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1

Shy, Adrianna N., Huaimin Wang, Zhaoqianqi Feng, and Bing Xu. "Heterotypic Supramolecular Hydrogels Formed by Noncovalent Interactions in Inflammasomes." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010077.

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The advance of structural biology has revealed numerous noncovalent interactions between peptide sequences in protein structures, but such information is less explored for developing peptide materials. Here we report the formation of heterotypic peptide hydrogels by the two binding motifs revealed by the structures of an inflammasome. Specifically, conjugating a self-assembling motif to the positively or negatively charged peptide sequence from the ASCPYD filaments of inflammasome produces the solutions of the peptides. The addition of the peptides of the oppositely charged and complementary peptides to the corresponding peptide solution produces the heterotypic hydrogels. Rheology measurement shows that ratios of the complementary peptides affect the viscoelasticity of the resulted hydrogel. Circular dichroism indicates that the addition of the complementary peptides results in electrostatic interactions that modulate self-assembly. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the ratio of the complementary peptides controls the morphology of the heterotypic peptide assemblies. This work illustrates a rational, biomimetic approach that uses the structural information from the protein data base (PDB) for developing heterotypic peptide materials via self-assembly.
2

Jalloh, Umu S., Arielle Gsell, Kirstene A. Gultian, James MacAulay, Abigail Madden, Jillian Smith, Luke Siri, and Sebastián L. Vega. "Synthesis and Photopatterning of Synthetic Thiol-Norbornene Hydrogels." Gels 10, no. 3 (February 23, 2024): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10030164.

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Hydrogels are a class of soft biomaterials and the material of choice for a myriad of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and highly tunable mechanical and biochemical properties. Specifically, light-mediated thiol-norbornene click reactions between norbornene-modified macromers and di-thiolated crosslinkers can be used to form base hydrogels amenable to spatial biochemical modifications via subsequent light reactions between pendant norbornenes in the hydrogel network and thiolated peptides. Macromers derived from natural sources (e.g., hyaluronic acid, gelatin, alginate) can cause off-target cell signaling, and this has motivated the use of synthetic macromers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In this study, commercially available 8-arm norbornene-modified PEG (PEG-Nor) macromers were reacted with di-thiolated crosslinkers (dithiothreitol, DTT) to form synthetic hydrogels. By varying the PEG-Nor weight percent or DTT concentration, hydrogels with a stiffness range of 3.3 kPa–31.3 kPa were formed. Pendant norbornene groups in these hydrogels were used for secondary reactions to either increase hydrogel stiffness (by reacting with DTT) or to tether mono-thiolated peptides to the hydrogel network. Peptide functionalization has no effect on bulk hydrogel mechanics, and this confirms that mechanical and biochemical signals can be independently controlled. Using photomasks, thiolated peptides can also be photopatterned onto base hydrogels, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attach and spread on RGD-functionalized PEG-Nor hydrogels. MSCs encapsulated in PEG-Nor hydrogels are also highly viable, demonstrating the ability of this platform to form biocompatible hydrogels for 2D and 3D cell culture with user-defined mechanical and biochemical properties.
3

JIANG, SONG, YUE LIU, and YUAN GU. "SHORT PEPTIDE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDE HYDROGELS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING: A MINI REVIEW." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 57, no. 5-6 (July 20, 2023): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2023.57.41.

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The usage of short peptide-based polysaccharide hydrogels for tissue engineering was discussed in this review. It explained the drawbacks of employing short peptide-based polysaccharide hydrogels as tissue regeneration scaffolds, while highlighting their benefits. In this review, we first gave a brief overview of short peptide-based polysaccharide hydrogel design process. Then, we provided additionally detailed information of the hydrogels with categorized polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, dextran, chitosan, alginate, and agarose). We also explained the bioactive short peptides Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV), and Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (YIGSR) that were used to modify these polysaccharide hydrogels in order to enhance cell behaviors, including survival, adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Their applications in tissue engineering were also demonstrated and summarized in this review.
4

Afami, Marina E., Ikhlas El Karim, Imad About, Anna D. Krasnodembskaya, Garry Laverty, and Fionnuala T. Lundy. "Multicomponent Peptide Hydrogels as an Innovative Platform for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering in the Dental Pulp." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101575.

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In light of the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, nanomaterials and novel biologics are urgently required to manage bacterial infections. To date, commercially available self-assembling peptide hydrogels have not been studied extensively for their ability to inhibit micro-organisms relevant to tissue engineering sites such as dental root canals. In this work, we assess the biocompatibility of dental pulp stem/stromal cells with commercially available multicomponent peptide hydrogels. We also determine the effects of dental pulp stem/stromal cell (DPSC) culture in hydrogels on growth factor/cytokine expression. Furthermore, to investigate novel aspects of self-assembling peptide hydrogels, we determine their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We show that self-assembling peptide hydrogels and hydrogels functionalized with the adhesion motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) are biocompatible with DPSCs, and that cells grown in 3D hydrogel cultures produce a discrete secretome compared with 2D-cultured cells. Furthermore, we show that soluble peptides and assembled hydrogels have antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. Given their antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, biocompatibility with dental pulp stem/stromal cells and enhancement of an angiogenic secretome, multicomponent peptide hydrogels hold promise for translational use.
5

Diaferia, Carlo, Elisabetta Rosa, Enrico Gallo, Giovanni Smaldone, Mariano Stornaiuolo, Giancarlo Morelli, and Antonella Accardo. "Self-Supporting Hydrogels Based on Fmoc-Derivatized Cationic Hexapeptides for Potential Biomedical Applications." Biomedicines 9, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060678.

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Peptide-based hydrogels (PHGs) are biocompatible materials suitable for biological, biomedical, and biotechnological applications, such as drug delivery and diagnostic tools for imaging. Recently, a novel class of synthetic hydrogel-forming amphiphilic cationic peptides (referred to as series K), containing an aliphatic region and a Lys residue, was proposed as a scaffold for bioprinting applications. Here, we report the synthesis of six analogues of the series K, in which the acetyl group at the N-terminus is replaced by aromatic portions, such as the Fmoc protecting group or the Fmoc-FF hydrogelator. The tendency of all peptides to self-assemble and to gel in aqueous solution was investigated using a set of biophysical techniques. The structural characterization pointed out that only the Fmoc-derivatives of series K keep their capability to gel. Among them, Fmoc-K3 hydrogel, which is the more rigid one (G’ = 2526 Pa), acts as potential material for tissue engineering, fully supporting cell adhesion, survival, and duplication. These results describe a gelification process, allowed only by the correct balancing among aggregation forces within the peptide sequences (e.g., van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and π–π stacking).
6

Vitale, Mattia, Cosimo Ligorio, Ian P. Smith, Stephen M. Richardson, Judith A. Hoyland, and Jordi Bella. "Incorporation of Natural and Recombinant Collagen Proteins within Fmoc-Based Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels." Gels 8, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050254.

