Статті в журналах: "HYBRID NANO FLUIDS"

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Arifuddin, A., A. A. M. Redhwan, A. M. Syafiq, S. Zainal Ariffin, A. R. M. Aminullah, and W. H. Azmi. "Stability analysis of hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 nano-cutting fluids." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 117, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1392.

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This paper is to study the stability of the current combination of hybrid nano-cutting fluids due to the recent progress in the analysis of nano-cutting fluids, such as the assessment methods for the stability of nano-cutting fluids, have revealed that instability is a common problem associated with nano cutting fluids. Five samples of 0.001 vol% that are suitable to be tested at UV-Vis machine, Al2O3–TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid was prepared using a one-step process with the help of a magnetic stirrer to stir for 30 minutes with different sonication time to determine the best or optimum sonication time for this hybrid nano-cutting fluid. Stability of nano-cutting fluids was analyses using UV–Vis spectrophotometer (0.001%, 0.0001%, 0.00001%), visual sedimentation (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%), TEM photograph capturing techniques (2%) and zeta potential analysis (0.001%, 0.00001%), that used different volume concentration that is suitable for each type of stability analysis. The stability analysis reveals that the best sonication time is 90 minutes, and the UV-vis spectrophotometer shows the stability of all samples is above 80% during a month compared to the initial value. Further, visual sedimentation shows good stability with minimum sedimentation and colour separation only. The zeta potential value also shows great stability with a value of 37.6 mV. It is found that the hybrid nano-cutting fluid is stable for more than a month when the nano is suspended in the base fluid of conventional coolant. The result in this paper is based on the experimental study of Al2O3-TiO2/CNC coolant base hybrid nano-cutting fluid for a month. However, to further validate the results presented in this paper, it is recommended to prolong the stability assessment time for six months for longer shelf life. The finding of this experimental study can be useful for high-precision product machining using similar CNC coolants, especially for aircraft and airspace applications for machining parts. No thorough stability assessment using all four types of stability analysis is done on Al2O3-TiO2/CNC Coolant base hybrid nano cutting fluid.

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Arifuddin, Ariffin, Abd Aziz Mohammad Redhwan, Wan Hamzah Azmi, and Nurul Nadia Mohd Zawawi. "Performance of Al2O3/TiO2 Hybrid Nano-Cutting Fluid in MQL Turning Operation via RSM Approach." Lubricants 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120366.

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Cutting fluids can be used to cool workpieces at high cutting speeds and remove chips from cutting zones. The effectiveness of cutting fluids may be improved with the addition of hybrid nanoparticle dispersion. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid as a cutting fluid in turning operations. The Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid was prepared using a one-step method in computer numerical control (CNC) coolant with concentrations of up to 4%. Utilizing air-assisted nano-cutting fluids injected through a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) setup, the effectiveness of turning cutting performance, cutting temperature (°C), average surface roughness (Ra), and tool wear (%) were evaluated. Then, the response surface method (RSM) was utilized as the design of experiment (DOE) to optimize the turning cutting performance parameters. The combination of 4% hybrid nano-cutting fluid concentration, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 0.55 mm depth of cut yielded the lowest cutting temperature, surface roughness, and tool wear values of 25.3 °C, 0.480 µm, and 0.0104%, respectively. The 4% concentration of Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid inclusion achieved the highest surface roughness reduction that led to better surface finish and the lowest tool-wear reduction led to longer tool life. Therefore, Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluids were strongly recommended in turning operations for CNC lathes.

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Arifuddin, A., A. A. M. Redhwan, A. M. Syafiq, S. Zainal Ariffin, A. R. M. Aminullah, and W. H. Azmi. "Effectiveness of hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 nano cutting fluids application in CNC turning process." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 117, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1777.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 nano-cutting fluid in the turning process application under the selected significant machining parameters consisting of nano concentration, depth of cut and feed rate. The preparation of aqueous hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 water-based nano-cutting fluids and their application as the cutting fluid in turning operations are undertaken. The Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluids were prepared through a one-step method; by dispersing nanoparticles of Al2O3 (average diameter 30 nm) and TiO2 (average diameter 30-50 nm) in CNC coolant based at four different volume concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%). The effectiveness of turning cutting performance, namely cutting temperature (°C), average surface roughness (Ra), and tool wear (%), were assessed via air-assisted nano cutting fluids impinged through MQL setup in turning of Aluminium Alloy AA7075. The response surface method (RSM) was employed in the design of the experiment (DOE). The lowest cutting temperature, surface roughness, and tool wear of 25.8°C, 0.494 µm, and 0.0107%, are obtained, respectively, when the combinations of hybrid nano cutting fluid concentration of 4%, feed rate value of 0.1 mm/rev, and 0.3 mm depth of cut is used. The result in this paper is based on the experimental study of Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid using CNC turning operation. The process focuses on the finishing process by using a finishing insert. Further work using roughing process may be suggested to observe the better performance of this cutting process using nano-cutting fluid towards reducing the wear rate. The use of Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid coupled with MQL in the CNC turning process is considered a new method. Machining soft and delicate materials such as Aluminium should consider using this combination technique since it lowers the cutting temperature and removes the chips, reducing the adhesive wear. The hybrid nano-cutting fluid can replace the conventional cutting fluid and will perform better if combined with the MQL cooling technique; this new method should be considered by major industry players that require a high-precision finished product such as the product that involves aircraft and aerospace applications.

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Khan, Yasir, Sohaib Abdal, Sajjad Hussain, and Imran Siddique. "Numerical simulation for thermal enhancement of $ H_2O $ + Ethyl Glycol base hybrid nanofluid comprising $ GO + (Ag, AA7072, MoS_2) $ nano entities due to a stretched sheet." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 5 (2023): 11221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023568.

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<abstract>The evaluation of compact heat density gadgets requires effective measures for heat transportation. Enhancement in thermal transportation of hybrid nanofluids comprising of water plus ethyl glycol with the dispersion of three different nano-entities is considered. The fluids are transported through a porous medium over a permeable elongating sheet. Water and ethyl glycol are $ (50 \% -50 \%) $. The three cases for hybrid species consist of (a) Graphene oxide (Go) + AA7072, (b) Go + Molybdenum sulfide, (c) Go + silver. The volume fraction of nano-entities is greater than 0.3%. It is presumed that the fluid flow is non-Newtonian. Two on-Newtonian fluids models namely Maxwell fluid and Casson fluid are taken into consideration to present comparative behavior in the existence of the nano-particle mixture. The leading equations are altered into ordinary differential form. A robust numerical procedure embraced with Runge-Kutta methodology and shooting strategy is employed to attain results for the dependent physical quantities. It is noticed that the velocity is diminished against the magnetic field parameter and porosity parameter. The temperature for case (a) Go + AA7072 is the highest and it is lowest for case (c) Go + silver. The temperature and velocity functions of both the fluids (Casson and Maxwell fluids) are incremented with larger inputs of hybrid nano-species. The results can find applications for the better performance of electronic equipment, and heat exchangers.</abstract>

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Sridhar Yesaswi, Ch, K. Ajay Krishna, A. Pavan Gopal Varma, K. Girish, and K. Jagadeesh Varma. "Characterization of AL2O3 Nano Particles in Engine Oil for Enhancing the Heat transfer rate." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.32 (May 31, 2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.32.15575.

