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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydraulic state"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Geelen, Caspar V. C., Doekle R. Yntema, Jaap Molenaar, and Karel J. Keesman. "Optimal Sensor Placement in Hydraulic Conduit Networks: A State-Space Approach." Water 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213105.

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Conduit bursts or leakages present an ongoing problem for hydraulic fluid transport grids, such as oil or water conduit networks. Better monitoring allows for easier identification of burst sites and faster response strategies but heavily relies on sufficient insight in the network’s dynamics, obtained from real-time flow and pressure sensor data. This paper presents a linearized state-space model of hydraulic networks suited for optimal sensor placement. Observability Gramians are used to identify the optimal sensor configuration by maximizing the output energy of network states. This approach does not rely on model simulation of hydraulic burst scenarios or on burst sensitivity matrices, but, instead, it determines optimal sensor placement solely from the model structure, taking into account the pressure dynamics and hydraulics of the network. For a good understanding of the method, it is illustrated by two small water distribution networks. The results show that the best sensor locations for these networks can be accurately determined and explained. A third example is added to demonstrate our method to a more realistic case.

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2

Kałaczyński, Tomasz, Valeriy Martynyuk, Juliy Boiko, Sergiy Matyukh, and Svitlana Petrashchuk. "Exploitation aspects of diagnostic hydraulic and pneumatic systems of Multimedia Hybrid Mobile Stages." MATEC Web of Conferences 332 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133201022.

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Knowledge of the technical state and construction of the hydraulic and pneumatic control system of Multimedia Hybrid Mobile Stage HMSM allows you to identify hazards and make a risk assessment. The aspects of the algorithmic process of diagnosing pneumatic and hydraulic control systems presented in the work form the basis for the development and implementation of safe solutions in the process of operation. This article describes the methodology for diagnosing HMSM machine hydraulics and industrial pneumatics systems, detailing the factors determining the correctness of maintaining functional fitness. The considerations developed illustrate the complexity of the diagnostic testing design process for condition assessment.

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3

Lahlou, Mouncif. "State Control for Hydraulic Power Plants." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 26 (December 1995): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44755-0.

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4

Ionov, P. A., A. V. Stolyarov, and A. M. Zemskov. "Stress–Strain State of Hydraulic Drives." Russian Engineering Research 40, no. 12 (December 2020): 1078–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x20120321.

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5

Azzam, Israa, Keith Pate, Jose Garcia-Bravo, and Farid Breidi. "Energy Savings in Hydraulic Hybrid Transmissions through Digital Hydraulics Technology." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041348.

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Hydraulic hybrid drivetrains, which are fluid power technologies implemented in automobiles, present a popular alternative to conventional drivetrain architectures due to their high energy savings, flexibility in power transmission, and ease of operation. Hydraulic hybrid drivetrains offer multiple environmental benefits compared to other power transmission technologies. They provide heavy-duty vehicles, e.g., commercial transportation, construction equipment, wagon handling, drilling machines, and military trucks, with the potential to achieve better fuel economy and lower carbon emissions. Despite the preponderance of hydraulic hybrid transmissions, state-of-the-art hydraulic hybrid drivetrains have relatively low efficiencies, around 64% to 81%. This low efficiency is due to the utilization of conventional variable displacement pumps and motors that experience high power losses throughout the drive cycle and thus fail to maintain high operating efficiency at lower volumetric displacements. This work proposes and validates a new methodology to improve the overall efficiency of hydraulic hybrid drivetrains by replacing conventional pump/motor units with their digital counterparts. Compared to conventional pump/motors, the digital pump/motor can achieve higher overall efficiencies at a wide range of operating conditions. A proof-of-concept digital pump/motor prototype was built and tested. The experimental data were integrated into a multi-domain physics-based simulation model of a series hydraulic hybrid transmission. The proposed methodology permits enhancing the overall efficiency of a series hydraulic hybrid transmission and thus allows for energy savings. Simulating the system at moderate load-speed conditions allowed achieving a total efficiency of around 89%. Compared to the average efficiency of the series hydraulic hybrid drivetrains, our simulation results reveal that the utilization of the state-of-the-art digital pump enables improving the total efficiency of the series hydraulic hybrid drivetrain by up to 25%.

