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Статті в журналах з теми "Humidity Generator"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Berg, Robert F., Nicola Chiodo, and Eric Georgin. "Silicone tube humidity generator." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 3 (February 16, 2022): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-819-2022.

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Abstract. We describe the model and construction of a two-flow (or divided-flow) humidity generator, developed at LNE-Cnam, that uses mass flow controllers to mix a stream of dry gas with a stream of humid gas saturated at 28 ∘C. It can generate a wide range of humidity, with mole fractions in the range of 0.7×10-6<x<9000×10-6, without using low temperature or high pressure. This range is suitable for calibrating balloon-borne instruments that measure humidity in the stratosphere, where x∼5×10-6. The generator's novel feature is a saturator that comprises 5 m of silicone tubing immersed in water. Water enters the humid gas stream by diffusing through the wall of the tubing until the gas stream flowing through the tubing is saturated. This design provides a simple, low-cost humidity generator with an accuracy that is acceptable for many applications. The key requirement is that the tubing be long enough to ensure saturation so that the saturator's output is independent of the dimensions and permeability of the tube. A length of only a few meters was sufficient because the tube was made of silicone; other common polymers have permeabilities that are 1000 times smaller. We verified the model of the transition from unsaturated flow to saturated flow by measuring the humidity while using three tube lengths, two of which were too short for saturation. As a more complete test, we used the generator as a primary device after correcting the calibrations of the mass flow controllers that determined the mixing ratio. At mole fractions of 50×10-6<x<5000×10-6, the generator's output mole fraction xgen agreed to within 1 % with the value xcm measured by a calibrated chilled-mirror hygrometer; in other words, their ratio fell in the range xgen/xcm=1.00±0.01. At smaller mole fractions, their differences fell in the range of xgen-xcm=±1×10-6.

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2

Liedberg, H. G., M. R. Mnguni, and D. Jonker. "A Simple Humidity Generator for Relative Humidity Calibrations." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (May 21, 2008): 1660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0423-z.

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3

Abd El-Galil, Doaa Mohamed, and Essam Mahmoud. "NIS two-pressure humidity generator." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 7, no. 3 (2016): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2016012.

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4

Abe, Hisashi, and Hiroshi Kitano. "Development of humidity standard in trace-moisture region: Characteristics of humidity generation of diffusion tube humidity generator." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 128, no. 1 (March 2006): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.12.049.

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5

Morris, Edwin C. "A simple frost-point humidity generator." Measurement Science and Technology 8, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/8/5/002.

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6

Zeeshan, Afaque Manzoor Soomro, and Sungbo Cho. "Design and Fabrication of a Robust Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Humidity Sensor energized by a Piezoelectric Generator." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 7609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207609.

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Due to their rapid growth in industrial and environmental applications, there is a need to develop self-powered humidity sensor systems with improved sensitivity, a wide detection range, and an eco-friendly nature. In this study, an aqueous solution of chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was blended to yield a composite film material with enhanced humidity detection properties. Meanwhile, a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-loaded chitosan composite film was developed and employed as a piezoelectric generator. Moreover, the developed composite materials for both devices (the piezoelectric generator and the humidity sensor) were optimized based on output performance. The piezoelectric generator generates a maximum of 16.2 V when a force of 10 N is applied and works as a power source for the humidity-sensing film. The sensing film swells in response to changes in relative humidity, which affects film resistance. This change in resistance causes a change in voltage through the piezoelectric generator and allows the precise measurement of relative humidity (RH). The fabricated sensor showed a linear response (R2 = 0.981) with a reasonable sensitivity (0.23 V/% RH) in an environment with an RH range of 21–89%. In addition, the device requires no external power, and therefore, it has numerous sensing applications in various fields.

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7

SASHIDA, Takao, and Kenji MOTOSUGI. "Accurate Humidity Generator Using Divided-Flow Method." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 25, no. 7 (1989): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.25.744.

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8

Mitter, Helmut. "Miniaturized Two-Pressure Generator for Relative Humidity." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (April 23, 2008): 1632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0432-y.

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9

Liu, Yonghao, Xiang-Chao Sun, Chao Lv, and Hong Xia. "Green nanoarchitectonics with PEDOT:PSS–gelatin composite for moisture-responsive actuator and generator." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 12 (November 3, 2021): 125014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac31c6.

