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1
Li, Ji-Qiang, Ji-Chao Li, Jeong-Tae Kwon, and Chunlin Shang. "The effect of internal pressure change on the temperature rise and the amount of filling hydrogen of high pressure storage tank." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 8 (August 2022): 168781322211210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221121030.
Анотація:
Hydrogen has been considered as a feasible energy carry for fuel cell vehicles, which offers a clean and efficient alternative for transportation. In the currently developed hydrogen compression cycle system, hydrogen is compressed through a compressor and stored in the tank as high pressure. The hydrogen is filled from high pressure station into hydrogen storage system in fuel cell vehicles. In the study, theoretical and simulation are performed by presenting a mathematical model for the temperature rise during filling process in the hydrogen storage tank at the pressure of 50 MPa compressed hydrogen system. For a high-pressure tank (HPT) that can store hydrogen at a hydrogen filling station, the temperature rise of hydrogen with the pressure change during the filling process, the amount of hydrogen filling in the tank, and the convective heat transfer coefficient in the tank were calculated. The calculated temperature was compared with numerical and theoretical methods. Appropriate theoretical formulas were presented through mathematical modeling for changes that occur when high-pressure storage tanks were filled, and hydrogen properties were analyzed using the REFPROP program. 3D modeling was performed for the high-pressure storage tank, and the analysis was conducted under adiabatic conditions. When the pressure was increased to 50 MPa in the initial vacuum state, and when the residual pressure was 18 MPa, it was 25, 50, 75,and 100 MPa, and hydrogen inside the storage tank of the temperature rise and the amount of hydrogen filling were investigated. The results of this study will be useful for the design and construction of compressed hydrogen tank for hydrogen charging system.
2
Su, Ying, Hong Lv, Wei Zhou, and Cunman Zhang. "Review of the Hydrogen Permeability of the Liner Material of Type IV On-Board Hydrogen Storage Tank." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (August 22, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030130.
Анотація:
The hydrogen storage tank is a key parameter of the hydrogen storage system in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), as its safety determines the commercialization of HFCVs. Compared with other types, the type IV hydrogen storage tank which consists of a polymer liner has the advantages of low cost, lightweight, and low storage energy consumption, but meanwhile, higher hydrogen permeability. A detailed review of the existing research on hydrogen permeability of the liner material of type IV hydrogen storage tanks can improve the understanding of the hydrogen permeation mechanism and provide references for following-up researchers and research on the safety of HFCVs. The process of hydrogen permeation and test methods are firstly discussed in detail. This paper then analyzes the factors that affect the process of hydrogen permeation and the barrier mechanism of the liner material and summarizes the prediction models of gas permeation. In addition to the above analysis and comments, future research on the permeability of the liner material of the type IV hydrogen storage tank is prospected.
3
Liu, Min, Bo Zhao, Yaze Li, Zhen Wang, Xuesong Zhang, Liang Tong, Tianqi Yang, Xuefang Li, and Jinsheng Xiao. "Parametric Study on Fin Structure and Injection Tube in Metal Hydride Tank Packed with LaNi5 Alloy for Efficient and Safe Hydrogen Storage." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 18, 2023): 9735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129735.
Анотація:
Efficient hydrogen storage methods are crucial for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. This work studied the effects of fin structure and injection tube on the system performance of a hydrogen storage tank packed with LaNi5 alloy. An axisymmetric finite element model of the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank was established. The fin structure and injection tube were added to the hydrogen storage tank, and the effects of the fin location and injection tube on the efficiency and safety of the hydrogen storage tank during hydriding were analyzed. A parametric study on the wall fin structure and injection tube has been carried out to optimize the design of a hydrogen storage tank, and to improve its efficiency and safety. The hydrogen storage capacity of the optimized tank packed with LaNi5 alloy can reach 1.312 wt%, which is 99% of its maximum capacity, at around 650 s. The results show that the fin structure can improve the heat transfer performance of the storage tank, and that the injection tube can enhance the mass transfer of hydrogen in the tank.
4
Kim, Moo-Sun, Hong-Kyu Jeon, Kang-Won Lee, Joon-Hyoung Ryu, and Sung-Woong Choi. "Analysis of Hydrogen Filling of 175 Liter Tank for Large-Sized Hydrogen Vehicle." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 4856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104856.
Анотація:
Due to the low density of hydrogen gas under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions, the high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage method is widely employed. With high-pressure characteristics of hydrogen storage, rigorous safety precautions are required, such as filling of compressed gas in a hydrogen tank to achieve reliable operational solutions. Especially for the large-sized tanks (above 150 L), safety operation of hydrogen storage should be considered. In the present study, the compressed hydrogen gas behavior in a large hydrogen tank of 175 L is investigated for its filling. To validate the numerical approach used in this study, numerical models for the adaptation of the gas and turbulence models are examined. Numerical parametric studies on hydrogen filling for the large hydrogen tank of 175 L are conducted to estimate the hydrogen gas behavior in the hydrogen tank under various conditions of state of charge of pressure and ambient temperature. From the parametric studies, the relationship between the initial SOC pressure condition and the maximum temperature rise of hydrogen gas was shown. That is, the maximum temperature rise increases as the ambient temperature decreases, and the rise increases as the SOC decreases.
5
Jin, Zeping, Ying Su, Hong Lv, Min Liu, Wenbo Li, and Cunman Zhang. "Review of Decompression Damage of the Polymer Liner of the Type IV Hydrogen Storage Tank." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102258.
Анотація:
The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However, hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner, especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression, damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration, as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the decompression damage is significant for the development of a suitable liner material and the commercialization of the type IV hydrogen storage tank. This study discusses the decompression damage mechanism of the polymer liner, which includes damage characterizations and evaluations, influential factors, and damage prediction. Finally, some future research directions are proposed to further investigate and optimize tanks.
6
Chang, Jing Yi, Yean Der Kuan, Yun Siang Weng, and Sheng Ching Chan. "A Study of Heating Mechanism Applied to Hydrogen Storage Alloy Tank of Portable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1352.
Анотація:
This study developed a heating mechanism applicable to hydrogen storage tank, in order to enhance the stability and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). This study discussed two heating modes. The first mode was using heating wire to wind the hydrogen storage tank body. Heating wires were used to wind the upper, middle and lower parts of the hydrogen storage tank and the whole tank respectively for discussion. The second heating mode was to use the PEMFC cathode waste heat to heat the hydrogen storage tank body. This study discussed the variations of hydrogen release rate and tank body temperature with the hydrogen release time in different heating mechanisms. The research results can serve as reference for system design in various applications.
7
Lázár, Marián, Ivan Mihálik, Tomáš Brestovič, Natália Jasminská, Lukáš Tóth, Romana Dobáková, Filip Duda, Ľubomíra Kmeťová, and Šimon Hudák. "A Newly Proposed Method for Hydrogen Storage in a Metal Hydride Storage Tank Intended for Maritime and Inland Shipping." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091643.
