Статті в журналах: "Hybrid cathodes"

1

Yamada, Mitsuru, Mika Fukunishi, and Futoshi Matsumoto. "Improvement in Rate Capabilities of Hybrid Cathodes with through-Holed Layers of Cathode Material and Activated Carbon on Each Side of a Current Collector in Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (November 22, 2024): 4550. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674550mtgabs.

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This study was conducted to improve the rate capability and cyclability of cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with hybrid cathode structure. Through-holed LIB cathode material and activated carbon layers formed on each side of a current collector were drilled with a picosecond pulsed laser beam for preparing the cathode structure (Figure). The hybrid cathodes exhibited excellent rate capabilities of 93% capacity retention at 100 C. The results were dependent on the weight percentage of the activated carbon relative to the total weight of the active materials and on the difference in discharge/charge voltages between the LIB cathode and activated carbon materials. The cathode could have cycle stability at 50 C during 100 cycles. The performance characteristics of the hybrid cathode, the through-holed and nontreated LIB cathodes and the nontreated activated carbon cathodes were compared in a Ragone plot. In the plot, the hybrid cathode was located in the region where conventional through-holed and nontreated cathodes could not be located. Figure 1

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2

Dolphijn, Guillaume, Fernand Gauthy, Alexandru Vlad, and Jean-François Gohy. "High Power Cathodes from Poly(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidinyloxy Methacrylate)/Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 Hybrid Composites." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060986.

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Lithium-ion batteries are today among the most efficient devices for electrochemical energy storage. However, an improvement of their performance is required to address the challenges of modern grid management, portable technology, and electric mobility. One of the most important limitations to solve is the slow kinetics of redox reactions associated to inorganic cathodic materials, directly impacting on the charging time and the power characteristics of the cells. In sharp contrast, redox polymers such as poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA) exhibit fast redox reaction kinetics and pseudocapacitors characteristics. In this contribution, we have hybridized high energy Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 mixed oxides (NMC) with PTMA. In this hybrid cathode configuration, the higher voltage NMC (ca. 3.7 V vs. Li/Li+) is able to transfer its energy to the lower voltage PTMA (3.6 V vs. Li/Li+) improving the discharge power performances and allowing high power cathodes to be obtained. However, the NMC-PTMA hybrid cathodes show an important capacity fading. Our investigations indicate the presence of an interface degradation reaction between NMC and PTMA transforming NMC into an electrochemically dead material. Moreover, the aqueous process used here to prepare the cathode is also shown to enable the degradation of NMC. Indeed, once NMC is immersed in water, alkaline surface species dissolve, increasing the pH of the slurry, and corroding the aluminum current collector. Additionally, the NMC surface is altered due to delithiation which enables the interface degradation reaction to take place. This reaction by surface passivation of NMC particles did not succeed in preventing the interfacial degradation. Degradation was, however, notably decreased when Li(Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1)O2 NMC was used and even further when alumina-coated Li(Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1)O2 NMC was considered. For the latter at a 20C discharge rate, the hybrids presented higher power performances compared to the single constituents, clearly emphasizing the benefits of the hybrid cathode concept.

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3

Evans, John Parker, Dominic F. Gervasio, and Barry M. Pryor. "A Hybrid Microbial–Enzymatic Fuel Cell Cathode Overcomes Enzyme Inactivation Limits in Biological Fuel Cells." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020242.

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The construction of optimized biological fuel cells requires a cathode which combines the longevity of a microbial catalyst with the current density of an enzymatic catalyst. Laccase-secreting fungi were grown directly on the cathode of a biological fuel cell to facilitate the exchange of inactive enzymes with active enzymes, with the goal of extending the lifetime of laccase cathodes. Directly incorporating the laccase-producing fungus at the cathode extends the operational lifetime of laccase cathodes while eliminating the need for frequent replenishment of the electrolyte. The hybrid microbial–enzymatic cathode addresses the issue of enzyme inactivation by using the natural ability of fungi to exchange inactive laccases at the cathode with active laccases. Finally, enzyme adsorption was increased through the use of a functionally graded coating containing an optimized ratio of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes. The hybrid microbial–enzymatic fuel cell combines the higher current density of enzymatic fuel cells with the longevity of microbial fuel cells, and demonstrates the feasibility of a self-regenerating fuel cell in which inactive laccases are continuously exchanged with active laccases.

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4

Zhu, Sheng, and Yan Li. "Carbon-metal oxide nanocomposites as lithium-sulfur battery cathodes." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 06 (December 2018): 1830007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718300074.

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In rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, the conductive carbon materials with high surface areas can greatly enhance the electrical conductivity of sulfur cathode, and metal oxides can restrain the dissolution of lithium polysulfides within the electrolyte through strong chemical bindings. The rational design of carbon-metal oxide nanocomposite cathodes has been considered as an effective solution to increase the sulfur utilization and improve cycling performance of Li-S batteries. Here, we summarize the recent progresses in the carbon-metal oxide composites for Li-S battery cathodes. Some insights are also offered on the future directions of carbon-metal oxide hybrid cathodes for high performance Li-S batteries.

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5

Du, Leilei, Xu Hou, Debbie Berghus, Richard Schmuch, Martin Winter, Jie Li, and Tobias Placke. "Failure Mechanism of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ Cathodes in Aqueous/Non-Aqueous Hybrid Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552276mtgabs.

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The urgent need for higher energy density of aqueous Li-ion batteries (ALBs) cannot only be satisfied by electrolyte modifications, the utilization of layered oxide cathodes is another efficient strategy, and particularly Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) materials are of high interest due to their high specific capacities. Concerning the H+-Li+ exchange side reaction of layered cathode in water solution, however, whether proton contamination degrades NCM-type cathodes in highly-concentrated aqueous electrolyte is an unclear but meaningful point. In this work, the underlying mechanisms responsible for degradation of NCM622 | aqueous/non-aqueous hybrid electrolyte |TiO2/LiTi2(PO4)3 (P/N=1.2:1) full-cells are explored by comprehensive studies involving in the evolution of electrochemical impendence and lattice structure changes after cycling within different operating voltage ranges. It is found that proton co-intercalation into the layered structure still takes place in high concentration aqueous/non-aqueous hybrid electrolytes, and the NCM622 cathode quickly shows degradation after being charged to higher cut-off voltage owing to severe protonation. The introduced proton can increase the diffusion barrier for Li+ ions, which in turn hinders lithiation of the de-lithiated cathode.

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6

Amine, Khalil. "(Invited) Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery for Enabling Mass Electrification of Vehicles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 7 (November 22, 2024): 896. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-027896mtgabs.

