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1
Korkeakivi, Antti. "European Court of Human Rights Decision:D.H. v. Czech Republic." International Legal Materials 47, no. 1 (February 2008): 35–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900005520.
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2
Waisová, Šárka, and Linda Piknerová. "Twenty Years After." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 1 (April 8, 2011): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411404553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
However obsolete it may appear in the environment of the post-1989 Czech Republic, dissident activity has left its imprint on Czech society and politics. In Czech foreign policy, there is something like a dissident tradition, which dissidents themselves seem to uphold. In the Czech foreign policy process, there exists an explicit mechanism that has incorporated the dissident tradition, which, in quite a few cases, has affected policy outcomes. The introduction of the dissident tradition into Czech foreign policy was facilitated by the dissidents’ great concern for foreign policy and for human rights issues, and, in particular, for human rights issues outside the Czech Republic. We present evidence that dissidents have been concerned with foreign policy and with human rights issues by analyzing the membership of parliamentary committees of both chambers of the Parliament as well as the dissidents’ activities in the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Significantly, when activities tied to the dissident tradition emerge in the Parliament, the initiators of such activities are always (although not exclusively) dissidents; the opponents, always nondissidents.
3
Týč, Vladimír, Linda Janků, and Katarína Šipulová. "Reservations to Human Rights Treaties: A Case Study on the Practice of Czechoslovakia and Its Successor States." International Community Law Review 16, no. 3 (July 9, 2014): 371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conformity with human rights norms is currently a standard component of democratic states’ policies. However, this conformity is reflected not only in domestic binding catalogues of human rights embodied in constitutions, but also in the continuous rise of international control and treaty commitments. States are widely expected to commit to and ratify international human rights documents. Nevertheless, a great deal of the research on state commitments disregards the effects and changes which might be brought upon these ratifications by the submission of reservations. This article proposes an in-depth analysis of state commitments and the practice of submitting reservations in two case studies: the Czech Republic and Slovakia, together with their common predecessor, communist (and, briefly, democratic) Czechoslovakia, and maps the way these regimes, in their different stages of transitional development, worked with reservations. This contribution has been elaborated within the framework of the project „International Human Rights Obligations of the Czech Republic: Trends, Practice, Causes and Consequences“, GA13-27956S, supported by the Czech Science Foundation GAČR.
4
Hamuľák, Ondrej. "Penetration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union into the Constitutional Order of the Czech Republic – Basic Scenarios." European Studies 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2022-0049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary This paper deals with the question, whether, how and to what extent the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU could enter the scene of constitutional review before the Czech Constitutional Court. In connection to Czech Republic, this question must react on the special constitutional category – Czech constitutional order, which includes also international agreements on human rights which are binding for the Czech Republic. The paper analyses the question, whether EU Charter can be understood as such international commitment or not and what are the options of its application by the Czech Constitutional Court and also how we can define its relation to the constitutional order. Paper distinguishes 3 scenarios: 1) inclusion of the EU Charter into the constitutional order of the Czech Republic; 2) refusal of formal inclusion of the EU Charter into the constitutional order of the Czech Republic; and 3) understanding of the EU Charter as association of constitutional order, capable to be used within the constitutional order even without the formal inclusion into the set of Czech constitutional rules.
5
Vedernikov, Mikhail. "Role of Czech Republic in the Development of Belarus Civil Society." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran320215461.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reaction of the Belarusian authorities to the August 2020 demonstrations, drew strong condemnation from the Czech Republic. The article analyzes the reasons for such close attention of the Czech officials to the Belarusian problems. The historical context of the Czech Republic’s support for the Belarusian opposition is outlined; revealed the human rights and value aspects of the foreign policy of Prague, where support for democracy and human rights is an integral feature of Czech diplomacy at its present stage of development. The author examines the «Program of Transformational Cooperation» of the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He comes to the conclusion that the Belarusian direction has always been among the priorities and has not disappeared from the agenda. However, the stability of the Belarusian regime led to the fact that the Czechs began to contribute to the development of democracy in other countries, where its «implantation» was more real.
6
Schorm, Vít Alexander. "It Takes a Village to Implement a Judgment: Creating a Forum for Multi-Stakeholder Involvement in the Czech Republic." Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa011.
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Abstract In this practice note, the Government Agent of the Czech Republic before the European Court of Human Rights and other international bodies for the protection of human rights reflects on national implementation, with the help of selected examples.
7
Němec, Damián. "Juridical Relations between Freedom of Artistic Expression and Protection of the Dignity of Religion in the Light of a Lawsuit over Theatrical Performances in the Czech Republic." Philosophy and Canon Law 9, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pacl.2023.09.2.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the legal regulation of the relationship between two human rights, freedom of artistic creation and protection of the value of religion as part of freedom of religion in the Czech Republic. It first gives an overview of three models of this relationship in three historical epochs: the period of democratic Czechoslovakia in the years 1918 to 1948 (excluding the period of World War II, where the protection of human rights was completely ignored), the period of domination of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1948 to 1989, that is, a period of general violations of human rights, and in a democratic society from 1989 (until 1992 in Czechoslovakia, from the disintegration of the Czechoslovak federation to January 1, 1993, in the Czech Republic). Most attention is paid to litigation caused by the presentation of two theater performances at the Brno Theater Festival in 2018. Both performances were directed by the Croat Oliver Frljić, known for controversial means of expression, often with a religious theme. The ensuing lawsuit, in which the then president of the Czech Bishops’ Conference was one of the plaintiffs, showed that the general courts preferred the protection of artistic freedom in the conflict between the two constitutionally guaranteed freedoms with only one significant restriction: vituperation or downsizing of beliefs. However, the dispute is not yet fully resolved: the plaintiffs have filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, which has not yet ruled on the matter. Consequently, an application to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg cannot be ruled out.