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6

Shcheglov, B. A., and N. A. Makhutov. "The preemergency state of a hydraulic unit." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 39, no. 2 (April 2010): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1052618810020159.

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7

Wang, Jingwen, Xiangru Lv, Kuandi Zhang, Pu Li, and He Meng. "Unsteady-State Hydraulic Characteristics of Overland Flow." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 24, no. 10 (October 2019): 04019046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001831.

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8

Majdan, R., Z. Tkáč, J. Kosiba, R. Abrahám, J. Jablonický, Ľ. Hujo, and M. Mojžiš. "Evaluation of tractor biodegradable hydraulic fluids on the basis of hydraulic pump wear." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 3 (September 18, 2013): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2012-rae.

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Two types of biodegradable hydraulic fluids (HEES and HEPR) with the mineral oil-based hydraulic fluid (HV) were compared. The tests were performed using a test bench. During the tests with a tractor hydraulic pump, the fluids were loaded by a cyclic pressure load. The tests of fluids were evaluated on the basis of wear of the pump. Evaluation parameters were the flow characteristics of the pump and the cleanliness level of tested fluids. The temperature of the fluid under which the test was performed was measured in real operating conditions of the Zetor Forterra 11441 tractor. It is possible to state upon the test results that the mineral oil-based fluid was classified in the first place, the biodegradable fluid of the HEPR type in the second place, and the biodegradable fluid of the HEES type received the last position.  

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9

Gerges, Hany, Dan Goodwin, Rob Williams, William Yu, and J. A. McCorquodale. "Developing State-of-the-Art Hydraulic Model Integrating Hydraulic Profile with Flow Distribution." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 15 (January 1, 2008): 1669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788733701.

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10

Guo, Xiaoniu, and Chuan-Mian Zhang. "Hydraulic Gradient Comparison Method to Estimate Aquifer Hydraulic Parameters Under Steady-State Conditions." Ground Water 38, no. 6 (November 2000): 815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00679.x.

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11

Rusca, Maria, Tatiana dos Santos, Filippo Menga, Naho Mirumachi, Klaas Schwartz, and Michaela Hordijk. "Space, state-building and the hydraulic mission: Crafting the Mozambican state." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37, no. 5 (November 28, 2018): 868–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x18812171.

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12

Pothukuchi, Kameshwari, Melissa Arrowsmith, and Natalie Lyon. "Hydraulic Fracturing." Journal of Planning Literature 33, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412217733991.

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Анотація:

Food system and energy planners have given scant attention to the impacts on agrifood systems of a particular form of energy production—fracking—and its implications for planning and regulation. Impacts include those related to water availability and quality; land quality, use, and value; wildlife; labor costs; infrastructure and services; and the implications of boom and bust dynamics of these for the sustainability of agriculture and food systems. Planning is challenged by competing frames of economic and environmental benefits, lack of capacity, power imbalances, and sometimes state policy. This review maps research on these linkages, identifies elements of successful planning, and offers directions for future research.

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13

He, Ren, and Daxing Huang. "Automatic testing method for static pressure drive performance of electronic hydraulic brake system." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part A (2020): 1529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190511018h.

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To solve the problem of static pressure transmission performance of electronic hydraulic brake system, the mathematical models of main cylinder, solenoid valve, accumulator, and motor hydraulic pump of electronic hydraulic brake system are established. Based on the mathematical model, the static pressure transmission performance of electronic hydraulic brake system is analyzed. Then the standard normal state model of static pressure transmission performance of electronic hydraulic brake system is established by statistical method. The threshold correlation degree between the vibration signal of the static pressure drive and the normal state mode obtained by the vibration acceleration sensor are calculated. If the threshold correlation degree is greater than or equal to 0.5, the precision pressure transmission state of the electronic hydraulic brake system to be tested belongs to the standard normal state, and the threshold correlation degree is less than 0.5, indicating that the precision pressure transmission state of the electronic hydraulic brake system to be tested does not belong to the standard normal state. The test results show that the proposed method can effectively detect the boost response of the static pressure transmission of the electronic hydraulic brake system under high and low strength conditions under normal conditions and accumulator failure conditions. The method can effectively detect the static pressure transmission state of the electronic hydraulic brake system belongs to the fault state according to the threshold correlation degree, which is consistent with the simulation results.