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To meet the high-energy requirement that can enable the 40-miles electric drive Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (P-HEVs), long range electric vehicle (EV) and smart grid, it is necessary to develop very high energy and high-power cathodes and anodes that when combined in a battery system must offer over 5,000 charge-depleting cycles, 15 years calendar life as well as excellent abuse tolerance. These challenging requirements make it difficult for conventional battery systems to be adopted in P-HEVs and EVs. In this talk, we will first introduce the next generation lithium-ion battery cathode design that include Ni-rich full concentration gradient cathode with Nano-rode primary particles, a novel advance PEDOT coating on both secondary and primary cathode particles that significantly enhance the cycle life at high voltages, and an epitaxial entropy-assisted coating that can suppress strain propagation in ultrahigh-Ni (≥90%) cathodes during fast charging. We will then describe a novel silicon-graphene composite anode including a novel pre-lithiation technology to overcome the irreversible loss of this anode in the first cycle. We will also present novel fluorinated based electrolyte design strategies that can stabilize Ni-rich cathodes at high-voltage as well as lithium metal anode to achieve high energy density and long cycle life.

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7

Hu, Xue, Zi Lin, Li Liu, Jian Huai, and Hua Deng. "Effects of the LiFePO4 content and the preparation method on the properties of (LiFePO4+AC)/Li4Ti5O12 hybrid batterycapacitors." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 75, no. 9 (2010): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc091228105h.

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Two composite cathode materials containing LiFePO4 and activated carbon (AC) were synthesized by an in-situ method and a direct mixing technique, which are abbreviated as LAC and DMLAC, respectively. Hybrid battery-capacitors LAC/Li4Ti5O12 and DMLAC/Li4Ti5O12 were then assembled. The effects of the content of LiFePO4 and the preparation method on the cyclic voltammograms, the rate of charge-discharge and the cycle performance of the hybrid batterycapacitors were investigated. The results showed the overall electrochemical performance of the hybrid battery-capacitors was the best when the content of LiFePO4 in the composite cathode materials was in the range from 11.8 to 28.5 wt. %, while the preparation method had almost no impact on the electrochemical performance of the composite cathodes and hybrid battery-capacitors. Moreover, the hybrid batterycapacitor devices had a good cycle life performance at high rates. After 1000 cycles, the capacity loss of the DMLAC/Li4Ti5O12 hybrid batterycapacitor device at 4 C was no more than 4.8 %. Moreover, the capacity loss would be no more than 9.6 % after 2000 cycles at 8?C.

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8

Proffit, Danielle L., Albert L. Lipson, Baofei Pan, Sang-Don Han, Timothy T. Fister, Zhenxing Feng, Brian J. Ingram, Anthony K. Burrell, and John T. Vaughey. "Reducing Side Reactions Using PF6-based Electrolytes in Multivalent Hybrid Cells." MRS Proceedings 1773 (2015): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.590.

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ABSTRACTThe need for higher energy density batteries has spawned recent renewed interest in alternatives to lithium ion batteries, including multivalent chemistries that theoretically can provide twice the volumetric capacity if two electrons can be transferred per intercalating ion. Initial investigations of these chemistries have been limited to date by the lack of understanding of the compatibility between intercalation electrode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. This work describes the utilization of hybrid cells to evaluate multivalent cathodes, consisting of high surface area carbon anodes and multivalent nonaqueous electrolytes that are compatible with oxide intercalation electrodes. In particular, electrolyte and current collector compatibility was investigated, and it was found that the carbon and active material play an important role in determining the compatibility of PF6-based multivalent electrolytes with carbon-based current collectors. Through the exploration of electrolytes that are compatible with the cathode, new cell chemistries and configurations can be developed, including a magnesium-ion battery with two intercalation host electrodes, which may expand the known Mg-based systems beyond the present state of the art sulfide-based cathodes with organohalide-magnesium based electrolytes.

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9

Ramirez-Meyers, Katrina, and Elizabeth C. Dickey. "A TEM Study of Structural Degradation in LiFePO4 Batteries after Hybrid Vehicle Use." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 2 (August 9, 2024): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-012369mtgabs.

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Establishing a robust, efficient circular economy for batteries hinges on understanding how they decay over time under various conditions. This understanding is crucial to maximize material use before recycling or disposal. A key aspect of this endeavor is the study of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), a pivotal battery technology whose structural integrity over time remains a subject of inquiry.1 Known aging mechanisms in LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries include electrode degradation, SEI growth, and electrolyte decomposition.1 These processes extend to the cathode, where degradation can manifest as Fe dissolution, Li inventory loss, Fe/Li anti-site defects, and LFP amorphization.1–3 However, these mechanisms are typically studied in lab-aged cells under controlled conditions, leaving a gap in our understanding of their behavior in real-life, commercialized applications. Our research aims to bridge this gap by characterizing the degradation mechanisms of LFP cathode material in various states of health (SOH) after use in a hybrid vehicle. We sourced our cathode samples from 26650 cells extracted from a BAE ESS-A123 hybrid bus battery pack. After selecting cells with drastically different SOHs based on previous analyses,4 we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for detailed characterization. In this talk, we will share insights gained from high-resolution TEM characterization, alongside chemical analysis using energy-filtered TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Our focus will be on changes in the olivine structure, including lattice parameter alterations, Li and Fe migration, and Fe oxidation. By combining cell-level SOH analyses with TEM characterization, we will highlight how electrochemical test results correlate with material degradation mechanisms, enhancing our understanding of battery health, longevity, and diagnostics. Wang, L. et al. Insights for understanding multiscale degradation of LiFePO4 cathodes. eScience 2, 125–137 (2022). Li, X. et al. First Atomic-Scale Insight into Degradation in Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 4608–4617 (2020). Xu, P. et al. Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing. Joule 4, 2609–2626 (2020). Ramirez-Meyers, K., Rawn, B. & Whitacre, J. F. A statistical assessment of the state-of-health of LiFePO4 cells harvested from a hybrid-electric vehicle battery pack. J. Energy Storage 59, 106472 (2023).

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10

Omenya, Fredrick, Xiaolin Li, and David Reed. "(Invited) Insights into the Effects of Doping on Structural Phase Evolution of Sodium Nickel Manganese Oxide Cathodes for High-Energy Sodium Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 5 (August 28, 2023): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015939mtgabs.