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Hydrogel biomaterials mimic the natural extracellular matrix through their nanofibrous ultrastructure and composition and provide an appropriate environment for cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions within their polymeric network. Hydrogels can be modified with different proteins, cytokines, or cell-adhesion motifs to control cell behavior and cell differentiation. Collagens are desirable and versatile proteins for hydrogel modification due to their abundance in the vertebrate extracellular matrix and their interactions with cell-surface receptors. Here, we report a quick, inexpensive and effective protocol for incorporation of natural, synthetic and recombinant collagens into Fmoc-based self-assembling peptide hydrogels. The hydrogels are modified through a diffusion protocol in which collagen molecules of different molecular sizes are successfully incorporated and retained over time. Characterization studies show that these collagens interact with the hydrogel fibers without affecting the overall mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels. Furthermore, the collagen molecules incorporated into the hydrogels are still biologically active and provide sites for adhesion and spreading of human fibrosarcoma cells through interaction with the α2β1 integrin. Our protocol can be used to incorporate different types of collagen molecules into peptide-based hydrogels without any prior chemical modification. These modified hydrogels could be used in studies where collagen-based substrates are required to differentiate and control the cell behavior. Our protocol can be easily adapted to the incorporation of other bioactive proteins and peptides into peptide-based hydrogels to modulate their characteristics and their interaction with different cell types.
7

Guo, Yu, Jie Gu, Yuxin Jiang, Yanyan Zhou, Zhenshu Zhu, Tingting Ma, Yuanqi Cheng, et al. "Regulating the Homogeneity of Thiol-Maleimide Michael-Type Addition-Based Hydrogels Using Amino Biomolecules." Gels 7, no. 4 (November 11, 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040206.

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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based synthetic hydrogels based on Michael-type addition reaction have been widely used for cell culture and tissue engineering. However, recent studies showed that these types of hydrogels were not homogenous as expected since micro domains generated due to the fast reaction kinetics. Here, we demonstrated a new kind of method to prepare homogenous poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels based on Michael-type addition using the side chain amine-contained short peptides. By introducing such a kind of short peptides, the homogeneity of crosslinking and mechanical property of the hydrogels has been also significantly enhanced. The compressive mechanical and recovery properties of the homogeneous hydrogels prepared in the presence of side chain amine-contained short peptides were more reliable than those of inhomogeneous hydrogels while the excellent biocompatibility remained unchanged. Furthermore, the reaction rate and gelation kinetics of maleimide- and thiol-terminated PEG were proved to be significantly slowed down in the presence of the side chain amine-contained short peptides, thus leading to the improved homogeneity of the hydrogels. We anticipate that this new method can be widely applied to hydrogel preparation and modification based on Michael-type addition gelation.
8

Choe, Ranjoo, and Seok Il Yun. "Fmoc-diphenylalanine-based hydrogels as a potential carrier for drug delivery." e-Polymers 20, no. 1 (August 24, 2020): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0050.

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AbstractSelf-assembled hydrogels from 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-modified diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptides were evaluated as potential vehicles for drug delivery. During self-assembly of Fmoc-FF, high concentrations of indomethacin (IDM) drugs were shown to be incorporated into the hydrogels. The β-sheet arrangement of peptides was found to be predominant in Fmoc-FF–IDM hydrogels regardless of the IDM content. The release mechanism for IDM displayed a biphasic profile comprising an initial hydrogel erosion-dominated stage followed by the diffusion-controlled stage. Small amounts of polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) added to the hydrogel (Fmoc-FF 0.5%–IDM 0.5%–PAMAM 0.03%) resulted in a more prolonged IDM release compared with Fmoc-FF 0.5%–IDM 0.5% hydrogel. Furthermore, these IDM-loaded hydrogels demonstrated excellent thixotropic response and injectability, which make them suitable candidates for use as injectable self-healing matrices for drug delivery.
9

Giordano, Sabrina, Enrico Gallo, Carlo Diaferia, Elisabetta Rosa, Barbara Carrese, Nicola Borbone, Pasqualina Liana Scognamiglio, Monica Franzese, Giorgia Oliviero, and Antonella Accardo. "Multicomponent Peptide-Based Hydrogels Containing Chemical Functional Groups as Innovative Platforms for Biotechnological Applications." Gels 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9110903.

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Multicomponent hydrogels (HGs) based on ultrashort aromatic peptides have been exploited as biocompatible matrices for tissue engineering applications, the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and the development of biosensors. Due to its capability to gel under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength, the low molecular-weight Fmoc-FF (Nα-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine) homodimer is one of the most studied hydrogelators. The introduction into the Fmoc-FF hydrogel of additional molecules like protein, organic compounds, or other peptide sequences often allows the generation of novel hydrogels with improved mechanical and functional properties. In this perspective, here we studied a library of novel multicomponent Fmoc-FF based hydrogels doped with different amounts of the tripeptide Fmoc-FFX (in which X= Cys, Ser, or Thr). The insertion of these tripeptides allows to obtain hydrogels functionalized with thiol or alcohol groups that can be used for their chemical post-derivatization with bioactive molecules of interest like diagnostic or biosensing agents. These novel multicomponent hydrogels share a similar peptide organization in their supramolecular matrix. The hydrogels’ biocompatibility, and their propensity to support adhesion, proliferation, and even cell differentiation, assessed in vitro on fibroblast cell lines, allows us to conclude that the hybrid hydrogels are not toxic and can potentially act as a scaffold and support for cell culture growth.
10

Pramanik, Bapan. "Short Peptide-Based Smart Thixotropic Hydrogels †." Gels 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090569.

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Thixotropy is a fascinating feature present in many gel systems that has garnered a lot of attention in the medical field in recent decades. When shear stress is applied, the gel transforms into sol and immediately returns to its original state when resting. The thixotropic nature of the hydrogel has inspired scientists to entrap and release enzymes, therapeutics, and other substances inside the human body, where the gel acts as a drug reservoir and can sustainably release therapeutics. Furthermore, thixotropic hydrogels have been widely used in various therapeutic applications, including drug delivery, cornea regeneration and osteogenesis, to name a few. Because of their inherent biocompatibility and structural diversity, peptides are at the forefront of cutting-edge research in this context. This review will discuss the rational design and self-assembly of peptide-based thixotropic hydrogels with some representative examples, followed by their biomedical applications.
11

Kulkarni, Ketav, Sepideh Motamed, Nathan Habila, Patrick Perlmutter, John S. Forsythe, Marie-Isabel Aguilar та Mark P. Del Borgo. "Orthogonal strategy for the synthesis of dual-functionalised β3-peptide based hydrogels". Chemical Communications 52, № 34 (2016): 5844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc00624h.