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Abstract With improvements in energy conversion efficiency and diversification of conversion manner, devices through natural evaporation from water reservoirs have potential to become an avenue to harvest energy. Using green, sustainable and biocompatible components is ever greater interesting for construction of humidity-induced actuator and generator. Here we demonstrate that green nanoarchitectonics with the bio-friendly poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)–gelatin have good mechanical and humidity responsive properties which can use to construct moisture-responsive actuator and generator. The PEDOT:PSS–gelatin film actuator is fabricated by simple spin-coating, in which PEDOT:PSS is introduced into natural gelatin to increase the mechanical intensity due to hydrogen bond and interpenetrated network between rigid PEDOT:PSS chains and protein molecules. The PEDOT:PSS–gelatin film combined with piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film can be driven into the movement by humidity. The PEDOT:PSS–gelatin film and the driven PVDF film as actuator and generator generates piezoelectric signal. The bio-friendly evaporation-driven generator may have applications in self-powering biomedicine robotic system and sensors.

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10

S.K. BAL, B. U. CHOUDHURY, ANIL SOOD, S.K. JALOTA, and H. SINGH. "Evaluation of climgen model to generate weather parameters under different climatic situations in Punjab." Journal of Agrometeorology 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v10i1.1168.

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In the present study, ClimGen (weather generator) generated data was compared to the observed weather data of Ballowal, Ludhiana and Bathinda weather stations representing different type of climatic situations in Punjab. Several years of daily data of solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed were used as input and five years data were used for validation purpose. Evaluation was done on the basis of coefficient of determination (R2), Residual Mean Square Error (RMSE), General Standard Deviation (GSD) and Wilmott’s index (d) of agreement between generated and observed data. The ClimGen generated data for maximum and minimum temperature showed good performance (GSD d” 0.10 and d e” 0.95) and the data generated for morning relative humidity was acceptable (GSD > 0.10 but d” 0.20 and d < 0.95 but e” 0.90) while evening relative humidity and wind speed were poor except for Ludhiana station. However, the generated rainfall data was poor for all the stations and hence, cannot be accepted. Overall, results indicated ClimGen a good performer as a weather generator for certain parameters.

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11

Heinonen, Martti. "A humidity generator with a test chamber system." Measurement 25, no. 4 (June 1999): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(99)00016-0.

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12

Meyer, C. W., W. W. Miller, D. C. Ripple, and G. E. Scace. "Uncertainty Budget for the NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 8-9 (December 14, 2010): 1488–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-010-0880-z.

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13

Garcia Skabar, J. "Uncertainty Estimations for Standard Humidity Generator of INTI." International Journal of Thermophysics 36, no. 8 (May 30, 2015): 2172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-015-1905-4.

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14

Huang, Peter, Wyatt Miller, and Gregory Strouse. "High Level Humidity Generator for Nitrogen-Water Mixtures." NCSLI Measure 7, no. 2 (June 2012): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2012.11721600.

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15

Choi, B. I., H. S. Nham, S. B. Woo, J. C. Kim, and S. Y. Kwon. "The New KRISS Low Frost-Point Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (June 5, 2008): 1578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0462-5.

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16

Villamizar, Jhonny, Manuel Herreño, Omar Tíjaro, and Yezid Torres. "Atmospheric Characterization Based on Relative Humidity Control at Optical Turbulence Generator." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090550.

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In atmospheric turbulence, relative humidity has been almost a negligible variable due to its limited effect, compared with temperature and air velocity, among others. For studying the horizontal path, a laser beam was propagated in a laboratory room, and an Optical Turbulence Generator (OTG) was built and placed along the optical axis. Additionally, there was controlled humidity inside the room and measuring of some physical variables inside the OTG device for determining its effects on the laser beam. The experimental results show the measurements of turbulence parameters C n 2 , l o , and σ I 2 from beam centroids fluctuations, where increases in humidity generated stronger turbulence.

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17

Gorbunov, V. A., N. A. Lonshakov, and M. N. Mechtaeva. "Development of a model for the wet steam separation in the steam space of PGV-1000M steam generator." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.3.005-015.