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Selection of suitable engine oils becoming more challenging for automobile engineers. Life of the engine majorly depends upon engine oil, type of fuel being used and various other thermal and structural characteristics of the engine. Dissipation of heat is one of the major consideration in the design of automobile engines. Generally engine oils are used for the lubrication between piston and cylinder but to enhance the cooling effectiveness Nano-particles are added in the lubricant, so that internal heat generation in the engines can be minimized. Nano-fluids are playing a vital role in heat transfer applications because of its enhanced thermal conductivity nature and generally these fluids are colloidal mixture of Nano particles and base fluids. Intense research studies over Nano fluids are very high because of their sublime behavior.Recently. Advanced research over Nano technology has gone to a situation where two or more Nano particles are made to mix in a base fluids and generally we call this as hybrid Nano fluids. In this work, preparation of Al2O3 nanoparticles and mixing them with 10W30 engine oil were carried out. By various techniques thermal characteristics of fluid are identified with different parameters.

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S, Vignesh, Mohammed Iqbal U, and Jaharah A. Ghani. "A Study on the Effects of Hybridized Metal Oxide and Carbonaceous Nano-Cutting Fluids in the End Milling of AA6082 Aluminum Alloy." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020087.

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Finding an alternate solution for supplanting the existing conventional lubricant in machining is a challenge. This work narrows the search down to the use of nano-cutting fluids, as they exhibit excellent properties such as high thermal conductivity and good lubricity. A technical analysis of the performance of hybrid nano-cutting fluids in the end milling of AA6082 aluminium alloy in a constrained end milling condition is presented. Alumina and carbon nanotubes were chosen in this study for their better physical characteristics and compatibility during machining. Coconut oil was chosen as the base fluid (dispersal medium) as it provides good lubricity and better dispersion of nanoparticles due to its excellent rheological behaviour. The hybrid nanofluid was prepared by mixing alumina-based nanofluid with carbon nanotube nanoparticles in different volumetric concentrations. The thermo-physical properties of the prepared hybrid nanofluid were tested. Furthermore, they were tested for their spread-ability and other mechanical properties. Later, their performances as cutting fluid were studied with the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique, wherein nanoparticle mist was formed and evaluated in the end milling of AA6082 aluminium to reduce the quantity of nanofluids’ usage during end milling. The controllable parameters of speed, feed rate, and type of cutting fluid were chosen, with the levels of cutting speeds and feed rate at 75–125 m/min, and 0.005–0.015 mm/tooth, respectively, and the response parameters studied were surface roughness and tool wear. The results show that better performance is achieved in hybridized nano-cutting fluid, with a sharp improvement of 20%, and 25% in tool wear and surface roughness when compared to the base fluid. This study has explored the concept of hybridization and the capability of nanofluids as cutting fluids that can be used as eco-friendly cutting fluids in manufacturing industries.

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Bhattad, Atul, Vinay Atgur, Boggarapu Nageswar Rao, N. R. Banapurmath, T. M. Yunus Khan, Chandramouli Vadlamudi, Sanjay Krishnappa, A. M. Sajjan, R. Prasanna Shankara, and N. H. Ayachit. "Review on Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids: Preparation, Properties, Investigation, and Applications in IC Engines and Heat Transfer." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073189.

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Nano fluids are widely used today for various energy-related applications such as coolants, refrigerants, and fuel additives. New coolants and design modifications are being explored due to renewed interest in improving the working fluid properties of heat exchangers. Several studies have investigated nanofluids to enhance radiator and heat exchanger performance. A new class of coolants includes single, binary, and tertiary nanoparticle-based hybrid nano-coolants using ethylene glycol/deionized water combinations as base fluids infused with different nanoparticles. This review article focuses on the hydrothermal behavior of heat exchangers (radiators for engine applications) with mono/hybrid nanofluids. The first part of the review focuses on the preparation of hybrid nanofluids, highlighting the working fluid properties such as density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. The second part discusses innovative methodologies adopted for accomplishing higher heat transfer rates with relatively low-pressure drop and pump work. The third part discusses the applications of mono and hybrid nanofluids in engine radiators and fuel additives in diesel and biodiesel blends. The last part is devoted to a summary of the research and future directions using mono and hybrid nanofluids for various cooling applications.

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Aboob, Eman A. A. "Experimental study of nonlinear characterization of hybrid SWCNTs/Ag-NPs fluids, using nonlinear diffraction technique." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, no. 36 (October 1, 2018): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i36.44.

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Based on nonlinear self- diffraction technique, the nonlinear optical properties of thin slice of matter can be obtained. Here, nonlinear characterization of nano-fluids consist of hybrid Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Silver Nanoparticles (SWCNTs/Ag-NPs) dispersed in acetone at volume fraction of 6x10-6, 9x10-6, 18x10-6 have been investigated experimentally. Therefore, CW DPSS laser at 473 nm focused into a quartz cuvette contains the previous nano-fluid was utilized. The number of diffraction ring patterns (N) has been counted using Charge - Coupled- Device (CCD) camera and Pc with a certain software, in order to find the maximum change of refractive index ( of fluids. Our result show that the fraction volume of 18x10-6 is more nonlinearity than others.

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Ashraf, Asifa, Zhiyue Zhang, Tareq Saeed, Hussan Zeb, and Taj Munir. "Convective Heat Transfer Analysis for Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)- and Ferro (Fe3O4)-Based Nano-Fluid over a Curved Stretching Sheet." Nanomaterials 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12071152.

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In this work, the combined effects of velocity slip and convective heat boundary conditions on a hybrid nano-fluid over a nonlinear curved stretching surface were considered. Two kinds of fluids, namely, hybrid nano-fluid and aluminum oxide (Al2O3)- and iron oxide (Fe3O4)-based nano-fluid, were also taken into account. We transformed the governing model into a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). For this we used the similarity transformation method. The solution of the transformed ODE system was computed via a higher-order numerical approximation scheme known as the shooting method with the Runge–Kutta method of order four (RK-4). It is noticed that the fluid velocity was reduced for the magnetic parameter, curvature parameter, and slip parameters, while the temperature declined with higher values of the magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, and convective heat transfer. Furthermore, the physical quantities of engineering interest, i.e., the behavior of the skin fraction and the Nusselt number, are presented. These behaviors are also illustrated graphically along with the numerical values in a comparison with previous work in numerical tabular form.

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Yasmin, Humaira, Solomon O. Giwa, Saima Noor, and Mohsen Sharifpur. "Experimental Exploration of Hybrid Nanofluids as Energy-Efficient Fluids in Solar and Thermal Energy Storage Applications." Nanomaterials 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13020278.

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In response to the issues of environment, climate, and human health coupled with the growing demand for energy due to increasing population and technological advancement, the concept of sustainable and renewable energy is presently receiving unprecedented attention. To achieve these feats, energy savings and efficiency are crucial in terms of the development of energy-efficient devices and thermal fluids. Limitations associated with the use of conventional thermal fluids led to the discovery of energy-efficient fluids called “nanofluids, which are established to be better than conventional thermal fluids. The current research progress on nanofluids has led to the development of the advanced nanofluids coined “hybrid nanofluids” (HNFs) found to possess superior thermal-optical properties than conventional thermal fluids and nanofluids. This paper experimentally explored the published works on the application of HNFs as thermal transport media in solar energy collectors and thermal energy storage. The performance of hybrid nano-coolants and nano-thermal energy storage materials has been critically reviewed based on the stability, types of hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) and mixing ratios, types of base fluids, nano-size of HNPs, thermal and optical properties, flow, photothermal property, functionalization of HNPs, magnetic field intensity, and orientation, and φ, subject to solar and thermal energy storage applications. Various HNFs engaged in different applications were observed to save energy and increase efficiency. The HNF-based media performed better than the mono nanofluid counterparts with complementary performance when the mixing ratios were optimized. In line with these applications, further experimental studies coupled with the influence of magnetic and electric fields on their performances were research gaps to be filled in the future. Green HNPs and base fluids are future biomaterials for HNF formulation to provide sustainable, low-cost, and efficient thermal transport and energy storage media.

