Готові списки джерел за темами / Human locomotion biomechanics and energetics

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Human locomotion biomechanics and energetics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Human locomotion biomechanics and energetics"

Takahashi, Kota Z., Rebecca L. Krupenevich, Amy L. Lenz, Luke A. Kelly, Michael J. Rainbow, and Jason R. Franz. "Mechanics and Energetics of Human Feet: A Contemporary Perspective for Understanding Mobility Impairments in Older Adults." Biomechanics 2, no. 4 (2022): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics2040038.

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Анотація:

Much of our current understanding of age-related declines in mobility has been aided by decades of investigations on the role of muscle–tendon units spanning major lower extremity joints (e.g., hip, knee and ankle) for powering locomotion. Yet, mechanical contributions from foot structures are often neglected. This is despite the emerging evidence of their critical importance in youthful locomotion. With the rapid growth in the field of human foot biomechanics over the last decade, our theoretical knowledge of young asymptomatic feet has transformed, from long-held views of the foot as a stiff lever and a shock absorber to that of a versatile system that can modulate mechanical power and energy output to accommodate various locomotor task demands. In this perspective review, we predict that the next set of impactful discoveries related to locomotion in older adults will emerge by integrating the novel tools and approaches that are currently transforming the field of human foot biomechanics. By illuminating the functions of the feet in older adults, we envision that future investigations will refine our mechanistic understanding of mobility deficits affecting our aging population, which may ultimately inspire targeted interventions to rejuvenate the mechanics and energetics of locomotion.

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Lindstedt, Stan L., Patrick M. Mineo, and Paul J. Schaeffer. "Animal galloping and human hopping: an energetics and biomechanics laboratory exercise." Advances in Physiology Education 37, no. 4 (2013): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00045.2013.

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This laboratory exercise demonstrates fundamental principles of mammalian locomotion. It provides opportunities to interrogate aspects of locomotion from biomechanics to energetics to body size scaling. It has the added benefit of having results with robust signal to noise so that students will have success even if not “meticulous” in attention to detail. First, using respirometry, students measure the energetic cost of hopping at a “preferred” hop frequency. This is followed by hopping at an imposed frequency half of the preferred. By measuring the O2 uptake and work done with each hop, students calculate mechanical efficiency. Lessons learned from this laboratory include 1) that the metabolic cost per hop at half of the preferred frequency is nearly double the cost at the preferred frequency; 2) that when a person is forced to hop at half of their preferred frequency, the mechanical efficiency is nearly that predicted for muscle but is much higher at the preferred frequency; 3) that the preferred hop frequency is strongly body size dependent; and 4) that the hop frequency of a human is nearly identical to the galloping frequency predicted for a quadruped of our size. Together, these exercises demonstrate that humans store and recover elastic recoil potential energy when hopping but that energetic savings are highly frequency dependent. This stride frequency is dependent on body size such that frequency is likely chosen to maximize this function. Finally, by requiring students to make quantitative solutions using appropriate units and dimensions of the physical variables, these exercises sharpen analytic and quantitative skills.

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Minetti, Alberto E., Paolo Gaudino, Elena Seminati, and Dario Cazzola. "The cost of transport of human running is not affected, as in walking, by wide acceleration/deceleration cycles." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 4 (2013): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00959.2012.

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Although most of the literature on locomotion energetics and biomechanics is about constant-speed experiments, humans and animals tend to move at variable speeds in their daily life. This study addresses the following questions: 1) how much extra metabolic energy is associated with traveling a unit distance by adopting acceleration/deceleration cycles in walking and running, with respect to constant speed, and 2) how can biomechanics explain those metabolic findings. Ten males and ten females walked and ran at fluctuating speeds (5 ± 0, ± 1, ± 1.5, ± 2, ± 2.5 km/h for treadmill walking, 11 ± 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4 km/h for treadmill and field running) in cycles lasting 6 s. Field experiments, consisting of subjects following a laser spot projected from a computer-controlled astronomic telescope, were necessary to check the noninertial bias of the oscillating-speed treadmill. Metabolic cost of transport was found to be almost constant at all speed oscillations for running and up to ±2 km/h for walking, with no remarkable differences between laboratory and field results. The substantial constancy of the metabolic cost is not explained by the predicted cost of pure acceleration/deceleration. As for walking, results from speed-oscillation running suggest that the inherent within-stride, elastic energy-free accelerations/decelerations when moving at constant speed work as a mechanical buffer for among-stride speed fluctuations, with no extra metabolic cost. Also, a recent theory about the analogy between sprint (level) running and constant-speed running on gradients, together with the mechanical determinants of gradient locomotion, helps to interpret the present findings.