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High-performance and low-cost transition metal (TM) layered oxides using earth abundant elements are promising cathodes for Na-ion batteries. However, it is challenging to obtain desired materials because the large Na size, different Na occupations and various layer stacking sequences multiply the complication in determining the structure of a given composition and exacerbate uncertainty to the structure-property correlation. In this work, we use the attainment of desired NaxMnyNizTM1−y-zO2-based cathode materials as model compound to demonstrate a general roadmap for batch development of sodium layered cathodes towards practical applications. Several cost-effective O3 and P2/O3 hybrid cathode materials have been obtained, all of which demonstrate excellent performance. Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity under contract No. 57558. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

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11

Lu, Renwei, Xiaolong Ren, Chong Wang, Changzhen Zhan, Ding Nan, Ruitao Lv, Wanci Shen, Feiyu Kang, and Zheng-Hong Huang. "Na0.76V6O15/Activated Carbon Hybrid Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Capacitors." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010122.

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Lithium-ion hybrid capacitors (LICs) are regarded as one of the most promising next generation energy storage devices. Commercial activated carbon materials with low cost and excellent cycling stability are widely used as cathode materials for LICs, however, their low energy density remains a significant challenge for the practical applications of LICs. Herein, Na0.76V6O15 nanobelts (NaVO) were prepared and combined with commercial activated carbon YP50D to form hybrid cathode materials. Credit to the synergism of its capacitive effect and diffusion-controlled faradaic effect, NaVO/C hybrid cathode displays both superior cyclability and enhanced capacity. LICs were assembled with the as-prepared NaVO/C hybrid cathode and artificial graphite anode which was pre-lithiated. Furthermore, 10-NaVO/C//AG LIC delivers a high energy density of 118.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 220.6 W kg−1 and retains 43.7 Wh kg−1 even at a high power density of 21,793.0 W kg−1. The LIC can also maintain long-term cycling stability with capacitance retention of approximately 70% after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Accordingly, hybrid cathodes composed of commercial activated carbon and a small amount of high energy battery-type materials are expected to be a candidate for low-cost advanced LICs with both high energy density and power density.

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12

Xie, Bin, Junjie He, Yuchen Sun, Senlin Li, and Jing Li. "Hybrid Anionic Electrolytes for the High Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010248.

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Aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (AZHSs) are promising candidates for powering mobile devices due to their intrinsically high safety, the high theoretical capacity of zinc anodes, and the wide range of sources of raw materials for activated carbon (AC) cathodes. Here, we report that there is a synergistic effect between the anions of an AZHS electrolyte, which can significantly improve the specific capacity and rate capability of an AC cathode. The results showed that the specific capacities of the AC cathode//2 M ZnSO4(aq)//Zn anode energy storage system were 115 and 41 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1 current densities, respectively. The specific capacity at a 0.1 A g−1 current density was enhanced to 136 mAh g−1 by doping 0.5% ZnCl2 and 0.5% Zn(CF3SO3)2 in the 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte. The specific capacity at a 5 Ag−1 current density was enhanced to 69 mAh g−1 by doping 1% ZnCl2 and 0.5% Zn(CF3SO3)2 in the 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte. In addition, the co-doped electrolyte increased the energy consumption of the binding of the AC surface groups with H+ and inhibited the precipitation of Zn4SO4(OH)6·5H2O. This provides an important perspective for improving the performance of AZHSs.

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13

Fan, Xin, Mike Tebyetekerwa, Yilan Wu, Rohit Ranganathan Gaddam, and Xiu Song Zhao. "Magnesium/Lithium Hybrid Batteries Based on SnS₂-MoS₂ with Reversible Conversion Reactions." Energy Material Advances 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9846797.

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The magnesium/lithium hybrid batteries (MLHBs) featuring dendrite-less deposition with Mg anode and Li-storage cathode are a promising alternative to Li-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage. However, their limited energy density limits their practical implementation. To improve this, beyond the commonly proposed intercalation compounds, high-capacity conversion-type cathodes based on heterostructures of tin sulphide-molybdenum disulphide (SnS2-MoS2) are proposed in this work. Individual SnS2 is already a promising high-capacity electrode material for multivalent batteries and undergoes conversion reactions during the ion storage process. The introduction of S-deficient MoS2 enhances the reversibility of SnS2 in the conversion reaction via strong polysulfide anchoring and catalytic effect. Our results show that the SnS2-MoS2 electrode achieves a high charge capacity of ~600 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and an excellent rate capability of 240 mAh g-1 at 1000 mAh g-1 with a negligible capacity fading rate of 0.063% per cycle across 1000 cycles. The results highlight a new direction toward designing 2D heterostructures as high-capacity cathodes beyond intercalation-type cathodes for multivalent-ion batteries.

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14

Liu, Zisheng, Ning Zhao, Xiaohui Zhao, Chenggong Wang, Tao Zhang, Sheng Xu, and Xiangxin Guo. "Combination of Li-rich layered-oxide with O₂ cathodes for high-energy Li-ion/Li-O₂ hybrid batteries." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 19 (May 9, 2022): 193901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093183.

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The energy density of commercial Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is limited by the specific capacity of intercalation-type cathodes. The Li-O2 batteries based on the conversion reaction of oxygen cathodes can deliver the superhigh specific capacity. Herein, the Li-rich layered-oxide 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.54Co0.16Mn0.16O2 (5/5 LLO) cathodes have been combined with O2 cathodes, in order to examine their synergistic effect on cell performance. It is found that the hybrid cells deliver the discharge capacity of 458 mAh [Formula: see text] at approximately 0.2 C, compared with the specific capacity 200 mAh [Formula: see text] at 0.2 C of 5/5 LLO in LIB. Meanwhile, the cycle life of Li-O2 batteries under 100% depth of discharge increases from a few cycles to more than 20 cycles, attributed to the transition of Ni2+ to Ni4+ upon charging that promotes decomposition of reaction products Li2O2 and by-products Li2CO3. These results demonstrate that the hybrid Li-ion/Li-O2 battery is a powerful way for combining advantages of the intercalation and conversion-type cathodes, promising for construction of future high-energy batteries.

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15

Ryu, HoonHee, Jin Wook Lee, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Alleviation of Internal Microstrain in Ni-Rich Ncma Cathode through Microstructure Tailoring." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023322mtgabs.