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Suresh, S., K. P. Venkitaraj, and P. Selvakumar. "Synthesis, Characterisation of Al₂O₃-Cu Nano Composite Powder and Water Based Nanofluids." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1560.

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Nano materials have made a revelation in all fields of engineering and technology. Materials of size less than 100 nm are termed as nano materials. The excellent properties of nano materials have attracted the scientists and engineers more towards nano technology. Solid nano particles dispersed in the base fluids such as water or ethylene glycol are called nanofluids, especially used to increase the heat transfer capability of base fluids. In this work we have synthesized Al2O3-Cu nano composite powder in a thermo chemical route that involves the preparation of precursor powder from metal nitrates and hydrogen reduction technique. Two different proportions of precursors were used to obtain the nano composites of two different proportions. The prepared powder was characterised using XRD, SEM and EDS. Water based hybrid nanofluids were prepared and their stability have been studied for different volume concentrations.

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Chaichan, “Miqdam T., Muhaned A. H. Zaidi, Hussein A. Kazem, and K. Sopian. "Photovoltaic Module Electrical Efficiency Enhancement Using Nano Fluids and Nano-Paraffin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012065.

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Abstract Today, photovoltaic modules have become accepted by the public and scientists in the production of clean electricity and as a possible alternative to electricity produced from fossil fuels. These modules suffer from a deterioration in their electrical efficiency as a result of their high temperature. Several researchers have proposed the use of high-efficiency hybrid photovoltaic (PV/T) systems that can cool PV modules and also produce hot water. Improving the PV modules’ electrical efficiency increases the investment attraction and commercialization of this technology. The possibility of restoring the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic panel that was lost due to its high temperature was investigated in this study. A PV/T system designed to operate with a paraffin-filled thermal tank attached to the PV module was used. Inside the paraffin is a heat exchanger that circulates inside a nanofluid. This design is adopted to cool down the PV module temperature. The study was carried out in the climatic conditions of the month of May in the city of Baghdad - Iraq. The proposed PV/T system’s electrical efficiency was compared with similar systems from the literature. The proposed system has achieved an obvious enhancement as its electrical efficiency was 13.7%.

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Alanazi, Meznah M., Awatif A. Hendi, Qadeer Raza, Muhammad Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Zubair Akbar Qureshi, Bagh Ali, and Nehad Ali Shah. "Numerical Computation of Hybrid Morphologies of Nanoparticles on the Dynamic of Nanofluid: The Case of Blood-Based Fluid." Axioms 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020163.

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The movement of biological fluids in the human body is a premium field of interest to overcome growing biomedical challenges. Blood behavior shows different behavior in capillaries, veins, and arteries during circulation. In this paper, a new mathematical relation for the nano-layer of biological fluids flows with the effect of TiO2 and Ag hybrid nanoparticles was developed. Further, we explain the engineering phenomena of biological fluids and the role of hybrid nanoparticles in the blood vessel system. The improvement of drug delivery systems by using low seepage Reynolds number was associated with expansion/contraction and was discussed in detail through the rectangular domain. Using similarity transformation, the governing equations were converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations, and the mathematical problem was solved by employing the numerical shooting method. Plots of momentum, temperature, skin friction coefficient, as well as the Nusselt number on different non-dimensionless parameters are displayed via lower/upper porous walls of the channel. It was analyzed that the walls of the channel showed different results on magnetized physical parameters. Values of thermophoresis and the Brownian motion flow of the heat transfer rate gradually increased on the upper wall and decreased on the lower wall of the channel. The important thing is that the hybrid nanoparticles, rather than nano, were more useful for improving thermal conductivity, heat transfer rate, and the nano-layer.

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ROSENFELD, NICHOLAS, NORMAN M. WERELEY, RADHAKUMAR RADAKRISHNAN, and TIRULAI S. SUDARSHAN. "BEHAVIOR OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS UTILIZING NANOPOWDER IRON." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 17n18 (July 20, 2002): 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012414.

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Iron nanopowders for use in magnetorheological (MR) fluids were synthesized using a Microwave Plasma Synthesis technique developed at Materials Modification Inc (Fairfax VA). Transmission electron microscopy and surface area analysis measured iron particle size at 15–25 nm. The nanopowders were mixed into hydraulic oil to create nano-scale MR fluid. A micro-scale fluid was created using 45 μm iron particles as well as a hybrid fluid using a 50/50 mix of micro- and nanoparticles. All three fluids had a solids loading of 60% (w/w or weight by weight fraction). The fluids were tested in a flow mode rheometer fabricated from a modified damper using a sinusoidal input dynamometer over a speed range of 12.7 to 177.8 mm/s (0.5 to 6 in/s) and an input current range of 0 to 2 A. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the MR fluid were characterized using a Bingham plastic model.

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Alshikhi, Omran, and Muhammet Kayfeci. "Experimental investigation of using graphene nanoplatelets and hybrid nanofluid as coolant in photovoltaic PV/T systems." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200524348a.

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It is a common observation that the photovoltaic (PV) panelshows a compromised performance when its temperature rises. To handle the performance reduction, most PV panels are equipped with a thermal absorber for removing the solar cells? excessive heatwith the help of a heat transfer fluid. The mentioned thermal absorber system is termed as PV thermal or simply PV/T. This study aims to experimentally investigate the effectsof a graphene nano-platelets (GNP) nanofluid, distilled water, and hybrid nanofluid (HyNF)as transfer fluids in PV/Tcollectors. A hybrid nanofluid comprises aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and GNP. An outdoor experimental setup was installed and tested under the climatic conditions in Karab?k (Turkey) to measure the inlet as well as outlet PV/Tfluid temperatures, ambient temperature with solar radiation, and surface temperatures of both PV/T collector and the PV panel. The mass percentage of the coolant fluids was 0.5% (by weight) and their flow rate was 0.5L/m. Resultsshow that the (GNP)nanofluid is the most effective fluid because it showed superior thermal efficiency among all the tested fluids. Adding a thermal unit to the PV/Tunit increased the overall energy efficiency by 48.4%, 52%, and 56.1% using distilled water, hybrid nanofluid, and graphene nanofluid, respectively.

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Alwawi, Firas A., Mohammed Z. Swalmeh, and Abdulkareem Saleh Hamarsheh. "Computational Simulation and Parametric Analysis of the Effectiveness of Ternary Nano-composites in Improving Magneto-Micropolar Liquid Heat Transport Performance." Symmetry 15, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15020429.

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This numerical analysis aims to observe and analyze the combined convection characteristics of the micropolar tri-hybrid nano-liquid that moves around a cylindrical object, and, in addition, to compare its thermal behavior to that of hybrid and mono nano-fluids. For this purpose, the problem is modeled by developing the Tiwari and Das models, then the governing model is converted into dimensionless expressions, and finally, the problem is solved using the Keller box approximation. The current findings are compared with previously published results to show that the present method is sufficiently accurate for physical and engineering applications. By examining and analyzing the extent to which skin friction, the Nusselt number, velocity, angular velocity, and temperature are affected by some critical factors, the following points are revealed: A greater value of the micropolar and magnetic factors can result in curtailing the heat transmission rate, velocity, and angular velocity. Higher values of the mixed convection factor can contribute to a better rate of energy transfer and can grant the micropolar tri-hybrid nano-liquid a higher velocity. Regardless of the influencing factors, the maximum value of all considered physical groups is achieved by using ternary hybrid nano-liquids.