8
Aleksandrova, Ivelina. "Compulsory Childhood Vaccination – Interests, Rights, Solidarity." De Jure 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/xzoc7553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Vavřička and Others v. the Czech Republic, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) considered for the first time whether compulsory childhood vaccination can be compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Filed before the COVID-19 pandemic, the case is of broad interest given the long-term political and legal debate around compulsory childhood vaccination.
9
Maslen, Michal. "Right to Education in the Slovak Republic." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 14, no. 1 (July 21, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tekapr.2021.14.1-22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyzes the extent of transposition of the requirements of the right to education into the statutory legislation on education in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The author includes also the conclusions and opinions arising from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
10
Vedernikov, Mikhail. "EXTERNAL AND DOMESTIC CHALLENGES FOR CZECH REPUBLIC." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 24, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran620211523.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article attempts to outline the main challenges faced by the Czech Republic in domestic and foreign policy. The author notes that the main threat within the country lies in the propensity of some part of the establishment to abuse of office. However, there are effective tools to counter these trends in the form of a developed system of democratic institutions and civil society. In foreign policy, a value-based approach has recently become widespread, which often damages the interests of the state and distorts the real picture of dangers. The author notes that the local political community is in a state of «Czech-Czech war», implying a confrontation between two groups of elites: pragmatists-technocrats and human rights defenders-liberals. These trends have become especially widespread since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, which has accelerated the development of international processes.
11
Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-third Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 1 (January 1998): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998071.
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The fifty-third session of the UN Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 10 to April 18, 1997, with Miroslav Somol of the Czech Republic serving as chairman. More than twenty-three hundred individuals were in attendance, representing fifty-three member and ninety-two observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations, and some forty specialized agencies, UN bodies and other organizations.
12
Sever, Tina, Iztok Rakar, and Polonca Kovač. "Protecting Human Rights Through Fundamental Principles of Administrative Procedures in Eastern Europe." DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 5, no. 4 (February 2, 2015): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/danb-2014-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Administrative procedures (APs) are tools to protect fundamental human rights in statecitizen relations. As the modernization of public administration regulation is undergoing a transformation in the direction of reducing detailed rules on APs and, by the same token, emphasizing fundamental or general principles, research on the development and the state of the art of administrative principles in the general administrative procedure acts (APAs) of selected Eastern Europe countries with a common heritage of Austrian law dating back to 1925 (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and the Czech Republic) was carried out. The normative-comparative analysis reveals differences in approaches to and the pace of APAs reform and content; some countries are taking a more radical approach, mainly by following good governance dimensions. Convergence based on Council of Europe and EU initiatives is also evident. Classical guarantees against the misuse of power (principles of legality, equality, proportionality, rights of defense, etc.) are therefore crucial. The most progress seems to have been made by Croatia and the Czech Republic; by focusing on partnerships in administrative-legal relations in the sense of good administration, these two countries have, among other things, set a trend for other countries to follow.
13
Albert, Gwendolyn. "Compensation for Forced Sterilization in the Czech Republic: Reporting the Results of Romani Women’s Activism." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 20, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-02001011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In August 2021, a law took effect in the Czech Republic to compensate people who had been sterilized on Czech territory without their informed consent between 1966 and 2012. This report, authored by an activist and ally who has assisted Romani women with advocating for compensation since 2004, will summarize the issue and describe the current state of the compensation process. Efforts to end these human rights violations have been underway almost since these practices were first reported in the 1970s in the former Czechoslovakia, and these recent developments represent an important breakthrough for civil society, enforcement of human rights, and Romani people. The compensation process opened on 1 January 2022 and will close on 1 January 2025; this report will review its strengths and weaknesses to date.
14
Cłapińska, Katarzyna. "Wyrok Wielkiej Izby Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka z 8 kwietnia 2021 r. w sprawie Vavřička przeciwko Czechom, skarga nr 47621/13." Przegląd Konstytucyjny, no. 1 (2022) (June 2022): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25442031pko.22.009.15735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court Human Rights of April 8, 2021 in the case Vavřička v. The Czech Republic, application no. 47621/13 Vavrick’s judgment against the Czech Republic, issued by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights, raises the issue of the obligation to vaccinate children imposed by the law of the Czech Republic. The Court simultaneously examined five complaints concerning the refusal to admit children to kindergarten due to their non-vaccinations and one concerning a father of two children who was fined an administrative penalty for failure to comply with a statutory obligation. The applicants alleged violation of the right to respect private and family life (Article 8 of the ECHR) and of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 9 of the ECHR). The Court therefore examined whether the interference in the form of an infringement of physical integrity was justified, examining whether it was lawful, justified by a legitimate aim and whether it was necessary in a democratic state ruled by law. Ultimately, the Tribunal supported the position that there had been no violation of the provisions of the Convention, explaining that it was a response to an urgent social need, and the choice of the measure chosen by the Czech legislator was supported by appropriate arguments. Moreover, the judges stated that despite the existence of a legal obligation, vaccination was not compulsory.
15
Černý, Petr. "The Right of Assembly in Central Europe." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 15 (December 15, 2020): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v15.5786.