Анотація:
The utilisation of hydrogen in ships has important potential in terms of achieving the decarbonisation of waterway transport, which produces approximately 3% of the world’s total emissions. However, the utilisation of hydrogen drives in maritime and inland shipping is conditioned by the efficient and safe storage of hydrogen as an energy carrier on ship decks. Regardless of the type, the constructional design and the purpose of the aforesaid vessels, the preferred method for hydrogen storage on ships is currently high-pressure storage, with an operating pressure of the fuel storage tanks amounting to tens of MPa. Alternative methods for hydrogen storage include storing the hydrogen in its liquid form, or in hydrides as adsorbed hydrogen and reformed fuels. In the present article, a method for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides is discussed, particularly in a certified low-pressure metal hydride storage tank—the MNTZV-159. The article also analyses the 2D heat conduction in a transversal cross-section of the MNTZV-159 storage tank, for the purpose of creating a final design of the shape of a heat exchanger (intensifier) that will help to shorten the total time of hydrogen absorption into the alloy, i.e., the filling process. Based on the performed 3D calculations for heat conduction, the optimisation and implementation of the intensifier into the internal volume of a metal hydride alloy will increase the performance efficiency of the shell heat exchanger of the MNTZV-159 storage tank. The optimised design increased the cooling power by 46.1%, which shortened the refuelling time by 41% to 2351 s. During that time, the cooling system, which comprised the newly designed internal heat transfer intensifier, was capable of eliminating the total heat from the surface of the storage tank, thus preventing a pressure increase above the allowable value of 30 bar.
8
Hong, Lixiang, Fu Yang, Dongyao Chen, and Minghui Sun. "Ultrasonic testing and Monitoring of Hydrogen blistering and Hydrogen-induced Cracking of LPG Storage Tanks." Materials Evaluation 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2024.me-04394.
Анотація:
Due to the presence of various corrosive chemicals in LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, or propane) storage tanks, it is very likely to cause different degrees of corrosion in the tank and derive various defects. This article analyzes the main characteristics and types of defects found in storage tanks and provides an overview of ultrasonic testing and monitoring of defects such as hydrogen blistering and hydrogen-induced cracking.
9
Kim, Seungwon, Taejin Jang, Topendra Oli, and Cheolwoo Park. "Behavior of Barrier Wall under Hydrogen Storage Tank Explosion with Simulation and TNT Equivalent Weight Method." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063744.
Анотація:
Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social, economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However, many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy, infrastructure, and living beings. In this study, a protection wall under a worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas tank was analyzed with commercial software LS-DYNA. TNT equivalent method was used to calculate the weight of TNT for Hydrogen. Reinforced concrete and composite protection wall under TNT explosion was analyzed with a different distance of TNT. The initial dimension of the reinforced concrete protection wall was taken from the Korea gas safety code book (KGS FP217) and studied the various condition. H-beam was used to make the composite protection wall. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulation from LS-DYNA and ConWep pressure had a good agreement. Used of the composite structure had a minimum displacement than a normal reinforced concrete protection wall. During the worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas 300 kg storage tank, the minimum distance between the hydrogen gas tank storage and protection wall should be 3.6 m.
10
Zhang, Pugen. "Ultrasonic Torsion Mode Guided Wave Probe Design for Local Detection of Vehicle-mounted Winding Hydrogen Storage Cylinders." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2483, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2483/1/012029.
Анотація:
Abstract At present, the application of the traditional nondestructive testing technologies for hydrogen storage tanks is limited because of their requests to make the hydrogen storage tank to be out of service. The damage to the cylinder surface and some microstructures will change the echo-guided wave signal. However, there is no special cylinder detection probe now. In this paper, a probe of ultrasonic guided wave excitation generator is designed for vehicle-mounted winding hydrogen storage cylinders. The research results of this paper are of great significance for the safety of hydrogen storage tanks in new energy vehicles.
11
Matveev, Konstantin I., and Jacob W. Leachman. "The Effect of Liquid Hydrogen Tank Size on Self-Pressurization and Constant-Pressure Venting." Hydrogen 4, no. 3 (July 19, 2023): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4030030.
Анотація:
Hydrogen represents a promising renewable fuel, and its broad application can lead to drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Keeping hydrogen in liquid form helps achieve high energy density, but also requires cryogenic conditions for storage as hydrogen evaporates at temperatures of about 20 K, which can lead to a large pressure build-up in the tank. This paper addresses the unsteady thermal modeling of cryogenic tanks with liquid hydrogen. Considering the liquid and vapor phases in the tank as two nodes with averaged properties, a lumped-element method of low computational cost is developed and used for simulating two regimes: self-pressurization (also known as autogenous pressurization, or pressure build-up in the closed tank due to external heat leaks) and constant-pressure venting (when some hydrogen is let out of the tank to maintain pressure at a fixed level). The model compares favorably (within several percent for pressure) to experimental observations for autogenous pressurization in a NASA liquid hydrogen tank. The two processes of interest in this study are numerically investigated in tanks of similar shapes but different sizes ranging from about 2 to 1200 m3. Pressure and temperature growth rates are characterized in closed tanks, where the interfacial mass transfer manifests initial condensation followed by more pronounced evaporation. In tanks where pressure is kept fixed by venting some hydrogen from the vapor domain of the tank, the initial venting rate significantly exceeds evaporation rate, but after a settling period, magnitudes of both rates approach each other and continue evolving at a slower pace. The largest tank demonstrates a six-times-lower pressure rise than the smallest tank over a 100 h period. The relative boil-off losses in continuously vented tanks are found to be approximately proportional to the inverse of the tank diameter, thus generally following simple Galilean scaling with a few percent deviation due to scale effects. The model developed in this work is flexible for analyzing a variety of processes in liquid hydrogen storage systems, raising efficiencies, which is critically important for a future economy based on renewable energy.
12
Arkharov, Ivan A., Anatoly I. Smorodin, and Oleg Ya Cheremnykh. "Development and investigation of means of transportation, storage, gasification and refueling of cryogen liquids of space systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 324 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032401001.
Анотація:
The paper describes the development of hydrogen, oxygen, LNG (tank cars, container cars) stationary devices based on the existing constructions. The investigation results of liquid hydrogen losses on experimental cryogenic storage and transport tanks with different thermal insulation (multilayer-vacuum, powder-vacuum, screen-vacuum (with a nitrogen screen of different designs)) are presented. The paper presents the results of research on obtaining and maintaining pressure in the tank of a gasification plant with hydrogen supercritical parameters for long-term product delivery to the customer at variable or constant flowrate, both using an external source of hydrogen and a part of the hydrogen supplied to the consumer as a heat carrier. The paper presents a method and equipment of refueling the Orbiter fuel tanks with high-purity hydrogen for variable hydrogen mass and different number of tanks.
13
Cumalioglu, I., Y. Ma, A. Ertas, and T. Maxwell. "High Pressure Hydrogen Storage Tank: A Parametric Design Study." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (April 24, 2006): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389036.
Анотація:
Low hydrogen density of high pressure vessels is the primary concern in compressed hydrogen storage techniques. To increase densities, a new tank design is proposed in this paper with simulative design approaches. A novel design feature of this tank is a multilayered wall, which is composed of a “dynamic wall” capable of absorbing hydrogen while supporting the tank and preventing hydrogen permeation and embrittlement. Such a proposed tank is modeled with finite element method to determine required properties towards achieving the Department of Energy (DOE) targets of 2010 and 2015. Parameters and relations for this engineering design are obtained.
14
Jeong, Soo-Jin, Sang-Jin Lee, and Seong-Joon Moon. "CFD Thermo-Hydraulic Evaluation of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank with Different Insulation Thickness in a Small-Scale Hydrogen Liquefier." Fluids 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8090239.