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14

Tanaka, Yutaka, and Hiroshi Yoshinada. "Special Issue on Sustainable Design for Hydraulic Systems." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 4 (July 5, 2012): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0409.

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Анотація:

Given the high human impact on the environment, whether intentional or not, the world now faces a situation in which industrial development cannot proceed further without harmony among human beings and the environment. Hydraulic technologies have matured in the last decade and new technologies have emerged related to information technology, energy saving, mechatronics, and water hydraulics. It is our view that innovations in hydraulic technology involving sustainable design for hydraulic systems are essential for sustainably developing fluid power technology. One reason for this special issue on Sustainable Design for Hydraulic Systems is to encourage incremental breakthroughs in research based upon existing foundations. Another reason is to expand coordination and cooperation among academic and industrial researchers and institutions to realize these innovations. This special issue covers recent developments in hydraulic technologies, including water hydraulics and functional fluids, basic research, applications and case studies. State-of-the-art papers on hydraulic systems and components place special emphasis on industrial applications and their engineering background. All of the papers in this special issue are of great interest and value in sustainably designing fluid power systems, and we are sure that these papers will contribute much to the further development of fluid power technology. We sincerely thank the authors for their submissions and the reviewers for their invaluable efforts, without which this special issue would not have been possible. We are most grateful to all who have contributed their time and effort to ensuring the success of this special issue.

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15

Zhang, Tianxiao, and Nong Zhang. "Vibration Modes and the Dynamic Behaviour of a Hydraulic Plunger Pump." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9679542.

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Анотація:

Mechanical vibrations and flow fluctuation give rise to complex interactive vibration mechanisms in hydraulic pumps. The working conditions for a hydraulic pump are therefore required to be improved in the design stage or as early as possible. Considering the structural features, parameters, and operating environment of a hydraulic plunger pump, the vibration modes for two-degree-of-freedom system were established by using vibration theory and hydraulic technology. Afterwards, the analytical form of the natural frequency and the numerical solution of the steady-state response were deduced for a hydraulic plunger pump. Then, a method for the vibration analysis of a hydraulic pump was proposed. Finally, the dynamic responses of a hydraulic plunger pump are obtained through numerical simulation.

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16

Fabre, Violaine, Alexandre Duparchy, Francois Andre, and Pierre-Yves Larroze. "State of the art hydraulic turbine model test." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 49 (November 2016): 062004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/49/6/062004.

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17

Soueid Ahmed, A., J. Zhou, A. Jardani, A. Revil, and J. P. Dupont. "Image-guided inversion in steady-state hydraulic tomography." Advances in Water Resources 82 (August 2015): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.04.001.

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18

Honkakorpi, Janne, Jouni Vihonen, and Juho Mattila. "Sensor Module for Hydraulic Boom State Feedback Control." International Journal of Fluid Power 13, no. 3 (January 2012): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14399776.2012.10781057.

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19

Liu, Xiaojing, and Xu Cheng. "Steady-state thermal-hydraulic analysis of SCWR assembly." Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 2, no. 4 (October 23, 2008): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0093-3.

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20

Goho, Shaun A. "Municipalities and Hydraulic Fracturing: Trends in State Preemption." Planning & Environmental Law 64, no. 7 (July 2012): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15480755.2012.699757.

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21

Bodrov, V. V., R. M. Bagautdinov, and M. E. Goydo. "ABOUT AUTOMATION OF CONTROL AND DIAGNOSIS OF TECHNICAL STATE OF HYDRAULIC DRIVES OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 295 (October 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2021.10.pp.019-024.

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The main tasks of automated control and diagnostics of the technical condition of hydraulic drives are formulated, criteria for assessing the technical condition of a hydraulic drive as a whole and its individual devices are considered, examples of test operating modes for hydraulic drives with a guide and proportional hydraulic equipment are given.

