Готові списки джерел за темами / Hydraulic fluids contamination

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Paul, Sumit, Wolfgang Legner, Angelika Krenkow, Gerhard Müller, Thierry Lemettais, Francois Pradat, and Delphine Hertens. "Chemical Contamination Sensor for Phosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/156281.

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The paper deals with chemical contamination monitoring in phosphate-ester-based hydraulic fluids using nondispersive infrared (NDIR) optical absorption. Our results show that NDIR monitoring allows detecting the take-up of water into such fluids and their hydrolytic disintegration as these become additionally stressed by Joule heating. Observations on the O–H stretching vibration band (3200–3800 ) are used for determining the free water content (0–1.5%) and the Total Acid Number (0–1 mgKOH/g). Both quantities can be assessed by monitoring the strength and the asymmetry of the O–H vibration band with regard to the free water absorption band centred around 3500 . As such optical parameters can be assessed without taking fluid samples from a pressurised hydraulic system, fluid degradation trends can be established based on regular measurements, before irreversible damage to the fluid has occurred. Therefore maintenance actions can be planned accordingly, which is very important for the airline, as unscheduled maintenance disturbs the flights organisation and often generates money loss.

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Aliboyev, B. A. "Reliability of tractor hydraulic systems in the context of purity of power fluid." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 82, no. 6 (June 15, 2015): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65416.

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The article is dedicated to review and analysis of control and estimation methods of power fluid purity in order to provide reliability of tractor hydraulic systems. It highlights the results of experimental studies concerning contamination of hydraulic system fluids. Comparative analysis of foreign standards of hydraulic system fluids control is performed.

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Majdan, R., Z. Tkáč, B. Stančík, R. Abrahám, I. Štulajter, P. Ševčík, and M. Rášo. "Elimination of ecological fluids contamination in agricultural tractors." Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, Special Issue (December 30, 2014): S9—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/27/2013-rae.

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This contribution presents the elimination of pollution for ecological fluids of UTTO (universal tractor transmission oils) type in agricultural tractors. The common oil filling of the transmission and hydraulic system is polluted by residues of old fillings from attachments such as ploughs, trailers, etc. In the tractor Zetor Forterra 114 41, a newly developed synthetic ecological fluid HEPR (VDMA 24568) was applied. The oil showed pollution limits after completing 900 engine hours. For this reason, a filtration device was designed to clean mainly biodegradable fluids UTTO. On the basis of fluid application evaluation and performed filtration, it can be concluded that a simple and affordable filtration system reduces the concentration of the most dangerous contamination particles (particles lager than 14 μm) by up to 30%.

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Main, B. G. "Explosion Hazards in Offshore Motion Compensators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 199, no. 4 (November 1985): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1985_199_029_02.

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Auto-ignition data for phosphate ester hydraulic fluids and explosion initiators in high pressure hydraulic/pneumatic motion compensators are reviewed. Data obtained in this study highlight the potential increased danger due to contamination of fire-resistant fluids.

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SCHOLZ, Dieter. "Routes of Aircraft Cabin Air Contamination from Engine Oil, Hydraulic and Deicing Fluid." INCAS BULLETIN 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.1.13.