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We describe a new class of hydrogelator based on helical β3-peptide foldamers carrying a bioactive payload. The β3-peptides self-assemble to form a nanofibrous mesh resulting in a stable hydrogel. Co-incubation with different β3-peptide monomers allowed tuning of cell adherence.
12

Serizawa, Takeshi, Hiroki Fukuta, Takaaki Date, and Toshiki Sawada. "Affinity-based release of polymer-binding peptides from hydrogels with the target segments of peptides." Chemical Communications 52, no. 11 (2016): 2241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09016d.

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Peptides with affinities for the target segments of polymer hydrogels were identified by phage display methods and exhibited affinity-based release capability from the hydrogels. The sustained anticancer effects of the drug-conjugated peptides were also demonstrated by their release from the hydrogels.
13

Chen, Weikai, Ziyang Zhou, Dagui Chen, Yinghua Li, Qin Zhang, and Jiacan Su. "Bone Regeneration Using MMP-Cleavable Peptides-Based Hydrogels." Gels 7, no. 4 (November 5, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040199.

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Accumulating evidence has suggested the significant potential of chemically modified hydrogels in bone regeneration. Despite the progress of bioactive hydrogels with different materials, structures and loading cargoes, the desires from clinical applications have not been fully validated. Multiple biological behaviors are orchestrated precisely during the bone regeneration process, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recruitment, osteogenic differentiation, matrix calcification and well-organized remodeling. Since matrix metalloproteinases play critical roles in such bone metabolism processes as BMSC commitment, osteoblast survival, osteoclast activation matrix calcification and microstructure remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavable peptides-based hydrogels could respond to various MMP levels and, thus, accelerate bone regeneration. In this review, we focused on the MMP-cleavable peptides, polymers, functional modification and crosslinked reactions. Applications, perspectives and limitations of MMP-cleavable peptides-based hydrogels for bone regeneration were then discussed.
14

Wang, Qi, Yanfei Qu, Ziyi Zhang, Hao Huang, Yufei Xu, Fengyun Shen, Lihua Wang, and Lele Sun. "Injectable DNA Hydrogel-Based Local Drug Delivery and Immunotherapy." Gels 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8070400.

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Regulated drug delivery is an important direction in the field of medicine and healthcare research. In recent years, injectable hydrogels with good biocompatibility and biodegradability have attracted extensive attention due to their promising application in controlled drug release. Among them, DNA hydrogel has shown great potentials in local drug delivery and immunotherapy. DNA hydrogel is a three-dimensional network formed by cross-linking of hydrophilic DNA strands with extremely good biocompatibility. Benefiting from the special properties of DNA, including editable sequence and specificity of hybridization reactions, the mechanical properties and functions of DNA hydrogels can be precisely designed according to specific applications. In addition, other functional materials, including peptides, proteins and synthetic organic polymers can be easily integrated with DNA hydrogels, thereby enriching the functions of the hydrogels. In this review, we first summarize the types and synthesis methods of DNA hydrogels, and then review the recent research progress of injectable DNA hydrogels in local drug delivery, especially in immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the challenges facing DNA hydrogels and future development directions.
15

Krieghoff, Jan, Johannes Rost, Caroline Kohn-Polster, Benno Müller, Andreas Koenig, Tobias Flath, Michaela Schulz-Siegmund, Fritz-Peter Schulze, and Michael Hacker. "Extrusion-Printing of Multi-Channeled Two-Component Hydrogel Constructs from Gelatinous Peptides and Anhydride-Containing Oligomers." Biomedicines 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040370.

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The performance of artificial nerve guidance conduits (NGC) in peripheral nerve regeneration can be improved by providing structures with multiple small channels instead of a single wide lumen. 3D-printing is a strategy to access such multi-channeled structures in a defined and reproducible way. This study explores extrusion-based 3D-printing of two-component hydrogels from a single cartridge printhead into multi-channeled structures under aseptic conditions. The gels are based on a platform of synthetic, anhydride-containing oligomers for cross-linking of gelatinous peptides. Stable constructs with continuous small channels and a variety of footprints and sizes were successfully generated from formulations containing either an organic or inorganic gelation base. The adjustability of the system was investigated by varying the cross-linking oligomer and substituting the gelation bases controlling the cross-linking kinetics. Formulations with organic N‑methyl-piperidin-3-ol and inorganic K2HPO4 yielded hydrogels with comparable properties after manual processing and extrusion-based 3D-printing. The slower reaction kinetics of formulations with K2HPO4 can be beneficial for extending the time frame for printing. The two-component hydrogels displayed both slow hydrolytic and activity-dependent enzymatic degradability. Together with satisfying in vitro cell proliferation data, these results indicate the suitability of our cross-linked hydrogels as multi-channeled NGC for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration.
16

Zhang, Meng, Lei Li, Heng An, Peixun Zhang, and Peilai Liu. "Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injury Using Hydrogels Based on Self-Assembled Peptides." Gels 7, no. 4 (September 27, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040152.

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Peripheral nerve injury often occurs in young adults and is characterized by complex regeneration mechanisms, poor prognosis, and slow recovery, which not only creates psychological obstacles for the patients but also causes a significant burden on society, making it a fundamental problem in clinical medicine. Various steps are needed to promote regeneration of the peripheral nerve. As a bioremediation material, self-assembled peptide (SAP) hydrogels have attracted international attention. They can not only be designed with different characteristics but also be applied in the repair of peripheral nerve injury by promoting cell proliferation or drug-loaded sustained release. SAP hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering and have become the focus of research. They have extensive application prospects and are of great potential biological value. In this paper, the application of SAP hydrogel in peripheral nerve injury repair is reviewed, and the latest progress in peptide composites and fabrication techniques are discussed.
17

Cao, Fengyi, Genxing Zhu, Meng Song, Xiaoli Zhao, Gangqing Ma, and Mengqing Zhang. "Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences." e-Polymers 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0012.