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The issue of reducing steam humidity at the output of steam generator is relevant. The value of humidity directly affects the safety and efficiency of power plants. The optimization of steam generator design will enable to enhance its separation properties and reduce steam humidity. Creating a numerical model of wet steam separation process in a full-scale steam generator and its verification will allow proceeding to optimize the steam generator design and evaluate the model effectiveness. This article presents a preliminary study of the wet steam separation process in the steam space of PGV-1000M steam generator. To study the wet steam separation process in the steam space of PGV-1000M steam generator, a numerical model was developed in the ANSYS Fluent finite element analysis system. The following assumptions were made: the surface of the evaporation mirror is flat, drops have a spherical shape, they do not affect the movement of steam, they do not interact with each other, and there is no decay of the droplets. A three-dimensional model of the steam space of PGV-1000M steam generator which allows considering the processes of wet steam separation has been obtained. The analysis of the results has shown that the nature of the processes occurring in the model corresponds to theoretical calculations and operational data. The developed model has been verified and can be used to optimize the steam generator design. Further numerical studies of the developed model will enable to determine the most optimal design of the steam generator which provides the highest efficiency of steam separation. Moreover, it is possible and promising to study the effect of the evaporation mirror surface on the steam humidity in the steam generator. Decreasing the steam humidity at the steam generator output at existing and projected power plants will provide significant savings in funds spent on repairing the steam turbine blade apparatus, and will lead to an increase in the thermal efficiency of the plant.

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18

Feng, Wen Jie, Jin Ping Li, Tong Tong Yin, and Wen Yaw Chung. "The Chip Design of Resistance Type Humidity Readout Circuit which Include the Temperature Compensation Function for Greenhouse Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.423.

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This paper presents the chip design strategy of resistance type humidity readout circuit for greenhouse application. The designed chip includes resistance change type humidity readout circuit, temperature compensation circuit, low voltage dropout generator (LDO), and analog to digital convertor (ADC).The humidity sensor which used in this research is HCZ_H8, and it is produced by Ghitron Company .Because resistance change type humidity sensor depends much on the temperature, so this paper develops a temperature sensing circuit to compensate the effects caused by the temperature change. The ADC in this research is13-bit fully-differential incremental delta sigma A/D converter, and the power supply is 3.3v, but the power supply of the humidity readout circuit is 5v, so a low voltage dropout generator (LDO) is included to match the power supply.

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19

TAKAHASHI, Chiharu, Teruko INAMATSU, and Hiroshi KITANO. "Construction of a Humidity Generator by Divided Flow Method." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 24, no. 6 (1988): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.24.557.

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20

Choi, B. I., J. C. Kim, and S. B. Woo. "Uncertainty of the Kriss Low Frost-Point Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 8-9 (September 2012): 1559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-012-1224-y.

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21

Mackrodt, P. "A New Attempt on a Coulometric Trace Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 8-9 (September 2012): 1520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-012-1348-0.

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22

Lin, Sean Xu Qi, and Xiao Dong Chen. "An effective laboratory air humidity generator for drying research." Journal of Food Engineering 68, no. 1 (May 2005): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.027.

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23

He, Wei, Pengkun Yu, Zhongting Hu, Song Lv, Minghui Qin, and Cairui Yu. "Experimental Study and Performance Analysis of a Portable Atmospheric Water Generator." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010073.

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Found in some specific scenarios, drinking water is hard for people to get, such as during expeditions and scientific investigations. First, a novel water generator with only two thermoelectric coolers (Model A) is designed for extracting water from atmospheric vapor and then experimentally studied under a small inlet air flow rate. The impact of operating conditions on surface temperatures of cold/hot sides and water yield are investigated, including the air flow rate and humidity. Alternately, to determine the super performance of Model A, a comparative experiment between Model A and a reference model (Model B) is carried out. The results suggest that both the cold/hot temperature and water yield in Model A increases with the humidity and air flow rate rising. Seen in comparisons of Model A and Model B, it is found that, at an air humidity of 90% and air flow rate of 30 m3/h, the total water yield was increased by 43.4% and the corresponding value reached the maximum increment of 66.7% at an air humidity of 60% and air flow rate of 30 m3/h. These features demonstrate the advantage of Model A especially in low air humidity compared to Model B.