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Purpose: This paper discusses potential contamination of the air in passenger aircraft cabins. It gives an overview of cabin air contamination basics. It further names possible contamination sources and possible routes of contamination. – Methodology: Evidence follows from a review of material found on the Internet and from the documentation of a visit to an aircraft recycling site. Parts were retrieved at the site and investigated later with more time. – Findings: Jet engine seals leak oil in small quantities. Metallic nanoparticles are found in the oil and have been detected in human fatty tissue of aviation workers. It has been observed that the potable water on board can also be contaminated. Oil traces have been found in bleed ducts, air conditioning components, and in air conditioning ducts. Deicing fluid and hydraulic fluid can find their way into the air conditioning system via the APU air intake. Fuel and oil also leak down onto the airport surfaces. These fluids can be ingested by the engine from the ground and can enter the air conditioning system from there. Entropy is the law of nature that states that disorder always increases. This is the reason, why it is impossible to confine engine oil and hydraulic fluids to their (predominantly) closed aircraft systems. This is why engine oil with metal nanoparticles hydraulic fluids, and deicing fluids eventually can go everywhere and finally into the human body. – Research Limitations: No measurements have been made. – Practical Implications: Awareness and prevention of contaminated cabin air can protect passengers and crew. – Social Implications: The exposure of contaminated cabin air provides a basis for a general discussion and shows that people should be alerted and need to act. New technologies need to be implemented such as a bleed free architecture. – Originality: This paper shows many original images of contaminated parts and air ducts between engine compressor and cabin air outlet. Own observations are combined with similar observations found in literature and online. The collected evidence is visualized in a diagram showing the routes of possible aircraft cabin air (and water) contamination.

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Kučera, Marián, Zdeněk Aleš, Jan Mareček, and Pavel Máchal. "Effect of Contamination on the Lifetime of Hydraulic Oils and Systems." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 4 (2017): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765041205.

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The extensions of service‑lives regarding hydraulic fluids is gaining prominence due to several considerations including environmental pollution, conservation of natural resources and the economic benefits associated with extended service‑life. The presented methods for testing the durability and oxidation stabilities of hydraulic fluids can be simultaneously used in two ways. Firstly for comparing different hydraulic biooils and for selecting more adequate oils with higher oxidation stabilities and longer service lifetimes and secondly for the development of a prognostic model for an accurate prediction of an oil’s condition and its remaining useful lifetime, which could help to extend the service life of the oil without concerns about damaging the equipment.

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Owens, E. H., G. H. Smith, and I. A. Reading. "An instrument for measurement of water contamination in hydraulic fluids." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 2 (February 2007): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto457.

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Theissen, Heinrich W., David G. Holt, David K. Wills, and S. W. Dean. "Effects of Contamination of Biobased Hydraulic Fluids with Mineral Oil." Journal of ASTM International 6, no. 1 (2009): 101598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai101598.

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Hunt, T. M. "Particle contamination and filtration of hydraulic fluids, lubricants and fuels." Tribology International 21, no. 5 (October 1988): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(88)90012-6.

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Janoško, I., T. Polonec, and S. Lindák. "Performance parameters monitoring of the hydraulic system with bio-oil." Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, Special Issue (December 30, 2014): S37—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2013-rae.

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In environmental terms, hydraulic fluids used in the hydraulic system of municipal vehicles represent problems related to a potential leakage from the system into the environment and the subsequent contamination of groundwater and soil. More environment-friendly way is to use green hydraulic fluids that are biodegradable in accidents. This paper aims to investigate the possibilities of biodegradable oil application and its adaptation in the hydraulic systems of municipal vehicles by monitoring the impact of the bio-oil Mobil EAL 46 ESSO on the performance parameters as flow, efficiency, durability, etc. Hydraulic pump revolutions were measured using a non-contact sensor based on the principle of magnetic induction change. Method of tightness monitoring was used to achieve results for functionality and wear of the hydraulic system. During 600 h of the test period no significant deterioration of performance parameters was detected. Results are useful for companies involved in waste collection.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Agars, Robert C., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Assessment of the potential environmental effects of soluble hydraulic oil on natural waters." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Agars_R.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/249.

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A series of physical and chemical analyses were conducted over a fifteen month period to establish the ecological risk, if any, of discharging minewater into aquatic ecosystems. Organic and inorganic analyses were used to determine the extent of contamination of minewater with soluble hydraulic fluids and other contaminant species. Throughout the sampling period the pithead discharge water exhibited a neutral pH and low levels of iron, manganese, zinc and potassium were found. Parallel toxicological and chemical studies identified elevated zinc levels above published toxicity levels for the test species Ceriodaphnia Dubia, but were not confirmed by subsequent study. The presence of organic species in the pit head discharge water was also identified, but the levels were found to be quite variable. Treatment processes involving the detention of the surface minewater and subsequent passage through wetlands exhibited a beneficial effect in reducing pollutant levels prior to disposal. Comparisons of the chemical composition of the minewater discharge with those of local waters were carried out and found to be similar in nature.
Master of Science (Hons)

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Agars, Robert C. "Assessment of the potential environmental effects of soluble hydraulic oil on natural waters." Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Centre for Electrochemical Research and Analytical Technology, School of Science, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/249.

