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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Maghlakelidze, Akaki. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Nabeghlavi Underground Mineral Waters." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 4(522) (December 28, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2021-4-71-79.

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Georgia is rich in groundwater deposits, which renew over time and are characterized by the best indicators of water quality and a stable regime. Groundwater is one of the main natural productive forces of Georgia, which plays an important role in the economic development and export industry. During 2015–2020, chemical composition of the Nabeghlavi mineral waters has been studied by the means of the modern unified methods. Almost all data from previous chemical analyzes have also been retrieved and systematized/collated. Using mathematical statistical analysis, the maximum, minimum, and mean arithmetic values of the major and specific components of water and the empirical deviation from the arithmetic mean have been calculated. Though comparison of the recent and historic data on chemical composition, based on the results of statistical analysis of the major ions, the natural fluctuation limits of the waters and stability of waters from all exploitation drill holes have been shown. According to the chemical composition and total mineralization there are three groups of waters in fresh and low mineralized category. It is shown that chemical composition of water from all exploitation drill holes meets requirements for the natural mineral water category, both the normative document of Georgia and directive of the European Commission.

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2

Thyne, Geoffrey, Cuneyt Guler, and Eileen Poeter. "Sequential Analysis of Hydrochemical Data for Watershed Characterization." Ground Water 42, no. 5 (September 2004): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02725.x.

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3

Manu, Evans, Marco De Lucia, and Michael Kühn. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Crystalline Basement Aquifer System in the Pra Basin (Ghana)." Water 15, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071325.

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The quality of groundwater resources in the Pra Basin (Ghana) is threatened by ongoing river pollution from illegal mining. To date, there are very limited data and literature on the hydrochemical characteristics of the basin. For the first time, we provide regional hydrochemical data on surface water and groundwater to gain insight into the geochemical processes and quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. We collected 90 samples from surface water (rivers) and groundwater (boreholes) and analysed them for their chemical parameters. We performed a water quality assessment using conventional water quality rating indices for drinking water and irrigation. Cluster and factor analysis were performed on the hydrochemical data to learn the chemical variations in the hydrochemical data. Bivariate ion plots were used to interpret the plausible geochemical processes controlling the composition of dissolved ions in surface water and groundwater. The water quality assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that 74% of surface water and 20% of groundwater samples are of poor drinking quality and, therefore, cannot be used for drinking purposes. For irrigation, surface water and groundwater are of good quality based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Wilcox diagram and United States Salinity (USSL) indices. However, Mn and Fe (total) concentrations observed in most surface water samples are above the acceptable limit for irrigation and therefore require treatment to avoid soil acidification and loss of availability of vital soil nutrients. Manganese and iron (total) are identified as the main contaminants affecting the basin’s water quality. The hierarchical cluster analysis highlights the heterogeneity in the regional hydrochemical data, which showed three distinct spatial associations based on elevation differences. Groundwater composition chemically evolves from a Ca–HCO3 to a Na–HCO3 and finally to a Na–Cl water type along the flow regime from the recharge to the discharge zone. The bivariate ion plot and the factor analysis underscore silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution and ion exchange as the most likely geochemical processes driving the hydrochemical evolution of the Pra Basin groundwater. Going forward, geochemical models should be implemented to elucidate the dominant reaction pathways driving the evolution of groundwater chemistry in the Pra Basin.

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4

Benderev, Aleksey, Stanimir Stanev, Mila Trayanova, Sava Kolev, and Aglaida Toteva. "Hydrochemical characterization of thermal waters in Shipkovo thermal field." Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, no. 1 (2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/igh.33.1.27.