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Madderla Sandhya, D. Ramasamy, K. Sudhakar, K. Kadirgama, and W.S.W. Harun. "Hybrid nano-coolants in automotive heat transfer – an updated report." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 3 (January 5, 2021): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i3.245040.

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Nano coolants have been attracting various researchers for efficient heat transfer agents. The efficacy of nanofluids as nano coolants is reviewed in the present study. The addition of nanoparticles to existing coolant fluids can enhance their heat transfer performance. Conventionally water and ethylene glycol are used as engine radiator coolants. The addition of ethylene glycol is needed to increase the boiling point of the water and decrease the freezing point. The convention also seems to be a crucial factor for heat exchanger performance. This is a requirement for vehicles that are being used under harsh weather conditions. Different types of nanoparticles used as nano coolants SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cu/CuO, G/GO, CNT, and Hybrid nanoparticles, were extensively illustrated. Finally, nanofluids applications in the past decade were included. As many researchers have shown, they can be used to enhance radiator performance as well. In this review paper, studies of heat transfer performance of various Nanofluids as nano coolants conducted by researchers are studied. Finally, a conclusion is presented.

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Rahman, Md Motiur, Mohammed Haroun, Mohammed Al Kobaisi, Minkyun Kim, Abhijith Suboyin, Bharat Somra, Jassim Abubacker Ponnambathayil, and Soham Punjabi. "Insights into Nanoparticles, Electrokinetics and Hybrid Techniques on Improving Oil Recovered in Carbonate Reservoirs." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155502.

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Use of nanoparticles as a method for enhancing oil recoveries has become an attractive prospect. Experimental evidence has shown that this technique possesses the ability to improve recoveries via wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction amongst other strategies. In this study, we analyze the potential of nanoparticles employed in coreflood experiments. Low concentration acid was added to aid in the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the brine by protecting them from being aggregated, while enhancing the stimulation of the tight porous media. Electrokinetics was also implemented following a sequential as well as a simultaneous approach to further stimulate the fluids injected, controlling their mobility, and therefore, increasing the depth of penetration within the porous media. Several coreflood experiments were carried out on highly heterogeneous carbonate samples of Middle Eastern origin with permeabilities of around 0.1 mD. Zeta potential measurements were conducted on the inlet side of the preserved core-plugs after the conclusion of each coreflood. The findings indicated a close connection between the rate of wettability alteration observed over the duration of nano-acid fluid injection and mode of electrokinetic application. The best performing nano-acid fluids correlated with the highest shift in the magnitude of the zeta potential across all tested strategies. Results show that oil recovered via this hybrid technique was mostly 10–15% higher than that derived when only smart brine was employed.

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Gugulothu, Srinu, and Vamsi Krishna Pasam. "Testing and Performance Evaluation of Vegetable-Oil–Based Hybrid Nano Cutting Fluids." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48, no. 5 (November 30, 2018): 20180106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20180106.

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Rasoolizadeh Shooroki, Abolfazl, Asghar Dashti Rahmatabadi, and Mahdi Zare Mehrjardi. "Effect of using hybrid nano lubricant on the thermo-hydrodynamic performance of two lobe journal bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 236, no. 6 (November 19, 2021): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13506501211053089.

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Due to the wide range of journal bearings applications in the industrial machine, significant efforts have been made by tribology researchers to improve their performance in recent years. Designing new bearings geometry and using lubricants with new chemical compounds including additives are the most common solutions proposed to enhance the performance of journal bearing supports. New advancements in nanotechnology and producing the various types of nano particles have provided the chance of upgrading the properties of commercial lubricants. According to the different effect of nano fluids on the performance of mechanical systems corresponding to their composition, today they are used to achieve different goals in lubrication systems. Upgrading the steady state performance parameters including load carrying capacity, attitude angle, surface cooling and effective viscosity are among the expected results of applying nano lubricant in journal bearings. So, in this study the performance of hydrodynamic two lobe journal bearings lubricated with SiO2-multiwall carbon nano tubes /SAE40 hybrid nano fluid is presented considering the thermal effects. For this purpose, the governing Reynolds and energy equations as well as the equation of heat transfer in bearing shell are modified based on the properties of assumed rotor-bearing system. Then the effects of solid volume fraction of nano particles on the performance of two lobe bearings are studied for different amount of bearing noncircularity. The results indicate that upgrading the solid volume fraction of added nano particle to the SAE40 base oil, enhances the lubricant pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, and lubricant effective viscosity. Further, by increasing the solid volume fraction, the attitude angle and temperature of lubricant and rotor-bearing surfaces experience a decreasing trend. Generally, it's obvious from the results that choosing the appropriate solid volume fraction of SiO2-multiwall carbon nano tubes in hybrid nano oil composition, especially for high value of preload factor, can improve the performance of two lobe bearings.

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Al-Mughanam, Tawfiq, and Abdulmajeed Almaneea. "Numerical study on thermal efficiencies in mono, hybrid and tri-nano Sutterby fluids." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 138 (November 2022): 106348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106348.

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Lian, Xinghan, Wenjie Mou, Tairong Kuang, Xianhu Liu, Shuidong Zhang, Fangfang Li, Tong Liu, and Xiangfang Peng. "Synergetic effect of nanoclay and nano-CaCO3 hybrid filler systems on the foaming properties and cellular structure of polystyrene nanocomposite foams using supercritical CO2." Cellular Polymers 39, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262489319900948.

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Supercritical fluids have been widely used to prepare various polymer nanocomposite foams due to their high-efficiency, rich-resource, and environment-friendly characteristics. In this work, we prepared polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites with different contents of hybrid fillers of nanoclay and nano-calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO3) and then were foamed by batch foaming method using supercritical carbon dioxide as a physical blowing agent. The effect of hybrid nanofillers components and foaming temperature and pressure on the foaming properties and cellular structure of PS nanocomposite foams was systematically investigated. Dynamic rheology results indicated that the complex viscosity and storage modulus were enhanced with the addition of hybrid fillers. Scanning electron microscopic images show that all samples foamed uniformly macrocells under the given conditions. More importantly, the hybrid fillers of nano-CaCO3 and nanoclay exhibit a significant synergistic effect in improving PS foaming properties, which can be ascribed to the different roles of the two fillers during cell nucleation and cell growth. For instance, the PS/0.22/0.88 nanocomposite foamed under the conditions of 20 MPa and 130°C has shown the finest cell structure (higher cell density of 1.91 × 1010 and smaller cell diameter of 2.28 µm) due to the coeffect of the hybrid nanofillers. Finally, the synergistic mechanism of these two nanofillers on PS foaming behavior was discussed.

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23

Yasmin, Humaira, Solomon O. Giwa, Saima Noor, and Hikmet Ş. Aybar. "Reproduction of Nanofluid Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Experiments in Engineering: A Research Paradigm Shift." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031145.

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The suspension of different nanoparticles into various conventional thermal fluids to synthesize nanofluids has been proven to possess superior thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance over conventional thermal fluids. This task appears trivial but is complicated and significant to nanofluid synthesis and its subsequent utilization in diverse applications. The stability of mono and hybrid nanofluids is significantly related to stirring duration and speed; volume, density, and base fluid type; weight/volume concentration, density, nano-size, and type of mono or hybrid nanoparticles used; type and weight of surfactant used; and sonication time, frequency, mode, and amplitude. The effects of these parameters on stability consequently affect the thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance of nanofluids in various applications, leading to divergent, inaccurate, and suspicious results. Disparities in results have inundated the public domain in this regard. Thus, this study utilized published works in the public domain to highlight the trend in mono or hybrid nanofluid formulation presently documented as the norm, with the possibility of changing the status quo. With the huge progress made in this research area in which a large quantum of different nanoparticles, base fluids, and surfactants have been deployed and more are still emerging in the application of these advanced thermal fluids in diverse areas, there is a need for conformity and better accuracy of results. Reproduction of results of stability, thermal, optical, tribological, anti-wear, and fuel properties; photothermal conversion; and supercooling, lubrication, engine, combustion, emission, thermo-hydraulic, and heat transfer performances of formulated mono or hybrid nanofluids are possible through the optimization and detailed documentation of applicable nanofluid preparation parameters (stirring time and speed, sonication duration, amplitude, mode, frequency, and surfactant concentration) employed in formulating mono or hybrid nanofluids. This proposed approach is expected to project a new frontier in nanofluid research and serve as a veritable working guide to the nanofluid research community.

