v) of 62.5% of Jet A-1 fuel and 37.5% of HEFA component.

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49

Rimkus, Alfredas, Saulius Stravinskas, and Jonas Matijošius. "Comparative Study on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of Dual Fuels (Diesel–NG and HVO–Biogas) and Conventional Diesel Fuel in a CI Engine." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010359.

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The Article presents the results of the experimental research and numerical analysis of a compression ignition (CI) engine adapted for running on dual fuels of different composition (diesel and natural gas, diesel and biogas, biodiesel and natural gas, and biodiesel and biogas). The main goal was to find out the impact of different dual fuels on energy performance and emissions depending on the start of injection (SOI) of diesel and the crank angle degree (CAD). Pure conventional diesel fuel and second generation hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (Neste) was used in the research. Natural gas contained 97 vol. % of methane. Biogas (biomethane) was simulated using a methane and carbon dioxide blend consisting of 60 vol. % of methane and 40 vol. % of carbon dioxide. Dual (liquid and gaseous) fuels were used in the tests, with the energy share of liquid fuels accounting for 40% and gas for 60%. The research results have shown that having replaced conventional diesel fuel with dual fuel, engine’s BTE declined by 11.9–16.5%. The use of methane in the dual fuel blend reduced CO2 volumetric fraction in the exhaust gases by 17–20%, while biomethane increased CO2 volumetric fraction by 10–14%. Dual fuel significantly increased CO and HC emissions, but NOx volumetric fraction decreased by 67–82% and smoke by 23–39%. The numerical analysis of the combustion process revealed changes in the ROHR (Rate of Heat Release) that affected engine efficiency and exhaust emissions was done by AVL (Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List) BOOST program.

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50

Žaglinskis, Justas, and Alfredas Rimkus. "Research on the Performance Parameters of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled by Blends of Diesel Fuel, Rapeseed Methyl Ester and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 10, 2023): 14690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014690.

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This research compares the air pollution (CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke), energy (brake-specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency) and noise indicators of a compression ignition engine fueled by first-generation biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester (RME)) and second-generation biodiesel (hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO)), or conventional (fossil) diesel fuel blends. The concentration of first- and second-generation biodiesel in two-component blends with diesel fuel was up to 15% and 30% (RME15, RME30, HVO15, and HVO30); for comparison, the three-component blend of diesel fuel, HVO and RME (RME15–HVO15) was considered. The fuels’ physical and chemical properties were tested in a specialized laboratory, and the engine load conditions were ensured by the engine brake stand. Referring to ship power plants with constant-speed engines, detailed research was carried out in one speed mode (n = 2000 rpm). Studies have shown that two-component fuel blends with HVO are superior to conventional diesel fuel and two-component blends with RME in almost all cases. The HVO in fuel blends reduced fuel consumption up to 1.8%, while the thermal efficiency was close to that of fossil diesel fuel. In addition, a reduction in pollutants was observed: CO by ~12.5–25.0%; HC by ~5.0–12.0%; NOx by ~6.5%; smokiness by ~11–18% (two-component blend) and up to ~29% (three-component blend). The CO2 and noise characteristics were close to those of fossil diesel fuel; however, the trend of reduced smoke emission was clearly seen. A fundamental obstacle to the wide use of HVO can be seen, however, which is the price, which is 25–90% (depending on the EU country) higher than the price of conventional (fossil) diesel fuel.

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