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Fletcher, Sarah Marie. "Risk assessment of groundwater contamination from hydraulic fracturing fluid spills in Pennsylvania." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72885.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-115).
Fast-paced growth in natural gas production in the Marcellus Shale has fueled intense debate over the risk of groundwater contamination from hydraulic fracturing and the shale gas extraction process at large. While several notable incidents of groundwater contamination near shale gas wells have been investigated, the exact causes are uncertain and widely disputed. One of the most frequently occurring and widely reported environmental incidents from shale gas development is that of surface spills. Several million gallons of fluid are managed on each well site; significant risk for spill exists at several stages in the extraction process. While surface spills have been primarily analyzed from the perspective of surface water contamination, spills also have the potential to infiltrate groundwater aquifers. This thesis develops a risk assessment framework to analyze the risk of groundwater resource contamination in Pennsylvania from surface spills of hydraulic fracturing fluid. It first identifies the major sources of spills and characterizes the expected frequency and volume distribution of spills from these sources using results from a preliminary expert elicitation. It then develops a stochastic groundwater contaminant transport model to analyze the worst-case potential for groundwater contamination in local water wells. Finally, it discusses the range of risk perception and incentives from a wide-ranging stakeholder base, including industry, communities, environmentalists, and government. This thesis concludes that while the vast majority of shale gas operations do not result in large spills, the worst-case potential for groundwater contamination is high enough to warrant further attention; it also recommends increased inclusion of community stakeholders in both industry and government risk management strategies.
by Sarah Marie Fletcher.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

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Zampaulo, Amarildo José. "Uma abordagem do problema de contaminação de sistemas de transmissão por fluidos e o controle através da técnica de contagem de partículas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18150/tde-07022017-105608/.

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O avanço tecnológico tem proporcionado à indústria em geral desenvolver e fabricar produtos mais sofisticados em todos os campos da ciência. Não distante dessa realidade, a indústria da mobilidade também vem incorporando, através de projetos arrojados, as novas tecnologias em seus produtos, respondendo, assim, às necessidades e expectativas de seus clientes, que exigem produtos com maior produtividade e disponibilidade para trabalho. Essas tecnologias estão relacionadas com os sistemas de transmissão de força por fluidos, através da introdução de válvulas eletro-hidráulicas e também pela redução da tolerância entre partes deslizantes e rotativas desses sistemas. A partir da introdução dessa nova tecnologia, a ênfase desse trabalho foi mostrar a importância do controle de contaminação nas fases do processo de concepção, fabricação e montagem do produto, incluindo a quebra de paradigmas relacionada ao fator humano e, em especial, o controle de contaminação do fluido de transmissão de força utilizando a tecnologia de contagem de partículas. Assim, foi evidenciado que através da determinação de limites aceitáveis de contaminação para cada tipo de sistema de transmissão de força, em função do tipo de tecnologia agregada, é possível reduzir drasticamente as falhas nos sistemas de transmissão de força por fluido durante a operação do produto no campo, mesmo sendo essa contaminação considerada um inimigo invisível.
The technological advance has proportionated to the industry in general to develop and to manufacture more sophisticated products in all the fields of science. Not distant of this reality, the industry of mobility also comes incorporating through bold projects the new technologies in its products, thus answering to the needs and expectations of its customers, who ask for products with high productivity and availability to work. These technologies are related with the power transmission systems by fluids through the introduction of electrohydraulic valves, and also by the reduction of tolerance between smooth and rotary parts of the system. From the introduction of this new technology, the emphases of this dissertation was show the importance of the contamination control in the process phases of conception, manufacturing and assembly of the product, including brake the paradigm related with human factors, and specially the fluid contamination control of the power transmission using the particle counting technology. To show that through the determination of acceptable limits of contamination for each type of power transmission system, as a function of the type of added technology, it is possible to drastically reduce the failures in the power transmission systems by fluids during the operation of the product in the field, even being this contamination considered an invisible enemy.

