Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hybrid measurement technique"

ELISA or Western blot is known as a basic technique to be used for measurement of intracellular proteins, but in some cases, they cannot overcome problems such as normalization between samples or extraneous costs for required commercial kits. In order to address this problem, we developed a rapid and effective method (a hybrid of Western blot and ELISA). We use this new hybrid method to detect and normalize trace protein changes in gene expression intracellularly at a lower cost.

Abstract High-accuracy motion modeling in three dimensions via digital images has been increasingly the matter of interest in photogrammetry and computer vision communities. Although accurate sub-pixel image registration techniques are the key elements of measurement, they still demand enhanced intelligence, autonomy, and robustness. In this paper, a new correlationbased technique of stereovision is proposed to perform inter-frame feature tracking, inter-camera image registration, and to measure the 3D state vector of features simultaneously. The developed algorithm is founded on population-based intelligence (particle swarm optimization) and photogrammetric modeling. The proposed technique is mainly aimed at reducing the computational complexities of non-linear optimization methods of digital image registration for deformation measurement, and passing through 2D image correlation to 3D motion modeling. The preliminary results have illustrated the feasibility of this technique to detect and measure sub-millimeter deformations by performing accurate, sub-pixel image registration.

Heart disease is one of the most significant causes of mortality in the world today. Prediction of cardiovascular.Disease is a critical challenge in the area of clinical dataanalysis In this project, we propose a novel method that aims at finding significant features by applying machine learning techniques (EML) resulting in improving the accuracy in the prediction of Heart disease.HRFLM (Hybrid Random Forest Linear Model) Technique proved to be quite accurate in the prediction of heart disease. by using entropy feature selection technique and removing unnecessary features, different classification techniques such that Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Hybrid Random Forest with Linear Model, and Extension extreme Machine Learning Technique are used on heart disease dataset for better prediction. Different performance measurement factors such as accuracy precision, recall, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score are considered to determine the performance of the classification techniques. Our project compares the performances of the classification algorithms in the prediction of heart disease. It tries to find out the best classifier for the detection of heart diseases.

Wind tunnel tests have become one of the most effective ways to evaluate aerodynamics and aeroelasticity in bluff bodies. This paper has firstly overviewed the development of conventional wind tunnel test techniques, including high frequency base balance technique, static synchronous multi-pressure sensing system test technique and aeroelastic test, and summarized their advantages and shortcomings. Subsequently, two advanced test approaches, a forced vibration test technique and hybrid aeroelastic- force balance wind tunnel test technique have been comprehensively reviewed. Then the characteristics and calculation procedure of the conventional and advanced wind tunnel test techniques were discussed and summarized. The results indicated that the conventional wind tunnel test techniques ignored the effect of structural oscillation on the measured aerodynamics as the test model is rigid. A forced vibration test can include that effect. Unfortunately, a test model in a forced vibration test cannot respond like a structure in the real world; it only includes the effect of structural oscillation on the surrounding flow and cannot consider the feedback from the surrounding flow to the oscillation test model. A hybrid aeroelastic-pressure/force balance test technique that can observe unsteady aerodynamics of a test model during its aeroelastic oscillation completely takes the effect of structural oscillation into consideration and is, therefore, effective in evaluation of aerodynamics and aeroelasticity in bluff bodies. This paper has not only advanced our understanding for aerodynamics and aeroelasticity in bluff bodies, but also provided a new perspective for advanced wind tunnel test techniques that can be used for fundamental studies and engineering applications.

Most existing thermal conductivity measurement techniques of nuclear fuel only measure the overall effective thermal conductivity of the fuel, cladding, and gap, with low spatial-resolution. However, damage to nuclear fuel microstructure caused by neutron-irradiation can result in sharp, local changes of thermal conductivity. Additionally, extremely large temperature-gradients (~1600 K/cm) from the fuel centerline to the coolant result in similar gradients of thermal conductivity. Therefore, in pursuit of greater understanding of nuclear fuel performance, the objective of this study was to develop a non-contact thermal conductivity measurement technique to provide micron-sized spatial-resolution capability. Based on photothermal techniques and using both frequency and spatial-domain photothermal reflectance methods, an experimental measurement system was designed, built, and tested for measuring the thermal conductivity of a thin-film coated material with micron resolution. This hybrid method involves separate measurement of thermal diffusivity, D, and thermal effusivity, e, from which, thermal conductivity, k = (e2/D)1/2 is calculated. A detailed parametric analysis using analytical solutions and a numerical model has been performed to guide the experiment and optimize measurement conditions. The measurement system was validated using two calibration samples having thermal conductivities at both the upper and lower limit of the common range of nuclear fuels (~1 - 10 W/m/K). Sources of experimental errors are discussed qualitatively and the uncertainty of the measurement system for the thermal conductivity range of interest is quantified. The measured error is found to be about 10%, and up to close to 20% for the worst case (upper limit of k range). An extended application of the modulated laser excitation technique is explored to measure mechanical properties of solid materials. This technique involves obtaining the natural frequencies of different vibrational modes of a cantilever beam sample allowing for the extraction of the elasticity constants of the material. From Neumann's principle, the number of independent elasticity constants is dependent on the symmetry of the material structure. Specifically, symmetries of crystalline materials and composite materials are analyzed. Experimental results of two validation samples with cubic crystal system agreed well with the published values with experimental errors of ~10%.