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Abstract Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) self-assembly is an effective way to synthesis antimicrobial biomaterials. In previous studies, we found PAF26 AMP (Ac-RKKWFW-NH2) and its derivative K2–F2 peptide (Ac-KKRKKWFWFF-NH2) could both self-assemble into hydrogels, but they had distinct microscopic structures. Therefore, in this work five PAF26 peptide derivatives with different numbers of aromatic amino acids are designed to better understand the self-assembly mechanism of aromatic AMP. The transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy characterizations are carried out to study the microscope structure, secondary conformation, and molecular interactions. It is found that the five peptide derivatives have different microscopic structures, and the number of aromatic amino acids will affect the peptide hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions, causing significant differences in the secondary conformation and microscopic structure. This work will enhance the comprehension of aromatic AMP self-assembly.
18

You, Yongcai, Ruirui Xing, Qianli Zou, Feng Shi, and Xuehai Yan. "High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (September 18, 2019): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.184.

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Peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels, as a new type of biological nanoarchitectonic structure, hold great promise for a wide range of biomedical and nanotechnological applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and electronic and photonic energy storage. In this work, a cyclic dipeptide (CDP) cyclo-(Trp-Tyr) (C-WY), which has exceptional structural rigidity and high stability, is selected as a hydrogelator for the formation of supramolecular hydrogels. The unique hydrogen bonding in C-WY endows a high propensity for self-assembly and the resulting hydrogels are revealed to be crystalline. The crystalline hydrogels possess excellent mechanical capacity and superior tolerance to various harsh conditions, including in the presence of charged biopolymers, extreme acid/base environments, and changing thermal conditions. Such high tolerance enables the crystalline hydrogels to be applied in the complex and harsh environments of electrochemistry. In addition, this study demonstrates that the self-assembly of cyclic dipeptides results in highly robust hydrogels which can be applied for electrochemical applications such as electrochemical supercapacitors.
19

Diaferia, Carlo, Moumita Ghosh, Teresa Sibillano, Enrico Gallo, Mariano Stornaiuolo, Cinzia Giannini, Giancarlo Morelli, Lihi Adler-Abramovich, and Antonella Accardo. "Fmoc-FF and hexapeptide-based multicomponent hydrogels as scaffold materials." Soft Matter 15, no. 3 (2019): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02366b.

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20

Huang, Yucheng, Zhenjun Qiu, Yanmei Xu, Junfeng Shi, Hongkun Lin, and Yan Zhang. "Supramolecular hydrogels based on short peptides linked with conformational switch." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 9, no. 7 (2011): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ob01057j.

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21

Аbilova, Guzel, Danelya Makhayeva, Galiya Irmukhametova, and Vitaliy Khutoryanskiy. "Chitosan based hydrogels and their use in medicine." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1100.

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Chitosan is a natural biopolymer, polysaccharide, a product of chitin deacetylation. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer with high biological activity and stability in the environment. In addition, chitosan is obtained from natural renewable resources and is an inexpensive substance. Due to all these properties, chitosan is widely used in practical medicine, for example, in the form of hydrogel dosage forms in combination with natural and synthetic polymers. This review is focused on polymer hydrogel materials based on chitosan. Special attention is paid to the preparation and use of wound dressings for the treatment of wounds of various etiologies. The use of hydrogel wound dressings based on this polysaccharide allows to create a protective shell on the surface of various wounds, to prolong delivery of antibacterial agents, peptides and other active substances, which significantly increases the effectiveness of therapy. Bactericidal and sorption properties of chitosan-based hydrogels established in experimental and clinical studies are discussed.
22

Rosa, Elisabetta, Carlo Diaferia, Enrico Gallo, Giancarlo Morelli, and Antonella Accardo. "Stable Formulations of Peptide-Based Nanogels." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153455.

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Recently, nanogels have been identified as innovative formulations for enlarging the application of hydrogels (HGs) in the area of drug delivery or in diagnostic imaging. Nanogels are HGs-based aggregates with sizes in the range of nanometers and formulated in order to obtain injectable preparations. Regardless of the advantages offered by peptides in a hydrogel preparation, until now, only a few examples of peptide-based nanogels (PBNs) have been developed. Here, we describe the preparation of stable PBNs based on Fmoc-Phe-Phe-OH using three different methods, namely water/oil emulsion (W/O), top-down, and nanogelling in water. The effect of the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) in the formulation was also evaluated in terms of size and stability. The resulting nanogels were found to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin, chosen as the model drug, with a drug loading comparable with those of the liposomes.
23

Von Zuben, Eliete de Souza, Josimar Oliveira Eloy, Maiara Destro Inácio, Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo, Amanda Martins Baviera, Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião, and Marlus Chorilli. "Hydroxyethylcellulose-Based Hydrogels Containing Liposomes Functionalized with Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Nasal Delivery of Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112492.

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Liposomes functionalized with cell-penetrating peptides are a promising strategy to deliver insulin through the nasal route. A hydrogel based on hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) aqueous solution was prepared, followed by a subsequent addition of liposomes containing insulin solution functionalized with trans-activator of transcription protein of HIV-1 (TAT) or Penetratin (PNT). The formulations were characterized for rheological behavior, mucoadhesion, syringeability, in vitro release and in vivo efficacy. Rheological tests revealed non-Newtonian fluids with pseudoplastic behavior, and the incorporation of liposomes (HLI, HLITAT and HLIPNT) in hydrogels did not alter the behavior original pseudoplastic characteristic of the HEC hydrogel. Pseudoplastic flow behavior is a desirable property for formulations intended for the administration of drugs via the nasal route. The results of syringeability and mucoadhesive strength from HEC hydrogels suggest a viable vehicle for nasal delivery. Comparing the insulin release profile, it is observed that HI was the system that released the greatest amount while the liposomal gel promoted greater drug retention, since the liposomal system provides an extra barrier for the release through the hydrogel. Additionally, it is observed that both peptides tested had an impact on the insulin release profile, promoting a slower release, due to complexation with insulin. The in vitro release kinetics of insulin from all formulations followed Weibull’s mathematical model, reaching approximately 90% of release in the formulation prepared with HEC-based hydrogels. Serum insulin levels and the antihyperglycemic effects suggested that formulations HI and HLI have potential as carriers for insulin delivery by the nasal pathway, a profile not observed when insulin was administered by subcutaneous injection or by the nasal route in saline. Furthermore, formulations functionalized with TAT and PNT can be considered promoters of late and early absorption, respectively.
24

Yang, Cuihong, Dongxia Li, Zheng Liu, Ge Hong, Jun Zhang, Deling Kong, and Zhimou Yang. "Responsive Small Molecular Hydrogels Based on Adamantane–Peptides for Cell Culture." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 116, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp209441r.