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Muttenthaler, Lukas, and Bernhard Manhartsgruber. "Optimizing hydraulic reservoirs using euler-eulerlagrange multiphase cfd simulation." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71100.

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Well working hydraulic systems need clean hydraulic oil. Therefore, the system must ensure the separation of molecular, gaseous, liquid and solid contaminations. The key element of the separation of contaminants is the hydraulic reservoir. Solid particles are a major source of maintenance costs and machine downtime. Thus, an Euler-Euler-Lagrange multiphase CFD model to predict the transport of solid particles in hydraulic reservoirs was developed. The CFD model identifies and predicts the particle accumulation areas and is used to train port-to-port transfer functions, which can be used in system models to simulate the long-term contamination levels of hydraulic systems. The experimental detection of dynamic particle contamination levels and particle accumulation areas validate and confirm the CFD and the system model. Both models in combination allow for parameter and design studies to improve the fluid management of hydraulic reservoirs.

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Taher, Dang Koo Reza. "Numerical modelling of single- and multi-phase flow and transport processes in porous media for assessing hydraulic fracturing impacts on groundwater resources." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-13B9-5.

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Книги з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Timirkeev, R. G. Promyshlennai͡a︡ chistota i tonkai͡a︡ filʹtrat͡s︡ii͡a︡ rabochikh zhidkosteĭ letatelʹnykh apparatov. Moskva: Mashinostroenie, 1986.

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Qunzhang, Tu, Cheng Jianhui, and Gong Liehang, eds. Ye ya xi tong wu ran kong zhi. Beijing Shi: Guo fang gong ye chu ban she, 2010.

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Association of Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers. Guidelines to contamination control in hydraulic fluid power systems. London: A.H.E.M., 1985.

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Canada. Defence Research Establishment Atlantic. Analysis of Mil-L-23699C Synthetic Lubricant Contamination of 3-gp-26ma Hydraulic Fluid by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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Hydraulic system contamination bibliography. London: Published on behalf of BHRA Fluid Engineering Centre by Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1988.

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Khalil, Medhat. Hydraulic Systems Volume 3: Hydraulic Fluids and Contamination Control. COMPUDRAULIC LLC, 2019.

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Association, British Fluid Power, ed. Guidelines to contamination control in hydraulic fluid power systems. London: BFPA, 1987.

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Association of Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers Limited. Technical Committee E1: Contamination Control. Guidelines to contamination control in hydraulic fluid power systems. Association of Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers Limited, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Hodges, Peter Keith Brian. "Contamination." In Hydraulic Fluids, 120–25. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-034067652-3/50018-x.

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"- Control and Management of Particle Contamination in Hydraulic Fluids." In Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, 236–73. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11225-10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hydraulic fluids contamination"

Deuster, Sebastian, and Katharina Schmitz. "Bio-Based Hydraulic Fluids in Mobile Machines: Substitution Potential in Construction Projects." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1636.

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Abstract This paper deals with the hydraulic oil consumption of mobile working machines. Different mobile working machines are going to be investigated by setting out their hydraulic oil consumption per hour. The substitutable amount of mineral by bio-based hydraulic oil is examined by an exemplary calculation for a construction project. The observations are intended to establish the working medium bio-based hydraulic oil on the lubricants market and to increase its use quantities, especially for mobile machines, with regard to environmental protection. Environmentally friendly lubricants and process materials are used in a wide variety of technical applications. In mobile machines in particular, efforts are being made to further establish bio-based lubricants. Due to unforeseeable accidents and leaks, a considerable amount of lubricants is released into the environment every year. This results in contamination of the affected environment. For this reason, contaminated ground, for example, has to be excavated refurbished after contact with hydraulic oil in order to return them to their original natural state. Bio-based hydraulic oils minimize this risk through their biodegradability and antitoxicity. Despite the proven performance of environmentally friendly hydraulic oil, the market share of biolubricants is stagnating at a constant and very low level. The majority of mobile machines use mineral oil, as working fluid in their hydraulic systems. To evaluate the substitution potential of mineral oil by bio-based oil in construction projects, various mobile machines are considered. In addition to widely used mobile machines like, for example excavators or wheel loaders, road construction equipment is also considered, due to a high hydraulic oil consumption resulting through heavy heat loads.