Ce travail présente une méthodologie de test hybride complète pour évaluer l'écoulement dans turbomachines. Axée sur la minimisation des temps de test et des exigences en instrumentation, la méthodologie intègre de manière stratégique des mesures expérimentales standard avec des simulations numériques, en utilisant des processus gaussiens.La méthodologie réduit systématiquement à la fois les efforts d'instrumentation et les temps de test, fournissant des métriques d'incertitude comparables aux méthodologies traditionnelles. Appliquée initialement à un compresseur axial haute pression de référence (H25) puis à un ventilateur à ultra-haut taux de dilution (ECL5 UHBR) dans des conditions de test aveugles, la méthodologie démontre sa robustesse, son adaptabilité et des réductions significatives des points de mesure et des temps de test conduisant à un impact direct sur les coûts des campagnes expérimentales.Pour le compresseur axial H25, le cadre proposé se révèle capable de prédire les champs d'écoulement, mettant en évidence le compromis entre les mesures et l'exactitude de prédiction du flux. Les résultats du test aveugle du ventilateur ECL5 UHBR valident l'efficacité de la méthodologie dans les évaluations aérodynamiques et démontrent des économies de temps d'au moins une heure par condition de fonctionnement.La conception d'expériences a priori permet une réduction d'au moins 50% des mesures, surpassant l'échantillonnage aléatoire, et assiste efficacement dans la planification de campagnes expérimentales. L'échantillonnage adaptatif In situ surpasse l'échantillonnage aléatoire jusqu'à 44%, démontrant une détection précise des phénomènes d'écoulement et des applications prometteuses dans la réalisation d'exigences expérimentales. La nature modulaire et adaptable de la méthodologie la positionne pour une application étendue tant dans les environnements académiques qu'industriels, tandis que son exploitation ouvre des voies pour inférer des quantités d'écoulement non mesurées ou améliorer l'évaluation des performances.Ce travail introduit un changement de paradigme dans la planification de campagnes expérimentales, optimisant les budgets de mesure de manière stratégique à l'avance ou améliorant la précision dynamiquement au cours d'une campagne, mettant en évidence le potentiel des tendances entraînées par l'apprentissage automatique pour façonner de nouvelles voies de recherche
This work presents a complete hybrid testing methodology for assessing the flow in turbomachinery components. Focused on minimizing testing times and instrumentation requirements, the methodology strategically integrates standard experimental measurements with numerical simulations, specifically employing Multi-Fidelity Gaussian Processes, Sparse Variational Gaussian Processes, and adaptive Bayesian optimization.The methodology systematically reduces both instrumentation efforts and testing times, providing uncertainty metrics comparable to traditional methodologies. Applied initially to a benchmarked axial high-pressure compressor (H25) and afterwards to an ultra-high bypass ratio fan (ECL5 UHBR) in blind test conditions, the methodology demonstrates robustness, adaptability, and significant reductions in measurement points and testing times leading to a direct impact in experimental campaign costs.For the H25 axial compressor, the proposed framework proves capable of predicting flow fields, emphasizing the trade-off between high-fidelity measurements and mean flow prediction accuracy. The ECL5 UHBR fan blind test results validate the methodology's efficiency in aerodynamic assessments and demonstrates time savings of at least one hour per operating condition.The a priori Design of Experiments achieves at least a 50% reduction in measurements, outperforming random sampling, and effectively assists in experimental campaign planning. The In situ adaptive sampling outperforms random sampling by up to 44%, showcasing accurate detection of flow phenomena and promising applications in achieving high accuracy experimental demands. The modular and adaptable nature of the methodology positions it for broad application in both academic and industrial settings, while its exploitation opens paths to infer unmeasured flow quantities or improve performance evaluation measurements.This work introduces a paradigm shift in experimental campaign planning, optimizing measurement budgets strategically beforehand or enhancing accuracy dynamically during a campaign, emphasizing the potential of machine learning-driven trends in shaping new research paths