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“Shipkovo” thermal water field is one of the few in the country formed in karstified carbonate rocks. Initially, there was a natural spring with elevated temperature, located at the boundary of Triassic karstified limestones and dolomites and Lower Cretaceous terrigenous rocks, sinking in depth to the east. Later, drilling operations were carried out in the area, which resulted in the discovery of additional quantities of water with different temperatures and chemical composition, which led to the discovery of additional water of different temperature and chemical composition. Eight wells were drilled east of the natural spring with a depth from 174 to 1315 m, with thermal waters from different depths found in the Triassic karst aquifer and the fissured Jurassic terrigenous rocks. The characterization of the chemical composition of the waters was made based on 55 water samples analyzes. It is established that the chemical composition is specific to the individual water sources and varies over time. The natural spring is characterized with the most significant fluctuations in the concentrations of some hydrochemical indicators – the maximum and minimum values of the total dissolved solids (TDS) differ approximately twice, and the pH – by about 2 units. As the flow rate of the spring increases and its temperature decreases, the type of water changes from HCO3-SO4–Ca-Mg to HCO3–Ca, and the concentrations of indicators characterizing the deep origin of thermal water decrease – fluorine (from 1.5÷1.6 to 0.1÷0.3 mg/l) and metasilicic acid (from 20÷25 to 10 mg/l). In periods when mainly deep mineral water flows from the spring, rather than mixed thermal and atmospheric waters, the concentrations of Ba, Sr, Al, Li are significantly higher. Comparison of the chemical composition of groundwater from individual wells shows the influence of geological and hydrogeological factors on its formation and changes in depth. The mixing of the waters formed by active water exchange in the karst environment of the Triassic limestones and dolomites with HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Ca-Mg type with the water formed in fractured rocks with stagnant character and SO4-Ca-Mg type in the Jurassic deposits and within the reach of the Shipkovo Fault, the fieldspecific SO4-HCO3-Ca-Mg waters are formed. With respect to the microcomponents, there is a slight tendency to increase the concentration of F, Sr, Ti, Ba, Mo, Ni, Mn in depth, but in the deepest wells they are relatively lower. The results obtained are useful in support of management decisions for the utilization of thermal waters from the Shipkovo field.

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5

Ruiz-Pico, Ángel, Álvaro Pérez-Cuenca, Richard Serrano-Agila, Diana Maza-Criollo, Jorge Leiva-Piedra, and Johonathan Salazar-Campos. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Loja Basin (Ecuador)." Applied Geochemistry 104 (May 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.02.008.

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6

Nativ, Ronit, and Ilan Nissim. "Characterization of a Desert Aquitard- Hydrologic and Hydrochemical Considerations." Ground Water 30, no. 4 (July 1992): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01536.x.

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7

Toumi, Faycal, Samir Hani, Nabil Bougherira, Azzedine Hani, Hicham Chaffai, and Larbi Djabri. "Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of a complex aquifer system." Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2023-626.

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A methodology was developed and applied to the Tindouf basin (south-western Algeria) to understand the hydrogeology of a complex aquifer system with a limited number of data, to identify the favorable areas for the design and building of new wells, and to know whether there is still current recharge of these aquifers. The principal components analysis (PCA), diagram of deuterium versus oxygen-18, and equilibrium diagrams Mg/Na and Ca/Na were the techniques used to combine different datasets in order to identify chemical and isotopic groups, which were in turn used to define the groundwater flow paths. In addition, on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium, it is possible to define the chemical evolution of the Tindouf basin aquifer. The results of this study are consistent with the generally accepted hydrogeological conceptual model. The combination of the different methods made possible to define and and to characterise the main groundwater flow paths from their sources to the discharge zones. These flow paths are defined by water categories, which are represented by salinity and groundwater origin. This approach can be used to analyze aquifers characterized by a lack of data and can also be useful for studying other complex groundwater basins.

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8

Antas, Francisco Pio de Souza, Nildo da Silva Dias, André Moreira de Oliveira, Osvaldo Nogueira de Sousa Neto, Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes, Neyton de Oliveira Miranda, Gabriela Cemirames de Sousa Gurgel, Francisco Souto de Sousa Junior, Alexandre de Oliveira Lima, and Miguel Ferreira Neto. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Water Resources From Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p445.