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The article deals with the legal regulation of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic with regard to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The chosen topics focus on the definition of assembly, the relationship between freedom of expression and property rights together with the right of assembly. In each of above-mentioned countries, the assembly to which constitutional protection is granted, the definitiondiffers slightly; with the widest concept of assembly deriving from the judicature of the ECHR. The constitutional protection of the Assembly, in particular found in Germany and Austria, which is significantly narrower than the protection provided by the European Convention on Human Rights, may thus at some stage come into conflict with the requirements of the ECHR. The section devoted to freedom of speech deals, among other things, with cases exhibiting shocking photographs, which were part of the campaign against abortion, in front of schools in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. In the future, the most serious problem is the conflict of the right of assembly along with the right of ownership, consisting in assemblies held on private property, which is used by the public, such as shopping malls, airports or railway stations. This has been the focus of the professional public and the courts for a long time, especially in Germany.
16
Vidnianskyi, S. "Vaclav Havel: A Symbol of Democratic Change in Central and Eastern Europe (to the 30th Anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia)." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-9.
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The article is dedicated to the figure of the prominent Czech cultural and political figure Vaclav Havel. The author reveals the main stages of the biography of this famous personality from childhoodto the presidency. The literary, educational, dissident, human rights and political activities of V. Havel are characterized. The author summarizes the role and influence of the personality of the Czech leaderof post-communist Czechoslovakia and subsequently of the Czech Republic in the matter of returning the country to the community of European states. The pages of V. Havel’s biography are revealed onthe background of the main processes of Czech transit to democracy, namely in connection with the successful processes of Euro-Atlantic and European integration. The importance of the figure of thefirst President of the Czech Republic in its international recognition and the establishment of international relations and the pro-European foreign policy is emphasized. The article also describes the establishment of Ukrainian-Czech dialogue.
17
Kuznietsova, K. I. "CZECH REPUBLIC FOREIGN POLICY: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 139 (2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.139.0.49-57.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the 1990s the Czech foreign policy objectives were to secure its proper place in international relations after the end of the Cold War, which included the entry of a number of international intergovernmental organizations (IMF, World Bank Group organizations, OECD, EBRD, NATO, EU, etc.) and the development of friendly relations with neighboring states and partners. In this sense, there is no reason to identify the foreign policy of the Czech Republic during this period only as a course aimed at "returning to Europe". In the early 1990's, most Czech political actors shared the idea of "return to the West" and "liberal democracy", the differences in their vision of the models of the geopolitical orientation of the Czech Republic make it possible to distinguish between the interaction of the three main foreign policy ideologies in the process of adopting foreign policy decisions: atlanticism, continentalism, and autonomy. Different interpretations of the essence of "liberal democracy" led to the emergence in the Czech politics of two ideological trends that had a significant impact on the vision of the foreign policy priorities of the Czech Republic: economic universalism (aimed at eliminating institutional barriers to the free flow of goods, services, money), and moral universalism (oriented towards the spread of democracy and the protection of human rights, which is a priority in foreign policy). Followers of economic universalism (primarily V. Klaus) actively advocated the development of economic ties with Russia and China, while the followers of the ideology of moral universalism (V. Havel and his followers) actively opposed it. The article also investigates the influence of foreign policy prejudices on the formation of the foreign policy of the Czech Republic, among which the most influential are anti-Russian and anti-German.
18
GRÜNWALDOVÁ, VLADIMÍRA PEJCHALOVÁ. "General and Particular Approaches to Implementation of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 55 (August 30, 2018): 248–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2018.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article deals with the implementation, at the national level, of European human rights protection standards as enshrined in theEuropean Convention on Human Rights(ECHR) and interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). It discusses the principles of interpretation of theECHRby the ECtHR, the interaction and mutual dialogue between the ECtHR and national courts, and the approach of the latter to interpretation and application of the case law of the ECtHR. Using the concrete examples of France and the Czech Republic as case studies, it is shown to what extent and how European constitutional courts take into account and apply the letter of the Convention and its interpretation by the ECtHR.
19
Slepickova, Lenka, and Daniela Filakovska Bobakova. "Conceptualization of Roma in Policy Documents Related to Social Inclusion and Health in the Czech Republic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217739.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Czech Republic, a number of strategy papers and policy documents are guiding the direction of Roma inclusion, including in the area of health. The conceptualization of Roma and how mainstream political and public discourse operate with the term “Roma” contribute to a mistakenly homogenous and harmful image of Roma that conforms to negative stereotypes. The aim of our study was to examine the conceptualization of Roma in policy documents related to social inclusion and health in the Czech Republic. Relevant political, strategic and project documents were selected for analysis. Emphasis is placed in them on individual responsibility in relation to health, while structural conditions and discrimination are mentioned less often. Roma are described in relation to health primarily as people who should be educated. More emphasis is placed on the economic benefits of eliminating health inequalities than on citizens’ rights and the importance of inclusion. When “participation” or “empowerment” is mentioned, it is done vaguely, usually in addition to references to completely non-participatory practices. The majority is the primary actor in the field of eliminating health inequalities, as it defines the “path” that Roma need to be shown or determines what is needed to “stimulate” citizens. Although the political discourse concerning Roma has shifted more towards human rights, equity and combating discrimination in the Czech Republic, subtle forms of anti-Gypsyism still seem to be present.
20
Mareš, Miroslav. "Czech Militant Democracy in Action." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 1 (May 18, 2011): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411408070.
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This article analyses the dissolution of the extreme right Workers’ Party by the Czech courts in 2010. It situates the case in the historical development of party closures by militant democracy on Czech territory and explains why the Workers’ Party was the first party to be dissolved in the Czech Republic after the fall of the Communist regime. It also describes the legislative framework in contemporary Czech law for the dissolution of political parties. It details the political and legal repercussions of the ruling and the wider discussions it provoked, not only in political and expert circles but also among the general public. Given the fact that the case was taken to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the European dimension of the dissolution of the Workers’ Party is also analysed.