Анотація:
Accurate evaluation of thermo-fluid dynamic characteristics in tanks is critically important for designing liquid hydrogen tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers to minimize heat leakage into the liquid and ullage. Due to the high costs, most future liquid hydrogen storage tank designs will have to rely on predictive computational models for minimizing pressurization and heat leakage. Therefore, in this study, to improve the storage efficiency of a small-scale hydrogen liquefier, a three-dimensional CFD model that can predict the boil-off rate and the thermo-fluid characteristics due to heat penetration has been developed. The prediction performance and accuracy of the CFD model was validated based on comparisons between its results and previous experimental data, and a good agreement was obtained. To evaluate the insulation performance of polyurethane foam with three different insulation thicknesses, the pressure changes and thermo-fluid characteristics in a partially liquid hydrogen tank, subject to fixed ambient temperature and wind velocity, were investigated numerically. It was confirmed that the numerical simulation results well describe not only the temporal variations in the thermal gradient due to coupling between the buoyance and convection, but also the buoyancy-driven turbulent flow characteristics inside liquid hydrogen storage tanks with different insulation thicknesses. In the future, the numerical model developed in this study will be used for optimizing the insulation systems of storage tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers, which is a cost-effective and highly efficient approach.
15
Pourrahmani, Hossein, Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi, Bahar Pourhasani, and Jan Van herle. "Hydrogen Storage Using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): A Computational Fluid Dynamic Study." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 45 (August 28, 2023): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01452466mtgabs.
Анотація:
The existing obstacles toward the usage of fossil fuels as the prime mover of the cars have improved the commercialization of the fuel cells and batteries to replace the internal combustion engines (ICEs). Although the required infrastructure is already established for the ICE cars, the low number of hydrogen refueling stations, low range of batteries, high charging time of the batteries, and the size/weight of the hydrogen tanks are the main concerns toward the transition from ICE cars to environmentally friendly alternatives. Fuel cells can be directly used in the vehicles as the prime mover (mobility applications), or they can be considered as the energy provider of the electric vehicle charging stations (stationary applications). Although the hydrogen storage is not being considered as an obstacle for the stationary applications, the required weight and size of the hydrogen tanks is a barrier to facilitate the usage of hydrogen in the automotive sector. Based on the given standards [1], it is possible to pressurize hydrogen up to 700 bars, hence reducing the size of the hydrogen tanks. This solution has been already used in the development of the Toyota Mirai, which has 114kW/155hp power and 500km range with the fuel consumption of 0.76 kg H2/100km [2]. Similarly, Honda Clarity could reach the range of 650km with 5kg of hydrogen tank capacity at the rated power of 130kW/ 176hp [3]. Although pressurizing the hydrogen is a feasible solution, it will demand further costs and safety procedures to reach the 700 bars. In other words, the best solution would be reaching the same driving range without pressurizing the hydrogen. In this regard, Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) can be used to increase the hydrogen adsorption in the hydrogen tank due to higher gravimetric storage density. Among different types of MOFs, the MOF-5 has shown promising results to increase the hydrogen storage up to wt. 10% absolute at 70 bar and 77K. It is believed that the low thermal conductivity of the MOF-5 can reduce the performance of the system when rapid gas uptake and release is required [4]. Although there have been studies to evaluate the overall possibilities of using MOF-5 to improve the adsorption of hydrogen in the hydrogen tanks, there is not a comprehensive study to simulate and characterize the changes in the hydrogen adsorption once the hydrogen tanks are filled with different types of MOFs. The goal of this study is to use the computational fluid dynamic methodologies to model a hydrogen tank filled with MOFs and to analyze the hydrogen adsorption by the changes in the time. This study can a step toward improving the design of the hydrogen tanks, which will facilitate the hydrogen storage at low pressures close to the ambient temperatures. This study can be also a good start to find the right type of MOF to be used in the hydrogen tanks to have the highest possible hydrogen adsorption. The developed model is based on mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations of the adsorbent-adsorbate system composed of gaseous and adsorbed hydrogen, adsorbent bed and tank wall. It is noteworthy to mention that the adsorption process is based on the modified Dubinin-Astakov (D-A) adsorption isotherm model. Keywords : Hydrogen Storage; Metal Organic Frameworks; Adsorption; Fuel cells. Figure 1
16
Li, Ji-Qiang, No-Seuk Myoung, Jeong-Tae Kwon, Seon-Jun Jang, and Taeckhong Lee. "A Study on the Prediction of the Temperature and Mass of Hydrogen Gas inside a Tank during Fast Filling Process." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 6428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236428.
Анотація:
The hydrogen compression cycle system recycles hydrogen compressed by a compressor at high pressure and stores it in a high-pressure container. Thermal stress is generated due to increase in the pressure and temperature of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage tank during the fast filing process. For the sake of safety, it is of great practical significance to predict and control the temperature change in the tank. The hydrogen charging process in the storage tank of the hydrogen charging station was studied by experimentation and simulation. In this paper, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for non-adiabatic real filling of a 50 MPa hydrogen cylinder was presented. In addition, a shear stress transport (k-ω) model and real gas model were used in order to account for thermo-fluid dynamics during the filling of hydrogen storage tanks (50 MPa, 343 L). Compared to the simulation results with the experimental data carried out under the same conditions, the temperatures calculated from the simulated non-adiabatic condition results were lower (by 5.3%) than those from the theoretical adiabatic condition calculation. The theoretical calculation was based on the experimentally measured pressure value. The calculated simulation mass was 8.23% higher than the theoretical result. The results of this study will be very useful in future hydrogen energy research and hydrogen charging station developments.
17
Choi, Dongkuk, Sooyong Lee, and Sangwoo Kim. "A Thermodynamic Model for Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Tanks." Applied Sciences 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2024): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14093786.
Анотація:
Hydrogen is used as a fuel in various fields, such as aviation, space, and automobiles, due to its high specific energy. Hydrogen can be stored as a compressed gas at high pressure and as a liquid at cryogenic temperatures. In order to keep liquid hydrogen at a cryogenic temperature, the tanks for storing liquid hydrogen are required to have insulation to prevent heat leakage. When liquid hydrogen is vaporized by heat inflow, a large pressure is generated inside the tank. Therefore, a technology capable of predicting the tank pressure is required for cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks. In this study, a thermodynamic model was developed to predict the maximum internal pressure and pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks. The developed model considers the heat inflow of the tank due to heat transfer, the phase change from liquid to gas hydrogen, and the fuel consumption rate. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, it was compared with the analyses and experimental results in the referenced literature, and the model presented good results. A cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tank was simulated using the proposed model, and it was confirmed that the storage time, along with conditions such as the fuel filling ratio of liquid hydrogen and the fuel consumption rate, should be considered when designing the fuel tanks. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed thermodynamic model can be used to sufficiently predict the internal pressure and the pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks.
18
Deng, Shanshan, Feng Li, Hao Luo, Tianqi Yang, Feng Ye, Richard Chahine, and Jinsheng Xiao. "Lumped Parameter Modeling of SAE J2601 Hydrogen Fueling Tests." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021448.
Анотація:
The safety of hydrogen storage is essential for the development of fuel cell vehicles. A mathematical model for a compressed hydrogen storage tank is established based on the mass conservation equation, the energy conservation equation and the real gas equation of state. Using the Matlab/Simulink platform, a dual-zone lumped parameter model, which divides the tank into a hydrogen gas zone and a tank wall zone, is established. The initial conditions of the MC Default method hydrogen filling from SAE J2601 are utilized in the lumped parameter model for numerical simulation. Five cases are studied, including two different tanks. One case used the Lookup table for hydrogen refueling, and four cases used the MC Default method for fueling. The hydrogen gas temperature, wall temperature, pressure in the tank and state of charge are obtained during the fueling process. The simulated results show that the dual-zone lumped parameter model can well predict the temperature, pressure and state of charge (SOC) for Type IV tanks with volumes of 249 L and 117 L during refueling. By using the averaged heat transfer coefficient (80 W/(m2·K)) between gas and wall, and the constant heat transfer coefficient (20 W/(m2·K)) between wall and environment, the gas temperature and pressure of our dual-zone lumped parameter model show good agreement with the experiment. The maximum difference between simulated and experimental wall temperatures for five cases is around 2 °C. The experimental wall temperatures were measured on the external surface of the tank, while the simulated wall temperature of the dual-zone lumped parameter model is representative of a mean temperature averaged alone with the radial direction.