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Novak, Nejc, Rok Jelovčan, and Franc Majdič. "Development of portable filtration unit with self-diagnostics for industrial use." In International conference Fluid Power 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-513-9.21.

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It is well known that contamination of fluids shortens the life of hydraulic systems. Sometimes the necessary operating conditions (high pressures and high flow rates) make adequate filtration in the suction, working, or return lines through the filter difficult because it would interfere with the work process. A high cleanliness of the oil can be achieved with a so-called "bypass" filtration, which is part of the whole hydraulic device with its own circuit. Another way to ensure fluid cleanliness is to filter the hydraulic fluid with a portable filtration unit, which is the main topic of this paper. The fluid is pumped from the reservoir of the main hydraulic device, through the portable filtration unit and returned to the reservoir. In this way it is possible to clean the hydraulic oil without the need for costly and unnecessary "bypass" hydraulic components for filtration.

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Olivares, Tulio Daniel, Walid Al-Zahrani, Chidiebere Anioke, and Wafa Saeed Sultan Aldarini. "Navigate Narrow Pressure Windows with Superior Performance and Minimal Risk Using Flat Rheology Oil-Based Drilling Fluids." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211746-ms.

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Abstract The objective of this paper is to present the added value and superior performance of Flat Rheology Oil-Based Drilling Fluid (FROBDF) utilization across Narrow Pressure Windows and very challenging wellbore stability conditions. The FROBDF was able to mitigate the high potential chances of induced losses, wellbore collapse and resulted in reduced non-productive time (NPT) associated with successful trips, liner runs, barite sagging avoidance and no wellbore stability issues. Multiple formulations were evaluated during the design of the low pressure-impact FROBDF to meet operation requirements. Extensive tests were done in the lab with different sized bridging materials and wellbore stabilizers to overcome the expected challenges. Also, various contamination test including, drill solids, seawater, cement and acid gases contamination test were performed to understand fluids’ behavior and tolerance to various contamination. The results demonstrate high tolerance to most contaminations, the performance of the fluid was maintained without any major impact in fluid properties. Furthermore, key performance indicators (KPI) were stablished for field applications and was demonstrated the superior performance of FROBDF. Field applications were executed with the customized FROBDF formulation and demonstrated that the Low-pressure impact flat rheology drilling fluid reduced the effect of temperature on the fluid rheological properties and minimized the risk of induced formation losses. These same rheological features reduced non-productive time (NPT) associated with liner runs and barite sagging (maintained sag factor at 0.509). Reduced frequency of tandem sweeps pumping. With the proposed bridging strategy wellbore stability was achieved during the whole drilling and tripping phase of the well. In addition to that, after 64 hours under static conditions with 1,500 psi overbalance, no stuck pipe incidents, no loss circulation incidents, no excessive pressures recorded with low dilution and product consumption rate while maintaining flat rheologic profile below 30% variance across a different temperature range of 60°F, 80°F, 120°F and 150°F while drilling. The drilling industry with the current worldwide oil situation is continuously looking for non-productive time reduction strategies, this low pressure-impact high performance non-aqueous drilling fluid is an effective solution designed to extend the critical drilling narrow window. This innovative technology is non-progressive gel structure that reduces hydraulic impact, optimizing low-shear-rate viscosity improves hole cleaning without generating excessive pressures in the circulating system. This allows for optimal rates of penetration in those challenging conditions.