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25

Yadav, Nitin, Meenakshi K. Chauhan, and Virander S. Chauhan. "Short to ultrashort peptide-based hydrogels as a platform for biomedical applications." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 1 (2020): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm01304k.

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Short peptides have attracted much attention due to their easy synthesis, diverse functionalisation possibilities, low cost, possibility to make a large range of hierarchical nanostructures and most importantly their high biocompatibility and biodegradability.
26

Liu, Lichao, Han Wang, Yueying Han, Shanshan Lv та Jianfeng Chen. "Using single molecule force spectroscopy to facilitate a rational design of Ca2+-responsive β-roll peptide-based hydrogels". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, № 32 (2018): 5303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb01511b.

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27

Bock, Nathalie, Farzaneh Forouz, Luke Hipwood, Julien Clegg, Penny Jeffery, Madeline Gough, Tirsa van Wyngaard, et al. "GelMA, Click-Chemistry Gelatin and Bioprinted Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels as 3D Ex Vivo Drug Testing Platforms for Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Organoids." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010261.

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3D organoid model technologies have led to the development of innovative tools for cancer precision medicine. Yet, the gold standard culture system (Matrigel®) lacks the ability for extensive biophysical manipulation needed to model various cancer microenvironments and has inherent batch-to-batch variability. Tunable hydrogel matrices provide enhanced capability for drug testing in breast cancer (BCa), by better mimicking key physicochemical characteristics of this disease’s extracellular matrix. Here, we encapsulated patient-derived breast cancer cells in bioprinted polyethylene glycol-derived hydrogels (PEG), functionalized with adhesion peptides (RGD, GFOGER and DYIGSR) and gelatin-derived hydrogels (gelatin methacryloyl; GelMA and thiolated-gelatin crosslinked with PEG-4MAL; GelSH). Within ranges of BCa stiffnesses (1–6 kPa), GelMA, GelSH and PEG-based hydrogels successfully supported the growth and organoid formation of HR+,−/HER2+,− primary cancer cells for at least 2–3 weeks, with superior organoid formation within the GelSH biomaterial (up to 268% growth after 15 days). BCa organoids responded to doxorubicin, EP31670 and paclitaxel treatments with increased IC50 concentrations on organoids compared to 2D cultures, and highest IC50 for organoids in GelSH. Cell viability after doxorubicin treatment (1 µM) remained >2-fold higher in the 3D gels compared to 2D and doxorubicin/paclitaxel (both 5 µM) were ~2.75–3-fold less potent in GelSH compared to PEG hydrogels. The data demonstrate the potential of hydrogel matrices as easy-to-use and effective preclinical tools for therapy assessment in patient-derived breast cancer organoids.
28

Özbek, Nagihan, Eugenio Llorens Vilarrocha, Begonya Vicedo Jover, Eva Falomir Ventura, and Beatriu Escuder. "Lysine-based non-cytotoxic ultrashort self-assembling peptides with antimicrobial activity." RSC Advances 14, no. 21 (2024): 15120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra08883a.

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Promising results confirmed the antimicrobial activity of l-lysine-based ultrashort dipeptide hydrogels on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria and non-cytotoxic properties on cell viability with human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293.
29

Vedaraman, Sitara, Dominik Bernhagen, Tamas Haraszti, Christopher Licht, Arturo Castro Nava, Abdolrahman Omidinia Anarkoli, Peter Timmerman, and Laura De Laporte. "Bicyclic RGD peptides enhance nerve growth in synthetic PEG-based Anisogels." Biomaterials Science 9, no. 12 (2021): 4329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm02051f.

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aECMs imparting integrin selectivity (α5β1 and αvβ3) and directional guidance cues are developed using MMP degradable PEG hydrogels, functionalized with bicyclic RGD peptides, and including aligned magnetic, short fibers for 3D oriented nerve growth.
30

Del Prado Audelo, María Luisa, Néstor Mendoza-Muñoz, Lidia Escutia-Guadarrama, David Giraldo-Gomez, Maykel González-Torres, Benjamín Florán, Hernán Cortés, and Gerardo Leyva-Gomez. "RECENT ADVANCES IN ELASTIN-BASED BIOMATERIALS." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 23 (August 17, 2020): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps31254.

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Elastin is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix; it provides resistance and elasticity to a variety of tissues and organs of the human body, besides participating in cellular signaling. On the other hand, elastin-derived peptides are synthetic biopolymers with a similar conformation and structure to elastin, but these possess the advantage of solubility in aqueous mediums. Due to their biological activities and physicochemical properties, elastin and related peptides may be applied as biomaterials to develop diverse biomedical devices, including scaffolds, hydrogels, and drug delivery systems for tissue engineering. Likewise, the combination of elastin with natural or synthetic polymers has demonstrated to improve the mechanical properties of biomedical products and drug delivery systems. Here we comprehensively describe the physicochemical properties and physiological functions of elastin. Moreover, we offer an overview of the use of elastin and its derivative polymers as biomaterials to develop scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering. Finally, we discuss some perspectives on the employment of these biopolymers to fabricate new biomedical products.
31

Nicze, Michał, Maciej Borówka, Adrianna Dec, Aleksandra Niemiec, Łukasz Bułdak, and Bogusław Okopień. "The Current and Promising Oral Delivery Methods for Protein- and Peptide-Based Drugs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (January 9, 2024): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020815.

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Drugs based on peptides and proteins (PPs) have been widely used in medicine, beginning with insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus over a century ago. Although the oral route of drug administration is the preferred one by the vast majority of patients and improves compliance, medications of this kind due to their specific chemical structure are typically delivered parenterally, which ensures optimal bioavailability. In order to overcome issues connected with oral absorption of PPs such as their instability depending on digestive enzymes and pH changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) system on the one hand, but also their limited permeability across physiological barriers (mucus and epithelium) on the other hand, scientists have been strenuously searching for novel delivery methods enabling peptide and protein drugs (PPDs) to be administered enterally. These include utilization of different nanoparticles, transport channels, substances enhancing permeation, chemical modifications, hydrogels, microneedles, microemulsion, proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, and cell-penetrating peptides, all of which are extensively discussed in this review. Furthermore, this article highlights oral PP therapeutics both previously used in therapy and currently available on the medical market.
32

Shepard, Jaclyn A., Paul J. Wesson, Christine E. Wang, Alyson C. Stevans, Samantha J. Holland, Ariella Shikanov, Bartosz A. Grzybowski, and Lonnie D. Shea. "Gene therapy vectors with enhanced transfection based on hydrogels modified with affinity peptides." Biomaterials 32, no. 22 (August 2011): 5092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.083.