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Fang, Fu, Chengzhen Wu, Pengfei Shi, and Yilin Ning. "Stability of Graphene Oxide-Al2O3 Hybrid Nanofluids." International Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 3, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/ijpee.2021.03(06).15.

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In recent years, more and more researches and reports on nanofluids have been made, and hybrid nanofluids as new fluids have gradually entered the field of vision. Hybrid nanofluids have many excellent properties at the same time. Because the stability of hybrid nanofluids has an important influence on the thermal properties and flow heat transfer properties of the solution, the stability of nanoparticles suspended in the base liquid has become an important direction of research. The stability of graphene oxide-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids was studied with ultrasonic time, dispersant and ultrasonic power as variables. The experimental results show that when the ratio of graphene oxide: Nano-Al2O3: dispersant is 1:1:1, ultrasonic time is 2 h and ultrasonic power is 300 w, the stability of graphene oxide- Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid solution is the best.

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25

Yasmin, Humaira, Solomon O. Giwa, Saima Noor, and Mohsen Sharifpur. "Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Metal Oxide Nanofluids: A Critical Review." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030597.

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Advancements in technology related to energy systems, such as heat exchangers, electronics, and batteries, are associated with the generation of high heat fluxes which requires appropriate thermal management. Presently, conventional thermal fluids have found limited application owing to low thermal conductivity (TC). The need for more efficient fluids has become apparent leading to the development of nanofluids as advanced thermal fluids. Nanofluid synthesis by suspending nano-size materials into conventional thermal fluids to improve thermal properties has been extensively studied. TC is a pivotal property to the utilization of nanofluids in various applications as it is strongly related to improved efficiency and thermal performance. Numerous studies have been conducted on the TC of nanofluids using diverse nanoparticles and base fluids. Different values of TC enhancement have been recorded which depend on various factors, such as nanoparticles size, shape and type, base fluid and surfactant type, temperature, etc. This paper attempts to conduct a state-of-the-art review of the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids owing to the wide attention, chemical stability, low density, and oxidation resistance associated with this type of nanofluid. TC and TC enhancements of metal oxide nanofluids are presented and discussed herein. The influence of several parameters (temperature, volume/weight concentration, nano-size, sonication, shape, surfactants, base fluids, alignment, TC measurement techniques, and mixing ratio (for hybrid nanofluid)) on the TC of metal oil nanofluids have been reviewed. This paper serves as a frontier in the review of the effect of alignment, electric field, and green nanofluid on TC. In addition, the mechanisms/physics behind TC enhancement and techniques for TC measurement have been discussed. Results show that the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids is affected by the aforementioned parameters with temperature and nanoparticle concentration contributing the most. TC of these nanofluids is observed to be actively enhanced using electric and magnetic fields with the former requiring more intense studies. The formulation of green nanofluids and base fluids as sustainable and future thermal fluids is recommended.

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Thill, Patrick G., Duane K. Ager, Borivoj Vojnovic, Sarah J. Tesh, Thomas B. Scott, and Ian P. Thompson. "Hybrid biological, electron beam and zero-valent nano iron treatment of recalcitrant metalworking fluids." Water Research 93 (April 2016): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.028.

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Cheung, James, Amalie L. Frischknecht, Mauro Perego, and Pavel Bochev. "A hybrid, coupled approach for modeling charged fluids from the nano to the mesoscale." Journal of Computational Physics 348 (November 2017): 364–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.07.030.

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Aversa, Raffaella, Relly Victoria Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Valeria Perrotta, Davide Apicella, and Antonio Apicella. "Biomechanically Tunable Nano-Silica/P-HEMA Structural Hydrogels for Bone Scaffolding." Bioengineering 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8040045.

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Innovative tissue engineering biomimetic hydrogels based on hydrophilic polymers have been investigated for their physical and mechanical properties. 5% to 25% by volume loading PHEMA-nanosilica glassy hybrid samples were equilibrated at 37 °C in aqueous physiological isotonic and hypotonic saline solutions (0.15 and 0.05 M NaCl) simulating two limiting possible compositions of physiological extracellular fluids. The glassy and hydrated hybrid materials were characterized by both dynamo-mechanical properties and equilibrium absorptions in the two physiological-like aqueous solutions. The mechanical and morphological modifications occurring in the samples have been described. The 5% volume nanosilica loading hybrid nanocomposite composition showed mechanical characteristics in the dry and hydrated states that were comparable to those of cortical bone and articular cartilage, respectively, and then chosen for further sorption kinetics characterization. Sorption and swelling kinetics were monitored up to equilibrium. Changes in water activities and osmotic pressures in the water-hybrid systems equilibrated at the two limiting solute molarities of the physiological solutions have been related to the observed anomalous sorption modes using the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter approach. The bulk modulus of the dry and glassy PHEMA-5% nanosilica hybrid at 37 °C has been observed to be comparable with the values of the osmotic pressures generated from the sorption of isotonic and hypotonic solutions. The anomalous sorption modes and swelling rates are coherent with the difference between osmotic swelling pressures and hybrid glassy nano-composite bulk modulus: the lower the differences the higher the swelling rate and equilibrium solution uptakes. Bone tissue engineering benefits of the use of tuneable biomimetic scaffold biomaterials that can be “designed” to act as biocompatible and biomechanically active hybrid interfaces are discussed.

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29

Jangid, Sanju, Nazek Alessa, Ruchika Mehta, N. Thamaraikannan, and Shilpa Shilpa. "Numerical Study of Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux on Water-Based Carreau Fluid Flow over an Inclined Shrinking Sheet with Ternary Nanoparticles." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 2605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122605.

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Due to their capacity to create better thermal conductivity than standard nanofluids, hybrid nano-fluids and modified nanofluids have notable applications in aerospace, energy materials, thermal sensors, antifouling, etc. This study aims to the modified and hybrid nanofluid flow with the Carreau fluid over a sloped shrinking sheet. The Cattaneo–Christov heat flux also takes into account. To determine the thermal efficiency of the heat, three different kinds of nanomaterials, copper oxide (CuO), copper (Cu), and alumina (Al2O3), are used. The similarity alteration commutes the insolubility of the model into ODEs. The conclusions are attained by program writing in MATLAB software and dealing with them through the bvp4c solver with the shooting method. The skin-friction amount decreases with the inclined sheet and local Weissenberg parameter for both modified and hybrid nanofluid. An upsurge thermal relaxation parameter declines the skin-friction coefficient for modified nanofluid flow and increases the skin-friction coefficient for hybrid nanofluid flow. The heat transfer rate is upsurged with modified and hybrid nanofluid for thermal relaxation parameter. Furthermore, the presentation includes the development of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number values for specific parameters. Through benchmarking, numerical solutions are validated using certain limiting situations that were previously published findings, and typically solid correlation is shown.