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22

Ortloff, Charles R. "Surveying and Hydraulic Engineering of the Pre-Columbian Chimú State: ad 900–1450." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5, no. 1 (April 1995): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001189.

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The Chimú state of northern coastal Peru (ad 900–1480) developed massive irrigation-based agricultural systems supplied by intricate networks of canals drawing water from river sources in coastal valleys under their political control. Further intervalley canal systems, some up to 50 miles in length, were constructed to shunt water between river valleys to augment intravalley supplies. A high degree of civil engineering skill was necessary to construct and maintain such complex systems; knowledge of surveying and of open channel flow hydraulics was paramount. Some of the technology used by the Chimú has been investigated: surveying instruments and calculating tools have been unearthed and analyzed to provide some understanding of the technical base used for canal design. Details of the hydraulics knowledge-base have been extracted from computer simulation of the functioning of ancient Chimú canal designs. This article assembles known pieces of information related to Chimú civil engineering practice and attempts to provide a plausible methodology that could have been implemented by the Chimú to survey the precise canal bed slopes necessary for proper hydraulic functioning of large canal systems through rugged Andean foothill and mountain areas.

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23

Tao, Gaoliang, Xueliang Zhu, Jianchao Cai, Henglin Xiao, Qingsheng Chen, and Yin Chen. "A Fractal Approach for Predicting Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Deformable Clay." Geofluids 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8013851.

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The relative hydraulic conductivity is one of the key parameters for unsaturated soils in numerous fields of geotechnical engineering. The quantitative description of its variation law is of significant theoretical and technical values. Parameters in a classical hydraulic conductivity model are generally complex; it is difficult to apply these parameters to predict and estimate the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. Based on the fractal theory, a simple method is presented in this study for predicting the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. From the experimental soil-water characteristic curve at a reference state, the fractal dimension and air-entry value are determined at a reference state. By using the prediction model of air-entry value, the air-entry values at the deformed state are then determined. With the two parameters determined, the relative hydraulic conductivity at the deformed state is predicted using the fractal model of relative hydraulic conductivity. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of deformable Hunan clay is measured by the instantaneous profile method. Values of relative hydraulic conductivity predicted by the fractal model are compared with those obtained from experimental measurements, which proves the rationality of the proposed prediction method.

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24

Mohanty, Binayak P., and Jianting Zhu. "Effective Hydraulic Parameters in Horizontally and Vertically Heterogeneous Soils for Steady-State Land–Atmosphere Interaction." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm606.1.

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Abstract In this study, the authors investigate effective soil hydraulic parameter averaging schemes for steady-state flow in heterogeneous shallow subsurfaces useful to land–atmosphere interaction modeling. “Effective” soil hydraulic parameters of the heterogeneous shallow subsurface are obtained by conceptualizing the soil as an equivalent homogeneous medium. It requires that the effective homogeneous soil discharges the same mean surface moisture flux (evaporation or infiltration) as the heterogeneous media. Using the simple Gardner unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function, the authors derive the effective value for the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks or the shape factor α under various hydrologic scenarios and input hydraulic parameter statistics. Assuming one-dimensional vertical moisture movement in the shallow unsaturated soils, both scenarios of horizontal (across the surface landscape) and vertical (across the soil profile) heterogeneities are investigated. The effects of hydraulic parameter statistics, surface boundary conditions, domain scales, and fractal dimensions in case of nested soil hydraulic property structure are addressed. Results show that the effective parameters are dictated more by the α heterogeneity for the evaporation scenario and mainly by Ks variability for the infiltration scenario. Also, heterogeneity orientation (horizontal or vertical) of soil hydraulic parameters impacts the effective parameters. In general, an increase in both the fractal dimension and the domain scale enhances the heterogeneous effects of the parameter fields on the effective parameters. The impact of the domain scale on the effective hydraulic parameters is more significant as the fractal dimension increases.

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25

Lee, J.-C. "An investigation into a state space model for an attenuator in automotive hydraulic systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703762702987.