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The desalination of the brackish waters is a technology of coexistence with the semi-arid and its adoption implies in determining the environmental impacts due to the reject brine generated. Therefore, this work evaluated the hydrochemical characteristics of well water (feed water), drinking water (purified) and reject brine from reverse osmosis desalination plants in Western Meso-region, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. During the periods between October 2013 and November 2014, four water samples were taken at seven inland desalination plants in communities and rural settlements. The hydrochemical characteristics of the waters were evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis. The following physico-chemical parameters of water collected were evaluated: electrical conductivity (ECw), pH, concentrations of cations (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) and anions (chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate), Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Langelier Saturation Index, Stability Index of Ryznar, and the Calcium/Magnesium ratio. Well water and reject brine were classified into six groups, while purified water was classified into seven groups with different levels of risk of salinization, sodification and ions toxicity.

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9

Teixeira, Guilherme Vargas, Antonio Pedro Viero, Claudia Porcelis Vargas, and Guilherme D'Ávila Nunes. "Structural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of aquifers in the Paraná Basin: An integrated literature review." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 26, 2021): e26610918390. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18390.

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The Paraná Basin in Brazil is of vital importance and because of a large groundwater reservoir and the high exploitation of this resource by the population a structural and hydrogeochemical knowledge is needed. Objectives: 1) Analyze studies that address the structural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of aquifers in the Paraná Basin; 2) Highlight the main techniques used in the respective studies and the scientific development arising from the use of these techniques for a better hydrochemical and structural understanding of the Paraná Basin. Methodology: Tracing lineaments from satellite image and field work are the main techniques used for structural characterization. For hydrochemical analyses, factorial methods physical-chemical analyses are used. Results: the most common chemical types of groundwater that circulate in the sedimentary and volcanic units of the Paraná Basin, which include the Pirambóia, Irati, Rio Bonito, Botucatu and Serra Geral formations are calciumbicarbonates, calcium-magnesian bicarbonates, calcium-sodium bicarbonates and sodium-sulphate-chloride bicarbonates. Sodium-sulfated waters are not found in the Serra Geral Formation, except when they come from the sedimentary units. Sodium and sulfate are not expected ions in basalt weathering, and therefore a greater understanding is needed on structural communication by means of faults that occur between the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS) and the mesozoic and permian sedimentary aquifers and aquitards that contribute for unexpected ions in the SGAS. Conclusion: The Paraná Basin is a reason for interest in geological studies in Brazil because of its link to several areas of interest in geosciences, which include hydrochemistry, stratigraphy, paleontology and hydrogeology.

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10

Abeli, T., S. Orsenigo, N. M. G. Ardenghi, E. C. H. E. T. Lucassen, and A. J. P. Smolders. "Hydrochemical Characterization of A Stand of the Threatened EndemicIsoëtes malinverniana." American Fern Journal 103, no. 4 (October 2013): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-103.4.241.

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11

Ouldammar , H. and Houha , B. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Gareat-El-Tarf Plain Groundwaters, Northeastern, Algeria." Journal of New Technology and Materials 9, no. 1 (June 2019): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0056115.

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12

Vasileva, Tanya, and Aglaida Toteva. "Hydrochemical characterization of shallow groundwater from the Mesta River basin." Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, no. 1 (2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/igh.33.1.15.

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Groundwater is a valuable natural resource and an important source of drinking and domestic water supply. There are two types of groundwater in the Mesta River Basin: HCO3- > Ca2++Mg2+ (1st type waters) and HCO3- < Ca2++Mg2+ < HCO3-+SO42- (2nd type waters). The waters of the first type formed in the silicate rocks, are widespread in the high mountain, mountain and low mountain area. These waters are attached to the region of regional fracturing of the Precambrian metamorphic complex represented by gneisses, granitogneisses, amphibolites and to the fractured environment of the southern Bulgarian granites and granitoids, quartzites, conglomerates and marls of the Paleozoic. The waters of the second type are characteristic of the valleys covered by Pliocene and Quaternary sediments with minimal precipitation. Groundwater from the Mesta River catchment area is mainly hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium with high sodium content in the southern part of the catchment area. The content of anions in groundwater is in the sequence: HCO3- > SO42-> Cl-. The cations are arranged in the order: Ca2++Mg2+ > (Na++K+) or Ca2+ > (Na++K+) > Mg2+. Groundwater is very soft to moderately hard, fresh, with TDS content up to 0.5 g/l and chloride content below 10 mg/l.