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24

Milosevic, Nenad, Nenad Stepanic, and Marijana Babic. "A relative humidity calibration from 5°C to 45°C in a mixed-flow humidity generator." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201193m.

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The paper presents a method used in the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences for a reliable and traceable relative humidity calibration in the temperature range from 5?C to 45?C. Inside a controllable temperature and humidity environment, supplied by a mixed-flow humidity generator, measurements of hygrometers under calibration are compared with those of calibrated reference instruments. A traceability chain from temperature to reference relative humidity and next to the hygrometers under calibrations is provided by using a chilled-mirror dew-point temperature system and precise relative humidity probes. Corresponding calibration uncertainties are analyzed, particularly those associated to the temperature uniformity of controlled calibration environment. Two examples of relative humidity calibration with dew-point and relative humidity reference measurements in the range from 15 to 75% of RH and 5?C to 45?C are presented and discussed.

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25

Tukkee, Ali M., Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, and Syed I. U. Gilani. "Humidity Effect on the Simulation Accuracy of Solar Vortex Engine Performance." Journal of Solar Energy Research Updates 8 (October 31, 2021): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-2199.2021.08.10.

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In this study, a validated computational simulation is presented to investigate the effect of humidity on the performance prediction of the solar vortex engine system. Data from an experimental model are used to validate the CFD simulation. Three humidity cases are considered: dry air, 40% and 80% humid air. An expansion process with heat addition is taking place inside the vortex generator. When the vortex field continues outside the system, a compression process with heat rejection occurs, eventually bringing the air vortex to be thermal and mechanical equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere. The change in total energy and the heat transfer rate for both processes, inside the vortex generator and outside the vortex generator, increase with increased humidity in the working fluid. The humidity increases the energy required by the system to generate and maintain the air vortex. Compared to the dry air, the pressure drop at the center of the vortex field decreases by (2-5%) and (4-9%) for the 40% and 80% humid air, respectively. Reduced pressure drop decreases the stability of the air vortex when it is in contact with the atmosphere. The intensity of the air vortex is not affected by the increase in humidity.

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26

Choi, Su-Gil, Yoo-Jeong Choi, and Si-Kuk Kim. "Experimental Research on Operation Characteristics of Smoke Detection Equipment with respect to Varying Humidity Environments." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2ec642f6.

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In this study, experimental research is conducted on the operation characteristics of smoke detection equipment in environments with varying humidity levels. To examine the smoke detection equipment’s operation characteristics with respect to humidity, we manufactured an experimental equipment based on the standard room size specified in ISO 9705. Furthermore, humidity was generated by boiling water via water mist generator, humidifier, coffee pot, and gas burner. Hence, in the static case under 80% humidity, the operation characteristics of the smoke detection equipment were not affected. However, the operation characteristics were observed under a dynamic airflow of 0.8 m/s. Furthermore, the most active operation characteristics were identified at dynamic airflow of 1.5 m/s as opposed to 3.0 m/s. Additionally, in the humidity experiment utilizing a gas burner, the water fog phenomenon was not observed. The smoke concentration, measured via the type one operation of the smoke detection equipment, was 7.5% /m. Hence, we sufficiently confirmed the potential of false alarms due to humidity even without the occurrence of the water fog (steam) phenomenon.

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27

Meyer, C. W., W. W. Miller, D. C. Ripple, and G. E. Scace. "Design and Performance of the New NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator." NCSLI Measure 4, no. 2 (June 2009): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2009.11721470.

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28

Meyer, C. W., W. W. Miller, D. C. Ripple, and G. E. Scace. "Performance and Validation Tests on the NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (January 30, 2008): 1606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0342-4.

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29

Moradi, Mohsen, Benjamin Dyer, Amir Nazem, Manoj K. Nambiar, M. Rafsan Nahian, Bruno Bueno, Chris Mackey, et al. "The Vertical City Weather Generator (VCWG v1.3.2)." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-961-2021.