21
Yang, Joonseok. "Korean Perceptions of Czechoslovakia’s Charta 77: Focusing on Korean Media Reports." East and West Studies 34, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29274/ews.2022.34.3.71.
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This study analyzes the development process of Czechoslovakia’s Charta 77 and Korean perceptions of the Czechoslovak liberalization movement in 1977 based on media materials. Charta 77, published on January 1977, was a Czechoslovak dissident movement that emphasized non-political purposes and human rights motives. The media of the Republic of Korea(ROK) quickly and concretely reported on the suppression of the human rights of those involved in Charta 77 by the Czechoslovak government, with particular attention to the reactions of countries around the world to human rights issues in Eastern Europe. The People’s Republic of China supported Charta 77 and called it a “new Prague Spring.” The United States also broke with the principle of nonintervention in human rights issues in Eastern Europe and strongly criticized violations of human rights and freedoms there. The media of the ROK continued to report on the trend toward liberalization from Charta 77 until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. In particular, in analyzing the causes of Charta 77, ROK media cited Czech intellectuals’ longing for democracy and internal conflicts within the communist forces that resisted the dictatorship of the proletariat. While multi-layered reports on Charter 77 in the ROK progressed quickly, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK) reported in detail on the 1968 Prague Spring, but there were no reports in DPRK on Charta 77 during the worsening economic crisis of the late 1970s.
22
Baumgart, Nathalie. "The European Court of Human Rights and the Protection of National Minorities: Are We There Yet?" European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 20, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 93–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-02001005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article highlights the most significant and recent developments concerning the protection of national minorities in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter ‘the Court’ or ECtHR). The examination of this development focuses on political, cultural, and social participation; education and language rights under Articles 8, 10, 11, and 2 Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ‘the Charter’ or ECHR), which are amongst the most important rights for members of national minorities. The critical analysis includes controversial judgments such as Gorzelik and Others v. Poland and D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the paper draws a comparison between the ECHR and other instruments, such as a potential additional protocol to the ECHR and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (hereinafter ‘Framework Convention’ or FCNM).
23
Grover, Sonja. "Mental Health Professionals as Pawns in Oppressive Practices: A Case Example Concerning Psychologists’ Involvement in the Denial of Education Rights to Roma/Gypsy Children." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (March 2007): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/152315007780493825.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines a 2006 European Court of Human Rights judgment concerning educational discrimination against Roma children in the Czech Republic and the involvement of educational psychologists in the case. The court held the school to be the proper final arbiter on the question of the best interests of the child regarding educational placement. Based largely on culturally biased psychological testing results, the Roma children in question were declared mentally handicapped by educational psychologists. On that basis, they were placed in a segregated school for the intellectually disabled where the curriculum was quite deficient. Despite statistical evidence of the overrepresentation of Roma children in such segregated Czech schools, and of widespread discrimination against Roma in schools and in the larger society, the court rejected the claim that the children’s right to an education had been violated. The implication for psychologists and educators internationally, to avoid becoming pawns contributing to an oppressive human rights situation, is discussed.
24
Jandejsek, Petr. "The Divine Character of Human Rights and Duties: A Theological Enquiry in the Context of the Border Regions in the Czech Republic." AUC THEOLOGICA 12, no. 2 (March 6, 2023): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363398.2023.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The context of the article is the call by Pope Francis expressed in Fratelli tutti to extend fraternity towards people on the margins. The discourse on human rights is proposed as an appropriate – though by no means self-evident – tool for theology to use in order to respond to the challenge of poverty. The article discusses the use of human rights in theology against the background of the situation of poor border areas of the Czech Republic, which are considered to suffer from injustice. It is argued that, under current socio-economic conditions, it is extremely difficult for people living in these regions to make free and responsible decisions. The article confirms that human rights, e.g., social and economic rights, can be convincingly based on a theological view of the human person. ‘Divine rights’ have their counterpart in ‘divine duties’, i.e., duties resulting from biblical faith in God the Liberator. Moreover, the Gospel shows that works of mercy or works of justice are eschatologically significant. Finally, it argues that human rights not only allow Christians to share with people of other faiths and without faith the service to justice in the world but are even a possible expression of their own mission to work for the coming of the Kingdom.
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Sviatun, Olena, and Martin Škurek. "The Legal Framework of Whistleblowers’ Protection in Ukraine and in the Czech Republic." European Studies 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2023-0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary The Directive (EU) no. 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23rd 2019 on the Protection of Persons Who Report Breaches of Union Law (further ‘the Directive’) was published on November 26th 2019 and went into effect in December of 2019. Considering its importance, the presented article deals with the issue of legal regulation of whistleblowers’ protection in both Ukraine and the Czech Republic. The existing Ukrainian legislation is not lacking certain deficiencies. First of all, there is the need to introduce a broad definition of the term “whistle blower” so that whistleblowers of violations of human rights, environmental standards, food safety and household items, public interests, etc. were also subject to protection. As for the Czech Republic, from an analysis of the Act on the Protection of Whistleblowers, it is clear that this Act is obviously a failed result of the Directive’s transposition.