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Longhitano, Marco, and Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Experimental Investigation of Air Bubble Behaviour in Stagnant Mineral Oils." In ASME/BATH 2015 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2015-9520.

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Air contamination in hydraulic fluids strongly affects the performance of fluid power systems. It can cause various problems such as component damage, fluid degradation, noise production and poor system response. In recent years, in order to improve the design of hydraulic systems, multiphase CFD models have been discussed in the literature. These include Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrangian approaches. They are based on a set of empirical correlations, which describe the air behaviour in a liquid. These empirical parameters are unknown for hydraulic fluids. In this paper, an experimental study of the air bubble behaviour in different stagnant mineral oils is presented, providing knowledge of those parameters. A test apparatus using an optical method developed at the Institute for Fluid Power Drives and Controls of RWTH Aachen University is described. After performing the experiments, the terminal velocity is shown with dependence of the bubble diameter. Theoretical correlations for the drag coefficient are assessed with experimental results and new ones are formulated. Additionally, experiments on bubble coalescence have been performed in terms of bubble equivalent radius and drainage time. The minimum bubble diameter above which the coalescence occurs is indicated as well as the measured velocity and diameter after the coalescence. The drainage time measurements are compared with different theoretical correlations for coalescence. Of these, the most suitable and promising ones for hydraulic oils are selected. The current study is a significant step forward in fluid power modeling, as it provides a reliable framework for multiphase CFD modelling.

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Ferrar, Joseph, Philip Maun, Kenneth Wunch, Joseph Moore, Jana Rajan, Jon Raymond, Ethan Solomon, and Matheus Paschoalino. "High Pressure, High Temperature Bioreactors as a Biocide Selection Tool for Hydraulically Fractured Reservoirs." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204198-ms.

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Abstract We report the design, operation and biogenic souring data from a first-of-its kind suite of High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) Bioreactors for hydraulically fractured shale reservoirs. These bioreactors vet the ability of microbial control technologies, such as biocides, to prevent the onset of microbial contamination and reservoir souring at larger experimental volumes and higher pressures and temperatures than have been previously possible outside of field trials. The bioreactors were charged with proppant, crushed Permian shale, and sterile simulated fracturing fluids (SSFF). Subsets of bioreactors were charged with SSFF dosed with either no biocide, tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (TTPC, a cationic surface-active biocide), or 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (DMO, a preservative biocide). The bioreactors were shut in under 1,000-2,500 psi and elevated temperatures for up to fifteen weeks; hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and microbial counts were measured approximately once per week, and additional microbes were introduced after weeks three and five. Across two separate studies, the bioreactors containing no biocide soured within the first week of shut-in and H2S concentrations increased rapidly beyond the maximum detectable level (343 ppm) within the first three to six weeks of shut-in. In the first study, the bioreactors treated with TTPC soured within two weeks of shut-in (prior to the first addition of fresh microbes), and H2S concentrations increased rapidly to nearly 200 ppm H2S within the first six weeks of shut-in and beyond the maximum detectable level after fifteen weeks of shut-in. The bioreactors containing DMO did not sour during either study until at least the first addition of fresh microbes, and higher levels of the preservative biocide continued to prevent the biogenic formation of H2S even during and after the addition of fresh microbes. Microbial counts correlate with the H2S readings across all bioreactor treatments. The differentiation in antimicrobial activity afforded by the different types of biocide treatments validates the use of these simulated laboratory reservoirs as a biocide selection tool. This first-of-its-kind suite of HPHT Bioreactors for hydraulic fracturing provides the most advanced biocide selection tool developed for the hydraulic fracturing industry to date. The bioreactors will guide completions and stimulation engineers in biocide program optimization under reservoir-relevant conditions prior to beginning lengthy and expensive field trials.

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Ma, Bill, Alan Zhou, and Jim Steeves. "Pipeline Batch Planning to Optimize Storage Requirements." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31142.