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33

Zhu, Ying, Liying Wang, Yiping Li, Zhewei Huang, Shiyao Luo, Yue He, Han Han, Faisal Raza, Jun Wu, and Liang Ge. "Injectable pH and redox dual responsive hydrogels based on self-assembled peptides for anti-tumor drug delivery." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 19 (2020): 5415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm01004a.

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34

Nibourg, Lisanne M., Edith Gelens, Menno R. de Jong, Roel Kuijer, Theo G. van Kooten, and Steven A. Koopmans. "Nanofiber-based hydrogels with extracellular matrix-based synthetic peptides for the prevention of capsular opacification." Experimental Eye Research 143 (February 2016): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.001.

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35

Zhao, Dongbo, Shubin Liu, and Dahua Chen. "A Density Functional Theory and Information-Theoretic Approach Study of Interaction Energy and Polarizability for Base Pairs and Peptides." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15080938.

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Using density functional theory (DFT) and the information-theoretic approach (ITA) quantities to appreciate the energetics and properties of biopolymers is still an unaccomplished and ongoing task. To this end, we studied the building blocks of nucleic acid base pairs and small peptides. For base pairs, we have dissected the relative importance of energetic components by using two energy partition schemes in DFT. Our results convincingly show that the exchange-correlation effect predominantly governs the molecular stability of base pairs while the electrostatic potential plays a minor but indispensable role, and the steric effect is trivial. Furthermore, we have revealed that simple density-based ITA functions are in good relationships with molecular polarizabilities for a series of 30 hydrogen-bonded base pairs and all 20 natural α-amino acids, 400 dipeptides, and 8000 tripeptides. Based on these lines, one can easily predict the molecular polarizabilities of larger peptides, even proteins as long as the total molecular wavefunction is available, rather than solving the computationally demanding coupled-perturbed Hartree–Fock (CPHF) equation or its DFT counterpart coupled-perturbed Kohn–Sham (CPKS) equation.
36

Alheib, Omar, Lucilia P. da Silva, David Caballero, Ricardo A. Pires, Subhas C. Kundu, Vitor M. Correlo, and Rui L. Reis. "Micropatterned gellan gum-based hydrogels tailored with laminin-derived peptides for skeletal muscle tissue engineering." Biomaterials 279 (December 2021): 121217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121217.

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37

Zhu, Xiaolu, and Xianting Ding. "Study on a 3D Hydrogel-Based Culture Model for Characterizing Growth of Fibroblasts under Viral Infection and Drug Treatment." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 22, no. 5 (March 24, 2017): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555217701247.

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Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tissue models provide an approach for the systematic, repetitive, and quantitative study of drugs. In this study, we constructed an in vitro 3D acrylated hyaluronic acid (AHA) hydrogel model encapsulating fibroblasts, performed long-period 3D culture, and tested cellular topological changes and proliferation variation in the presence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) as an infecting virus and acyclovir (ACV) as the treatment drug. The AHA hydrogels were formed by using Michael addition chemistry of bis-cysteine containing MMP-degradable cross-linker onto AHA prefunctionalized with cell adhesion peptides (RGD). Cellular structures of 3T3 fibroblasts in hydrogel presented different morphological evolution processes and proliferation rates between different groups, including HSV-1 treated alone, ACV treated alone, HSV-1 and ACV cotreated, and control samples. In AHA hydrogel, ACV blocked HSV-1 infection/replication on fibroblasts. Yet, the proliferation of ACV-treated fibroblasts was slower than that of the control group. A significantly longer period was required for cells in 3D AHA gel to regain a healthy status when compared with cells in two-dimensional (2D) culture. This hydrogel-based 3D culture model potentially lays a foundation for analyzing the response of self-organized 3D tissues to viruses and drugs in a way that is closer to nature.
38

Scognamiglio, Pasqualina Liana, Caterina Vicidomini, and Giovanni N. Roviello. "Dancing with Nucleobases: Unveiling the Self-Assembly Properties of DNA and RNA Base-Containing Molecules for Gel Formation." Gels 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10010016.

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Nucleobase-containing molecules are compounds essential in biology due to the fundamental role of nucleic acids and, in particular, G-quadruplex DNA and RNA in life. Moreover, some molecules different from nucleic acids isolated from different vegetal sources or microorganisms show nucleobase moieties in their structure. Nucleoamino acids and peptidyl nucleosides belong to this molecular class. Closely related to the above, nucleopeptides, also known as nucleobase-bearing peptides, are chimeric derivatives of synthetic origin and more rarely isolated from plants. Herein, the self-assembly properties of a vast number of structures, belonging to the nucleic acid and nucleoamino acid/nucleopeptide family, are explored in light of the recent scientific literature. Moreover, several technologically relevant properties, such as the hydrogelation ability of some of the nucleobase-containing derivatives, are reviewed in order to make way for future experimental investigations of newly devised nucleobase-driven hydrogels. Nucleobase-containing molecules, such as mononucleosides, DNA, RNA, quadruplex (G4)-forming oligonucleotides, and nucleopeptides are paramount in gel and hydrogel formation owing to their distinctive molecular attributes and ability to self-assemble in biomolecular nanosystems with the most diverse applications in different fields of biomedicine and nanotechnology. In fact, these molecules and their gels present numerous advantages, underscoring their significance and applicability in both material science and biomedicine. Their versatility, capability for molecular recognition, responsiveness to stimuli, biocompatibility, and biodegradability collectively contribute to their prominence in modern nanotechnology and biomedicine. In this review, we emphasize the critical role of nucleobase-containing molecules of different nature in pioneering novel materials with multifaceted applications, highlighting their potential in therapy, diagnostics, and new nanomaterials fabrication as required for addressing numerous current biomedical and nanotechnological challenges.
39

Jing, Jing, Audrey Fournier, Anna Szarpak-Jankowska, Marc R. Block, and Rachel Auzély-Velty. "Type, Density, and Presentation of Grafted Adhesion Peptides on Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels Control Preosteoblast Behavior and Differentiation." Biomacromolecules 16, no. 3 (February 10, 2015): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm501613u.

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40

Hutomo, Dimas Ilham, Lisa Amir, Dewi Fatma Suniarti, Endang Winiati Bachtiar, and Yuniarti Soeroso. "Hydrogel-Based Biomaterial as a Scaffold for Gingival Regeneration: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 6, 2023): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122591.