Afin de respecter sa feuille de route, l’industrie du semi conducteur propose des nouvelles générations de technologies (appelées nœuds technologiques) tous les deux ans. Ces technologies présentent des dimensions de motifs de plus en plus réduites et par conséquent des contrôles des dimensions de plus en plus contraints. Cette réduction des tolérances sur les résultats métrologiques entraine forcément une évolution des outils de métrologie dimensionnelle. Aujourd’hui, pour les nœuds les plus avancés, aucune technique de métrologie ne peut répondre aux contraintes imposées. Les limitations se situent aussi bien sur les principes mêmes des méthodes employées que sur la quantité nécessaire de données permettant une analyse poussée ainsi que le temps de calcul nécessaire au traitement de ces données. Dans un contexte industriel, les aspects de rapidité et de précision des résultats de métrologie ne peuvent pas être négligés, de ce fait, une nouvelle approche fondée sur de la métrologie hybride doit être évaluée. La métrologie hybride consiste à mettre en commun différentes stratégies afin de combiner leurs forces et limiter leurs faiblesses. L’objectif d’une approche hybride est d’obtenir un résultat final présentant de meilleures caractéristiques que celui obtenu par chacune des techniques séparément. Cette problématique de métrologie hybride peut se résoudre par l’utilisation de la fusion de données. Il existe un grand nombre de méthodes de fusion de données couvrant des domaines très variés des sciences et qui utilisent des approches mathématiques différentes pour traiter le problème de fusion de données. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer cette problématique de métrologie hybride et fusion de données dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre deux laboratoires : LTM/ CNRS ( Laboratoire des Technologies de la Microélectronique) et le LETI/CEA (Laboratoire d’Electronique et de Technologies de l’Information). Le concept de la fusion de données est présenté dans un contexte de métrologie hybride appliquée au domaine de la microélectronique. L’état de l’art au niveau des techniques de métrologie est présenté et discuté. En premier lieu, le CD SEM pour ces caractéristiques associant rapidité et non destructibilité, ensuite l’AFM pour sa vision juste des profils des motifs et enfin la scattérométrie pour ses aspects de précision de mesures et sa rapidité tout en conservant une approche non destructive. Le FIB-STEM, bien que destructif, se positionne sur une approche de technique de référence. Les forces et les faiblesses de ces différentes méthodes sont évaluées afin de pouvoir les introduire dans une approche de métrologie hybride et d’identifier le rôle que chacune d’entre elle peut jouer dans ce contexte. Plusieurs campagnes de mesures ont été réalisées durant cette thèse afin d’apporter des connaissances sur les caractéristiques et les limitations de ces techniques et pouvoir les inclure dans différents scénarii de métrologie hybride. La méthode retenue pour la fusion de données est fondée sur une approche Bayesienne. Cette méthode a été évaluée dans un contexte expérimental cadré par un plan d’expérience permettant la mesure de la hauteur et la largeur de lignes en combinant différentes techniques de métrologie. Les données collectées ont été exploitées pour les étapes de debiaisage mais également pour un déroulement complet de fusion et dans les deux cas, la métrologie hybride montre les avantages de cette approche pour améliorer la justesse et la précision des résultats. Avec la poursuite d’un développement poussé, la technique de métrologie hybride présentée ici semble donc pouvoir s’intégrer dans un processus de fabrication dans l’industrie du semi conducteur. Son application n’est pas seulement destinée à de la métrologie dimensionnelle mais peut fournir également des informations sur la calibration des équipements
The industry of semiconductors continues to evolve at a fast pace, proposing a new technology node around every two years. Each new technology node presents reduced feature sizes and stricter dimension control. As the features of devices continue to shrink, allowed tolerances for metrology errors must shrink as well, pushing the evolution of the metrology tools.No individual metrology technique alone can answer the tight requirements of the industry today, not to mention in the next technology generations. Besides the limitations of the metrology methods, other constraints such as the amount of metrology data available for higher order analysis and the time required for generating such data are also relevant and impact the usage of metrology in production. For the production of advanced technology nodes, neither speed nor precision may be sacrificed, which calls for cleverer metrology approaches, such as the Hybrid Metrology.Hybrid Metrology consists of employing different metrology strategies together in order to combine their strengths while mitigating their weaknesses. This hybrid approach goal is to improve the measurements in such a way that the final data presents better characteristics that each method separately. One of the techniques than can be used to combine the data coming from different metrology techniques is called Data Fusion. There are a large number of developed methods of Data Fusion, using different mathematical tools, to address the data fusion process.The first goal of this thesis project was to start developing the topics of Data Fusion and Hybrid Metrology within the two laboratories whose cooperation made this work possible: LTM (Laboratoire des Technologies de la Microélectronique) and LETI (Laboratoire d'électronique et de technologie de l'information). This thesis presents the concepts of Data Fusion in the context of Hybrid Metrology applied to dimensional measuring for the semiconductors industry. This concept can be extensively used in many other fields of applications.In this work the basics of state-of-the-art metrology techniques is presented and discussed. The focus is the CD-SEM, for its fast and almost-non-destructive metrology; the AFM, for its accurate profile view of patterns and non-destructive characteristic; the Scatterometry, for its precision, global and fast measurements; and the FIB-STEM, as a reference on accuracy for any type of profile, although destructive. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods were discussed in order to introduce the need of Hybrid Metrology and to identify the role that each of those methods can play in this context.Several experiments were performed during this thesis work in order to provide further knowledge about the characteristics and limitations of each metrology method and to be used as either inputs or reference on the different Hybrid Metrology scenarios proposed.The selected method for fuse the data coming from different metrology methods was the Bayesian approach. This technique was evaluated in different experimental contexts, both for Height and CD metrology combining different metrology methods. Results were evaluated for both the debiasing step alone and for the complete fusion flow. In both cases, it was clear the advantages of using a Hybrid Metrology approach for improving the measurement precision and accuracy.The presented Hybrid Metrology technique may be used by the semiconductor industry in different steps of the fabrication process. This technique can also provide information for machine calibration, such as a CD-SEM tool being calibrated based on Hybrid Metrology results generated using the CD-SEM itself together with Scatterometry data