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Králíčková, Zdeňka. "Changes in Czech Family Law in Light of the Principles of European Family Law." Law, Identity and Values 1, no. 1 (2021): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55073/2021.1.85-98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Czech family law has recently been re-codified as part of the new Civil Code. The intention of its main drafters was to build on the values and traditions of Christian-Jewish culture in the Czech Republic and to enrich Czech family law with a new dimension, especially in relation to international human rights conventions and developments in the field of human rights in general. Some sections have also been significantly influenced by the Principles of European Family Law (PEFL) developed by the Commission on European Family Law (CEFL) aiming at ‘better law’ and the harmonization of family law systems in Europe. It was stressed that the Principles of European Family Law regarding Divorce and Maintenance Between Former Spouses, the Principles of European Family Law regarding Parental Responsibilities and the Principles of European Family Law regarding Property Relations Between Spouses were published during the time of recodification of the new Civil Code and took into consideration. However, the Principles of European Family Law regarding the Property, Maintenance and Succession Rights and Duties of Couples in de facto Unions were published later. It is unclear whether the concept of unmarried cohabitation will be a challenge for Czech legislators. One can agree with the view that the new private law code should, in principle, cover all private law matters, including family law, as is customary in countries with comparable legal environments. And finally, the article was focused on the pending drafts, as developments in this area are not over, as further changes are on the way.
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David, Roman, and Susanne Y. P. Choi. "Victims on Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Reparation of Human Rights Abuses in the Czech Republic." Human Rights Quarterly 27, no. 2 (2005): 392–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2005.0016.
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Perreault, Kelsey. "Heritage Ethics and Human Rights of the Dead." Genealogy 2, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy2030022.
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Thomas Laqueur argues that the work of the dead is carried out through the living and through those who remember, honour, and mourn. Further, he maintains that the brutal or careless disposal of the corpse “is an attack of extreme violence”. To treat the dead body as if it does not matter or as if it were ordinary organic matter would be to deny its humanity. From Laqueur’s point of view, it is inferred that the dead are believed to have rights and dignities that are upheld through the rituals, practices, and beliefs of the living. The dead have always held a place in the space of the living, whether that space has been material and visible, or intangible and out of sight. This paper considers ossuaries as a key site for investigating the relationships between the living and dead. Holding the bones of hundreds or even thousands of bodies, ossuaries represent an important tradition in the cultural history of the dead. Ossuaries are culturally constituted and have taken many forms across the globe, although this research focuses predominantly on Western European ossuary practices and North American Indigenous ossuaries. This paper will examine two case studies, the Sedlec Ossuary (Kutna Hora, Czech Republic) and Taber Hill Ossuary (Toronto, ON, Canada), to think through the rights of the dead at heritage sites.
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Boková, Terezie, and Radislav Bražina. "Expulsion of aliens, non-refoulement and issues related to (administrative) discretion." Institutiones Administrationis 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54201/iajas.v1i1.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the outcomes of the 2015–2016 migration crisis in the EU is the urgent need perceived to enhance the effectiveness of forced return procedures, including administrative expulsion. However, given the core human rights obligation of non-refoulement, the push for effectiveness needs to be balanced against procedural safeguards preventing “overly effective” proceedings. The example of the Czech Republic shows that an institutional arrangement could significantly undermine the effectiveness of the proceedings when paired with undue conduct of the administration, such as the improper risk of a refoulement assessment. The article argues that the key to effectiveness does not necessarily lie with speedy procedures, but rather with a pragmatic design of the procedures, as can be concluded from a comparison of the Czech and German approaches.
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Boková, Terezie, and Radislav Bražina. "Expulsion of aliens, non-refoulement and issues related to (administrative) discretion." Institutiones Administrationis 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54201/iajas.v1i1.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the outcomes of the 2015–2016 migration crisis in the EU is the urgent need perceived to enhance the effectiveness of forced return procedures, including administrative expulsion. However, given the core human rights obligation of non-refoulement, the push for effectiveness needs to be balanced against procedural safeguards preventing “overly effective” proceedings. The example of the Czech Republic shows that an institutional arrangement could significantly undermine the effectiveness of the proceedings when paired with undue conduct of the administration, such as the improper risk of a refoulement assessment. The article argues that the key to effectiveness does not necessarily lie with speedy procedures, but rather with a pragmatic design of the procedures, as can be concluded from a comparison of the Czech and German approaches.
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Pontuso, James F. "The Greengrocer and Compassion in Time of War." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 32, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417742489.
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This is a personal reflection on the effects of The Power of the Powerless on students living in post-tyrannical societies—the Czech Republic in 1993 and Iraq in 2010. Czech students read the essay as an indictment of Marxist ideology, one-party rule, bureaucratic stagnation, and their former educational system. Havel was a symbol of resistance, human rights, and courage. Iraqi students found a different lesson. The Power of the Powerless does not excuse tyranny, but it does explain the way people trying to live a normal life rationalize their compliance with repression. Havel’s essay made Iraqi students comprehend how complicated choices are under difficult circumstances. Perhaps, as its author intended, the essay proved upon reflection to be a source of compassion.
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Kosař, David, and Jan Petrov. "Determinants of Compliance Difficulties among ‘Good Compliers’: Implementation of International Human Rights Rulings in the Czech Republic." European Journal of International Law 29, no. 2 (May 2018): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy028.
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Gabani, I. I. "Harmonisation of ethical and legal principles in the activitie of the bar of Ukraine and the countries of Slovakia and the Czech Republic: a comparative legal aspect." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (November 17, 2023): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.05.138.