19
Sid Amer, Youcef, Samir Benammar, Kong Fah Tee, Mohammed Wadi, and Mohammed S. Jouda. "A contribution to structural reliability analysis of composite high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks." Journal of Konbin 53, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7104.
Анотація:
Although composite high-pressure tanks are a subject of growing interest, especially for hydrogen storage applications, a detailed structural reliability analysis still needs to be improved. This work aims to provide a probabilistic investigation of the mechanical response of composite high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks using the Monte Carlo Simulation method. A performance function based on the circumferential model of composite pressure cylinders is employed with five random design variables. According to the results, the internal pressure and the helical layer thickness are the foremost parameters significantly impacting the structural reliability of the tank, whereas, the helical layer thickness and winding angles have a minor influence. In addition, high coefficients of variation values cause the contraction of the safety margin potentially leading to the failure of the composite hydrogen high-pressure tank. The obtained results were validated with experimental tests available in the literature
20
Liang, Xiaobin, Fan Fei, Lei Wang, Daibin Mou, Weifeng Ma, and Junming Yao. "An Integrated Risk Assessment Methodology of In-Service Hydrogen Storage Tanks Based on Connection Coefficient Algorithms and Quintuple Subtraction Set Pair Potential." Processes 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2024): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12020420.
Анотація:
At present, there have been a number of hydrogen storage tank explosions in hydrogen filling stations, causing casualties and property losses, and having a bad social impact. This has made people realize that the risk assessment and preventive maintenance of hydrogen storage tanks are crucial. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposes a comprehensive risk assessment model based on connection coefficient algorithms and quintuple subtractive set pair potential. First of all, the constructed index system contains five aspects of corrosion factors, material factors, environmental factors, institutional factors and human factors. Secondly, a combined weighting analysis method based on FAHP and CRITIC is proposed to determine the weight of each indicator. The basic indicators influencing hydrogen storage tanks are analyzed via the quintuple subtraction set pair potential and full partial connection coefficient. Finally, the risk level and development trend of hydrogen storage tanks in hydrogen filling stations are determined by a combination of the three-category connection coefficient algorithms and the risk level eigenvalue method. The results of our case analysis show that the proposed risk assessment model can identify the main weak indicators affecting the safety of hydrogen storage tanks, including installation quality, misoperation and material quality. At the same time, it is found that the risk of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks is at the basic safety level, and the development trend of safety conditions holds a critical value. The evaluation results can help establish targeted countermeasures for the prevention and maintenance of hydrogen storage tanks.
21
Wang, Yifan, Sai Vudata, Paul Brooker, and James M. Fenton. "(Digital Presentation) Integration of Renewable Hydrogen Production, Compression and Storage for Mobile and Stationary Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391733mtgabs.
Анотація:
With the rapid increase in the photovoltaic (PV) installations, the intermittency and the variability of the solar energy sources will lead to the frequent and steep ramping operation of conventional fossil generation. Consequently, energy storage is required for efficient use of the renewable energy source. Hydrogen production via electrolysis can provide both short and long duration capacity as a controllable load to reduce grid fluctuations and improve the resilience of the energy system. Once the hydrogen is produced, it must be stored before it is consumed. High pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is the most popular and mature hydrogen storage technology due to the technical simplicity, reliability, energy efficiency as well as affordability [1]. Compressed hydrogen storage with a fast filling-emptying rate can be used as a hydrogen multiple-purpose station for both stationary fuel cell and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) applications. Although hydrogen electrolyzers, stationary fuel cells, and FCEV refueling stations have been extensively studied, little work has been done integrating these hydrogen technologies with a utility PV field to ensure electric grid stability, maximize PV utilization and efficiently produce and consume hydrogen. A model for a complete system of hydrogen production via electrolysis and high-pressure hydrogen storage was developed. The dynamic performance of different hydrogen storage filling and emptying operations with electrolyzer, stationary fuel cell and FCEV shows the feasibility and flexibility of the integrated hydrogen system. A high-fidelity dynamic model of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer was developed for hydrogen production from PV electricity. A parallel multi-stage hydrogen compression system with cascade tanks for filling/emptying was designed and modeled. A non-adiabatic lumped dynamic model was developed for the storage tank with heat transfer from the tank to ambient air. The Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state was adopted to account for the non-ideal gas response of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen [2]. The 1 MW electrolyzer under full load produces hydrogen at 200 Nm3/hr (17.7 kg/hr) and the hydrogen can be compressed up to the maximum pressure of 45 MPa suitable for heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles. The storage tanks can be filled with constant/varied hydrogen flow from the electrolyzer depending on the PV power. The compressor and heat exchanger duties as well as the storage tank pressure and temperature are monitored and controlled. The tanks can be discharged to the stationary fuel cell and/or FCEVs. The dynamic performance of integrated hydrogen system for PV smoothing (filling with varied hydrogen flow in short time-scale), peak shaving (filling and emptying with constant hydrogen flow in long time-scale) and FCEV refueling (cascade filling and emptying) will be presented. The feasibility and flexibility of integrated hydrogen production and storage system for grid operation will be shown. [1] Li, Mengxiao, Yunfeng Bai, Caizhi Zhang, Yuxi Song, Shangfeng Jiang, Didier Grouset, and Mingjun Zhang. "Review on the research of hydrogen storage system fast refueling in fuel cell vehicle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 21 (2019): 10677-10693. [2] Xiao, Lei, Jianye Chen, Yimei Wu, Wei Zhang, Jianjun Ye, Shuangquan Shao, and Junlong Xie. "Effects of pressure levels in three-cascade storage system on the overall energy consumption in the hydrogen refueling station." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 61 (2021): 31334-31345.
22
Kashkarov, Sergii, Mohammad Dadashzadeh, Srinivas Sivaraman, and Vladimir Molkov. "Quantitative Risk Assessment Methodology for Hydrogen Tank Rupture in a Tunnel Fire." Hydrogen 3, no. 4 (December 2, 2022): 512–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3040033.
Анотація:
This study presents a methodology of a quantitative risk assessment for the scenario of an onboard hydrogen storage tank rupture and tunnel fire incident. The application of the methodology is demonstrated on a road tunnel. The consequence analysis is carried out for the rupture of a 70 MPa, 62.4-litre hydrogen storage tank in a fire, that has a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD) failed or blocked during an incident. Scenarios with two states of charge (SoC) of the tank, i.e., SoC = 99% and SoC = 59%, are investigated. The risks in terms of fatalities per vehicle per year and the cost per incident are assessed. It is found that for the reduction in the risk with the hydrogen-powered vehicle in a road tunnel fire incident to the acceptable level of 10−5 fatality/vehicle/year, the fire-resistance rating (FRR) of the hydrogen storage tank should exceed 84 min. The FRR increase to this level reduces the societal risk to an acceptable level. The increase in the FRR to 91 min reduces the risk in terms of the cost of the incident to GBP 300, following the threshold cost of minor injury published by the UK Health and Safety Executive. The Frequency–Number (F–N) of the fatalities curve is developed to demonstrate the effect of mitigation measures on the risk reduction to socially acceptable levels. The performed sensitivity study confirms that with the broad range of input parameters, including the fire brigade response time, the risk of rupture of standard hydrogen tank-TPRD systems inside the road tunnel is unacceptable. One of the solutions enabling an inherently safer use of hydrogen-powered vehicles in tunnels is the implementation of breakthrough safety technology—the explosion free in a fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks.