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30

Ali Khan, Kunwar Faisal, Zafar Alam, and Syed Mohd Yahya. "Experimental Investigation Of Potentiality Of Nano fluids In Enhancing The Performance Of Hybrid Pvt System." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 7, 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04252.

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The power from sun caught by earth is nearby 1.8 × 1011MW which is obtained by utilizing sun’s energy by photovoltaic cells appears to be a good substitute then the conventional fuels. The efficiency of the system declines due to the heat confined in photovoltaic cells throughout the operation [1]. Enhancing the efficiency of Sun power generation by engaging nanofluids in PV/T systems is achieved by recent improvement in the nanotechnology field. In our work Nano fluids are employed as coolants to lower the PV panel temperatures and thus the system efficiency increases. This study comprehensively analyses the effectiveness of Zinc nanoparticles in different base fluids i.e. water, water (75%) & ethylene glycol (25%) and water (75%) & propylene glycol (25%) to enhance the electrical and thermal efficiency of the PV/T system. Other parameters like flow rate, concentration of nanoparticles by volume and sonication time are kept constant throughout the experiment. The experiments were performed on an indoor setup and to replicate the solar irradiance a solar simulator was engaged as per previous year’s metrological data. It is perceived that the extreme change in electrical efficiency is 2.6% and maximum change in thermal efficiency observed is 31% as compared to conventional system.

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Li, Yilun, Zhong Hu, and Xingzhong Yan. "One-Pot and One-Step Synthesis of Copper and Copper/Copper Oxide Hybrid Nano-Fluids." Journal of Nanofluids 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2015.1134.

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Han, W. S., and S. H. Rhi. "Thermal characteristics of grooved heat pipe with hybrid nanofluids." Thermal Science 15, no. 1 (2011): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100209056h.

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In the present study, the specially designed grooved heat pipe charged with nanofluids was investigated in terms of various parameters such as heat transfer rate(50-300 W with 50 W interval), volume concentration(0.005%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and hybrid combinations), inclination(5?, 45?, 90?), cooling water temperature (1?C, 10?C, and 20?C), surface state, transient state and so on. Hybrid nanofluids with different volume concentration ratios with Ag-H2O and Al2O3-H2O were used as working fluids on a grooved heat pipe(GHP). Comparing with the pure water system, nanofluidic and hybrid nanofluidic system shows greater overall thermal resistance with increasing nano-particle concentration. Also hybrid nanofluids make the system deteriorate in terms of thermal resistance. The post nanofluid experimental data regarding GHP show that the heat transfer performance is similar to the results of nanofluid system. The thermal performance of a grooved heat pipe with nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids were varied with driving parameters but they led to worse system performance.

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33

Yasmin, Humaira, Solomon O. Giwa, Saima Noor, and Hikmet Ş. Aybar. "Influence of Preparation Characteristics on Stability, Properties, and Performance of Mono- and Hybrid Nanofluids: Current and Future Perspective." Machines 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11010112.

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Nanofluids (NFs) synthesized via the suspension of diverse nanoparticles into conventional thermal fluids are known to exhibit better thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance in comparison with traditional thermal fluids. Stability is pivotal to NF preparation, properties, performance, and application. NF preparation is not as easy as it appears, but complex in that obtaining a stable NF comes with the harnessing of different preparation parameters. These parameters include stirring duration and speed, volume, density, base fluid type, weight/volume concentration, density, nano-size, type of mono or hybrid nanoparticles used, type and quantity of surfactant used, and sonication time, temperature, mode, frequency, and amplitude. The effect of these preparation parameters on the stability of mono and hybrid NFs consequently affects the thermal, optical, rheological, and convective properties, and photothermal conversion and heat transfer performances of NFs in various applications. A comprehensive overview of the influence of these preparation characteristics on the thermal, optical, rheological, and properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance is presented in this paper. This is imperative due to the extensive study on mono and hybrid NFs and their acceptance as advanced thermal fluids along with the critical importance of stability to their properties and performance. The various preparation, characterization, and stability methods deployed in NF studies have been compiled and discussed herein. In addition, the effect of the various preparation characteristics on the properties (thermal, optical, rheological, and convective), photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performances of mono and hybrid NFs have been reviewed. The need to achieve optimum stability of NFs by optimizing the preparation characteristics is observed to be critical to the obtained results for the properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance studies. As noticed that the preparation characteristics data are not detailed in most of the published works and thus making it mostly impossible to reproduce NF experimental studies, stability, and results; future research is expected to address this gap. In addition, the research community should be concerned about the aging and reusability of NFs (mono and hybrid) in the nearest future.

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34

Mechiri, Sandeep Kumar, V. Vasu, and A. Venu Gopal. "Rheological study of Cu-Zn Hybrid Newtonian Nano-fluids: Experimental data and modelling using neural network." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 2 (2017): 1957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.041.

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35

Singh, Vaibhav, Anuj Kumar Sharma, Ranjeet Kumar Sahu, and Jitendra Kumar Katiyar. "State of the art on sustainable manufacturing using mono/hybrid nano-cutting fluids with minimum quantity lubrication." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 37, no. 6 (February 6, 2022): 603–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2022.2032147.

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36

Wu, Jinghua, Zhenyang Song, Fenghua Liu, Jianjun Guo, Yuchuan Cheng, Shengqian Ma, and Gaojie Xu. "Giant electrorheological fluids with ultrahigh electrorheological efficiency based on a micro/nano hybrid calcium titanyl oxalate composite." NPG Asia Materials 8, no. 11 (November 2016): e322-e322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/am.2016.158.

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37

Jagadevan, Sheeja, Manickam Jayamurthy, Peter Dobson, and Ian P. Thompson. "A novel hybrid nano zerovalent iron initiated oxidation – Biological degradation approach for remediation of recalcitrant waste metalworking fluids." Water Research 46, no. 7 (May 2012): 2395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.006.

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38

Pasam, Vamsi Krishna, and Parimala Neelam. "Effect of Vegetable Oil–Based Hybrid Nano-Cutting Fluids on Surface Integrity of Titanium Alloy in Machining Process." Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 20190050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/ssms20190050.

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39

Rajesh, V., M. Srilatha, and Ali J. Chamkha. "Hydromagnetic Effects on Hybrid Nanofluid (Cu–Al2O3/Water) Flow with Convective Heat Transfer Due to a Stretching Sheet." Journal of Nanofluids 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2020.1755.

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In this paper, transient free convective boundary layer flow of a viscous hybrid nanofluid due to a vertical stretching sheet with MHD effects is studied numerically using the Crank Nicolson finite difference numerical technique. To explore the properties of heat transfer and the flow field due to a vertical stretching sheet in the existence of a Lorentz force, two different fluids, specifically Cu–Al2O3/water and Cu/water, are utilized. The results of different physical parameters and the practical quantities of concern that they affect are investigated. According to this article’s results, Cu–Al2O3/water has a superior heat transfer rate than Cu/water in a magnetic field setting. Various other nano mixtures can be attempted to attain the optimal heat transfer rate.

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40

Gajrani, Kishor Kumar, P. S. Suvin, Satish Vasu Kailas, and Ravi Sankar Mamilla. "Thermal, rheological, wettability and hard machining performance of MoS2 and CaF2 based minimum quantity hybrid nano-green cutting fluids." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 266 (April 2019): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.10.036.

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41

Ahmad, Iftikhar, Qazi Zan-Ul-Abadin, Muhammad Faisal, K. Loganathan, Tariq Javed, and Ngawang Namgyel. "Convective Heat Transport in Bidirectional Water Driven Hybrid Nanofluid Using Blade Shaped Cadmium Telluride and Graphite Nanoparticles under Electromagnetohydrodynamics Process." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (July 31, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4471450.