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Lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) became mainstream power sources for a wide variety of electronic devices and electric vehicle applications. The cost and overall performance of LIBs are primarily dictated by the cathode, which is the heaviest and most expensive component in an LIB. To achieve the recommended threshold for future EVs, Ni-rich, Li[NixCoy(Mn or Al)1−x−y]O2 (NCM or NCA) materials above Ni 90% have become strong cathode candidates because of their high reversible capacities, close to their theoretical values, and relatively low material cost owing to their low Co content. To address the poor durability of Ni-rich NCM cathodes, the introduction of Al into an NCM cathode (NCMA) is a practical strategy to stabilize the host layered structure; consequently, outperforming both NCM and NCA cathodes with the same Ni content. However, the loss of capacity owing to the electrochemical inactivity of Al limits the fraction of the Al dopant that can be introduced. This also limits the usefulness of Al–doping in improving the cycling stability of Ni–rich NCMA cathodes which exhibit rapid capacity fading resulting from the high concentration of unstable Ni4+ species in the deeply charged state. In this presentation, we report microstructure-tailored NCMA of which the core is encapsulated by a buffer layer. Similar to tempered glass, where a steep thermal gradient during quenching produces different states of stress in the surface and the bulk material, the proposed hybrid cathode structure suppresses the formation of microcracks by creating a non-uniform spatial distribution of the microstrain within the cathode particle, thereby improving its long-term cycling stability.

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Ding, Lifen, Qingchao Gao, and Changzhou Yuan. "Hierarchical CaMn2O4/C Network Framework toward Aqueous Zn Ion Hybrid Capacitors as Competitive Cathodes." Batteries 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120586.

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Manganese-based materials have received more attention as cathodes for aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors (AZIHCs) due to their advantages such as abundant reserves, low cost, and large theoretical capacity. However, manganese-based materials have the disadvantage of poor electrical conductivity. Herein, a solid-phase method was used to synthesize a hierarchical carbon-coated calcium manganate (CaMn2O4/C) network framework as the cathode for AZIHCs. Thanks to the unique structural/componential merits including conductive carbon coating and hierarchical porous architecture, the achieved CaMn2O4/C cathode shows an exceptionally long life of close to 5000 cycles at 2.0 A g−1, with a reversible specific capacity of 195.6 mAh g−1. The assembled CaMn2O4/C-based AZIHCs also display excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 84.9% after 8000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, and an energy density of 21.3 Wh kg−1 at an output power density of 180.0 W kg−1.

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17

Lee, Wang-Geun. "Hybrid Electrolyte Strategies for High-Energy Sodium-Based Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 9 (November 22, 2024): 1303. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0291303mtgabs.

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Sodium-based batteries are emerging as a promising and crucial technology for sustainable energy storage due to the abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium compared to lithium. While these batteries offer an attractive option for large-scale applications, they face challenges such as lower voltage and energy density. To overcome these limitations and enhance high-energy sodium-based battery performance, researchers are exploring innovative hybrid electrolyte strategies. Hybrid electrolytes, which combine solid and liquid systems, provide improvements in safety, efficiency, and performance. This study explores various hybrid approaches, including organic-solid-aqueous hybrids, quasi-solid anolytes, and over-saturated catholytes. These methods aim to address the limitations of sodium-ion batteries and pave the way for high-performance energy storage solutions. For instance, an organic-solid-aqueous hybrid system lets different non-aqueous and aqueous materials adapt, which leads to wider voltage ranges. Additionally, using non-aqueous sodium metal anodes and aqueous ferrocyanide redox cathodes in these hybrid electrolyte systems demonstrates viable voltage ranges and reversible performance. Research on quasi-solid electrolytes showed potential in developing thicker anodes, while over-saturated catholyte research explored the use of solid cathode materials.The diverse hybrid electrolyte approaches have revealed promising possibilities for both aqueous and non-aqueous sodium-based batteries. These advancements enhance battery stability and durability, leading to higher voltage and energy density across various applications. Recent advancements in sodium anode and aqueous cathode designs have enabled the application of sodium-based batteries in different types, including seawater and sodium-flow batteries. One significant innovation is the use of NASICON ceramic electrolytes, which offer improved ionic conductivity and stability, allowing for further material adaptations and optimization of battery performance. In conclusion, the exploration of hybrid electrolyte strategies for sodium-based batteries represents a novel approach towards realizing the full potential of this technology. As research and development progress, sodium-based batteries with hybrid electrolytes could become foundational for sustainable energy storage, contributing to a cleaner and more efficient energy future.

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Wolf, Sebastian, Niklas Schwenzer, Tim Tratz, Vinzenz Göken, Markus Börner, Daniel Neb, Heiner Heimes, Martin Winter, and Achim Kampker. "Optimized LiFePO4-Based Cathode Production for Lithium-Ion Batteries through Laser- and Convection-Based Hybrid Drying Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 10 (October 6, 2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100281.

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The drying of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is one of the most energy- and cost-intensive process steps in battery production. Laser-based drying processes have emerged as promising candidates for electrode manufacturing due to their direct energy input, spatial homogeneity within the laser spot, and rapid controllability. However, it is unclear to what extent electrode and cell quality are affected by higher heating and drying rates. Hybrid systems as a combination of laser- and convection-based drying were investigated in an experimental study with water-processed LFP cathodes. The manufactured electrodes were compared with purely laser-dried and purely convection-dried samples in terms of drying times and quality characteristics. The electrodes were characterized with regard to physical properties like adhesion and electronic conductivity, as well as electrochemical performance using the rate capability. Regarding adhesion and electronic conductivity, the LFP-based cathodes dried in the hybrid-drying process by laser and convection showed similar quality characteristics compared to conventionally dried cathodes, while, at the same time, significantly reducing the overall drying time. In terms of electrochemical performance, measured by the rate capability, no significant differences were found between the drying technologies used. These findings demonstrate the great potential of laser- and convection-based hybrid drying of LFP cathodes to enhance the electrode-drying process in terms of energy efficiency and operational costs.

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Choudhury, Soumyadip, Marco Zeiger, Pau Massuti-Ballester, Simon Fleischmann, Petr Formanek, Lars Borchardt, and Volker Presser. "Carbon onion–sulfur hybrid cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 1 (2017): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6se00034g.

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20

Choudhury, Soumyadip, Pattarachai Srimuk, Kumar Raju, Aura Tolosa, Simon Fleischmann, Marco Zeiger, Kenneth I. Ozoemena, Lars Borchardt, and Volker Presser. "Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 1 (2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00452d.

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Takeuchi, Esther S., Kenneth J. Takeuchi, and Amy C. Marschilok. "The Ongoing Importance of Lithium Primary Batteries: 50+ Years and Going Strong." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022102mtgabs.

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Lithium anode primary batteries display numerous outstanding characteristics including high energy density, long shelf life, low self-discharge, and ability to function under a broad temperature operating range. This has led to the design and implementation of lithium primary cells for a variety of applications in the commercial, military, space, and medical fields. The development of these primary batteries has required understanding and resolution of complex reaction mechanisms as well as optimized electrode and cell designs to meet the needs of the target applications. Notably, a variety of cathode materials have been paired with lithium metal anodes including carbon monofluoride (CFx), manganese oxide (MnO2), thionyl chloride (SOCl2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). A specific application of primary lithium battery systems is to power implantable medical devices. These primary systems utilize lithium metal anodes with cathodes such as iodine, manganese oxide, carbon monofluoride, silver vanadium oxide, and hybrid cathodes. While the specific performance requirements of applications vary, lithium batteries can provide the solutions for single use power source needs.