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13

Kortatsi, Benony K. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Accra plains of Ghana." Environmental Geology 50, no. 3 (April 26, 2006): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0206-4.

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14

Vervier, Philippe. "Hydrochemical characterization of the water dynamics of a karstic system." Journal of Hydrology 121, no. 1-4 (December 1990): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90227-o.

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15

Al-Ahmadi, Masoud Eid. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in wadi Sayyah, Western Saudi Arabia." Applied Water Science 3, no. 4 (July 9, 2013): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0118-x.

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16

Neupane, Shristi, Ramesh Raj Pant, Lal B. Thapa, Deep Narayan Shah, Birendra Gautam, Barsha Adhikari, Barsha Khanal, Anueva Acharya, Kiran Bishwakarma, and Saroj Adhikari. "Hydrochemical characterization of the Ramsar-listed Koshi Tappu Wetland, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53354.

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Nepal abounds a vast array of freshwater bodies, from sub-tropical lowlands to glacier-fed highlands with varying water quality. This study evaluated the spatial variations in water quality at the Koshi Tappu Wetland, the first Ramsar site of Nepal, located in the eastern Tarai region within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Nineteen water quality parameters were chosen and analyzed from twenty-one different sampling points within the wetland. Parameters including pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, and DO were analyzed on-site, whereas HCO3-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3-, SO42- PO43-, K+, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CaH, MgH, Na+, and Fe3+ were analyzed in the laboratory. Multivariate methods such as hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and geochemical indices such as piper and mixing diagrams were applied to assess the spatial variation in water quality. Findings indicated Ca2+ as the principal cation and HCO3- as the principal anion regulating the hydrochemistry of the wetland. Based on CA, three spatial clusters were observed, which depicted variations in chemical composition with the PCA results highlighting the primary contamination sources and controlling factors of the sampling locations with 84.13% of the total variance. Findings from the PCA and ionic relationship analyses elucidated that the hydrochemistry of the Koshi Tappu wetland is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering processes with a minor contribution of silicate weathering and anthropogenic activities.

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17

Grishchenko, Mikhail Y., Anna A. Alaverdova, Aleksandra D. Razaryonova, Andrey A. Shishov, and Ivan V. Kazakov. "Comprehensive Hydrological Survey of Glukhoye Lake, a Typical Forest Lake on Kunashir Island (Kuril Islands)." E3S Web of Conferences 407 (2023): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340702004.

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In order to study a typical forest lake on Kunashir Island, which is Glukhoye Lake, a bathymetric mapping was conducted using a Lowrance echo sounder, during which 25 transects and 3 longitudinal tacks were measured. According to the results of bathymetric mapping, 5 points of hydrological and hydrochemical synchronous survey were carried out, within the framework of which hydrochemical indicators were measured and 9 water samples were taken for further analysis. At the same locations, 5 sediment samples were collected and described during the ground survey. Based on these studies, a comprehensive hydrological characterization of Glukhoye Lake, a typical forest lake on Kunshir Island, has been formulated. It is located in a forested area between the hills, has a shallow basin, few tributaries and slow water exchange. The lake is characterized by very little variability in hydrochemical parameters in depth and in plan. The predominance of hydrocarbonate and sodium ions is quite typical for surface water bodies of volcanic massifs. The hypothesis of a continuing close link between the lake and the ocean has not been confirmed.

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18

Gaglioti, Simona, Ernesto Infusino, Tommaso Caloiero, Giovanni Callegari, and Ilaria Guagliardi. "Geochemical Characterization of Spring Waters in the Crati River Basin, Calabria (Southern Italy)." Geofluids 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3850148.

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The characterization of the spatial variation of geochemical parameters in spring waters, especially the ones used for drinking purpose, is essential to identify potential risks to humans. In this work, results of a qualitative analysis on 190 samples of spring waters collected in the largest catchment of the Calabria region (southern Italy) are shown. Several physical and chemical parameters were analysed and the Langelier-Ludwig diagram was built to evaluate the hydrochemical facies of the sampled waters. Additionally, the relationships between water temperature and altitude and electric conductivity (EC) and altitude were assessed. Geostatistical methods were used to map the physical and chemical parameters. Results showed a good quality status of the spring waters in the Crati basin, with a predominant Ca-Mg-type hydrochemical facies. Then, a connection between EC and temperature with elevation has been detected in some area of the basin. Finally, the spatial analysis allowed identifying the distribution of the concentration of the several parameters.