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Background: Hydrogel is considered a promising scaffold biomaterial for gingival regeneration. In vitro experiments were carried out to test new potential biomaterials for future clinical practice. The systematic review of such in vitro studies could synthesize evidence of the characteristics of the developing biomaterials. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize in vitro studies that assessed the hydrogel scaffold for gingival regeneration. Methods: Data on experimental studies on the physical and biological properties of hydrogel were synthesized. A systematic review of the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement guidelines. In total, 12 original articles on the physical and biological properties of hydrogels for gingival regeneration, published in the last 10 years, were identified. Results: One study only performed physical property analyses, two studies only performed biological property analyses, and nine studies performed both physical and biological property analyses. The incorporation of various natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and hyaluronic acids improved the biomaterial characteristics. The use of synthetic polymers faced some drawbacks in their physical and biological properties. Peptides, such as growth factors and arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD), can be used to enhance cell adhesion and migration. Based on the available primary studies, all studies successfully present the potential of hydrogel characteristics in vitro and highlight the essential biomaterial properties for future periodontal regenerative treatment.
41

Clevenger, Abigail J., Andrea C. Jimenez-Vergara, Erin H. Tsai, Gabriel de Barros Righes, Ana M. Díaz-Lasprilla, Gustavo E. Ramírez-Caballero, and Dany J. Munoz-Pinto. "Growth Factor Binding Peptides in Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA)-Based Hydrogels for an Improved Healing Response of Human Dermal Fibroblasts." Gels 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9010028.

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Growth factors (GF) are critical cytokines in wound healing. However, the direct delivery of these biochemical cues into a wound site significantly increases the cost of wound dressings and can lead to a strong immunological response due to the introduction of a foreign source of GFs. To overcome this challenge, we designed a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with the potential capacity to sequester autologous GFs directly from the wound site. We demonstrated that synthetic peptide sequences covalently tethered to PEGDA hydrogels physically retained human transforming growth factor beta 1 (hTGFβ1) and human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) at 3.2 and 0.6 ng/mm2, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that retained hTGFβ1 and hVEGF enhanced human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) average cell surface area and proliferation, respectively, and that exposure to both GFs resulted in up to 1.9-fold higher fraction of area covered relative to the control. After five days in culture, relative to the control surface, non-covalently bound hTGFβ1 significantly increased the expression of collagen type I and hTGFβ1 and downregulated vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression. Cumulatively, the response of HDFa to hTGFβ1 aligns well with the expected response of fibroblasts during the early stages of wound healing.
42

Wang, Ling, Jing Li, Yue Xiong, Yihang Wu, Fen Yang, Ying Guo, Zhaolin Chen, Liqian Gao, and Wenbin Deng. "Ultrashort Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid-Based Injectable Composite Hydrogels for Sustained Drug Release and Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 49 (December 3, 2021): 58329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c16738.

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43

Carmona-Ribeiro, Ana Maria, and Péricles Marques Araújo. "Antimicrobial Polymer−Based Assemblies: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115424.

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An antimicrobial supramolecular assembly (ASA) is conspicuous in biomedical applications. Among the alternatives to overcome microbial resistance to antibiotics and drugs, ASAs, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polymers (APs), provide formulations with optimal antimicrobial activity and acceptable toxicity. AMPs and APs have been delivered by a variety of carriers such as nanoparticles, coatings, multilayers, hydrogels, liposomes, nanodisks, lyotropic lipid phases, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. They have similar mechanisms of action involving adsorption to the cell wall, penetration across the cell membrane, and microbe lysis. APs, however, offer the advantage of cheap synthetic procedures, chemical stability, and improved adsorption (due to multipoint attachment to microbes), as compared to the expensive synthetic routes, poor yield, and subpar in vivo stability seen in AMPs. We review recent advances in polymer−based antimicrobial assemblies involving AMPs and APs.
44

Suo, Huinan, Mubashir Hussain, Hua Wang, Nuoya Zhou, Juan Tao, Hao Jiang, and Jintao Zhu. "Injectable and pH-Sensitive Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels with On-Demand Release of Antimicrobial Peptides for Infected Wound Healing." Biomacromolecules 22, no. 7 (June 15, 2021): 3049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00502.

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45

Ruzicka, Frank J., Kafryn W. Lieder, and Perry A. Frey. "Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase from Clostridium subterminale SB4: Mass Spectral Characterization of Cyanogen Bromide-Treated Peptides and Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of the Gene kamA in Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.2.469-476.2000.

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ABSTRACT Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (KAM, EC 5.4.3.2 .) catalyzes the interconversion of l-lysine and l-β-lysine, the first step in lysine degradation in Clostridium subterminale SB4. KAM requires S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which mediates hydrogen transfer in a mechanism analogous to adenosylcobalamin-dependent reactions. KAM also contains an iron-sulfur cluster and requires pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) for activity. In the present work, we report the cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the gene kamA for C. subterminale SB4 KAM and conditions for its expression in Escherichia coli. The cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated and characterized by mass spectral analysis and, for selected peptides, amino acid and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. PCR was performed with degenerate oligonucleotide primers and C. subterminale SB4 chromosomal DNA to produce a portion of kamA containing 1,029 base pairs of the gene. The complete gene was obtained from a genomic library of C. subterminale SB4 chromosomal DNA by use of DNA probe analysis based on the 1,029-base pair fragment. The full-length gene consisted of 1,251 base pairs specifying a protein of 47,030 Da, in reasonable agreement with 47,173 Da obtained by electrospray mass spectrometry of the purified enzyme. N- and C-terminal amino acid analysis of KAM and its cyanogen bromide peptides firmly correlated its amino acid sequence with the nucleotide sequence of kamA. A survey of bacterial genome databases identified seven homologs with 31 to 72% sequence identity to KAM, none of which were known enzymes. An E. coli expression system consisting of pET 23a(+) plus kamA yielded unsatisfactory expression and bacterial growth. Codon usage in kamA includes the use of AGA for all 29 arginine residues. AGA is rarely used in E. coli, and arginine clusters at positions 4 and 5, 25 and 27, and 134, 135, and 136 apparently compound the barrier to expression. Coexpression of E. coli argU dramatically enhanced both cell growth and expression of KAM. Purified recombinant KAM is equivalent to that purified from C. subterminale SB4.
46

Sukhanova, T. V., A. A. Artyukhov, I. A. Prudchenko, A. C. Golunova, M. A. Semenikhina, M. I. Shtilman, and E. A. Markvicheva. "Delta-sleep inducing peptide entrapment and release from polymer hydrogels based on modified polyvinyl alcohol." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 59, no. 1 (January 2013): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20135901065.