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Pan, Bonian, Jay F. Whitacre, Xinsheng Wu, and Young-Geun Lee. "Micrometer Scale X-Ray CT Assisted Cathode Pore Space Designs for High Energy Fast Discharge Rate Lithium-Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 6 (November 22, 2024): 742. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-026742mtgabs.

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The increasing demand for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) necessitates batteries capable of higher discharge rates. This study focuses on the design of cathode pore structures in lithium-ion batteries, aiming to enhance bulk ion transport and thereby achieving higher spatial energy density at higher discharge rates, a critical requirement for hybrid EVs. We report here novel cathode pore space designs using well understood NCM 811 high energy density cathode material to address this need. These designs include a double layer structure with varying porosity, a femto-second laser etched directional pore structure, and how different electrolyte interacts with each of these systems. These tailored structures are hypothesized to facilitate improved ion transport, reducing local stress, and thus contributing to enhanced battery performance and extended battery lifespan. To validate our designs, we employed micrometer-scale X-ray computed tomography (CT) and pore network modelling for structural characterization, quantifying the pore structure mathematically. The performance of these cathodes was evaluated using a suite of electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), which reveals their impact on cell level performance. Our findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to optimize lithium-ion battery technology for hybrid EVs, offering insights into the potential of tailored cathode structures to improve battery performance. Further research is needed to refine these designs and assess their scalability and feasibility for commercial applications.

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Zhang, Anbang, Qi Zhou, Yuanyuan Shi, Chao Yang, Yijun Shi, Yi Yang, Liyang Zhu, Wanjun Chen, Zhaoji Li, and Bo Zhang. "AlGaN/GaN Lateral CRDs With Hybrid Trench Cathodes." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 65, no. 6 (June 2018): 2660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2018.2822834.

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24

Chen, Dong, Zhongxue Chen, and Fei Xu. "Rechargeable Mg–Na and Mg–K hybrid batteries based on a low-defect Co3[Co(CN)6]2 nanocube cathode." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 32 (2021): 17530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02789a.

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25

Pan, Baofei, Zhenxing Feng, Niya Sa, Sang-Don Han, Qing Ma, Paul Fenter, John T. Vaughey, Zhengcheng Zhang, and Chen Liao. "Advanced hybrid battery with a magnesium metal anode and a spinel LiMn2O4 cathode." Chemical Communications 52, no. 64 (2016): 9961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04133g.

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Two Mg–Li dual salt hybrid electrolytes are developed, which exhibit excellent oxidative stability up to around 3.8 V (vs. Mg/Mg²⁺) on Al, and were successfully applied in hybrid Mg–Li cells with lithium-ion intercalation cathodes and magnesium metal anodes.

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26

Feng, Yan, Yuliang Zhang, Xiangyun Song, Yuzhen Wei, and Vincent S. Battaglia. "Facile hydrothermal fabrication of ZnO–graphene hybrid anode materials with excellent lithium storage properties." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 4 (2017): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00102a.

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27

Qiu, Wenda, Quanhua Zhou, Hongbing Xiao, Chun Zhou, Wenting He, Yu Li, and Xihong Lu. "Phosphate ion and oxygen defect-modulated nickel cobaltite nanowires: a bifunctional cathode for flexible hybrid supercapacitors and microbial fuel cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 17 (2020): 8722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta01423k.

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28

Guo, Zhang, Zhien Liu, Wan Chen, Xianzhong Sun, Xiong Zhang, Kai Wang, and Yanwei Ma. "Battery-Type Lithium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Current Status and Future Perspectives." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020074.

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The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has become the most widely used electrochemical energy storage device due to the advantage of high energy density. However, because of the low rate of Faradaic process to transfer lithium ions (Li+), the LIB has the defects of poor power performance and cycle performance, which can be improved by adding capacitor material to the cathode, and the resulting hybrid device is also known as a lithium-ion battery capacitor (LIBC). This review introduces the typical structure and working principle of an LIBC, and it summarizes the recent research developments in advanced LIBCs. An overview of non-lithiated and pre-lithiated anode materials for LIBCs applications is given, and the commonly used pre-lithiation methods for the anodes of LIBCs are present. Capacitor materials added to the cathodes, and suitable separator materials of LIBCs are also reviewed. In addition, the polarization phenomenon, pulsed performance and safety issues of LIBCs and electrode engineering for improving electrochemical performance are systematically analyzed. Finally, the future research and development direction of advanced LIBCs is prospected through the discussion of the existing problems of an LIBC in which the battery material in the composite cathode is LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM).

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Mimura, Hidenori, Hidetaka Shimawaki, and Kuniyoshi Yokoo. "Emission characteristics of semiconductor cathodes." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 84, no. 5 (April 18, 2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.1023.

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AbstractThis paper describes emission characteristics of MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) electron tunneling cathodes and Si field emitters, and shows that their characteristics reflect the energy band structures of the semiconductor and the electron transport in an incorporated semiconductor device. In addition, it proposes hybrid electronics combining solid‐state device and vacuum device technologies, and shows that this approach provides highly efficient high‐frequency devices with coverage from the microwave to the optical wave regions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(5): 1–9, 2001

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30

Xiang, Ao, Deyou Shi, Peng Chen, Zhongjun Li, Quan Tu, Dahui Liu, Xiangguang Zhang, et al. "Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)@C/Ti3C2Tx Hybrid Cathode Materials with Enhanced Performances for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2024): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040121.

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Developing cost-effective cathode materials is conducive to accelerating the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) has attracted extensive attention owning to its high theoretical capacity, stable structure, and low cost of raw materials. However, its inherent low conductivity hinders its further application. Herein, carbon-coated NFPP nanospheres are anchored to crumpled MXene nanosheets by an electrostatic self-assembly; this cross-linked structure induced by CTAB not only significantly expands the contact area between particles and improves the electronic conductivity, but also effectively reduces the aggregation of NFPP nanoparticles. The as-designed Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)@C/Ti3C2Tx (NFPP@MX) cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity (106.1 mAh g−1 g at 0.2 C), good rate capability (60.4 mAh g−1 at 10 C), and a long-life cyclic stability (85.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1 C). This study provides an effective strategy for the massive production of high-performance NFPP cathodes and broadens the application of MXene in the modification of other cathode materials.