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A hydraulic attenuator has been used in hydraulic active suspension systems of automotive vehicles to reduce high amplitude ripple pressure of a pump. The hydraulic attenuator considered in this study is so highly non-linear and of high order that the analysis in the time domain has been performed infrequently, although the frequency response analysis with the transfer matrix method was applicable. In this paper, a state space representation of the dynamics for a hydraulic attenuator is presented, utilizing the electrical analogy. The results of the experiment are compared with those of the simulation to validate the state space model proposed. The comparison reveals that the state space model proposed is practically applicable for estimating the dynamic responses of the hydraulic attenuator in the time domain.

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26

Conker, Ahmet. "Understanding Turkish water nationalism and its role in the historical hydraulic development of Turkey." Nationalities Papers 46, no. 5 (September 2018): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2018.1473353.

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Turkey is fully engaged in its “hydraulic mission,” very extensively and rapidly “developing” water resources throughout its territory. The extensive hydraulic development attempts conducted by the Turkish government create local, national, inter-state, and transnational contestations among the different interest groups. A great deal of scholarly literature has analyzed the rationale behind Turkey's massive-scale hydraulic development. While some studies link Turkey's hydraulic mission to its energy and food security, others highlight the importance of domestic conflicts, as in the case of the Kurdish issue in the southeast. However, few works examine the relationship between hydraulic development and state- and nation-making processes in the early period of the republic. This paper seeks to analyze the role of hydraulic development in state- and nation-making in the context of Turkey by looking at the institutional documents published by official authorities and speeches made by key politicians. Drawing mainly upon the theory of water nationalism and its related conceptual frameworks, this study argues that hydraulic development has formed one of the important components of the modernization process in Turkey, thereby playing a significant role in its state- and nation-making processes.

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27

Kondo, Takao, Kazuaki Kitou, Masao Chaki, Yukiharu Ohga, and Takeshi Makigami. "ICONE19-43786 THERMAL HYDRAULIC TEST OF ADVANCED FUEL BUNDLE WITH SPECTRAL SHIFT ROD (SSR) FOR BWR : EFFECT OF THERMAL HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS ON STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_306.

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28

Tian, Yuqiang, Bin Wang, Peng Chen, and Ying Yang. "A state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control for a fractional-order Francis hydraulic turbine governing system." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 11-12 (December 21, 2019): 1068–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319891633.

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A nonlinear predictive control scheme with a state estimator for a fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is studied in this article. First, a more practical fractional-order model of the hydraulic turbine governing system is introduced. Second, according to the Grünwald–Letnikov definition of fractional calculus, the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is transformed into a nonlinear discrete model. Third, based on the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy theory, a fuzzy prediction model of the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is presented. Furthermore, a state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control scheme is proposed for the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system, and the controller gain can be obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control could effectively restrain the oscillation of the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system under various working conditions.

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29

Ma, Yong, Yu Cheng Wu, Wen Lin Chen, Xin Fang Wang, and Ya Pei Zhao. "Measurement and Research of Oscillating State of Hydraulic Oscillation in Slab Continuous Casting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2280.

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The stability of mold oscillation can directly influence on slab surface quality and operational safety in continuous casting. In recent years, the hydraulic oscillation is developed and applied as the driven equipment of mold oscillation. In the present work, based on the slab continuous caster of hydraulic oscillations, the displacement and other parameters of hydraulic oscillator are measured and the evaluation method of oscillation is studied. The displacement difference and phase difference of oscillation with sinusoidal waveform and non-sinusoidal waveform are analyzed. Especially, the dynamic characteristics of the driving force of left and right cylinders are evaluated. The results indicated that the hydraulic oscillator is quite a good device in terms of precision. The method proposed may be useful for evaluating oscillators.

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30

Dmitriev, Dmitry S., and Alexander A. Uchevatkin. "Mathematical simulation in the system of safety monitoring of hydraulic structures and automated control systems of stress-strain state." Vestnik MGSU, no. 12 (December 2021): 1582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.12.1582-1591.