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19

Camacho, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 975–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-975-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid-temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine if isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two and three component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap Catchment in South Africa were quantified using both, isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions between 64 and 98% of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41% of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component, contributed up to 45% of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84% of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment which trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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20

Burns, P., B. Mark, and J. McKenzie. "A multi-parameter hydrochemical characterization of proglacial runoff, Cordillera Blanca, Peru." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 26, 2011): 2483–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-2483-2011.

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Abstract. The Cordillera Blanca, located in the central Peruvian Andes, is the most glacierized mountain range in the tropics. The study objective is to determine the spatial and topographic controls on geochemical and isotopic parameters in the Quilcayhuanca drainage basin. During the dry season of July 2009, surface water and groundwater samples were collected from the proglacial zone of the 90 km2 Quilcayhuanca basin which is 20% glacierized. The basin water samples (n = 25) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe(II)), major anions (F, Cl, SO4), nutrients (total N, total P, and Si), and stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H). The valley's surface water is acidic (pH 3–4) and is dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−, the last of which is likely due to pyrite oxidation. Total P and total N show no trend with elevation down valley, while Si generally increases with decreasing elevation. Groundwater samples are differentiated from surface water samples by lower pH, specific conductance, and total P and higher Na+, K+, HCO3−, Si, and δ18O. A two-component mixing model indicates that discharge from the watershed is approximately two-thirds surface water (mostly glacier melt) and one-third groundwater. The results were compared to data from the Rio Santa and indicate that this trend may persist at the regional scale.

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21

Sandru, Claudia, Mihaela Iordache, Andreea Maria Radulescu, Ramona Ionela Zgavarogea, and Roxana Elena Ionete. "Hydrochemical characterization and quality of surface water from Olt river, Romania." SMART ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46390/j.smensuen.23120.80.

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22

Tiri, Ammar, Noureddine Lahbari, and Abderrahmane Boudoukha. "Hydrochemical characterization of surface water in the Timgad watershed, East Algeria." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.972983.

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23

Al-Barakah, Fahad N., Abdurahman M. Al-jassas, and Anwar A. Aly. "Water quality assessment and hydrochemical characterization of Zamzam groundwater, Saudi Arabia." Applied Water Science 7, no. 7 (March 8, 2017): 3985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0549-x.

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24

Tessema, S. G., D. Mirgorodsky, D. Merten, A. Hildebrandt, S. Attinger, and G. Büchel. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater system of biodiversity experimental field: Jena, Germany." Environmental Earth Sciences 70, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2171-4.

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25

Khan, Arina, Rashid Umar, and Haris Hasan Khan. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in lower Kali watershed, Western Uttar Pradesh." Journal of the Geological Society of India 86, no. 2 (August 2015): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0299-z.

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26

Novak, Stephanie A., and Yoram Eckstein. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Brines and Identification of Brine Contamination in Aquifersa." Ground Water 26, no. 3 (May 1988): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1988.tb00395.x.

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27

Camacho Suarez, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): 4183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4183-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs may increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine whether isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two- and three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap catchment in South Africa were quantified using both isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions of between 64 and 98 % of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41 % of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component (and potentially surface runoff) contributed up to 45 % of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84 % of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment that trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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A. M., Shuaibu, Garba M. L., and Abubakar I. Y. "Hydrochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality of zamfara area, northwest, nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 20, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v20i1.3.