Le dimensionnement préliminaire d’un propulseur hybride passe par une phase d’essais à échelle réduite afin de caractériser entre autre la loi de régression du couple oxydant/combustible envisagé pour remplir les besoins de la mission en terme de performances, durée de fonctionnement, etc. Afin de limiter le recours à ces campagnes expérimentales onéreuses et génératrices de délais pour les industriels, il est nécessaire de développer des outils numériques fiables permettant de prévoir rapidement, sous différentes conditions de fonctionnement et géométries de chambre de combustion, la loi de régression d’un couple oxydant/combustible. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation monodimensionnelle du mécanisme de régression des combustibles liquéfiables. Cette classe de combustibles offre des vitesses de régression trois à cinq fois plus élevées que celles rencontrées avec les combustibles généralement utilisés en propulsion hybride (PBHT par exemple). Ce modèle se base alors sur le transport de la phase gazeuse et du film liquide se développant sur le combustible solide, la vitesse de régression dépendant des transferts de masse et d’énergie entre ces trois phases. Afin de valider cette approche et l’architecture du code Hydres conçu pour la résolution de ce modèle et la prévision des performances propulsives d’un moteur hybride, des campagnes expérimentales ont été réalisées sur les bancs d’essais Hycarre et Hycom. Ces essais ont également permis de développer une technique de mesure permettant l’obtention de la vitesse de régression instantanée du combustible, conduisant à la restitution de la loi de régression instantanée du couple oxydant/combustible
The preliminary design of a hybrid rocket engine requires lab-scale tests to characterize the regression law of the oxidizer/fuel pair intended to fulfil the mission needs in terms of performances, etc. To limit these costly and potentialy delaying experimental campaigns, it is necessary to develop reliable numerical tools to quickly predict the regression law of the oxidiser/fuel pair under different operating conditions and with different combustion chamber geometries. The objective of the thesis is to develop a one-dimensional model of the regression mechanism of liquefying fuels. These particular fuels offer regression rates three to five times higher than those found with classic polymers used in hybrid propulsion (eg. HTPB). The model is based on the transportof the gaseous flow and the liquid film which is developing along the solid fuel grain. The regression rate depends on mass and energy transfers between these three phases. To validate this approach and the Hydres numerical tool, specifically designed to solve this model and forecast the performances of a hybrid engine, experimental tests were performed with the Hycarre and Hycom facilities. These tests also allowed for the development of a technique to measure the instantaneous regression rate of the solid fuel, providing directly the instantaneous regression law of the oxidizer/fuel pair