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The article deals with the urgent problem of trust in the legal profession and its impact on the effectiveness of protection of human rights and the activities of society itself. The necessity of cooperation between ethical principles and legal norms in the context of human rights protection is substantiated. The focus is on the analysis of the interaction between ethics and legal norms, as well as their reflection in the modern legal system, and emphasises the universality and inviolability of human rights and their important role as guidelines for society and the state.
Adherence to ethical norms and legal standards plays a significant role in ensuring public trust in lawyers and, ultimately, in the performance of the profession of lawyer - the protection of human rights and dignity in the modern legal environment. Interaction is fundamental to the modern legal system. Ethical principles, based on justice and goodness, shape moral behaviour and contribute to the development of the legal community. Legal norms, in turn, regulate the behaviour of citizens and organisations in society.
The article emphasises the universality and inviolability of human rights, which are fundamental principles that apply to everyone without exception. They are based on general principles of justice and dignity that should not be limited to specific cultural or religious contexts. Human rights serve as a guide for the development and application of legal norms. Many ethical principles, such as those of justice and equality, are reflected in human rights and are an important component of both ethics and human rights. Many constitutions and international treaties protect fundamental rights and freedoms. Interaction of ethics and legal norms in the context of modern society and its moral development. The professional ethics of the advocate is an important component in the formation of a fair, dignified and effective legal environment. Compliance with ethical norms and legal standards is an integral part of the advocate's work in the society.
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Lux, Ágnes. "How green are children’s rights institutions in the Visegrád countries?" Intersections 9, no. 2 (September 16, 2023): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v9i2.1138.
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Environmental damages have already been clearly linked to human rights- and particularly children’s rights violations as climate change particularly affects the present (and future) generation of children, undermining the effective exercise of rights enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC), including the right to life, survival, and development, health, an adequate standard of living, education, and freedom from violence. With the almost universal ratification of the UN CRC, states have committed to the obligation to enforce children’s rights at all levels of society. In the possible best implementation of the UN CRC, independent human/children’s rights institutions (IH/CRIs) can play a vital role. However, many ICRIs still do not confront issues associated with environmental and climate change related to children’s rights. My main question was why these institutions are not (or are only barely) addressing these issues. In this paper, I focus on mapping the implementation of children's right to a healthy environment by analyzing the ICRIs in the Visegrád countries: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia through descriptive and comparative techniques and a survey sent to dedicated institutions.
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Knap-Dlouhá, Pavlína. "Tolken in de zorg: hoe wordt er met anderstalige patiënten gecommuniceerd?" Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 31 (November 12, 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-0716.31.7.
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This article analyzes structures within which interpreters are deployed in the healthcare sector in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic. It pays particular attention to the status, conditions, and guidelines that guarantee the provision of interpreting services. The first part also explains some important concepts that are closely related to healthcare interpreting, including language brokering and natural interpreting.
Despite the fact that funding for interpreting services was stopped by the government (2012), it is a developed field in the Netherlands. As a reaction to the abolition, there was a wave of protests; many parties believe that this has compromised one of the human rights (the right to access to care). In the Czech Republic, a new law was introduced (2011), the Health Services and Conditions of Provision Act, which guarantees patients the right to communication that is understandable to the patient. Since then, certain facilities were introduced that should make communication with non-native speaking patients effective. Nevertheless, more experience and knowledge should be brought in to be able to speak of a good organizational structure and quality.
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Scheu, Harald Christian, and Jitka Brodská. "The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and their Implementation in Germany and the Czech Republic." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 24, no. 2 (2019): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2019.24.02.01.
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Neruda, R., and R. Barinka. "Delta Pekarny v Czech Republic: European Court of Human Rights on Dawn Raids and Prior Judicial National Authorization." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 6, no. 6 (January 29, 2015): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpv006.
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Poštuvan, V., P. M. Constantinescu, V. Jilek, A. Digil, and D. Radusinovic. "Human rights in mental health: Changing attitudes through raising awareness." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72272-6.
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IntroductionIndividuals with mental health problems, especially those hospitalized in mental health institutions, are particularly vulnerable to violations of their Human Rights. There are a number of special laws and regulations in different European countries and on the international level regarding the rights of people with mental health problems, however there are many instances in which their rights continue to be violated. In order to respect their Human Rights, it is necessary to study and to address the negative attitudes that the general (or even professional) public may hold toward the people with such problems.AimsThis research aims to reveal and compare the attitudes toward mentally ill people in different countries (Romania, Czech Republic, Nigeria and Serbia). Also, within the project we will develop a workshop to address these attitudes.MethodsThe Opinion about Mental Illness Scale (OMI) for measuring attitudes was used. We used the pre-post study design to evaluate changes of attitudes because of the involvement in the intervention workshop. Students in the area of psychology, medicine or similar or general public took place in 90-minutes workshop, which was developed from the stories of people suffering from mental illnesses (e.g. schizophrenia), and their family perceptions and attitudes.Results and conclusionsThe pilot study showed a great acceptance of this kind of interventions among students. Besides, the structure of the workshop, the response of the audience, participation rate and first results of the evaluation will be presented.
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Shuranova, L., J. Vacková, K. Hellerová, B. Faltová, R. Vistořín, R. Švestková, and R. Prokešová. "Healthcare support for ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic: a literature review." Medicni perspektivi 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2024.1.300498.