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This study deals with hydrochemical assessment of groundwater within the lithological framework underlain Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining its suitability for human consumption. Groundwater samples were collected from boreholes tapping the aquifer of the area and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters, such as total dissolve solids, electrical conductivity (Ec), pH, temperature, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3, Cl-, SO4, NO3, PO4, and trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and Cr). The results obtained were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis, water quality index method, and hydrochemical variation plots for proper characterization. As far as suitability is concerned most of the studied physic-chemical parameters trace elements (iron, lead and chromium ions) revealed average concentrations lower than the permissible limit set for domestic water use by World Health Organization. However, the compiled overall water quality index for the studied groundwater shows ‘very poor water quality’. Due to the fact that WQI rating reflect the composite influence of different water quality parameters. The result of the multivariate statistical analysis, as applied to the chemical data set of the studied groundwater provides an insight into the underlying controlling hydrochemical processes in the area. Four factors including factor-1 (total hardness, chloride, nitrate, manganese, bicarbonate and alkalinity), factor-2 (TDS, conductivity, total hardness, magnesium and calcium), factor-3 (Temperature, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron and chromium), factor-4 (calcium, magnesium and nitrate) represents the signatures from dissolution of bedrock through which the groundwater passes, ionic mixing, leaching from the lateritic overburden, agricultural activities (fertilizer application) and effluent from waste dumpsites in the study area. The distribution of major ions in the groundwater shows relative abundance of cations: Na++K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+; while the relative abundance of the anions is: Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-. Groundwater in the aquifer of the study area are majorly of evolved type with mixing of ionic concentrations. Alkali’s are more in abundant to that of alkaline earth, while Cl and HCO3 dominate SO4 and NO3 concentration. The water samples are basically ‘Alkali waters’ with ‘Earth Alkaline’ components that are predominantly HCO3- and Cl-.The relative abundance of the three (3) dominant water types are as thus: Na-HCO3-Cl > Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl > Na-Ca-Cl. Simple mineral dissolution or mixing processes is mainly responsible for the variation in the hydrochemistry of the groundwater of the study area.

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29

Ghodbane, Messaoud, Abderrahmane Boudoukha, and Lahcene Benaabidate. "Hydrochemical and statistical characterization of groundwater in the Chemora area, Northeastern Algeria." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 32 (July 15, 2015): 14858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1067924.

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30

Loredo, C., A. Ordóñez, E. Garcia-Ordiales, R. Álvarez, N. Roqueñi, P. Cienfuegos, A. Peña, and N. M. Burnside. "Hydrochemical characterization of a mine water geothermal energy resource in NW Spain." Science of The Total Environment 576 (January 2017): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.084.

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31

Rezaei, Ali, Hossein Hassani, Evangelos Tziritis, Seyedeh Belgheys Fard Mousavi, and Nima Jabbari. "Hydrochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality in Dalgan basin, SE Iran." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10 (April 2020): 100353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100353.

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32

Shuaibu, AM, and IN Abdullahi. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater aquifer using multivariate analysis, Minna, North Central Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technological Research 10, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtr.v10i1.5.

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33

Koblan, Armel Kouadio, Affoué Bénédicte Koffi, Aminata Diomandé, Deh Serges Kouakou, Kan Jean Kouamé, and Jean Patrice Jourda. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater in the Sub-Prefecture of Kokumbo (Ivory Coast)." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 11, no. 06 (2023): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.116012.

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34

Chegbeleh, Larry Pax, Delali Kwasi Aklika, and Bismark Awinbire Akurugu. "Hydrochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Saboba and Chereponi Districts, Ghana." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030053.

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Hydrochemical data of groundwater samples obtained from the mudstones, sandstones, and siltstones aquifer units that underlie the study area have been characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. The physico-chemical parameters were initially compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for potable water. They were further subjected to various hydrochemical techniques to assess the overall water quality for drinking purposes. Conventional methods of assessing irrigation water suitability were also adopted. The results indicate that, with the exception of HCO3− characterized as unsuitable for drinking water, most of the parameters are within the WHO permissible limits and are thus characterized as suitable for drinking water. A few samples however show slight deviation. The results also show that the abundance of major cations in groundwater is in the order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. However, the abundance of the major anions is in the order: HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Na-HCO3 is thus inferred as the dominant water type in the area. Analyses of the overall Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water assessment indices suggest that groundwater in the area is generally suitable for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes.