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The recent progress in nanotechnology provides the concept of hybrid-class nano-fluids having advanced thermal features comparing to regular nanofluids. The idea of a hybrid nanofluid has motivated many researchers because of its convincible performance in thermal systems. The novel theme of the present effort is to scrutinize the consequences of convective heat transfer in bidirectional water driven hybridclass nanofluid involving blade shaped cadmium telluride CdTe and graphite C nanoparticles with electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) process. The transport equations representing the aforementioned topic are firstly nondimensionalized by using scaling-group transformation and then tackled by the Keller-box method, numerically. The significant results for pertinent parameters have been simulated and presented graphically as well as in tabular forms. Coefficients of drag forces are diminished with the more loadings of cadmium telluride and graphite nanoparticles and opposite results are noticed in the case of the Nusselt number. Heat transport has been improved significantly with more loadings of nanoparticles from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. A comparison benchmark for a limited version of the investigation is made with the previously published data.

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42

Hassan, Ali, Azad Hussain, Mubashar Arshad, Jan Awrejcewicz, Witold Pawlowski, Fahad M. Alharbi, and Hanen Karamti. "Heat and Mass Transport Analysis of MHD Rotating Hybrid Nanofluids Conveying Silver and Molybdenum Di-Sulfide Nano-Particles under Effect of Linear and Non-Linear Radiation." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 6269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176269.

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This article is an attempt to explore the heat transfer features of the steady three-dimensional rotating flow of magneto-hydrodynamic hybrid nanofluids under the effect of nonlinear radiation over the bi-directional stretching surface. For this purpose, two different nano-particles, namely silver (Ag) and molybdenum di-sulfide (MoS2), were selected. Three different conventional base fluids were utilized to form desired hybrid nanofluids such as water (H2O), engine oil (EO), and ethylene glycol (EG). We obtained steady three-dimensional highly nonlinear partial differential equations. These highly nonlinear partial differential equations cannot be solved analytically, so these equations were handled in MATLAB with the BVP-4C technique with convergence tolerance at 10−6. The graph depicts the effect of the magnetization effect, thermal radiation, and stretching ratio on rotating hybrid nanofluids. Additionally, the impact of thermal radiation on the heat coefficient of three different hybrid nanofluids is being investigated. The augmentation in magnetization decreases the primary velocity, whereas the increment in radiation enhances the primary velocity. The stretching ratio and the presence of higher magnetic forces increase the temperature profile. The concentration profile was enhanced with an increment in the magnetic field, stretching, and rotation ratio. The maximum Nusselt number was achieved for the Ag-MoS2/EO hybrid nanofluid. It was concluded that augmentation in nonlinear radiation enhances the heat transfer coefficient for the examined cases (I) and (II) of the hybrid nanofluids. The Nusselt number doubled for both the examined cases under nonlinear radiation. Moreover, it was discovered that Ag-MoS2/water produced the best heat transfer results under nonlinear radiation. Therefore, the study recommends more frequent exploration of hybrid nanofluids (Ag-MoS2/water) when employing nonlinear radiation to analyze the heat transfer coefficient.

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Kotla, Niranjan G., Orla Burke, Abhay Pandit, and Yury Rochev. "An Orally Administrated Hyaluronan Functionalized Polymeric Hybrid Nanoparticle System for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091246.

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There is a pressing clinical need for advanced colon-specific local drug delivery systems that can provide major advantages in treating diseases associated with the colon, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. A precise colon targeted drug delivery platform is expected to reduce drug side effects and increase the therapeutic response at the intended disease site locally. In this study, we report the fabrication of hyaluronan (HA) functionalized polymeric hybrid nanoparticulate system (Cur-HA NPs) by using curcumin as a model fluorescent drug. The Cur-HA NPs were about 200–300 nm in size, −51.3 mV overall surface charge after HA functionalization, with 56.0% drug released after 72 h in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The Cur-HA NPs did not exhibit any cytotoxicity by AlamarBlue, PicoGreen and Live/Dead assays. Following the Cur-HA NPs use on HT-29 monolayer cell cultures demonstrating, the efficacy of HA functionalization increases cellular interaction, uptake when compared to uncoated nanoparticulate system. These findings indicate that HA functionalized nano-hybrid particles are effective in delivering drugs orally to the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to treat local colonic diseases.

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44

Dinker, Smita, Dr Anil Kumar, and Dr Akhilendra Yadav. "Investigation of Techniques for Enhancement of Efficiency of a Hybrid Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal System: Literature Review on Applications and its Advancement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53892.

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Abstract: Over the most recent couple of decades, tremendous consideration is drawn towards photovoltaic–thermal systems because of their advantages over the solar thermal and PV applications. This paper intends to show different electrical and thermal aspects of photovoltaic–thermal systems and the researches in absorber design modification, development, and applications. From the previous review articles, it has been concluded that the heat energy exhausted from the PV module can be further utilized in different ways and helps in achieving better efficiency. Furthermore, the types of photovoltaic–thermal systems such as air collector, water collector, and combi system, coupling with heat pump and their application to buildings are also stated. This paper also discussed certain design aspects like modifications in the flow channel by adding fins, thin metallic sheets, rollbond absorber, and porous media and the effect of these modifications on the hybrid system’s efficiency. Further- more, the use of the latest technologies such as nano fluids, thermoelectric generators, and phase-change materials improves the overall system performance. The role of soft-computing techniques is forecasting the impact of various parameters on the photovoltaic–thermal system is also discussed.

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Zuhra, Samina, Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa, Fayza Abdel Aziz ElSeabee, Sana Gul Khattak, Aatif Ali, and Samy Refahy Mahmuod. "Numerical analysis of micropolar hybrid nanofluid in the presence of non-Fourier flux model and thermal radiation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 10 (October 2022): 168781322211278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221127829.

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The influence of various influential factors on the flow field, temperature, and concentration variations are observed throughout the study of thermo-physical properties. The transfer of heat in fluids and thermal instability/stability are fascinating areas of study because of their vast range of applications, and physical significance in many engineering systems. This research aims to investigate and evaluate the flow characteristic, heat and concentration variations of hybrid nanofluids containing MHD natural convection flow of micropolar CuO-Ag/water in porous media across a vertically positioned plate. The flow model is treated with suction/injection at the plate’s surface, thermal radiation, heat generation and absorption, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation. The non-Fourier theory for the heat flux model is used to diminish the thermal instability. Mathematical system for the proposed model having some physical aspects results in a system of PDEs form which is restricted the boundary layer approximation is used. The PDEs model is then converted into an ODEs system using the suitable transformations. Numerical scheme RK-4 in collaboration shooting technique is used to find the best approximate results. For the validation of the employed technique, a comparison is offered from literature to confirm the dependability of the produced solution. Physical characteristics of the given solution have been studied and demonstrated against various associated influential factors. In the case of hybrid nano-structures, thermal growth is accelerated rather than in the event of nanofluid. The momentum layer thickness is more essential in hybrid nanoparticles than in nanoparticles. It’s also being looked at how crucial flow parameters affect heat transmission and skin friction.

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46

Adnan, Waseem Abbas, Sayed M. Eldin, and Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz. "Numerical investigation of non-transient comparative heat transport mechanism in ternary nanofluid under various physical constraints." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 7 (2023): 15932–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023813.