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31

Li, Qiufeng, Bo Lin, Sen Zhang, and Chao Deng. "Towards high potential and ultra long-life cathodes for sodium ion batteries: freestanding 3D hybrid foams of Na7V4(P2O7)4(PO4) and Na7V3(P2O7)4@biomass-derived porous carbon." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 15 (2016): 5719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01465h.

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32

Eleri, Obinna Egwu, Fengliu Lou, and Zhixin Yu. "Lithium-Ion Capacitors: A Review of Strategies toward Enhancing the Performance of the Activated Carbon Cathode." Batteries 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2023): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9110533.

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Lithium-ion capacitors (LiC) are promising hybrid devices bridging the gap between batteries and supercapacitors by offering simultaneous high specific power and specific energy. However, an indispensable critical component in LiC is the capacitive cathode for high power. Activated carbon (AC) is typically the cathode material due to its low cost, abundant raw material for production, sustainability, easily tunable properties, and scalability. However, compared to conventional battery-type cathodes, the low capacity of AC remains a limiting factor for improving the specific energy of LiC to match the battery counterparts. This review discusses recent approaches for achieving high-performance LiC, focusing on the AC cathode. The strategies are discussed with respect to active material property modifications, electrodes, electrolytes, and cell design techniques which have improved the AC’s capacity/capacitance, operating potential window, and electrochemical stability. Potential strategies and pathways for improved performance of the AC are pinpointed.

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Hao, Junnan, Fuhua Yang, Shilin Zhang, Hanna He, Guanglin Xia, Yajie Liu, Christophe Didier, et al. "Designing a hybrid electrode toward high energy density with a staged Li+ and PF6− deintercalation/intercalation mechanism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 6 (January 29, 2020): 2815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918442117.

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Existing lithium-ion battery technology is struggling to meet our increasing requirements for high energy density, long lifetime, and low-cost energy storage. Here, a hybrid electrode design is developed by a straightforward reengineering of commercial electrode materials, which has revolutionized the “rocking chair” mechanism by unlocking the role of anions in the electrolyte. Our proof-of-concept hybrid LiFePO4 (LFP)/graphite electrode works with a staged deintercalation/intercalation mechanism of Li+ cations and PF6− anions in a broadened voltage range, which was thoroughly studied by ex situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ Raman spectroscopy, and operando neutron powder diffraction. Introducing graphite into the hybrid electrode accelerates its conductivity, facilitating the rapid extraction/insertion of Li+ from/into the LFP phase in 2.5 to 4.0 V. This charge/discharge process, in turn, triggers the in situ formation of the cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer, reinforcing the structural integrity of the whole electrode at high voltage. Consequently, this hybrid LFP/graphite-20% electrode displays a high capacity and long-term cycling stability over 3,500 cycles at 10 C, superior to LFP and graphite cathodes. Importantly, the broadened voltage range and high capacity of the hybrid electrode enhance its energy density, which is leveraged further in a full-cell configuration.

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34

Choudhury, Soumyadip, Pattarachai Srimuk, Kumar Raju, Aura Tolosa, Simon Fleischmann, Marco Zeiger, Kenneth I. Ozoemena, Lars Borchardt, and Volker Presser. "Correction: Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 6, no. 7 (2022): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2se90017c.

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Анотація:

Correction for ‘Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries’ by Soumyadip Choudhury et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2018, 2, 133–146, DOI: 10.1039/C7SE00452D.

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35

Sonia, T. S., P. Anjali, S. Roshny, V. Lakshmi, R. Ranjusha, K. R. V. Subramanian, Shantikumar V. Nair, and Avinash Balakrishnan. "Nano/micro-hybrid NiS cathodes for lithium ion batteries." Ceramics International 40, no. 6 (July 2014): 8351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.01.041.

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36

Kong, Shuying, Xu Zhang, Binbin Jin, Xiaogang Guo, Guoqing Zhang, Huisheng Huang, Xinzhu Xiang, and Kui Cheng. "FeNb₂O₆/reduced graphene oxide composites with intercalation pseudo-capacitance enabling ultrahigh energy density for lithium-ion capacitors." RSC Advances 11, no. 51 (2021): 32248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03198h.

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FeNb2O6/reduced graphene oxide (FNO/rGO) hybrid material as a fast charge anode for LICs that provides a solution to overcome the discrepancy in kinetics between battery-type anodes and capacitive cathodes.

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37

Juran, Taylor R., and Manuel Smeu. "Hybrid density functional theory modeling of Ca, Zn, and Al ion batteries using the Chevrel phase Mo6S8 cathode." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 31 (2017): 20684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03378h.

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38

Liu, Jingze, Jiamei Lai, Xingyuan Huang, and Hesheng Liu. "Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Hydrogels as Flexible Cathodes of Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries." Nano 14, no. 04 (April 2019): 1950047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500474.

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Cellulose nanofibers, detached from natural plants, are very promising for applications in the energy storage devices. The swelling of cellulose nanofibers provides abundant paths in the hybrid hydrogels for ion diffusion towards the active material. There is an optimal composition of 50[Formula: see text]wt.% for cellulose nanofibers in the hybrid hydrogels due to the balance between ion diffusion and electron transport, that is, facilitated by conductive graphite nanoplatelets. The aqueous Zn-ion batteries, assembled from the optimized hybrid hydrogels, have a high-specific capacity of 149.4[Formula: see text]mAh/g and energy density of 113.2[Formula: see text]mWh/g, respectively. Moreover, high flexibility of the aqueous Zn-ion batteries is guaranteed by the hybrid hydrogels. There is only a little decay in the electrochemical performance under mechanical bending.

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Ramirez-Meyers, Katrina, and Jay Whitacre. "Direct-Recycling of LiFePO₄ Cathodes from a Hybrid-Electric Bus Battery Via Chemical Relithiation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026632mtgabs.