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Abstract. The Vertical City Weather Generator (VCWG) is a computationally efficient urban microclimate model developed to predict temporal and vertical variation of potential temperature, wind speed, specific humidity, and turbulent kinetic energy. It is composed of various sub-models: a rural model, an urban vertical diffusion model, a radiation model, and a building energy model. Forced with weather data from a nearby rural site, the rural model is used to solve for the vertical profiles of potential temperature, specific humidity, and friction velocity at 10 m a.g.l. The rural model also calculates a horizontal pressure gradient. The rural model outputs are applied to a vertical diffusion urban microclimate model that solves vertical transport equations for potential temperature, momentum, specific humidity, and turbulent kinetic energy. The urban vertical diffusion model is also coupled to the radiation and building energy models using two-way interaction. The aerodynamic and thermal effects of urban elements, surface vegetation, and trees are considered. The predictions of the VCWG model are compared to observations of the Basel UrBan Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) microclimate field campaign for 8 months from December 2001 to July 2002. The model evaluation indicates that the VCWG predicts vertical profiles of meteorological variables in reasonable agreement with the field measurements. The average bias, root mean square error (RMSE), and R2 for potential temperature are 0.25 K, 1.41 K, and 0.82, respectively. The average bias, RMSE, and R2 for wind speed are 0.67 m s−1, 1.06 m s−1, and 0.41, respectively. The average bias, RMSE, and R2 for specific humidity are 0.00057 kg kg−1, 0.0010 kg kg−1, and 0.85, respectively. In addition, the average bias, RMSE, and R2 for the urban heat island (UHI) are 0.36 K, 1.2 K, and 0.35, respectively. Based on the evaluation, the model performance is comparable to the performance of similar models. The performance of the model is further explored to investigate the effects of urban configurations such as plan and frontal area densities, varying levels of vegetation, building energy configuration, radiation configuration, seasonal variations, and different climate zones on the model predictions. The results obtained from the explorations are reasonably consistent with previous studies in the literature, justifying the reliability and computational efficiency of VCWG for operational urban development projects.

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30

Chen, Ling-Hsi, and Chiachung Chen. "Uncertainly Analysis of Two Types of Humidity Sensors by a Humidity Generator with a Divided-Flow System." Sensors 18, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020637.

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31

Skubacz, Krystian, Robert Hildebrandt, Aleksandra Zgórska, Zdzisław Dyduch, Krzysztof Samolej, and Adam Smolinski. "Transport of Aerosols in Underground Mine Workings in Terms of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Threat." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 3501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123501.

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This paper presents a method of implementation and the results of aerosol dispersion tests in underground mine workings. Numerous tests were carried out to determine the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection in the underground environment of the mines. The influence of selected parameters of mine air on the possibility and method of aerosol transmission through ventilation routes was experimentally determined in real conditions. The concentration of additional aerosols in the class of ultrafine and fine aerosols increased with the distance from the generator, while the concentration of coarse particles decreased. Assuming the consumption of the solution with which aerosols were generated, even at a small level of 1 cm3/min., the number of additional aerosols was several hundred particles in one cubic centimeter of air at a distance of 50–70 m from the generator. The concentration of ultrafine particles in the range of 40–20,000 nm increased from 122 particles/cm3 to 209 particles/cm3 at air temperature of 12 °C and relative humidity of 95–96%, and from 90 particles/cm3 to 243 particles/cm3 at air temperature of 17 °C and relative humidity of 76–82%, with the increasing distance from the generator (10 m to 50 m).

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32

Su, Pi-Guey, and Ren-Jang Wu. "Uncertainty of humidity sensors testing by means of divided-flow generator." Measurement 36, no. 1 (July 2004): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2004.04.009.

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33

Takahashi, Chiharu, and Hiroshi Kitano. "Calibration method of flow meters for a divided flow humidity generator." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 36, no. 1-3 (October 1996): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(97)80123-2.

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34

Bilynsky, Yosyp, Oksana Horodetska, Svitlana Sirenko, and Dmytro Novytskyi. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NATURAL GAS HUMIDITY CONTROL DEVICE." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.2079.