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The article focuses on the analysis of "most common methods providing health care to migrants and refugees and on the other hand on the analysis of "most common health problems" of refugees and migrants especially in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Stemming from the conflict since 2014, it has triggered the most significant wave of refugees in contemporary history. The method of analysis is a "literature review" created from available sources in Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, focusing on data systematization within the GAJU 101/2022/S project funded by the South Bohemian University in České Budějovice, Czech Republic. The search strategy included keywords such as "Ukrainian migrants," "refugees," "health data," "central registry," "healthcare crisis," and "aid provision," employing logical operators. We examined 41 literary sources from both Czech and international publications, as well as official institution websites. The study identifies the complex interplay between migration and health, revealing diverse needs among migrants and refugees. It emphasizes the necessity of developing effective healthcare policies, particularly in crisis situations. Understanding the implementation of legal provisions for healthcare access is crucial for adapting healthcare systems in Europe. Upholding the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights during information gathering ensures equal access to medical assistance regardless of individuals' status or financial standing. Therefore, further research in this direction should not only deepen our understanding of the migration-health relationship but also translate knowledge into policies for improving healthcare conditions for migrants and refugees in Europe.
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Goodwin, Morag. "D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic: a major set-back for the development of non-discrimination norms in Europe." German Law Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004752.
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On 7 February 2006, a chamber of the European Court of Human Rights gave judgment in the much awaited ‘Ostrava case’, which challenged the placing of disproportionate numbers of Romani children in ‘special schools’ for the learning impaired in the Czech Republic. This practice, widespread across Central and Eastern Europe, amounts in effect to racial segregation and denies Romani children access to a standard of education comparable to their non-Romani peers. The Ostrava case, taking eight months to assemble and seven years to reach judgment day in Strasbourg, represented the centre-piece of the litigation strategy of the Romani rights movement. The decision of the Strasbourg Court to ignore the evidence of indirect racial discrimination by a 6-1 majority represents not only a setback for those working for the improvement of the situation of the Roma – widely acknowledged as the most disadvantaged, discriminated and marginalised group in Europe – but also for the crystallisation of non-discrimination norms in Europe.
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Malacka, Michal. "Victims of crime and harmonization of the legal regulation of their rights in the EU and the Czech Republic." International and Comparative Law Review 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2020-0021.
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Summary This study reflect the international sources of law and documents relating to the protection and support of crime victims from the global and European point of view following the global and European Union concept and the importance of the Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the European Council of 25 October 2012. Establishing minimum rules on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. This study will also introduce the most important sources of law and international context related to the victims of crime as an existing category of victims in general. The EU member states are obliged to reflect the views and needs of victims, to respect human dignity and the right to privacy, enable the possibility to receive fair compensation from the perpetrator or other sources, and to provide victims with material, medical, psychological and social assistance from state and non-governmental organizations. Concerning the other documents, what is also essential for victims to access their rights and influenced national Victims of Crime Acts is especially the Council Directive 2004/80/EC of 29 April 2004, relating to compensation to crime victims and Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime to be mentioned.
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Fomina, S. "Constitutional justice as an element of the law protection function of the EU States." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 73 (December 9, 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.11.
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Traditionally, the main function of the body of constitutional jurisdiction is the function of constitutional control, but the human rights function, although not a classic one, is equally important.
The human rights protection function of the body of constitutional jurisdiction in practice is expressed in ensuring the possibility of turning to such a body of a natural or legal person whose rights have been violated, as is usually the case in the case of using all possible means of protection.
In this article, the experience of applying the human rights function by the bodies of constitutional jurisdiction is considered on the example of the activities of the constitutional courts of the countries of Central Europe and at the same time of the countries of the European Union - Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. This experience is valuable for Ukraine, since the constitutional crisis recently affected the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, as well as in view of the active European integration processes in Ukraine and the need for its post-war reconstruction, which is not possible without the coordinated functioning of all state authorities.
The article examines the experience of reforming the body of constitutional jurisdiction, the legislator's view on the powers of such a body, and vivid examples from human rights practice. A conclusion was made about the formation of transnational constitutionalism by such states, similar to the principles of the European Union, the application of unified, developed principles of proportionality when assessing the balance in the conflict of two or more fundamental human rights.
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Janderová, Jana, and Petra Hubálková. "Legal Certainty – Protected Values and Partial Objectives: The Case of the Czech Republic." Central European Public Administration Review 19, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2021.1.03.
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Legal certainty is an essential prerequisite for individuals’ autonomy, as lack of certainty prevents the planning of future activities and making rational decisions. As other key legal principles, it comprises an axiological quality which influences the interpretation of legal rules and the application of statutory laws. Thus, it should be adhered to by all branches of state power. Its objective is to promote several values that are all important for the protection of human rights: the rule of law, protection of legitimate expectations, general trust in law, prevention of arbitrary decision-making, inadmissibility of retroactivity. However, in some legal systems, the concept of legal certainty is slightly different. These differences also influence the extent and limits of legal certainty as it may not mean total rigidity and prevent necessary changes in statutory laws and decision-making. The reasonable balance is influenced by its axiological content. The article analyses the interpretation practice of the Czech Constitutional Court with the aim to determine the partial values inherent to the principle and categorise them according to their importance. Several partial objectives were determined by qualitative analysis. The quantitative analysis indicates that the key partial objectives include protection of the values comprising a general trust in the law, individuals’ legitimate expectations, and a certain degree of predictability of laws, administrative practice and courts’ decisions (uniformity, transparency, internal consistency and stability). Having identified these values, further research may be conducted as to how and to what extent expectations should be upheld.
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New, William S., Hristo Kyuchukov, and Jill de Villiers. "‘We don’t talk Gypsy here’: Minority language policies in Europe." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0015.