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<abstract> <sec><title>Significance</title>The study of non-transient heat transport mechanism in mono nano as well as ternary nanofluids attracts the researchers because of their promising heat transport characteristics. Applications of these fluids spread in industrial and various engineering disciplines more specifically in chemical and applied thermal engineering. Due of huge significance of nanofluids, the study is organized for latest class termed as ternary nanofluids along with induced magnetic field. </sec> <sec><title>Methodology</title>The model development done via similarity equations and the properties of ternary nanoparticles, resulting in a nonlinear mathematical model. To analyze the physical results with parametric values performed via RKF-45 scheme. </sec> <sec><title>Study findings</title>The physical results of the model reveal that the velocity $ F{'}\left(\eta \right) $ increased with increasing $ m = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 $ and $ {\lambda }_{1} = 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 $. However, velocity decreased with increasing $ {\delta }_{1} $. Tangential velocity $ G{'}\left(\eta \right) $ reduces rapidly near the wedge surface and increased with increasing $ {M}_{1} = 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 $. Further, the heat transport in ternary nanofluid was greater than in the hybrid and mono nanofluids. Shear drag and the local thermal gradient increased with increasing $ {\lambda }_{1} $ and these quantities were greatest in the ternary nanofluid. </sec> </abstract>

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47

Mikhalchik, Elena, Liliya Yu Basyreva, Sergey A. Gusev, Oleg M. Panasenko, Dmitry V. Klinov, Nikolay A. Barinov, Olga V. Morozova, et al. "Activation of Neutrophils by Mucin–Vaterite Microparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 10579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810579.

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Nano- and microparticles enter the body through the respiratory airways and the digestive system, or form as biominerals in the gall bladder, salivary glands, urinary bladder, kidney, or diabetic pancreas. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions can precipitate from biological fluids in the presence of mucin as hybrid nanoparticles. Calcium carbonate nanocrystallites also trap mucin and are assembled into hybrid microparticles. Both mucin and calcium carbonate polymorphs (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite) are known to be components of such biominerals as gallstones which provoke inflammatory reactions. Our study was aimed at evaluation of neutrophil activation by hybrid vaterite–mucin microparticles (CCM). Vaterite microparticles (CC) and CCM were prepared under standard conditions. The diameter of CC and CCM was 3.3 ± 0.8 µm and 5.8 ± 0.7 µm, with ƺ-potentials of −1 ± 1 mV and −7 ± 1 mV, respectively. CC microparticles injured less than 2% of erythrocytes in 2 h at 1.5 mg mL−1, and no hemolysis was detected with CCM; this let us exclude direct damage of cellular membranes by microparticles. Activation of neutrophils was analyzed by luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (Lum-CL and Luc-CL), by cytokine gene expression (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and release (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α), and by light microscopy of stained smears. There was a 10-fold and higher increase in the amplitude of Lum-CL and Luc-CL after stimulation of neutrophils with CCM relative to CC. Adsorption of mucin onto prefabricated CC microparticles also contributed to activation of neutrophil CL, unlike mucin adsorption onto yeast cell walls (zymosan); adsorbed mucin partially suppressed zymosan-stimulated production of oxidants by neutrophils. Preliminary treatment of CCM with 0.1–10 mM NaOCl decreased subsequent activation of Lum-CL and Luc-CL of neutrophils depending on the used NaOCl concentration, presumably because of the surface mucin oxidation. Based on the results of ELISA, incubation of neutrophils with CCM downregulated IL-6 production but upregulated that of IL-8. IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression in neutrophils was not affected by CC or CCM according to RT2-PCR data, which means that post-translational regulation was involved. Light microscopy revealed adhesion of CC and CCM microparticles onto the neutrophils; CCM increased neutrophil aggregation with a tendency to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We came to the conclusion that the main features of neutrophil reaction to mucin–vaterite hybrid microparticles are increased oxidant production, cell aggregation, and NET-like structure formation, but without significant cytokine release (except for IL-8). This effect of mucin is not anion-specific since particles of powdered kidney stone (mainly calcium oxalate) in the present study or calcium phosphate nanowires in our previous report also activated Lum-CL and Luc-CL response of neutrophils after mucin sorption.

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48

Rohini, B., and A. Kingson Solomon Jeevaraj. "The Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Non-Polar Hybrid CuO Nanofluid (CuO+ DEA + Cyclohexane) (CuO + DEA + 1-4 Dioxane)." Sensor Letters 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4181.

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Nano fluid is the new class of engineering fluid for the heat transfer applications. Copper Oxide (CuO) nano particles were dispersed in the binary fluid (Cyclohexane + DEA) and (1-4 dioxane + DEA) then prepared non-polar hybrid CuO nano fluid. Thermal conductivity (K ) and viscosity (η) of non-polar hybrid CuO nanofluid measured for very low concentration from 0.01 M to 0.06 M and various temperatures ranging from 298 K to 318 K. The transient hotwire method is used for the thermal conductivity measurements and viscometer is used for the viscosity measurement. As the concentration increases K decreases but it increases with the increase of temperature. η increases with the increase of concentration as well as with temperature. From the results the spectacular heat transfer enhancement occurred in the hybrid CuO nanofluid compared to the binary mixtures. The percentage increment of thermal conductivity of non-polar hybrid CuO nano fluid is of 15% to 20% and the viscosity increment is of from 18% to 25%.

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49

Yaw, Chong Tak, S. P. Koh, M. Sandhya, K. Kadirgama, Sieh Kiong Tiong, D. Ramasamy, K. Sudhakar, M. Samykano, F. Benedict, and Chung Hong Tan. "Heat Transfer Enhancement by Hybrid Nano Additives—Graphene Nanoplatelets/Cellulose Nanocrystal for the Automobile Cooling System (Radiator)." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050808.

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A radiator is used to remove a portion of the heat generated by a vehicle engine. It is challenging to efficiently maintain the heat transfer in an automotive cooling system even though both internal and external systems need enough time to keep pace with catching up with evolving engine technology advancements. The effectiveness of a unique hybrid’s heat transfer nanofluid was investigated in this study. The hybrid nanofluid was mainly composed of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) nanoparticles suspended in a 40:60 ratio of distilled water and ethylene glycol. A counterflow radiator equipped with a test rig setup was used to evaluate the hybrid nano fluid’s thermal performance. According to the findings, the proposed GNP/CNC hybrid nanofluid performs better in relation to improving the efficiency of heat transfer of a vehicle radiator. The suggested hybrid nanofluid enhanced convective heat transfer coefficient by 51.91%, overall heat transfer coefficient by 46.72%, and pressure drop by 34.06% with respect to distilled water base fluid. Additionally, the radiator could reach a better CHTC with 0.01% hybrid nanofluid in the optimized radiator tube by the size reduction assessment using computational fluid analysis. In addition to downsizing the radiator tube and increasing cooling capacity over typical coolants, the radiator takes up less space and helps to lower the weight of a vehicle engine. As a result, the suggested unique hybrid graphene nanoplatelets/cellulose nanocrystal-based nanofluids perform better in heat transfer enhancement in automobiles.

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50

Vidyanadha Babu D. "Heat transfer analysis of hybrid nano-fluid through porous medium." South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/sajet.2022.12.27.

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The main focus of this paper is to use water based hybrid nanofluid in place of ordinary fluid in porous medium to improve thermal properties. This paper deals with the effect of MHD and chemical reaction on a hybrid nanofluid through porous medium with suction/injection. We also studied the effects of MHD, heat source, suction/injection and chemical reaction influences on a hybrid nanofluid. Two types of nano particles namely copper (Cu) and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are suspended in base fluid (water) to form the hybrid nanofluid. Similarity transformations are used to change ordinary differential equations to partial equations, and then solved solved by perturbation method. Numerical investigation is carried out to test Skin friction, heat and mass transfer coefficient for different geometrical parameters.

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