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The means of measuring humidity based on the use of the ultrahigh frequency method have been recently gaining widespread use, because of its simple, robust construction and high measuring accuracy. We used the advanced waveguide ultrahigh frequency method of measuring the moisture content of natural gas which, in contrast to the known the use of a traveling wave in a waveguide, is proposed. In this case, the interaction with waves of the ultrahigh frequency range changes the dielectric properties of the gas, and this change is registered. On the basis of an improved ultrahigh frequency method of humidity measurement, a device for natural gas humidity control using a traveling wave in a waveguide is proposed. The investigations have shown that a comparative channel increased the measurement accuracy, as a two-channel system – in contrast to a single-channel – eliminates the instability of the value of the input signal supplied to the generator. The principle of operation of a natural gas humidity control device that contains an ultrahigh frequency generator, attenuators, waveguide tees, a waveguide section for comparison, temperature sensor and pressure switches for the comparative and measuring channels, a measuring cuvette, amplifier, microprocessor, and display unit is described. A mathematical model of a natural gas humidity control device, which takes into account the values of the dielectric permittivity of the measuring gas and reference channels and contains correction factors for temperature, the use of which increases the accuracy of humidity measurement, is proposed. The lower and upper calibration points of the natural gas humidity control device are defined. The influence of correction factors for the temperature at the measurement error of the humidity is analyzed.

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35

Casallas, Ingrid, Manuel Pérez, Arturo Fajardo, and Carlos-Ivan Paez-Rueda. "Experimental Parameter Tuning of a Portable Water Generator System Based on a Thermoelectric Cooler." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020141.

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Atmospheric Water Generators (AWG) are a promising technology solution to the water scarcity in the world. However, their main drawback is the high power consumption. This paper presents the experimental optimization process of a Portable Atmospheric Water Generator (PAWG) prototype based on a thermometric cooler. This process was developed by an exhaustive search of the experimental solution space, which was generated by parametric sweeps of two parameters (i.e., control voltages in the PAWG), which are related to the power consumption of the PAWG and the physical variables involved in the water condensation process (i.e., the airflow and the temperature on the water condenser element). As a result, we found the existence of two optimal operation points under a constant value of relative humidity; one of them maximizes the amount of water generated, and the other one maximizes the system performance (i.e., the ratio between the generated water and consumed power in mL/Wh). The resulting Figures of Merit (FoMs) of the PAWG prototype were 0.33 mL/h of generated water and 0.22 mL/Wh for the system performance.

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36

Casallas, Ingrid, Manuel Pérez, Arturo Fajardo, and Carlos-Ivan Paez-Rueda. "Experimental Parameter Tuning of a Portable Water Generator System Based on a Thermoelectric Cooler." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020141.

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Анотація:

Atmospheric Water Generators (AWG) are a promising technology solution to the water scarcity in the world. However, their main drawback is the high power consumption. This paper presents the experimental optimization process of a Portable Atmospheric Water Generator (PAWG) prototype based on a thermometric cooler. This process was developed by an exhaustive search of the experimental solution space, which was generated by parametric sweeps of two parameters (i.e., control voltages in the PAWG), which are related to the power consumption of the PAWG and the physical variables involved in the water condensation process (i.e., the airflow and the temperature on the water condenser element). As a result, we found the existence of two optimal operation points under a constant value of relative humidity; one of them maximizes the amount of water generated, and the other one maximizes the system performance (i.e., the ratio between the generated water and consumed power in mL/Wh). The resulting Figures of Merit (FoMs) of the PAWG prototype were 0.33 mL/h of generated water and 0.22 mL/Wh for the system performance.

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37

Kerstel, Erik. "Modeling the dynamic behavior of a droplet evaporation device for the delivery of isotopically calibrated low-humidity water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 6 (June 23, 2021): 4657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4657-2021.

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Abstract. A model is presented that gives a quantitative description of the dynamic behavior of a low-humidity water vapor generator in terms of water vapor concentration (humidity) and isotope ratios. The generator is based on the evaporation of a nanoliter-sized droplet produced at the end of a syringe needle by balancing the inlet water flow and the evaporation of water from the droplet surface into a dry-air stream. The humidity level is adjusted by changing the speed of the high-precision syringe pump and, if needed, the dry-air flow. The generator was developed specifically for use with laser-based water isotope analyzers in Antarctica, and it was recently described in Leroy-Dos Santos et al. (2021). Apart from operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and water and dry-air flows, the model has as “free” input parameters: water isotope fractionation factors and the evaporation rate. We show that the experimental data constrain these parameters to physically realistic values that are in reasonable to good agreement with available literature values. With the advent of new ultraprecise isotope ratio spectrometers, the approach used here may permit the measurement of not only the evaporation rate but also the effective fractionation factors and isotopologue-dependent diffusivity ratios, in the evaporation of small droplets.