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Direct recycling of LiFePO4 (LFP) has environmental benefits as a battery waste management strategy, but its efficacy and scalability have yet to be fully understood. As the use of LFP is projected to grow significantly by 2030, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the performance of recycling processes and the quality of their products. This work examines the effectiveness of chemical relithiation on LFP cells of various states-of-health. The work expands on statistical analyses and materials characterization of the cells that were previously presented.1,2 In the previous work, we conducted diagnostic experiments on cells ranging from healthy as-purchased cells to used cells with less than 20% of their initial capacity. The used cells are sampled from a retired hybrid-electric city bus battery pack comprising A123 1536 cells manufactured between 2009 and 2017. Characterization techniques included constant-current cycling, EIS, XRD, and SEM. In this talk, we will discuss methods for direct-recycling LFP cathodes, such as the refunctionalization protocols designed by Ganter et al.3 We will summarize the dependency between various states-of-health and the yield and performance of directly recycled LFP cathode material. Correlations between the efficacy of direct recycling and battery diagnostic information (e.g., percent of initial capacity, direct-current internal resistance, alternating-current impedance, SEM, and XRD) are of particular interest. We will also discuss the implications of scaling up the chemical relithiation process and combining cathode material from cells of various states-of-health. Ramirez-Meyers, K., Rawn, B. & Whitacre, J. (Invited) Statistical Distribution and Feasibility for Re-Use of A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. PRiME 2020 ECS ECSJ KECS Jt. Meet. MA2020-02, (2020). Ramirez-Meyers, K. & Whitacre, J. Characterization of Used A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. ECS Meet. Abstr. Vancouver, BC. (2022). Ganter, M. J., Landi, B. J., Babbitt, C. W., Anctil, A. & Gaustad, G. Cathode refunctionalization as a lithium-ion battery recycling alternative. J. Power Sources 256, 274–280 (2014).

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Yu, Tiantian, Bo Lin, Qiufeng Li, Xiaoguang Wang, Weili Qu, Sen Zhang, and Chao Deng. "First exploration of freestanding and flexible Na2+2xFe2−x(SO4)3@porous carbon nanofiber hybrid films with superior sodium intercalation for sodium ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 38 (2016): 26933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04958c.

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Zhang, Yongguang, Zhumabay Bakenov, Taizhe Tan, and Jin Huang. "Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Structure of PPy/Porous-Graphene to Encapsulate Polysulfides for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080606.

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Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) polypyrrole-coated-porous graphene (PPy/PG) composite through in-situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer on PG surface. The PPy/PG displays a 3D hierarchical porous structure and the resulting PPy/PG hybrid serves as a conductive trap to lithium polysulfides enhancing the electrochemical performances. Owing to the superior conductivity and peculiar structure, a high initial discharge capacity of 1020 mAh g−1 and the reversible capacity of 802 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles are obtained for the S/PPy/PG cathode at 0.1 C, remaining the remarkable cyclic stability. In addition, the S/PPy/PG cathodes demonstrate an excellent rate performance exhibiting 477 mAh g−1 at 2 C.

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Dolphijn, G., S. Isikli, F. Gauthy, A. Vlad, and J. F. Gohy. "Hybrid LiMn2O4–radical polymer cathodes for pulse power delivery applications." Electrochimica Acta 255 (November 2017): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.021.

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Tian, Chunxi, Kun Qin, Tingting Xu, and Liumin Suo. "Hybrid Li-rich cathodes for anode-free lithium metal batteries." Next Nanotechnology 7 (2025): 100114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2024.100114.

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Zou, MeiLing, JiaDong Chen, LongFei Xiao, Han Zhu, TingTing Yang, Ming Zhang, and MingLiang Du. "WSe2 and W(SexS1−x)2 nanoflakes grown on carbon nanofibers for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 35 (2015): 18090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04426j.

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Triangular W(Se_xS_1−x)₂ nanoflakes uniformly dispersed on the surface of electrospun carbon nanofiber mats were synthesized. The hybrid catalyst mats were directly used as hydrogen evolution cathodes and exhibit excellent HER performances.

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Gao, Xiaosi, Changyang Zheng, Yiqi Shao, Shuo Jin, Jin Suntivich, and Yong Lak Joo. "Lithium Iron Phosphate Reconstruction Facilitates Kinetics in High-Areal-Capacity Sulfur Composite Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01135mtgabs.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been recognized as one of the most promising choices beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIB), because of its low cost and high theoretical specific energy (~2510 Wh/kg or ~10 times of LIB). However, Li-S batteries still face a few challenges, including large volume expansion, poor conductivity, low active material loading, inert end products, and polysulfide crossover called the “shuttle effect”, etc. To address these challenges, we have incorporated lithium iron phosphate (LFP) into our sulfur composite cathode. The addition of LFP enabled a more uniform slurry rheology, which allowed mass loading to double the amount of typical sulfur cathodes. Meanwhile, LFP can effectively adsorb polysulfides, which restricted the shuttle effects common in high-sulfur-loading batteries. Our LFP-hybrid Li-S batteries showed high areal capacity for 300 cycles under both low- and high-current charge-discharge cycles. More importantly, our characterizations demonstrated that LFP in Li-S batteries can reconstruct into Fe2P during cycling. We propose that Fe2P is an effective electrocatalyst for anchoring polysulfides. To unveil the role of Fe2P, we have directly incorporated these materials into the sulfur composite cathode. Using a hydrothermal synthesis, we showed that Fe2P nanoparticles can be directly anchored on the sulfur-carbon composite. This approach caused minimal phase separation and enabled a uniform morphology. We presented the analysis of the cathodes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These results allow us to develop a mechanistic hypothesis and a comparison between Fe2P and LFP in terms of the electrochemical performances.

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Zahiri, Beniamin, Chadd Kiggins, Dijo Damien, Michael Caple, Arghya Patra, Carlos Juarez Yescaz, John B. Cook, and Paul V. Braun. "Hybrid Halide Solid Electrolytes and Bottom-up Cell Assembly Enable High Voltage Solid-State Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012327mtgabs.

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Interface between halide based solid electrolytes and layered transition metal oxide cathodes has been found to be electro-chemically stable due to stability of chloride compounds, in particular, at >4V range. The extent of interfacial stability is correlated with the type of cationic and anionic species in the solid electrolyte compound, a fact supported by theoretical prediction and yet, not accurately measured in composite cathode mixtures. By altering the architecture of cathode into a dense additive-free structure, we have identified differences in interfacial stability of chloride compounds which are hidden in composite cathode formats. In this work, we report the use of dense cathode to track the electrochemical evolution of interface between a hybrid halide solid electrolyte composed of chloride and fluoride species. Introducing fluoride compounds is known to be a promising method to expand the oxidation stability while the nature of such expansion is found to be related to kinetics rather than thermodynamics, we report. Furthermore, fluorination of solid electrolyte is generally accompanied with loss of ionic conductivity due to strong electronegative fluoride ions. We demonstrate a fundamental change of solid-state battery assembly from conventional electrolyte pelletizing followed by electrode placement, to a bottom-up assembly route starting with dense cathode, thin (<20µm) layer of SE and anode addition, which compensates for the suppressed conductivity of fluorinated halide solid electrolytes. Through extensive characterization, compositional optimization, and electrochemical interfacial analysis, we demonstrate stable cycling of LiCoO2/hybrid halide solid electrolyte up to 4.4V vs. Li. Our findings pave the way for expanding the voltage stability of solid electrolytes without compromising the cell performance due to ionic conductivity overpotential issues.