23
Chai, Mu, Jiahui Tan, Lingwei Gao, Zhenan Liu, Yong Chen, Kuanfang He, and Mian Jiang. "Effects of Different Heat Transfer Conditions on the Hydrogen Desorption Performance of a Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Tank." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 8375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228375.
Анотація:
To investigate the influence of thermal effects on the hydrogen desorption performance of the metal hydride hydrogen storage system, a two-dimensional numerical model was established based on a small metal hydride hydrogen storage tank, and its accuracy was verified by the temperature variations in the reaction zone of the hydrogen storage tank during hydrogen desorption. In addition, the influence of the heat transfer medium on the heat and mass transfer performance of the hydrogen desorption reaction was analyzed. An external heat transfer bath was added to simulate the thermal effect of the model during the hydrogen desorption reaction. The temperature and type of heat transfer medium in the heat transfer bath were modified, and the temperature and reaction fraction variations in each zone of the hydrogen storage model were analyzed. The results showed that under heat transfer water flow, the reaction rate in the center region of the hydrogen storage tank was gradually lower than that in the wall region. The higher the temperature of water flow, the shorter the total time required for the hydrogen desorption reaction and the shortening amplitude is reduced. The variations in the temperature and hydrogen storage capacity during hydrogen desorption were similar, with water and oil as the heat transfer medium, under the same flow rate and heat transfer temperature, however, the heat transfer time and hydrogen desorption time of water were about 10% and 5% shorter than that of oil, respectively. When the air was used as the heat transfer medium, the heat transfer rate of the air convection in the channel was lower than the heat transfer rate of the tank wall, reducing the temperature difference between the air and alloy on both sides of the wall, decreasing heat transfer efficiency, and significantly prolonging the time required for hydrogen desorption.
24
Giannopoulos, I. K., and E. E. Theotokoglou. "Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank Loading Generation for Civil Aircraft Damage Tolerance Analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012048.
Анотація:
Abstract The study presented is a preliminary approach and a proposal to the derivation of a loading spectrum for fatigue and damage tolerance analysis for civil aviation Liquid Hydrogen storage tanks. It is anticipated for the first generation of LH2 storage tanks for aviation to utilize metallic lightweight materials. Existing solutions are either too structurally heavy or with a short life span, both constraints making them unsuitable for aircraft vehicles were less mass and longevity is of paramount importance. The objective of the work was to provide suggestions for the generation of representative loading spectra for storage tank fatigue and damage tolerance preliminary design analysis and sizing.
25
Zhang, Jinsong, Timothy S. Fisher, P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran, Jay P. Gore, and Issam Mudawar. "A Review of Heat Transfer Issues in Hydrogen Storage Technologies." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 12 (August 25, 2005): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098875.
Анотація:
Significant heat transfer issues associated with four alternative hydrogen storage methods are identified and discussed, with particular emphasis on technologies for vehicle applications. For compressed hydrogen storage, efficient heat transfer during compression and intercooling decreases compression work. In addition, enhanced heat transfer inside the tank during the fueling process can minimize additional compression work. For liquid hydrogen storage, improved thermal insulation of cryogenic tanks can significantly reduce energy loss caused by liquid boil-off. For storage systems using metal hydrides, enhanced heat transfer is essential because of the low effective thermal conductivity of particle beds. Enhanced heat transfer is also necessary to ensure that both hydriding and dehydriding processes achieve completion and to prevent hydride bed meltdown. For hydrogen storage in the form of chemical hydrides, innovative vehicle cooling design will be needed to enable their acceptance.
26
LI, Ji-Qiang, No-Seuk Myoung, Jeong-Tae Kwon, Seon-Jun Jang, Taeckhong Lee, and Yong-Hun Lee. "A theoretical analysis of temperature rise of hydrogen in high-pressure storage cylinder during fast filling process." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 12 (December 2020): 168781402097192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020971920.
Анотація:
During the fast filing process, thermal stress is generated due to the increase in the pressure and temperature of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage tank. For its safety purpose, it is necessary to predict and control the temperature change in the tank. The aim of this study is quantitative analysis of the final temperature and the mass of the hydrogen in the tank through experimental and theoretical methods. In this paper; Theoretical model for adiabatic and non-adiabatic real filling processes of high pressure hydrogen cylinder has been proposed. The cycle of filling process from the initial vacuum state is called the “First cycle.” After the first cycle is completed, there is a certain residual pressure in the tank. Then the second filling process called “Second cycle” begins. The final temperature in fast filling of hydrogen storage cylinders depends on targeted pressure, initial pressure and temperature, and mass filling rate. The final temperature of hydrogen in the tank was calculated from the real gas equation of state, mass and energy conservation equations. As a result of the analysis, based on the first cycle analysis of high pressure tank, the final temperatures were calculated to be 442.11 K for the adiabatic filling process, and 422.37 K for the non-adiabatic process. Based on the second cycle analysis of high pressure tank, the final temperature were obtained as 397.12 K and 380.8 K for the adiabatic and non-adiabatic processes, respectively. The temperatures calculated from the theoretical non-adiabatic condition were lower than those from the adiabatic condition by 5%. The results of this study can provide a reference basis in terms of how to control the temperature in the actual hydrogen storage tank during the fast filling process and how to improve safety.
27
Elhamshri, Fawzi Ali, Mohamed Ahmed Aissa, and Salahldin Ali Uallus. "Enhancement of Hydrogen Storage Process Using Heat Pipe." مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 6, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.v6i5.1519.
Анотація:
Heat transfer from/to the metal hydride bed is a critical factor affecting the performance of metal hydride storage tanks (MHSTs for short). This study examined the effect of heat pipe on the metal hydride tank by means of heat management. The experimental study explains the use of heat pipe for enhancement the heat transfer in MHSTs, which built using LaNi4.75Al0.25 as the storage media and under various hydrogen pressure supply in the range of 2 to10 bar. This study also presents comparisons between the two different MHSTs which are designed with and without heat pipe. Two configurations of metal hydride tanks are considered and consisted of tubular cylindrical tanks with same base dimensions. The first one is a closed cylinder that exchanges heat through its lateral and base surfaces by means cool with natural convection. Heat pipe is made of copper–methanol combination and situated along the axis of the second reactor. Results show that the usage of heat pipe can be a good choice to increase hydrogen storing performance. The absorption time at 10 bar hydrogen inlet pressure was reduced more than 30%, and the mass of hydrogen storage increased by approximately 10% - 15%.
28
Wolf, Joachim. "Liquid-Hydrogen Technology for Vehicles." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 9 (September 2002): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.222.
Анотація:
AbstractThis survey focuses on the use of liquid hydrogen as an automotive fuel in comparison with the use of compressed gaseous hydrogen. The energy penalties associated with liquefaction versus gas compression are compared, followed by an examination of the weight of hydrogen relative to carrier weight for the two alternative approaches. The optimum form and design of LH2 tanks are discussed, followed by the important topic of how to achieve quick and easy transfer of LH2 from a storage tank to a vehicle.
29
Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Chieh Shen, Chun-Wei Chiu, and Hsiao-Te Hsieh. "Real-Time Micro-Monitoring of Surface Temperature and Strain of Magnesium Hydrogen Tank through Self-Made Two-In-One Flexible High-Temperature Micro-Sensor." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091370.