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38

Jang, Eun-Jeong, Young-Suk Lee, Byung-Il Choi, Yoonseuk Choi, and Sang-Wook Lee. "Development of a divided-flow humidity generator and its use for studying low-temperature effects on radiosonde humidity sensors." JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 30, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46670/jsst.2021.30.4.243.

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39

Abd El-Galil, Doaa Mohamed, and Essam Mahmoud. "Testing the reliability of humidity generator through measurements traceable to calibration standards." Measurement 124 (August 2018): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.028.

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40

Martins, L. Lages, A. Silva Ribeiro, J. Alves e Sousa, and Alistair B. Forbes. "Measurement Uncertainty of Dew-Point Temperature in a Two-Pressure Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 8-9 (May 31, 2011): 1568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-011-1005-z.

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41

Kitano, H., T. Niwa, N. Ochi, and C. Takahashi. "Saturator Efficiency and Uncertainty of NMIJ Two-Pressure Two-Temperature Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (August 6, 2008): 1615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0494-x.

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42

Feng, Zikang, Lina Zheng, Lingyu Liu, and Wenli Zhang. "Real-Time PM2.5 Monitoring in a Diesel Generator Workshop Using Low-Cost Sensors." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111766.

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Particulates from diesel generator operation are a known air pollutant with adverse health effects. In this study, we used low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors to monitor PM2.5 in a diesel generator plant. We compared the measurement results from a PM sensor and a reference instrument (DustTrak), and we found a high correlation between them. The data overestimation or underestimation of PM sensors implied the need for data calibration. Hence, we proposed a data calibration algorithm based on a nonlinear support vector machines (SVM) model, and we investigated the effect of three calibration factors on the model: humidity, temperature, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC). It was found that the TVOC correction coefficient has great influence on the model, which should be considered when calibrating the low-cost PM sensor in diesel generator operation sites. A monitoring network with six low-cost sensors was installed in the diesel generator plant to monitor PM2.5 concentration. It was found that normal diesel generator work, diesel generator set handling work, and human activity are the most dominant ways of producing particulate matter at the site, and dispersion is the main cause of increased PM2.5 concentrations in nonworking areas. In this study, PM2.5 emissions from two different diesel generators were tested, and PM2.5 concentrations at monitoring points reached 220 μg/m3 and 120 μg/m3, respectively. This further confirms that diesel generators produce many respirable particles when working.

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43

Eisner, A. D., and T. B. Martonen. "Design and Development of a Micro-Thermocouple Sensor for Determining Temperature and Relative Humidity Patterns Within an Airstream." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 111, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3168380.

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This paper describes the production and calibration of a miniature psychrometer treated with a specially developed porous coating. The investigation was conducted to determine localized patterns of rapidly changing temperature and relative humidity in dynamic flowing gas environments (e.g., with particular attention to future applications to the human respiratory system). The technique involved the use of dry miniature thermocouples and wetted miniature thermocouples coated with boron nitride to act as a wicking material. A precision humidity generator was developed for calibrating the psychrometer. It was found that, in most cases, the measured and expected (i.e., theoretically predicted) relative humidity agreed to within 0.5 to 1.0 percent relative humidity. Procedures that would decrease this discrepancy even further were pinpointed, and advantages of using the miniature psychrometer were assessed.

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44

Komazaki, Yusuke, Kenji Kanazawa, Taiki Nobeshima, Hirotada Hirama, Yuichi Watanabe, Kouji Suemori, and Sei Uemura. "Energy harvesting by ambient humidity variation with continuous milliampere current output and energy storage." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 14 (2021): 3570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00562f.

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45

Huang, Yaxin, Huhu Cheng, Ce Yang, Houze Yao, Chun Li, and Liangti Qu. "All-region-applicable, continuous power supply of graphene oxide composite." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 6 (2019): 1848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00838a.

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This study demonstrates an all-region-applicable moist-electric generator (MEG) based on a highly hydrophilic graphene oxide composite, delivering considerable electric energy over a wide temperature (−25 °C to 50 °C) and relative humidity range (RH, 5–95%).