The future power grid will effectively utilize renewable energy resources and distributed generation to respond to energy demand while incorporating information technology and communication infrastructure for their optimum operation. This dissertation contributes to the development of real-time techniques, for wide-area monitoring and secure real-time control and operation of hybrid power systems. To handle the increased level of real-time data exchange, this dissertation develops a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system that is equipped with a state estimation scheme from the real-time data. This system is verified on a specially developed laboratory-based test bed facility, as a hardware and software platform, to emulate the actual scenarios of a real hybrid power system with the highest level of similarities and capabilities to practical utility systems. It includes phasor measurements at hundreds of measurement points on the system. These measurements were obtained from especially developed laboratory based Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) that is utilized in addition to existing commercially based PMU’s. The developed PMU was used in conjunction with the interconnected system along with the commercial PMU’s. The tested studies included a new technique for detecting the partially islanded micro grids in addition to several real-time techniques for synchronization and parameter identifications of hybrid systems. Moreover, due to numerous integration of renewable energy resources through DC microgrids, this dissertation performs several practical cases for improvement of interoperability of such systems. Moreover, increased number of small and dispersed generating stations and their need to connect fast and properly into the AC grids, urged this work to explore the challenges that arise in synchronization of generators to the grid and through introduction of a Dynamic Brake system to improve the process of connecting distributed generators to the power grid. Real time operation and control requires data communication security. A research effort in this dissertation was developed based on Trusted Sensing Base (TSB) process for data communication security. The innovative TSB approach improves the security aspect of the power grid as a cyber-physical system. It is based on available GPS synchronization technology and provides protection against confidentiality attacks in critical power system infrastructures.

Dealing with the electromagnetic issue might bring a sort of discontinuous and nondifferentiable regions. Thus, it is of great interest to implement an appropriate optimisation approach, which can preserve the computational resources and come up with a global optimum. While not being trapped in local optima, as well as the feasibility to overcome some other matters such as nonlinear and phenomena of discontinuous with a large number of variables. Problems such as lengthy computation time, constraints put forward for antenna requirements and demand for large computer memory, are very common in the analysis due to the increased interests in tackling high-scale, more complex and higher-dimensional problems. On the other side, demands for even more accurate results always expand constantly. In the context of this statement, it is very important to find out how the recently developed optimization roles can contribute to the solution of the aforementioned problems. Thereafter, the key goals of this work are to model, study and design low profile antennas for wireless and mobile communications applications using optimization process over a computational electromagnetics numerical solution. The numerical solution method could be performed over one or hybrid methods subjective to the design antenna requirements and its environment. Firstly, the thesis presents the design and modelling concept of small uni-planer Ultra- Wideband antenna. The fitness functions and the geometrical antenna elements required for such design are considered. Two antennas are designed, implemented and measured. The computed and measured outcomes are found in reasonable agreement. Secondly, the work is also addressed on how the resonance modes of microstrip patches could be performed using the method of Moments. Results have been shown on how the modes could be adjusted using MoM. Finally, the design implications of balanced structure for mobile handsets covering LTE standards 698-748 MHz and 2500-2690 MHz are explored through using firefly algorithm method. The optimised balanced antenna exhibits reasonable matching performance including near-omnidirectional radiations over the dual desirable operating bands with reduced EMF, which leads to a great immunity improvement towards the hand-held.
General Secretariat of Education and Scientific Research Libya

A discussion of a range of different kinds of biological networks. The chapter starts with a discussion of biochemical networks such metabolic and protein interaction networks and methods for determining their structure, particularly focusing on high-throughput methods such as the yeast two-hybrid screen. Next is a discussion of neural networks and other networks in the brain, along with measurement techniques such as slice electron microscopy, optical microscopy, transsynaptic tracing, functional MRI, and diffusion MRI. Finally, there is a discussion of ecological networks, and particularly food webs.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

AbstractThis paper explores novel strategies to strengthen the security of Hybrid Wireless Body Area Networks (HyWBANs), which are essential in smart healthcare and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Recognizing the vulnerability of HyWBAN to sophisticated cyber-attacks, we propose an innovative combination of semantic communications and jamming receivers. This dual-layered security mechanism protects against unauthorized access and data breaches, particularly in scenarios involving in-body to on-body communication channels. We conduct comprehensive laboratory measurements to understand hybrid (radio and optical) communication propagation through biological tissues. We utilize these insights to refine a dataset for training a Deep Learning (DL) model. These models, in turn, generate semantic concepts linked to cryptographic keys for enhanced data confidentiality and integrity using a jamming receiver. The proposed model significantly reduces energy consumption compared to traditional cryptographic methods, like Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH), especially when supplemented with jamming. Our approach addresses the primary security concerns and sets the baseline for future secure biomedical communication systems advancements.

We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.