Анотація:
The adsorption and desorption of hydrogen in the magnesium powder hydrogen tank should take place in an environment with a temperature higher than 250 °C. High temperature and high strain will lead to reactive hydrogen leakage from the magnesium hydrogen tank due to tank rupture. Therefore, it is very important to monitor in real time the volume expansion, temperature change, and strain change on the surface of the magnesium hydrogen tank. In this study, the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology was used to innovatively integrate the micro-temperature sensor and the micro-strain sensor into a two-in-one flexible high-temperature micro-sensor with a small size and high sensitivity. It can be placed on the surface of the magnesium hydrogen tank for real-time micro-monitoring of the effect of hydrogen pressure and powder hydrogen absorption expansion on the strain of the hydrogen storage tank.
30
Tan, Jiahui, Mu Chai, Kuanfang He, and Yong Chen. "Numerical Simulation on Heating Effects during Hydrogen Absorption in Metal Hydride Systems for Hydrogen Storage." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072673.
Анотація:
A 2-D numerical simulation model was established based on a small-sized metal hydride storage tank, and the model was validated by the existing experiments. An external cooling bath was equipped to simulate the heating effects of hydrogen absorption reactions. Furthermore, both the type and the flow rate of the cooling fluids in the cooling bath were altered, so that changes in temperature and hydrogen storage capacity in the hydrogen storage model could be analyzed. It is demonstrated that the reaction rate in the center of the hydrogen storage tank gradually becomes lower than that at the wall surface. When the flow rate of the fluid is small, significant differences can be found in the cooling liquid temperature at the inlet and the outlet cooling bath. In areas adjacent to its inlet, the reaction rate is higher than that at the outlet, and a better cooling effect is produced by water. As the flow rate increases, the total time consumed by hydrogen adsorption reaction is gradually reduced to a constant value. At the same flow rate, the wall surface of the tank shows a reaction rate insignificantly different from that in its center, provided that cooling water or oil coolant is replaced with air.
31
Gallois, A., I. K. Giannopoulos, and E. E. Theotokoglou. "Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank Virtual Crashworthiness Design Exploration for Civil Aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012049.
Анотація:
Abstract Civil aviation industry is researching for alternative fuel energy sources to substitute current hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels. Carbon free emissions flights could be achieved with fuels like Hydrogen either through combustion or via electricity producing fuel cells. It is of great importance to explore the airframe designs to house Hydrogen in its cryogenic liquified state. The objective of the study herein was to provide a conceptual qualitative analysis related to the crashworthiness behaviour of civil aircraft carrying liquid Hydrogen fuel storage tanks. The design parameters of interest were the storage tank location in the airframe, the structural energy absorption following crash landing scenarios and the structural deformation of the structure surrounding the tanks, penetrating the survival space of the occupants. Several structural design arrangements were proposed and compared. Simulation results indicated that the optimal location for the fuel storage greatly depends on the actual aircraft layout as well as on the future civil aircraft airworthiness requirements that are still under development for that type of fuel energy source.
32
Parello, R., Y. Gourinat, E. Benard, and S. Defoort. "Structural sizing of a hydrogen tank for a commercial aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2716, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2716/1/012040.
Анотація:
Abstract To respond to the current climate crisis, hydrogen-powered aircraft are seen as a promising solution in the aviation sector to cut down CO 2 emissions. Hydrogen-fueled aircraft present however huge challenges, especially due to the complex storage of hydrogen. To achieve a reasonable fuel energy density for medium- to long-range missions, hydrogen must indeed be stored in liquid form in big and heavy pressurized tanks. Tank design must so be included in conceptual design, which now has an important impact on the aircraft. This study proposes a structural sizing methodology for a liquid hydrogen tank for a commercial aircraft. A parametric model of a cylindrical cryogenic tank placed at the back of the cabin in a conventional aircraft is created and sized to withstand pressure, bending, torsion and shear loads. The process integrates sizing standards for pressurized structures of the current CS-25 regulation in its methodology and remains general enough to consider both integral and non-integral tanks of any dimensions or materials. Initial analyses show a clear dependency of the tank’s performance as well as the optimal stiffening structure configuration on the design pressure.
33
Kheir, Anass, Hamid Mounir, Zakaria Lafdaili, Omar Rajad, and Ismail Lagrat. "Modeling and analysis of laminate structures of a pressurized hydrogen tank." E3S Web of Conferences 469 (2023): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346900022.
Анотація:
Hydrogen storage involves technology development and it is one of the principal fields of improvement to enhance the use of hydrogen energy. The major problems to solve is the adequate materiel chose and the temperature control under high storage pressure. In this work, we are going to present the effects of geometry and inconstant mass flow rate on the pressure ant temperatures within a pressurized hydrogen cylinder during refueling, three laminate composite materials are used and investigate for hydrogen storage tank. The simulations are conducted using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool. The results show that, adding the carbon fiber laminate increases the hydrogen storage pressure. Also, the model shows that the temperature is maintained at a common level but with different distributions.
34
Makarov, Dmitriy, Volodymyr Shentsov, Mike Kuznetsov, and Vladimir Molkov. "Hydrogen Tank Rupture in Fire in the Open Atmosphere: Hazard Distance Defined by Fireball." Hydrogen 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010008.
Анотація:
The engineering correlations for assessment of hazard distance defined by a size of fireball after either liquid hydrogen spill combustion or high-pressure hydrogen tank rupture in a fire in the open atmosphere (both for stand-alone and under-vehicle tanks) are presented. The term “fireball size” is used for the maximum horizontal size of a fireball that is different from the term “fireball diameter” applied to spherical or semi-spherical shape fireballs. There are different reasons for a fireball to deviate from a spherical shape, e.g., in case of tank rupture under a vehicle, the non-instantaneous opening of tank walls, etc. Two conservative correlations are built using theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental data available in the literature. The theoretical model for hydrogen fireball size assumes complete isobaric combustion of hydrogen in air and presumes its hemispherical shape as observed in the experiments and the simulations for tank rupturing at the ground level. The dependence of the fireball size on hydrogen mass and fireball’s diameter-to-height ratio is discussed. The correlation for liquid hydrogen release fireball is based on the experiments by Zabetakis (1964). The correlations can be applied as engineering tools to access hazard distances for scenarios of liquid or gaseous hydrogen storage tank rupture in a fire in the open atmosphere.
35
KAMEGAWA, Atsunori, and Masuo OKADA. "Hydrogen Storage Technology in High Pressure Science -Storaging Tank Engineering and Hydrogen Storage Media-." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 17, no. 2 (2007): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.17.173.
36
He, Chaoming, Rong Yu, Haoran Sun, and Zilong Chen. "Lightweight multilayer composite structure for hydrogen storage tank." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 35 (September 2016): 15812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.184.
37
Yap, Yong Soon, Chi Hung Peng, and Chi Chang Wang. "Effects of Metal Hydride Absorption in Reactor with Annular Finned Tube Heat Exchanger." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.294.
Анотація:
This study analyzed and discussed the hydrogen storage reaction in the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank with internally fined heat tube. As the heat transfer and hydrogen storage efficiency of internal temperature control system are better than external temperature control, this study created a hydrogen storage simulation method to discuss the effect of thermistor fins on hydrogen storage. The results showed that the fins have significant effect on increasing the hydrogen storage efficiency, and the hydrogen storage time decreases as the thermistor fluid velocity increases, but the drawback is not apparent when the fluid velocity reaches a threshold.