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46

Kuswanto, Heru, Ichwan Abimanyu, and Wipsar Sunu Brams Dwandaru. "Increasing the Sensitivity of Polymer Optical Fiber Sensing Element in Detecting Humidity: Combination of Macro and Micro Bendings." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 7 (March 12, 2022): 3200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3200.

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Humidity sensing is essential in various fields, including industrial processes, agriculture, engineering, and health. A material suitable as a sensing element for humidity detecting is polymer optical fiber (POF). In this study, a combination of micro and macro bendings was proposed to increase the sensitivity of the sensing element. The sensing element was constructed by peeling the out-most coating of the POF, but keeping intact the cladding and core. The macro bending was done upon the peeled part of the POF by making a circular form with varying diameter of 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 cm. The micro bending was constructed by making a local bent via subjecting to electrical discharge flame from an inductor generator with varying number of micro bendings, i.e., 1, 2 and 3. The sensing element was then tested for its sensitivity as a humidity sensor. The sensing element was positioned inside a self-custom made humidity measurement box consisting of a hygrometer and a pipe to stream water vapor inside the box. The normalized power was measured by varying the % humidity inside the box. In general, the result showed that increasing the humidity caused the normalized lupower to decrease, hence increasing the power loss of the sensing element. Moreover, the sensitivity of the sensing element was increased 10 times for the combined micro and macro bendings compared to a sensing element without micro bendings. HIGHLIGHTS In this study, we increase the sensitivity of a polymer optical fiber (POF) sensing element via a combination of micro and macro bendings. The sensing element is constructed by peeling the out-most coating of the POF, but keeping the cladding and core The macro bending is done upon the peeled part of the POF in a circular form. The micro bending is constructed by making a local bent via subjecting to electrical discharge flame from an inductor generator The sensing element is then tested for its sensitivity as a humidity sensor. The sensing element is put inside a self-custom made humidity box. The normalized power was measured by varying the % humidity inside the box The result shows that increasing the humidity causes the normalized power to decrease, hence increasing the power loss of the sensing element. Moreover, the sensitivity of the sensing element is increased 10 times for the combined micro and macro bendings compared to a sensing element without micro bendings GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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47

Im, Jong-Pil, Jeong Kim, Jae Lee, Ji Woo, Sol Im, Yeriaron Kim, Yong-Sung Eom, Won Choi, Jun Kim, and Seung Moon. "Self-Powered Autonomous Wireless Sensor Node by Using Silicon-Based 3D Thermoelectric Energy Generator for Environmental Monitoring Application." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030674.

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In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study on the self-powered autonomous wireless sensor node by using thermoelectric energy generator based on Silicon (Si) thermoelectric legs, energy management integrated circuit (EMIC), Radio Frequency (RF) module with a temperature and humidity sensor, etc. A novel thermoelectric module structure is designed as an energy generator module, which consists of 127 pairs of Silicon legs and this module is fabricated and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of generating electrical power under the temperature gradient of 70K. EMIC has three key features besides high efficiency, which are maximum power point tracking (MPPT), cold start, and complete self-power operation. EMIC achieved a cold start voltage of 200 mV, peak efficiency of 78.7%, MPPT efficiency 99.4%, and an output power of 34 mW through only the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) source. To assess the capability of the device as a small scale power source for internet of things (IoT) service, we also tested energy conversion and storage experiments. Finally, the proposed sensor node system which can transmit and monitor the information from the temperature and humidity sensor through the RF module in real time demonstrates the feasibility for variable applications.

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48

FUJIWARA, Naoyuki, Hiroyuki IYOTA, and Yuichiro AKIMARU. "Development of high dew-point humidity standard generator by superheated steam mixing method." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2020.95 (2020): P_018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2020.95.p_018.

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49

Abe, H. "Novel Flow Measurement/Control System in Magnetic Suspension Balance/Diffusion-Tube Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 8-9 (June 3, 2011): 1500–1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-011-1008-9.

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50

Abe, H., H. Tanaka, and H. Kitano. "Uncertainty Analysis of Evaporation Rate in Magnetic Suspension Balance/Diffusion-Tube Humidity Generator." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 5 (January 16, 2008): 1555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0350-4.

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