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AbstractThe Roma constitute an ideal case of educational injustice meeting linguistic difference, racism, social marginalization, and poverty. This paper asks whether human-rights or capabilities approaches are best suited to address issues related to the language education of Roma students in Europe. These children are disadvantaged by not growing up with the standard dialect of whatever language is preferred by the mainstream population, and by the low status of the Romani language, and non-standard dialect of the standard language they usually speak. We examine language education for Roma students in Croatia, the Czech Republic, and Bulgaria, describing similarities and differences across contexts. We explain weak and strong version of language rights arguments, and the ways these principles are expressed, and not expressed in education policies. Sen’s capabilities approach can be employed to generate contextualized visions of education reform that speak directly to disadvantages suffered by Roma children.
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Stultiëns, Loes, Kris Dierickx, Herman Nys, Tom Goffin, and Pascal Borry. "Minors and Informed Consent: A Comparative Approach." European Journal of Health Law 14, no. 1 (2007): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902707x182788.
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AbstractThe European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe provides in article 6 for special protection of persons who are not able to give free and informed consent to an intervention in the health field, e.g. minors. According to the second paragraph of this article it is up to domestic law to decide whether and under which conditions a minor is capable of taking autonomous decisions in the health field.In the present article an overview is given of the legal regulations in place regarding the position of minors in a health care setting in the EU Member States that have ratified the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine namely Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. As the overview will show, the legal position of minor patients in a health care setting varies from country to country. This in view of the system they have opted for as well as the age and circumstances under which minors are allowed to take health care decisions autonomously.
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Medda-Windischer, Roberta. "Dismantling Segregating Education and the European Court of Human Rights. D.H. and Others vs. Czech Republic: Towards an Inclusive Education?" European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2010): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90001628.
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Prokešová, Radka, Martin Červený, Valérie Tóthová, Iva Brabcová, and Jiří Vlček. "The influence of selected work characteristics on missed and unfinished nursing care in hospitals: Evidence from the Czech Republic." Problems and Perspectives in Management 22, no. 1 (March 4, 2024): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(1).2024.39.
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Missed and unfinished nursing care in hospitals depends on the quality of human resources. This paper aims to analyze the influence of selected work characteristics on missing and incomplete nursing care in inpatient wards of Czech hospitals. The relationship between the rate of missed and unfinished nursing care and selected work characteristics was studied using the Czech version of the standardized questionnaire, the MISSCARE Survey. The study was conducted from September 26, 2021, to October 15, 2021. Controlled interviews with 1,205 nurses working in ward blocks in Czech hospitals were used. The research results showed statistically significant connections between selected work characteristics and missed and unfinished nursing care. Nurses with the highest level of education (Master, Ph.D.), nurses with specialized education, nurses with the lowest number of working hours (less than 30 hours per week), and nurses with the highest number of years of work experience (21 years and over) show a significantly lower rate of missed nursing care. Nurses from surgical departments, specialist nurses, and nurses with the highest education (Master, Ph.D.) report statistically significantly lower unfinished care levels. In contrast, nurses from regional/district hospitals, practical nurses/nursing assistants, and nurses with the lowest education (secondary school of nursing) report significantly higher unfinished nursing care levels. The information obtained can be used to improve nursing processes in the identified weak parts, strategic planning of nursing care, and sufficient personnel. AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to co-authors and other members of the research team – Hana Hajduchová, Chloubová Ivana, Hana Kubešová, Josef Malý, Martin Doseděl, Ondřej Tesař, and Kateřina Malá-Ládová, without whose support the article could not have been published.Supported by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant no. NU20-09-00257. All rights reserved.
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Kotlán, Pavel, Alena Kozlová, and Zuzana Machová. "Opening a Path towards Sustainable Corporate Behaviour: Public Participation in Criminal Environmental Proceedings." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147886.
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Establishing criminal liability for environmental offences remains daunting, particularly with regard to the ‘no plaintiff—no judge’ element as a result of which the public seems to be ultimately deprived of the possibility to participate in criminal environmental proceedings. While there is arguably a lack of specific instruments at the European Union (EU) level which would prescribe such legal obligation on the part of the State, there has been a shift in understanding the role of the public and its participation in criminal liability cases, namely under the auspices of the so-called effective investigation and the concept of rights of victims in general. Using the example of the Czech Republic as a point of reference, this article aims to assess the relevant legal developments at both EU and Czech levels to illustrate why the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), essentially acting as public agents, should be granted an active role in environmental criminal proceedings. After examining the applicable legal framework and case law development, the article concludes that effective investigation indeed stands as a valid legal basis for human rights protection which incorporates an entitlement to public participation. Despite that, this pro-active shift is far from being applied in practice, implying that the legislation remains silent where it should be the loudest, and causing unsustainable behaviour of companies.
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Smekal, Hubert, and Katarína Šipulová. "DH v Czech Republic Six Years Later: On the Power of an International Human Rights Court to Push Through Systemic Change." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 32, no. 3 (September 2014): 288–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200305.
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Plenta, Peter. "The European Two-Level Game in Central Asia: Visegrad Countries and Kazakhstan." International Studies Review 17, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01702004.
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Since 2007, the European Union has developed a strategy towards Central Asia. Relations with the region have created an opportunity to focus on a wider spectrum of interests across different levels of EU foreign policy. This article examines the “two-level game” between EU member states (from Central Europe) and EU institutions in Brussels regarding economic interests versus values agenda with the focus on Kazakhstan. In this game, the EU’s member states focus on developing trade and economic relations while they let space for the EU’s institutions to discuss sensitive issues, such as democracy promotion and human rights dialogue. This is the case for the Visegrad countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) that prefer a pragmatic approach towards Kazakhstan as the most important country in the Central Asian region.