38
Li, Ji-Qiang, Ji-Chao Li, Kyoungwoo Park, Seon-Jun Jang, and Jeong-Tae Kwon. "An Analysis on the Compressed Hydrogen Storage System for the Fast-Filling Process of Hydrogen Gas at the Pressure of 82 MPa." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092635.
Анотація:
During the fast-filling of a high-pressure hydrogen tank, the temperature of hydrogen would rise significantly and may lead to failure of the tank. In addition, the temperature rise also reduces hydrogen density in the tank, which causes mass decrement into the tank. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the temperature rise and the amount of charging of hydrogen for hydrogen safety. In this paper, the change of hydrogen temperature in the tank according to the pressure rise during the process of charging the high-pressure tank in the process of a 82-MPa hydrogen filling system, the final temperature, the amount of filling of hydrogen gas, and the change of pressure of hydrogen through the pressure reducing valve, and the performance of heat exchanger for cooling high-temperature hydrogen were analyzed by theoretical and numerical methods. When high-pressure filling began in the initial vacuum state, the condition was called the “First cycle”. When the high-pressure charging process began in the remaining condition, the process was called the “Second cycle”. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the final temperatures of hydrogen gas were calculated to be 436.09 K for the first cycle of the high-pressure tank, and 403.55 for the second cycle analysis. The internal temperature of the buffer tank increased by 345.69 K and 32.54 K in the first cycle and second cycles after high-pressure filling. In addition, the final masses were calculated to be 11.58 kg and 12.26 kg for the first cycle and second cycle of the high-pressure tank, respectively. The works of the paper can provide suggestions for the temperature rise of 82 MPa compressed hydrogen storage system and offer necessary theory and numerical methods for guiding safe operation and construction of a hydrogen filling system.
39
Lai, Jyun-Lin, Win-Jet Luo, Yean-Der Kuan, and Pai-Jun Zhang. "The Effect of Hydrogen Production Rate of the via Different Preparation of Co-Based Catalyst with Sodium Borohydride." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050528.
Анотація:
This study processed the water vapor entrained in the NaBH4 hydrogen production reaction inside the primary hydrogen production tank through the secondary hydrogen production tank, in order to increase total hydrogen production. γ-Al2O3 was used as the carrier for the hydrolytic hydrogen production reaction in the primary hydrogen production tank. The reaction was chelated with metal catalyst Co2+ at different concentrations to produce the catalyst. Next, the adopted catalyst concentration and different catalyst bed temperatures were tested. The secondary hydrogen production tank was tested using NaBH4 powder and multiple NaBH4+ Co2+ mixed powders at different ratios. The powder was refined by ball milling with different steel ball ratios to enlarge the contact area between the water vapor and powder. The ball milling results from carriers at different concentrations, different catalyst bed temperatures, NaBH4+ Co2+ mixed powders in different ratios and different steel ball ratios were discussed as the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen production in relation to the hydrolytic hydrogen production reaction. The experimental results show that the hydrolytic hydrogen production reaction is good when 45 wt% Co2+/γ-Al2O3 catalyst is placed in the primary hydrogen production tank at a catalyst bed temperature of 55 °C. When the NaBH4+ Co2+ mixed powder in a ratio of 7:3 and steel balls in a ratio of 1:4 were placed in the secondary hydrogen production tank for 2 h of ball milling, the hydrogen production increased favorably. The hydrogen storage can be increased effectively without wasting the water vapor entrained in the hydrolytic hydrogen production reaction, and the water vapor effect on back-end storage can be reduced.
40
Melideo, D., L. Ferrari, and P. Taddei Pardelli. "Preliminary analysis of refilling cold-adsorbed hydrogen tanks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2648, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2648/1/012042.
Анотація:
Abstract The effective storage of hydrogen is a critical challenge that needs to be overcome for it to become a widely used and clean energy source. Various methods exist for storing hydrogen, including compression at high pressures, liquefaction through extreme cooling (i.e. -253 °C), and storage with chemical compounds. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. MAST3RBoost (Maturing the Production Standards of Ultraporous Structures for High Density Hydrogen Storage Bank Operating on Swinging Temperatures and Low Compression) is a European funded Project aiming to establish a reliable benchmark for cold-adsorbed H2 storage (CAH2) at low compression levels (100 bar or below). This is achieved through the development of advanced ultraporous materials suitable for mobility applications, such as hydrogen-powered vehicles used in road, railway, air, and water transportation. The MAST3RBoost Project utilizes cutting-edge materials, including Activated Carbons (ACs) and high-density MOFs (Metal-organic Frameworks), which are enhanced by Machine Learning techniques. By harnessing these materials, the project seeks to create a groundbreaking path towards meeting industry goals. The project aims to develop the world’s first adsorption-based demonstrator at a significant kg-scale. To support the design of the storage tank, the project employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, which allows for numerical investigations. In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the tank refilling process is presented, with a focus on the impact of the effect of the tank and hydrogen temperatures on quantity of hydrogen adsorbed.
41
Martvoňová, Lucia, Milan Malcho, Jozef Jandačka, and Ladislav Ďuroška. "Energy Management of a Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Tank Using a Loop Heat Pipe." MATEC Web of Conferences 369 (2022): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236902014.
Анотація:
The article analyzes the thermal management of a metal hydride storage tank for hydrogen in the mode of filling the storage tank with hydrogen when it is necessary to cool the metal hydride filling intensively. Cooling is carried out by boiling water at low pressure and therefore also at low temperatures of around 50 °C. In the article, a heat transfer model during boiling is developed and the limits of heat transfer during boiling at low temperatures are determined.
42
Lazaroiu, Gheorghe, Mohammed Gmal Osman, and Cristian-Valentin Strejoiu. "Performance Evaluation of Renewable Energy Systems: Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, Battery Bank, and Hydrogen Storage." Batteries 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9090468.
Анотація:
The analysis aims to determine the most efficient and cost-effective way of providing power to a remote site. The two primary sources of power being considered are photovoltaics and small wind turbines, while the two potential storage media are a battery bank and a hydrogen storage fuel cell system. Subsequently, the hydrogen is stored within a reservoir and employed as required by the fuel cell. This strategy offers a solution for retaining surplus power generated during peak production phases, subsequently utilizing it during periods when the renewable power sources are generating less power. To evaluate the performance of the hydrogen storage system, the analysis included a sensitivity analysis of the wind speed and the cost of the hydrogen subsystem. In this analysis, the capital and replacement costs of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank were linked to the fuel cell capital cost. As the fuel cell cost decreases, the cost of the electrolyzer and hydrogen tank also decreases. The optimal system type graph showed that the hydrogen subsystem must significantly decrease in price to become competitive with the battery bank.
43
Kashkarov, Sergii, Dmitriy Makarov, and Vladimir Molkov. "Performance of Hydrogen Storage Tanks of Type IV in a Fire: Effect of the State of Charge." Hydrogen 2, no. 4 (September 23, 2021): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2040021.
Анотація:
The use of hydrogen storage tanks at 100% of nominal working pressure (NWP) is expected only after refuelling. Driving between refuellings is characterised by the state of charge SoC <100%. There is experimental evidence that Type IV tanks tested in a fire at initial pressures below 1/3 NWP, leaked without rupture. This paper aims at understanding this phenomenon. The numerical research has demonstrated that the heat transfer from fire through the composite overwrap at storage pressures below NWP/3 is sufficient to melt the polymer liner. This melting initiates hydrogen microleaks through the composite before it loses the load-bearing ability. The fire-resistance rating (FRR) is defined as the time to rupture in a fire of a tank without or with blocked thermally activated pressure relief device. The dependence of a FRR on the SoC is demonstrated for the tanks with defined material properties and volumes in the range of 36–244 L. A composite wall thickness variation is shown to cause a safety issue by reducing the tank’s FRR and is suggested to be addressed by tank manufacturers and OEMs. The effect of a tank’s burst pressure ratio on the FRR is investigated. Thermal parameters of the composite wall, i.e., decomposition heat and temperatures, are shown in simulations of a tank failure in a fire to play an important role in its FRR.