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Pipeline batch delivery is a common practice in the industry to transport multiple products in the same pipeline. Proper batch planning can minimize the product storage requirement in operating a pipeline system. Transporting fluids in batches without using separation pigs can result in interface contamination between two different fluids in the pipeline. The volume of interfaces is closely related to the diffusion and dispersions occurred on the interface, which are dependent on product properties such as density and viscosity, fluid flow velocity, flow regime, pipeline mechanical configuration, pipe diameter and roughness, and travelling distance. In general, a turbulent flow is preferred to minimize the boundary viscous layer, thus, reducing the interface volume. The batching sequence is typically arranged so as to achieve the minimum batch interface contamination with the distance travelled. Normally, this is done by arranging the adjacent batches in descending or ascending order of the product quality or density. In this paper, a batch delivery analysis is performed on a proposed multiproduct pipeline to transport eight refined products from a refinery to a delivery terminal through a 240 km NPS 18 pipeline. The minimum volume of each product making up a batch will be sized to allow for reinjection of the interfaces back into the corresponding product tanks at the delivery terminal according to a set of contamination criteria. The proposed batch sequence is to minimize the required tank storage volume. A dynamic hydraulic flow simulator is utilized in this study to confirm the batch planning of the delivery system. The model is developed with the optimized batch plan and the dynamic net tank storage requirement for each product is determined. This paper will detail the methodology for batching design and tank storage calculations.

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Pietrangeli, Gianna, Donald Hugonin, and Laurie Hayden. "Comprehensive Protocol for Evaluation of Compatibility of Drill-In and/or Completion Fluids with Reservoir Fluids on Offshore Operations in the Caribbean Sea." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31786-ms.

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Abstract Incompatibities between reservoir fluids and drill-in fluids and/or completion fluids can cause near-wellbore formation damage, which negatively impacts project economics and productivity in the reservoir. This paper describes a systematic study of prediction and determination of negative interactions between completion fluids, oil-based drill-in fluids, and the native reservoir fluids to ensure prevention of near-wellbore damage caused by fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interactions. Correct formulation of completion fluids plays one of the most important roles in the preservation of the wellbore and production index. Fluid losses and seepage are sometimes inevitable; however, careful selection of drill-in and completion fluids with optimum interactions (fast fluid separation without viscous interfaces) is required in order to ensure proper care of the near-wellbore formation and to facilitate production/injection at the expected rates. A complex test matrix was designed for predicting interactions between fluids, depending on fluid type, and the likelihood of comingling while drilling the reservoir or displacing fluids. Several techniques were used to evaluate compatibility, including rheology of neat fluids and mixtures, emulsion formation tendency, and scale tendency. Contamination of oil-based drill-in fluid with drilled solids, completion brine, and seawater was studied following API-13I protocols. For all other fluids, rheology was measured before and after mixing of the fluids at several ratios. Shaken bottle tests determined compatibility between base oil and several aqueous fluids. Scale tendency was studied using a brine-based compatibility test. Interaction between oil-based drill-in fluid and different contaminants showed favorable results. The formulated drill-in fluid tolerated contaminants including crude oil, seawater, completion brine, and drilled solids without drastically changing its rheological properties. Linear variation of rheology correlating with mix ratios of completion fluids and pills demonstrated compatibility and a smooth rheological transition between neat fluids and the mixtures. Furthermore, testing demonstrated minimum emulsion-forming tendency between oil-based products (crude oil, base oil for drill-in fluid, and hydraulic oil) and the different aqueous fluids studied. All of the fluids evaluated were compatible, achieving separation within 60 minutes. Compatibility between all of the aqueous-based fluids (formation water, seawater, and completion brine) showed no precipitation or scale formation during testing at different temperatures and fluid ratios. Readiness for worst case scenarios and prediction of damage has never been more imperative than now because offshore drilling operations are going to deeper depths at hotter temperatures with no room for error. A comprehensive test matrix between all the completion and native fluids is needed in order to predict negative interactions and possible outcomes while drilling. This allows for reformulations, before executing the drilling plan, thus saving time and money in offshore operations.