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Анотація:

Introduction. The article describes the features of the systems for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures, which are based on the apparatus of mathematical and computer modeling. Prospects for the use of automated control systems for the stress-strain state of building structures of hydraulic structures are considered. Materials and methods. An analytical review of foreign examples of the implementation of monitoring systems for high-pressure hydraulic structures based on mathematical models is presented. The results of computational studies of the Zagorsk PSPP complex within the framework of the hardware and software complex for safety monitoring are shown. The concept of automated stress-strain state control systems is described. Results. The advantages and limitations of widely used, domestic and foreign automated information and diagnostic systems are outlined. On specific examples of the integration of numerical models of hydraulic structures into integrated systems for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures, methods of expanding the capabilities of monitoring systems in terms of analyzing the stress-strain state of structures and predictive estimates are demonstrated. Insufficient elaboration of the issues of management of the stress-strain state of structures is noted, but the need to develop special structural elements with variable parameters to influence the stress-strain state of hydraulic structures is substantiated. Conclusions. The data presented in the article confirm the need to develop systems for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures based on complex, multiphysics mathematical models, which can significantly expand the functionality of monitoring systems and, as a result, improve the safety of hydraulic structures. The analysis of world experience indicates the growing lag of the Russian hydropower industry in terms of the integration of mathematical models into the safety monitoring systems for hydraulic structures, which obviously requires additional research and practical work in this area.

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31

Moore, Scott. "Parchedness, politics, and power: the state hydraulic in Yemen." Journal of Political Ecology 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v18i1.21705.

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Анотація:

Historically, Yemen was noted for its sustainable, locally-adapted system of water management. Today, however, it faces one of the world's most acute shortages of water, driven chiefly by unsustainable rates of groundwater depletion. This article seeks to explain Yemen's present water crisis as the result of a political ecology dominated both by an expansionist Yemeni state and rural elites. By adopting intensive groundwater abstraction as a key development strategy, Yemen has produced an unsustainable basis for future economic and social development. The Yemeni case confirms both the importance of states and elites in the political ecology of water systems, and indicates that rural as well as urban water systems are characterized by patterns of exclusion and marginalization. As Yemen attempts to reap the fruits of the Arab Spring, it must adopt reform of its broken system of water management as one of its most pressing national objectives.Key Words: Yemen, groundwater depletion, developmental state, hydraulic civilization, water scarcity

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32

MA, Wenyong. "Energy Characteristic State Model of Hydraulic System Conceptual Design." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 04 (2010): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2010.04.129.

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33

Schwarz, H., and R. Ingenbleek. "State Observers for Hydraulic Drives Via Bilinear Approximated Models." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 26, no. 2 (July 1993): 1027–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)48627-7.

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34

Zhou, Shichang, Xinming Cao, and Guiyou Yao. "THE STATE VARIABLE DIAGRAM OF A HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 1989, no. 1 (1989): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.1989.401.

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35

ALTUNKAYNAK, ABDÜSSELAM. "Steady-state groundwater flow model with variable hydraulic conductivity." Hydrological Sciences Journal 52, no. 1 (February 2007): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.1.221.

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36

Stoianov, I., and A. Aisopou. "Chlorine Decay under Steady and Unsteady-state Hydraulic Conditions." Procedia Engineering 70 (2014): 1592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.176.

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37

Grudz, V. Ya. "Diagnostics of Hydraulic State of Complex Gas-Transport Systems." Nauka ta innovacii 1, no. 5 (September 30, 2005): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scin1.05.087.

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38

Dianqing, Li, and Zhou Chuangbing. "Reliability Calibration of Hydraulic Gates for Serviceability Limit State." HKIE Transactions 15, no. 3 (January 2008): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2008.10668123.

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39

Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur, Mohammad Abdur R. Akond, Mohammad Khairul Basher, and Md Quamrul Huda. "Steady-State Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of TRIGA Research Reactor." World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 04, no. 02 (2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2014.42013.

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40

Vrachimis, Stelios G., Stelios Timotheou, Demetrios G. Eliades, and Marios M. Polycarpou. "Iterative Hydraulic Interval State Estimation for Water Distribution Networks." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 145, no. 1 (January 2019): 04018087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001011.