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The aim of the study was to entrap delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) in cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels of different structures and to evaluate peptide release kinetics from these hydrogels using an in vitro model. Isotropic and macroporous hydrogels on the basis of poly(vinyl alcohol) acrylic derivative (Acr-PVA) as well as macroporous hydogels containing epoxy groups which were synthesized by copolymerization of this monomer with glycidyl methacrylate. The isotropic hydrogels were fabricated at positive temperatures while the macroporous hydrogels (cryogels) were prepared at the temperatures below zero. The peptide was entrapped into macroporous modified PVA hydrogels by addition of a peptide solution on previously fabricated matrices, while into PVA-GMA hydrogels containing epoxy groups peptide immobilization was carried out by incubation of hydrogel matrices in the peptide solution. In the case of isotropic hydrogels the peptide was added into the polymer mixture at a hydrogel formation reaction. The peptide release kinetics was studied by incubation of hydrogels in PBS (pH 7.4), in physiological solution (0.9% NaCl) and in water. DSIP concentration in supernatants was determined by phase-reverse HPLC. DSIP release from the macroporous PVA hydrogel after 30 min incubation was 74, 70 и 64% in water, PBS and 0.9% NaCl, relatively, and it was completed in 3 hs. From the isotropic hydrogel the release neither peptide nor products of its degradation was not observed even after 48 hs of incubation. For freshly prepared hydrogel the release kinetics was as follows: 27 and 78% in 30 and 33 hs, relatively. In the case of the lyophilized hydrogel samples the peptide release was 63% in 30 min incubation while drying patterns at room temperature for 3 days resulted in significant peptide loss because its structure damage.
47

McRae, Ewan K. S., Evan P. Booy, Gay Pauline Padilla-Meier, and Sean A. McKenna. "On Characterizing the Interactions between Proteins and Guanine Quadruplex Structures of Nucleic Acids." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9675348.

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Guanine quadruplexes (G4s) are four-stranded secondary structures of nucleic acids which are stabilized by noncanonical hydrogen bonding systems between the nitrogenous bases as well as extensive base stacking, or pi-pi, interactions. Formation of these structures in either genomic DNA or cellular RNA has the potential to affect cell biology in many facets including telomere maintenance, transcription, alternate splicing, and translation. Consequently, G4s have become therapeutic targets and several small molecule compounds have been developed which can bind such structures, yet little is known about how G4s interact with their native protein binding partners. This review focuses on the recognition of G4s by proteins and small peptides, comparing the modes of recognition that have thus far been observed. Emphasis will be placed on the information that has been gained through high-resolution crystallographic and NMR structures of G4/peptide complexes as well as biochemical investigations of binding specificity. By understanding the molecular features that lead to specificity of G4 binding by native proteins, we will be better equipped to target protein/G4 interactions for therapeutic purposes.
48

Chen, Huan, Tingting Zheng, Chenyang Wu, Jinrui Wang, Fan Ye, Mengyao Cui, Shuhui Sun, Yun Zhang, Ying Li, and Zhengqi Dong. "A Shape-Adaptive Gallic Acid Driven Multifunctional Adhesive Hydrogel Loaded with Scolopin2 for Wound Repair." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15111422.

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Wound healing is one of the major challenges in the biomedical fields. The conventional single drug treatment has unsatisfactory efficacy, and the drug delivery effectiveness is restricted by the short retention on the wound. Herein, we develop a multifunctional adhesive hydrogel that can realize robust adhesion, transdermal delivery, and combination therapy for wound healing. Multifunctional hydrogels (CS-GA-S) are mixed with chitosan-gallic acid (CS-GA), sodium periodate, and centipede peptide-scolopin2, which slowly releases scolopin2 in the layer of the dermis. The released scolopin2 induces the pro-angiogenesis of skin wounds and enables excellent antibacterial effects. Separately, GA as a natural reactive-oxygen-species-scavenger promotes antioxidation, and further enables excellent antibacterial effects and wet tissue adhesion due to a Schiff base and Michael addition reaction for accelerating wound healing. Once adhered to the wound, the precursor solution becomes both a physically and covalently cross-linked network hydrogel, which has potential advantages for wound healing with ease of use, external environment-isolating, and minimal tissue damage. The therapeutic effects of CS-GA-S on wound healing are demonstrated with the full thickness cutaneous wounds of a mouse model. The significant improvement of wound healing is achieved for mice treated with CS-GA-S. This preparation reduces wound system exposure, prolongs local drug residence time, and improves efficacy. Accordingly, with the incorporation of scolopin2 into the shape-adaptive CS-GA hydrogel, the composite hydrogel possesses multi-functions of mechanical adhesion, drug therapy, and skin wound healing. Overall, such an injectable or sprayable hydrogel plays an effective role in emergency wound treatment with the advantage of convenience and portability.
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Siemiradzka, Wioletta, Barbara Dolińska, and Florian Ryszka. "Influence of Concentration on Release and Permeation Process of Model Peptide Substance-Corticotropin-From Semisolid Formulations." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122767.

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The transdermal route of administration of drug substances allows clinicians to obtain a therapeutic effect bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, where the active substance could be inactivated. The hormonal substance used in the study-corticotropin (ACTH)-shows systemic effects. Therefore, the study of the effect of the type of ointment base and drug concentration on the release rate and also permeation rate in in vivo simulated conditions may be a valuable source of information for clinical trials to effectively optimize corticotropin treatment. This goal was achieved by preparation ointment formulation selecting the appropriate ointment base and determining the effect of ACTH concentration on the release and permeation studies of the ACTH. Semi-solid preparations containing ACTH were prepared using Unguator CITO e/s. The release study of ACTH was tested using a modified USP apparatus 2 with Enhancer cells. The permeation study was conducted with vertical Franz cells. Rheograms of hydrogels were made with the use of a universal rotational rheometer. The dependence of the amount of released and permeated hormone on the ointment concentration was found. Based on the test of ACTH release from semi-solid formulations and evaluation of rheological parameters, it was found that glycerol ointment is the most favourable base for ACTH. The ACTH release and permeation process depends on both viscosity and ACTH concentration. The higher the hormone concentration, the higher the amount of released ACTH but it reduces the amount of ACTH penetrating through porcine skin.
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Suo, Huinan, Mubashir Hussain, Hua Wang, Nuoya Zhou, Juan Tao, Hao Jiang, and Jintao Zhu. "Correction to “Injectable and pH-Sensitive Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels with On-Demand Release of Antimicrobial Peptides for Infected Wound Healing”." Biomacromolecules 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01487.

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