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Liu, Songyuan, Chao-yu Sie, Fatee Malekahmadi, Bo Lu, Yifan Li, Cara Fan, Xinyue Zhang, Owen Serediak, Jelayne Fortin, and Ali Abedini. "Bioremediation Study on Formation Damage Caused by Hydraulic Fracturing: A Microfluidic Approach." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210089-ms.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has been applied to unconventional reservoirs with low permeability to achieve higher productivity and economic potential. However, polyacrylamide-based friction reducer and guar gum, two of the most common components in fracturing fluid could cause formation damage by penetrating into the matrix and blocking the flow path. To regain the conductivity of the damaged area, a bioremediation method was developed and validated by a microfluidic approach. Modified nutrients were used to stimulate the indigenous bacteria that could consume or break the polymer residues. Indigenous bacteria were extracted from oil field produced water collected with customized anaerobic sampling kits which have been sterilized. Feasibility studies were conducted to investigate the indigenous bacteria activity with and without nutrient supply. Fracturing fluid, field water, and a modified nutrient recipe which contained 300 ppm of inorganic salts were loaded into anaerobic sample vials in a 140°F - 150°F incubator. Microfluidic tests were performed in 150°F oven with microfluidic chips designed and fabricated based on the topology of matrix networks. Fracturing fluids were injected into a chip saturated with field water to simulate formation damage. Remediation fluid consisting produced water, injection water and nutrient was injected into the chip. After two weeks soaking, 2% KCl brine was then injected into the chip at 200 nl/min until a stable pressure drop was achieved. Microscopic pictures were taken before and after soaking to demonstrate the polymer damage and the remediation of microfluidic chips. The indigenous bacteria were successfully stimulated with and without the existence of the friction reducer based on the results of feasibility tests. Microfluidic tests showed there is a significant difference in precipitations between the case with and without nutrient supply, which indicates that the bioremediation method could regain conductivity of the damaged formation. This work is novel research on bioremediation application in unconventional reservoirs with only indigenous bacteria involved. The customized sampling technology and laboratory approach could prevent contamination of other microbes and oxygen, which could improve the quality of the research. Microfluidic chip is a great simulation of porous media and a proof of concept between scientific hypothesis and field application which requires small sample size and provides good reproducibility. In field applications, only an extremely low amount of nutrient is required in this process which provide great economic potential. Additionally, the injected nutrients will be fully consumed by the bacteria which makes this technology is an Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) approach in energy industry.

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Zeng, Rui, Yong Zhang, Zhen-Rong Lin, and Jin-Kun Sun. "Contamination Analysis and Monitoring Methods of Hydraulic Fluid." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering (MME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mme-16.2017.51.

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Johansen, Per, Michael M. Bech, Sune Dupont, Uffe N. Christiansen, Jens L. Sørensen, David N. Østedgaard-Munck, and Anders Bentien. "An Experimental Study on High-Flowrate Ultrasonic Particle Monitoring in Oil Hydraulics." In BATH/ASME 2022 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2022-89721.

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Abstract In this article an experimental analysis on detection of particles in oil hydraulics by an in-line, high flowrate ultrasonic sensor is presented. This experimental study is conducted by the implementation of a particle concentration sensor prototype in a simple hydraulic circuit. In this system the contamination particles are introduced in an open tank. The sensor prototype is based on the particle scattering of ultrasound measured in a 90° angle in relation to the incoming wave. An experimental analysis of the sensors ability to detect specific concentrations of silicon dioxide particles in oils of varying viscosity grade is presented. Furthermore, an experiment involving a used hydraulic oil from an industrial plant is shown, where the sensor is able to detect increased particle contamination in the system, when the open tank is actively stirred. It is from the experimental analysis found that the prototype can detect particles of above 40 microns in common hydraulic oils, however the background field intensity and frequency could be increased to lower the size of the detectable particles. The paper is concluded with a theoretical analysis, which is examining the background field intensities and frequencies needed to meet standards within measurements of oil cleanliness.

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