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41

Peng, Jian. "Hydraulic Residence Time of CSTRs under Unsteady‐State Condition." Journal of Environmental Engineering 120, no. 6 (November 1994): 1446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1994)120:6(1446).

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42

Jiang, Chenyang, Shuai Sui, and Shaocheng Tong. "Adaptive NN Control of Electro-Hydraulic System with Full State Constraints." Electronics 11, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091483.

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This paper presents an adaptive neural network (NN) control approach for an electro-hydraulic system. The friction and internal leakage are nonlinear uncertainties, and the states in the considered electro-hydraulic system are fully constrained. In the control design, the NNs are utilized to approximate the nonlinear uncertainties. Then, by constructing barrier Lyapunov functions and based on the adaptive backstepping control design technique, a novel adaptive NN control scheme is formulated. It has been proven that the developed adaptive NN control scheme can sustain the controlled electro-hydraulic system to be stable and make the system output track the desired reference signal. Furthermore, the system states do not surpass the given bounds. The computer simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

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43

Droste, R. L., and K. J. Kennedy. "Steady State Kinetics of Anaerobic Downflow Stationary Fixed Film Reactors." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0208.

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Anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film reactors operated at 35°C successfully treated synthetic (sucrose based) wastewater of different concentrations at high organic loading rates and short hydraulic retention times. Based on observed relations between washout solids retention time, hydraulic retention time and loading rate, an empirical model of the process was formulated. Incorporation of the washout factor into accepted theory allowed good prediction of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and reactor biomass concentration.

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44

Xing, Pu, Shi Lin Luo, Cun Bo Liu, and Cong Feng Tian. "Simulation of Hydrostatic Drive System of Crawler Bulldozer." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6178.

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According to the hydraulic driven system working principle of crawler bulldozer, the simulation model of electro-hydraulic proportional control driven system was established by using AMESim, and the simulation was carried out. The simulation result indicates that using feedback regulation in control of hydraulic motor of driven system, the system pressure stay in a relatively stable state, which is conducive to the efficient operation system. As the load increasing suddenly, the system pressure volatile during the volume of hydraulic motor changing. However, steady state can be quickly restored.

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45

Ricci, S., A. Piacentini, O. Thual, E. Le Pape, and G. Jonville. "Correction of upstream flow and hydraulic state with data assimilation in the context of flood forecasting." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 30, 2010): 9067–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-9067-2010.

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Abstract. The present study describes the assimilation of river water level observations and the resulting improvement of the river flood forecast. The BLUE algorithm was built on top of the one-dimensional hydraulics model MASCARET. The assimilation algorithm folds in two steps: the first one is based on the assumption that the upstream flow can be adjusted using a three-parameter correction, the second one consists in directly correcting the hydraulic state. This procedure is applied on a four-day sliding window over the whole flood event. The background error covariances for water level and discharge are represented with asymmetric correlation functions where the upstream correlation length is bigger than the downstream correlation length. This approach is motivated by the implementation of a Kalman Filter algorithm on top of an advection-diffusion toy model. The assimilation study with MASCARET is carried out on the Adour and the Marne Vallage (France) catchments. The correction of the upstream flow as well as the control of the hydraulic state along the flood event leads to a significant improvement of the water level and discharge in analysis and forecast modes.

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46

Hagen, Daniel, Damiano Padovani, and Martin Choux. "A Comparison Study of a Novel Self-Contained Electro-Hydraulic Cylinder versus a Conventional Valve-Controlled Actuator—Part 2: Energy Efficiency." Actuators 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act8040078.