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Pyne, David B., and Rick L. Sharp. "Physical and Energy Requirements of Competitive Swimming Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (2014): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.

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The aquatic sports competitions held during the summer Olympic Games include diving, open-water swimming, pool swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. Elite-level performance in each of these sports requires rigorous training and practice to develop the appropriate physiological, biomechanical, artistic, and strategic capabilities specific to each sport. Consequently, the daily training plans of these athletes are quite varied both between and within the sports. Common to all aquatic athletes, however, is that daily training and preparation consumes several hours and involves frequent periods of high-intensity exertion. Nutritional support for this high-level training is a critical element of the preparation of these athletes to ensure the energy and nutrient demands of the training and competition are met. In this article, we introduce the fundamental physical requirements of these sports and specifically explore the energetics of human locomotion in water. Subsequent articles in this issue explore the specific nutritional requirements of each aquatic sport. We hope that such exploration will provide a foundation for future investigation of the roles of optimal nutrition in optimizing performance in the aquatic sports.

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Kram, Rodger, and Terence J. Dawson. "Energetics and biomechanics of locomotion by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 120, no. 1 (1998): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00022-4.

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Masumoto, Kenji, and John A. Mercer. "Biomechanics of Human Locomotion in Water." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 36, no. 3 (2008): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e31817bfe73.

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D'Août, Kristiaan. "The biomechanics of human locomotion: evolving barefoot." Footwear Science 5, sup1 (2013): S2—S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2013.797929.

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Lejeune, T. M., P. A. Willems, and N. C. Heglund. "Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion on sand." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 13 (1998): 2071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.13.2071.

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Анотація:

Moving about in nature often involves walking or running on a soft yielding substratum such as sand, which has a profound effect on the mechanics and energetics of locomotion. Force platform and cinematographic analyses were used to determine the mechanical work performed by human subjects during walking and running on sand and on a hard surface. Oxygen consumption was used to determine the energetic cost of walking and running under the same conditions. Walking on sand requires 1.6-2.5 times more mechanical work than does walking on a hard surface at the same speed. In contrast, running on sand requires only 1.15 times more mechanical work than does running on a hard surface at the same speed. Walking on sand requires 2.1-2.7 times more energy expenditure than does walking on a hard surface at the same speed; while running on sand requires 1.6 times more energy expenditure than does running on a hard surface. The increase in energy cost is due primarily to two effects: the mechanical work done on the sand, and a decrease in the efficiency of positive work done by the muscles and tendons.

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Wall-Scheffler, Cara M. "Energetics, Locomotion, and Female Reproduction: Implications for Human Evolution." Annual Review of Anthropology 41, no. 1 (2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145739.

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Zhang, Xiao Dong, Jian Qiao Li, Han Huang, and Meng Zou. "Mechanics of Locomotion Energetics in Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.247.

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Анотація:

The study on the locomotion mechanism in laboratory has defined performance limits for animals presently. But it is more significant for investigating mechanics of animals in their free state. In order to study the locomotion properties of Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards on one flat terrain and four kinds of rough terrains, a high speed 3-D video recording system was used to record motion video images of crabs. The gait pattern, average speeds, the mechanical energy of the mass center and percentage energy recovery were investigated with motion analysis system. The results showed that Chinese mitten crabs used alternating tetrapod gait on flat terrain and with increasing of terrain roughness, the regularity of gait tend to be less conspicuous. Crabs used two fundamental models of energy exchanging patterns: the inverted pendulum gait and the bouncing gait and the bouncing gait was the main energy saving and conserving pattern. Keywords-biomechanics, Chinese mitten crab, rough terrain, gait, mechanical energy, percentage energy recovery

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