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Castillo, Ivan, Balram Tripathi, Danilo Barrionuevo, Gerardo Morell, and Ram S. Katiyar. "Long Chain Polysulfides Control via Ferroelectric (Ba_0.9Sr_0.1TiO₃) Nanoparticles Doped Sulfur Cathode for High-Capacity Li-S Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 2 (November 22, 2024): 268. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-022268mtgabs.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries show promise in energy storage technology due to their high energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, practical application faces challenges, including low electrical conductivity of sulfur and discharge products, and the generation of insoluble compounds like Li2S during cycling. Soluble polysulfides can migrate, perpetuating a shuttle effect that leads to deposition of solid Li2S2 and Li2S on the anode, reducing efficiency and cycle life. Efforts to enhance cathode conductivity and suppress polysulfide loss during cycling are ongoing to overcome these challenges. In this study we are reporting electrochemical performance of Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3 (BST) having polarization of 14.58 μC/cm2 doped sulfur/carbon black/polyvinylidene fluoride (S/BST/CB/PVDF) composite as cathode materials for Li-S batteries. The performance of S50BST30CB10PVDF10, and S40BST40CB10PVDF10 fabricated cathodes in terms of structural, electronic, morphological, and electrochemical response have been tested. X-ray diffraction spectra confirm tetragonal symmetry (c/a=1.0073), Raman spectroscopic study confirms Raman modes (A1(TO1), A1(TO2), A1(TO3) and A1(LO3)) of the tetragonal orientation for BST modified composites. All the compositional cations are observed from SEM images confirm homogeneous distribution of BST in the sulfur cathode system having grain sizes (1-1.5 μm) which is based on microscopic analysis. BST coupled C-S composite cathodes showing improved electrochemical performance in comparison to C-S composites. The high-capacity composites cathode in 1st cycle is S50BST30CB10PVDF10, tested @100 mA/g & 200 mA/g with polypropylene (PP) separator showing specific capacities ~820 mAh/g & ~540 mAh/g respectively, with improved capacity retention up to 60%. We observed that the hybrid composite cathode S40BST40CB10PVDF10 which was tested @100 mA/g showing specific capacity ~1080 mAh/g and remained up to 395 mAh/g after 100th cycle with capacity retention of 36%, very stable response till 100th cycles attributes polysulfide migration is effectively reducing due to ferroelectric particles doping in the composite cathode. Two plateaus were observed in between 2.3V to 2.0 V and 2.0 V to 1.5 V in the charge/discharge characteristics and high cyclic stability substantiate the superior performance of the designed ferroelectric nanoparticles doped S/CB composite cathode materials due to the efficient reduction in the polysulfide shuttle effect in these composite cathodes. Oxidation peaks for S50BST30CB10PVDF10 composite are at 2.6 V & 2.7 V and reduction peaks are at 2.0 V & 2.2V suggests an enhanced kinetics of the reduction reaction with the BST doped cathode as expected due to the alteration in the kinetics might be due to ferroelectric nanoparticles coupling & reversible transformation of Li2S to short/long chain LiPSs and finally to S8. In the case of symmetric cells with the positive and blocking electrodes. We have confirmed that the active material, sulfur, does not contribute to the resistance of the positive electrode, however due to inclusion of BST up to 20 & 30 wt% and applying RC(R)W circuit model for interfacial parameters. The observed values for S50BST30CB10PVDF10 are as Rs (2.688) C= 9.1 µF Rct (145 Ώ) and W (0.02312) showing the improved diffusion pathways for Lithium ions. Considering that polar substances have good affinity towards polysulfide and can provide more stable reacting environment in the cathodic site, to trap polysulfide intermediates via induced permanent dielectric polarizability. It is expected that spontaneous polarization induced by asymmetric crystal structure of ferroelectrics provide internal electric fields and increase chemisorption with heteropolar reactive.

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48

Zhu, Caixia, Yakun Tang, Lang Liu, Xiaohui Li, Yang Gao, Shasha Gao, and Yanna NuLi. "MLi2Ti6O14 (M = Sr, Ba, and Pb): new cathode materials for magnesium–lithium hybrid batteries." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 47 (2019): 17566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03799c.

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MLi₂Ti₆O₁₄ (M = Sr, Ba, and Pb) were synthesized, for the first time, by a facile sol–gel method, followed by calcination and showed good electrochemical performance as cathodes for magnesium–lithium hybrid batteries.

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49

Ernould, Bruno, Olivier Bertrand, Andrea Minoia, Roberto Lazzaroni, Alexandru Vlad, and Jean-François Gohy. "Electroactive polymer/carbon nanotube hybrid materials for energy storage synthesized via a “grafting to” approach." RSC Advances 7, no. 28 (2017): 17301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02119d.

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50

Gerasimenko, Alexander Yu, Artem V. Kuksin, Yury P. Shaman, Evgeny P. Kitsyuk, Yulia O. Fedorova, Denis T. Murashko, Artemiy A. Shamanaev, et al. "Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes–Graphene Nanostructures: Modeling, Formation, Characterization." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162812.

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A technology for the formation and bonding with a substrate of hybrid carbon nanostructures from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by laser radiation is proposed. Molecular dynamics modeling by the real-time time-dependent density functional tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method made it possible to reveal the mechanism of field emission centers formation in carbon nanostructures layers. Laser radiation stimulates the formation of graphene-nanotube covalent contacts and also induces a dipole moment of hybrid nanostructures, which ensures their orientation along the force lines of the radiation field. The main mechanical and emission characteristics of the formed hybrid nanostructures were determined. By Raman spectroscopy, the effect of laser radiation energy on the defectiveness of all types of layers formed from nanostructures was determined. Laser exposure increased the hardness of all samples more than twice. Maximum hardness was obtained for hybrid nanostructure with a buffer layer (bl) of rGO and the main layer of SWCNT—rGO(bl)-SWCNT and was 54.4 GPa. In addition, the adhesion of rGO to the substrate and electron transport between the substrate and rGO(bl)-SWCNT increased. The rGO(bl)-SWCNT cathode with an area of ~1 mm2 showed a field emission current density of 562 mA/cm2 and stability for 9 h at a current of 1 mA. The developed technology for the formation of hybrid nanostructures can be used both to create high-performance and stable field emission cathodes and in other applications where nanomaterials coating with good adhesion, strength, and electrical conductivity is required.

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