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35

Doubi, Mostafa, Abderazzak Nimour, Ahmed Derma, Mohammed Aboulouafa, Rachid Touir, and Hamid Erramli. "Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water Quality, Hydrochemical Characterization of the Doukkala Plain, Morocco." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370213.

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This study concerns the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters (T°, pH, EC, NO3-, Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+) of groundwater from the Doukkala, in order to establish its pollution diagnosis. Thus, water samples were taken at 8 stations in January and July.The results show that the wells are characterized by a geochemical facies Chloride and sulphate of calcium and magnesiu and potassium chloride or sodium sulphate. According to Moroccan standards and the values of certain parameters such as temperature, hydrogen potential, conductivity, alkalis, alkaline earth metals, sulphates, chlorides the studied the ground water was classified from good to poor quality (CNS, 1994).

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36

Lalitha, Manickam, Subramanian Dharumarajan, Beeman Kalaiselvi, Khandal Shivanand, Arti Koyal, Seenipandi Kaliraj, and Rajendra Hegde. "Hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality in Cauvery deltaic fluvial plains of Southern India." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 33 (April 14, 2021): 44861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13467-8.

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37

Stednick, J. D. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Alpine and Alpine-Subalpine Stream Waters, Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 21, no. 3 (August 1989): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551566.

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38

Khettouch, Athmane, Mohammed Hssaisoune, Mouad Maaziz, Abdelaaziz Ait Taleb, and Lhoussaine Bouchaou. "Characterization of groundwater in the arid Zenaga plain: Hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 19 (November 2022): 100816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100816.

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39

BEAMISH, D., and B. KLINCK. "Hydrochemical characterization of a coal mine plume detected by an airborne geophysical survey." Geofluids 6, no. 1 (February 2006): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00130.x.

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40

Srinivasamoorthy, K., M. Gopinath, S. Chidambaram, M. Vasanthavigar, and V. S. Sarma. "Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu, India." Journal of King Saud University - Science 26, no. 1 (January 2014): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.08.001.

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41

Yidana, Sandow Mark, Duke Ophori, and Bruce Banoeng-Yakubo. "Hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of the Voltaian Basin: the Afram Plains area, Ghana." Environmental Geology 53, no. 6 (March 20, 2007): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0710-1.

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42

Williams, T. M., and B. Smith. "Hydrochemical characterization of acute acid mine drainage at Iron Duke mine, Mazowe, Zimbabwe." Environmental Geology 39, no. 3-4 (January 18, 2000): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050006.

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43

Kudoda, Ahmed M., and Osman A. E. Abdalla. "Hydrochemical characterization of the main aquifers in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 6 (June 16, 2015): 4771–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4464-x.

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44

Chitradevi, S. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 12 (December 20, 2011): 1732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i12.21.

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45

Chafouq, D., A. El Mandour, M. Elgettafi, M. Himi, I. Chouikri, and A. Casas. "Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater in the Ghis-Nekor plain (northern Morocco)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 139 (March 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.007.

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46

Serafin, Artur, Magdalena Pogorzelec, Barbara Banach-Albińska, Ewa Zalewska, Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk, and Michał Arciszewski. "The Importance of Groundwater Quality and Other Habitat Parameters for Effective Active Protection of an Endangered Plant Species in Eastern Poland." Water 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081270.

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Anthropogenic habitat transformations involving changes in hydrologic conditions in the peatlands of eastern Poland contribute to the disappearance of sites of numerous relict plant species. The study aimed to verify whether sites chosen for the reintroduction of the endangered species Salix lapponum had been well selected by analyzing selected habitat parameters and determining whether changes in their values may in the long term have a significant impact on the functioning of new populations of the species. The results obtained at sites where the S. lapponum population was replenished with new individuals were analyzed in relation to data from one of the natural sites of the species. Hydrochemical characterization of the groundwater at the study sites confirmed that there was no significant influx of nutrients into the habitat or other hydrological disturbances due to human activity. The values obtained for the factors tested were within the limits of the specific preferences of the species. Changes in the values of some physical-chemical parameters of the water were due to the ecosystem’s internal metabolism, and the site with the highest hydrochemical stability was the one where S. lapponum occurred naturally. The species composition and structure of the phytocoenoses at all study sites were characteristic of natural sites of the species and showed no disturbances caused by human impact. The microbiological analyses indicated normal soil processes. The hydrochemical and biocoenotic stability of the habitat, including the microbiological balance of the soil, which was free of pathogenic fungi, should have a positive effect on the condition of the reintroduced plants.