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This research paper presents the second part of a comparative analysis of a novel self-contained electro-hydraulic cylinder with passive load-holding capability against a state of the art, valve-controlled hydraulic system that is typically used in load-carrying applications. After addressing the control design and motion performance in the first part of the study, the comparison is now focused on the systems’ energy efficiency. It is experimentally shown that the self-contained solution enables 62% energy savings in a representative working cycle due to its throttleless and power-on-demand nature. In the self-contained drive, up to 77% of the energy taken from the power supply can be used effectively if the recovered energy is reused, an option that is not possible in the state of the art hydraulic architecture. In fact, more than 20% of the consumed energy may be recovered in the self-contained system during the proposed working cycle. In summary, the novel self-contained option is experimentally proven to be a valid alternative to conventional hydraulics for applications where passive load-holding is required both in terms of dynamic response and energy consumption. Introducing such self-sufficient and completely sealed devices also reduces the risk of oil spill pollution, helping fluid power to become a cleaner technology.

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47

Wang, Hai Fang, Xiao Guang Ren, and Yu Rong. "Modeling and Its Error Analysis for Load-Sensing Steering System." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.678.

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Load-sensing hydraulic steering system is universally used in wheeled machinery for good steering regulation performance and obviously saving energy effect. The load-sensing hydraulic steering system is present, and it is considered to be a mechanical and hydraulic position control system. The flow continuity equation and force balance equation of steering system is established, the transfer function of load-sensing hydraulic steering system is obtained, the system steady-state error caused by the typical input signal and load input signal on the basis of transfer function. The main parameters affecting the steady-state error are got, and it provides theoretical support for designing and improvement of load-sensing hydraulic steering system.

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48

Gao, Qin He, Hai Zhou Song, Zhi Yong Yang, Bo Liu, and Wen Liang Guan. "Research on the Application of High Speed on Off Valve in the Hydraulic Cylinder Speed Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2284.

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An application of high speed on-off valve which is connected between rod cavity and no-stem cavity of hydraulic cylinder was designed to study the speed control problem when the motion state of hydraulic cylinder is transformed. Research result shows that HSV can reduce the maximum starting acceleration and the final velocity effectively, and can realize the speed control when the motion state of hydraulic cylinder is transformed.

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49

Beliaev, Dmitri. "KARL A. WITTFOGEL AND THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HYDRAULIC STATE IN MESOAMERICA." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2020): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-4-144-155.

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The article describes the evolution of the ideas about the of social and economic nature and political structure of pre-Columbian societies of Mesoamerica of the founder of the theory of “hydraulic society” Karl Wittfogel (1896–1988). An analysis of Wittfogel’s early publications shows that he initially attributed Mesoamerica to the type of oriental “feudal” societies that did not develop a despotic-type state. The change of this position was connected to the contacts with the Mesoamericanists like Paul Kirchhoff and Pedro Carrasco and cooperation with Julian Steward. Wittfogel’s theoretical ideas had an important impact on the position of Angel Palerm, who formulated his own concept of the emergence of urban civilization in Mesoamerica. The work of Palerm and Pedro Armillas, in their turn, contributed to the final formulation of Wittfogel’s views of the pre-Hispanic history. In “Oriental Despotism” (1957), Wittfogel suggested that civilization in Mesoamerica was based on hydraulic system and separated two regional variants. The first, defined as semi-complex (“loose”) hydraulic society (subtype L2), includes the states of Central Mexico (Aztec and Texcoco). The second called “marginal hydraulic societies substantial hydraulic elements” (subtype M1) was represented by the lowland Maya.

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50

Gao, Qiang, Zhixiong Lu, Jinlin Xue, and Huisong Gao. "DESIGN AND TEST OF HYDRAULIC DEVICE FOR ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC CONTROLLED HITCH SYSTEM OF A HORTICULTURAL TRACTOR." INMATEH Agricultural Engineering 60, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-60-28.

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This paper proposed a structural design scheme of the hydraulic device of the electro-hydraulic controlled hitch system of a YM554A horticultural tractor with hydraulic device model, and the designed hydraulic device was simulated and tested to verify its performance. Results show that the motion of hydraulic actuator is stable with good response for tillage depth control, while the maximum lifting force of 10.62kN and the static settlement value of 13mm all meet the standard requirements. And the oil pressure changes rapidly with a large fluctuation with the plough position changed from transportation state to tillage state, but it quickly stabilizes, and as the tillage depth becomes larger, the oil pressure drops but remains basically stable with the maximum oil pressure change of 0.35MPa.

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