44
Alaoui-Belghiti, Amine, Mourad Rkhis, Said Laasri, Abdelowahed Hajjaji, Mohamed Eljouad, Rabie EL-Otmani, and El-Kebir Hlil. "Conception and numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in a solid state hydrogen storage reactor." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 87, no. 2 (August 2019): 20902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2019190087.
Анотація:
Nowadays energy storage seems to be a vital point in any new energy paradigm. It has become an important and strategic issue, to ensure the energetic sufficiency of humanity. Indeed, hydrogen storage in solids has been proved and revealed as clean and efficient energy storage. Moreover, it can be thought as a seriously considered solution to enable renewable energy to be a part of our quotidian life. To achieve storing hydrogen in solid form, the present study aimed to concepts and simulates a solid-state hydrogen storage reactor (tank). An investigation of the parameters influencing the hydrogen storage performance is carried out. Meanwhile, to understand the physical phenomenon taking place during the storage of hydrogen, a 2D numerical modelling for a metal hydrides-based in hydrogen reactor is presented. A strong coupling between energy balance, kinetic law, as well as a mass momentum balance at sorbent bed temperature under a non-uniform pressure was resolved based on finite element method. The temporal evolutions of pressure, the raising temperature in the bed during the hydriding process as well as the impact of the hydrogen supply pressure within the tank are analysed and validated by comparison with the experimental work in literature, a good agreement is obtained. From an industrial point of view, this study can be used to design and manufacture an optimal solid-state hydrogen storage reactor.
45
Nyallang Nyamsi, Serge, Ivan Tolj, and Mykhaylo Lototskyy. "Metal Hydride Beds-Phase Change Materials: Dual Mode Thermal Energy Storage for Medium-High Temperature Industrial Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203949.
Анотація:
Heat storage systems based on two-tank thermochemical heat storage are gaining momentum for their utilization in solar power plants or industrial waste heat recovery since they can efficiently store heat for future usage. However, their performance is generally limited by reactor configuration, design, and optimization on the one hand and most importantly on the selection of appropriate thermochemical materials. Metal hydrides, although at the early stage of research and development (in heat storage applications), can offer several advantages over other thermochemical materials (salt hydrates, metal hydroxides, oxide, and carbonates) such as high energy storage density and power density. This study presents a system that combines latent heat and thermochemical heat storage based on two-tank metal hydrides. The systems consist of two metal hydrides tanks coupled and equipped with a phase change material (PCM) jacket. During the heat charging process, the high-temperature metal hydride (HTMH) desorbs hydrogen, which is stored in the low-temperature metal hydride (LTMH). In the meantime, the heat generated from hydrogen absorption in the LTMH tank is stored as latent heat in a phase change material (PCM) jacket surrounding the LTMH tank, to be reused during the heat discharging. A 2D axis-symmetric mathematical model was developed to investigate the heat and mass transfer phenomena inside the beds and the PCM jacket. The effects of the thermo-physical properties of the PCM and the PCM jacket size on the performance indicators (energy density, power output, and energy recovery efficiency) of the heat storage system are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the PCM melting point, the latent heat of fusion, the density and the thermal conductivity had significant impacts on these performance indicators.
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Yu, Yang, Fushou Xie, Ming Zhu, Shuai Yu, and Yanzhong Li. "Design and Optimization of the Insulation Performance of a 4000 m3 Liquid Hydrogen Spherical Tank." Processes 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2023): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061778.
Анотація:
Efficient insulation technology is one of the key technologies for the development of large LH2 storage tanks. This paper aimed at a 4000 m3 LH2 spherical tank, many insulation schemes were designed, including multilayer insulation systems integrated with a vapor-cooled shield (VCS) and liquid-nitrogen-cooled shield (LN2CS). The heat transfer model was developed to predict the insulation performance of a LH2 spherical tank. The effect of the VCS position on insulation performance was studied, and the different configurations of double VCSs were compared and discussed. The results showed that the daily evaporation rate of MLI, hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) and vacuum was only 2.05 × 10−3%, 3.62 × 10−3% and 7.94 × 10−2% at 1.34 Pa, respectively. MLI was still the optimal insulation scheme for a 4000 m3 LH2 spherical tank. Meanwhile, it was found that when the single VCS was placed at the 10th layer, the heat leakage was reduced by approximately 40.5% compared with MLI. The heat leakage of parallel VCS(P-VCS) was 76.6% lower than that of MLI. The minimum heat leakage of series VCS(S-VCS) was 83.79%, 72.75% and 37.36% lower than that of MLI, single VCS and P-VCS, respectively. Additionally, the heat leakage of the LH2 tank could be reduced to less than 10 W when LN2CS was installed. These results provide a design reference for the highly efficient storage of large LH2 tanks.
47
Kim, Young, Dong Shin, and Chang Kim. "On-Board Cold Thermal Energy Storage System for Hydrogen Fueling Process." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030561.
Анотація:
The hydrogen storage pressure in fuel cell vehicles has been increased from 35 MPa to 70 MPa in order to accommodate longer driving range. On the downside, such pressure increase results in significant temperature rise inside the hydrogen tank during fast filling at a fueling station, which may pose safety issues. Installation of a chiller often mitigates this concern because it cools the hydrogen gas before its deposition into the tank. To address both the energy efficiency improvement and safety concerns, this paper proposed an on-board cold thermal energy storage (CTES) system, cooled by expanded hydrogen. During the driving cycle, the proposed system uses an expander, instead of a pressure regulator, to generate additional power and cold hydrogen gas. Moreover, CTES is equipped with phase change materials (PCM) to recover the cold energy of the expanded hydrogen gas, which is later used in the next filling to cool the high-pressure hydrogen gas from the fueling station.
48
Zhang, Yi, Hexu Sun, and Yingjun Guo. "Integration Design and Operation Strategy of Multi-Energy Hybrid System Including Renewable Energies, Batteries and Hydrogen." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 5463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205463.
Анотація:
In some areas, the problem of wind and solar power curtailment is prominent. Hydrogen energy has the advantage of high storage density and a long storage time. Multi-energy hybrid systems including renewable energies, batteries and hydrogen are designed to solve this problem. In order to reduce the power loss of the converter, an AC-DC hybrid bus is proposed. A multi-energy experiment platform is established including a wind turbine, photovoltaic panels, a battery, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen storage tank, a fuel cell and a load. The working characteristics of each subsystem are tested and analyzed. The multi-energy operation strategy is based on state monitoring and designed to enhance hydrogen utilization, energy efficiency and reliability of the system. The hydrogen production is guaranteed preferentially and the load is reliably supplied. The system states are monitored, such as the state of charge (SOC) and the hydrogen storage level. The rated and ramp powers of the battery and fuel cell and the pressure limit of the hydrogen storage tank are set as safety constraints. Eight different operation scenarios comprehensively evaluate the system’s performance, and via physical experiments the proposed operation strategy of the multi-energy system is verified as effective and stable.
49
TUMMALA, M. "Optimization of thermocontrolled tank for hydrogen storage in vehicles." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 22, no. 5 (May 1997): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(96)00102-4.
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Krenn, AG, RC Youngquist, and SO Starr. "Annular Air Leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (December 2017): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012065.