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47

Wu, Chu, Xiong Wu, Chuiyu Lu, Qingyan Sun, Xin He, Lingjia Yan, and Tao Qin. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Its Seasonal Changes of Groundwater Based on Self-Organizing Maps." Water 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 3065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213065.

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Water resources are scarce in arid or semiarid areas; groundwater is an important water source to maintain residents’ lives and the social economy; and identifying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its seasonal changes is a prerequisite for sustainable use and protection of groundwater. This study takes the Hongjiannao Basin as an example, and the Piper diagram, the Gibbs diagram, the Gaillardet diagram, the Chlor-alkali index, the saturation index, and the ion ratio were used to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. Meanwhile, based on self-organizing maps (SOM), quantification error (QE), topological error (TE), and the K-means algorithm, groundwater chemical data analysis was carried out to explore its seasonal variability. The results show that (1) the formation of groundwater chemistry in the study area was controlled by water–rock interactions and cation exchange, and the hydrochemical facies were HCO3-Ca type, HCO3-Na type, and Cl-Na type. (2) Groundwater chemical composition was mainly controlled by silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution, and the dissolution of halite, gypsum, and fluorite dominated the contribution of ions, while most dolomite and calcite were in a precipitated state or were reactive minerals. (3) All groundwater samples in wet and dry seasons were divided into five clusters, and the hydrochemical facies of clusters 1, 2, and 3 were HCO3-Ca type; cluster 4 was HCO3-Na type; and cluster 5 was Cl-Na type. (4) Thirty samples changed in the same clusters, and the groundwater chemistry characteristics of nine samples showed obvious seasonal variability, while the seasonal changes of groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics were not significant.

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48

ALLIA, Zineb. "The Mio-pliocene aquifer system of the South Auresian Trough, Low Septentrional Sahara, Algeria: aquifer geometry and groundwater characterization." International Journal of Sciences and Natural Ressources 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.58205/ijsnr.v1i2.251.

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In the South auresian trough, Low Septentrional Sahara, Algeria, the sands aquifer is contained in the Mio-pliocene deposits in which several sedimentary sets have identified and contain two independent aquifer levels. Their relationship is determined by data correlation of several cross-sections surveyed on outcrops and boreholes that permit us a 2D construction of the multi-layer aquifer formations and to specify its geometry. The latter shows an asymmetrical synclinal structure with greater depth to the south and an unconformity of the upper unit (upper aquifer) on the base unit (lower aquifer) with a reduction in thickness from south to north. The upper aquifer, commonly designated “undifferentiated Mio-pliocene aquifer” is the most exploited. Its water is moderate to strongly charged and presents two families at evolutional hydrochemical facies. Their spatial distribution is strongly influenced by the natural context and the aquifer geometry. The hydrochemical analysis reveals that the dissolution of carbonate (CaCO3 or CaMgCO3), sulfate (CaSO4) and salt (NaCl) were the major sources of ions in the studied groundwaters. In this region deprived of treatment means and softening of water, the exploitation of the study results can help the decision makers, preferentially, to choose the captive fields principally destined for potable water supply in sectors containing the water less charged.

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49

Soromotin, А. М., and А. Yu Solodovnikov. "Hydrochemical and hydrogeological characterization of surface waters of Wostochno-Elovoye oilfielf of Surgutneftegas JSC." Neftyanoe khozyaystvo - Oil Industry, no. 7 (2017): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2017-7-99-102.

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50

Lipatnikova, O. A., T. N. Lubkova, and E. M. Khavina. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Aquatic Formations of the Moscow Canal and the Volga–Baltic System." Moscow University Geology Bulletin 76, no. 1 (January 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0145875221010075.

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