Книги з теми "Human B-lineage ALL (B-ALL)"

The chapter is a first step on the way to classify the earliest Muslim theologians according to their position and role in the history of natural theology and philosophy. It argues that Jahm b. Ṣafwān and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr represent an empiristic theory according to which the sensible reality outside the mind corresponds one-to-one to the perception inside the human mind. God’s creation is by composition of bundles of properties; man’s knowledge is by decomposition of the property bundles into their parts by means of perception. The perceptions of substantial and qualitative change supply the empirical data by which the intuition of God as the cause of all generation, corruption, and change in corporeal things happens. They refuse a principle of form and essence in things as well as natural causes and powers of generation and alteration in the created cosmos.

Babesiosis and malaria are rare zoonoses that, with new developments in diagnosis and the application of molecular techniques, are becoming increasingly frequently recognised. Babesia species infect millions of cattle and unknown numbers of sheep, dogs, horses, and wildlife throughout the world but human infections are very uncommon. There are two distinct forms of human babesiosis. In Europe the causative agent is Babesia divergens, a natural parasite of cattle transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinis. B. divergens infections in humans are extremely rare and nearly all have been recorded from asplenic or otherwise immunocompromised patients. In the USA, human babesiosis is more common than in Europe, although still very rare, and is not restricted to immunocompromised individuals. The causative agents are Babesia microti and B. duncani, common parasites of rodents, transmitted by the tick Ixodes scapularis. In addition there have been sporadic reports of human babesiosis from other parts of the world but in most cases the species of Babesia involved has not been characterised. Malaria parasites and Babesia both inhabit red blood cells during part of their life cycles and these stages cause the diseases, malaria and babesiosis, which are similar in many respects. The facts that humans can occasionally acquire malaria and babesiosis from animals, that both parasites appear similar when seen in blood films and that both cause similar symptoms can cause problems in diagnosis and these rare infections are, therefore, of interest to clinicians and epidemiologists.

This article investigates the origins ofKalāmin the debate culture of Late Antiquity. Following Michael Cook and Jack Tannous, it argues thatkalām-style argumentation has its origin in Christological debates and was then absorbed into Muslim practice through the mediation of the Arab Christian milieu in Syria and Iraq. The second part of the article considers the origins of theQadardebate (human free will versus divine predestination). Finally, the third part discusses three Muslim texts onQadar, falsely attributed to Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-’Azīz, and al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī. It offers a critical appraisal of Josef van Ess’s reconstruction of the ‘beginnings’ ofKalām.

The tenth-century Baghdadi Christian logician and philosopher Yaḥyā ibn ‘Adī (893–974) composed his Tahdhib al-akhlaq, The Reformation of Morals, as a popular treatise on virtue ethics in the spirit of his teacher, the Muslim philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi (870–950). Over the centuries it has gained a wide readership among both Muslims and Christians living in the Islamic world. The author outlines the profile of the virtuous “Perfect Man” and of “humane” behavior (al-insāniyya), as well as highlighting the complimentary roles of rulers and scholars in a virtuous society.

The book is concerned with the existence of the real world, that is, with the existence of a world of objects that exist independent of human interests, concerns, and cognitive activities. The main thesis defended is that we have good reason to deny the existence of such a world. The discussion is concerned with four main facets of assuming a real world: (a) the existence of an external world of physical objects in space and time; (b) the existence of an internal world, comprising various mental states congregated around a self; (c) the existence of an ontological foundation that grounds the existence of all the entities in the world; and (d) the existence of an ultimately true theory that provides a final account of all there is. I argue specifically that: (a) we should reject the postulation of an external world behind our representations; (b) the internal world is not as epistemically transparent as is usually assumed, and there is no substantial self acting as central unifier of our mental lives; (c) there are good reasons for adopting an anti-foundational account of ontological dependence; and (d) ontology, and philosophy more generally, must not be conceived of as providing an ultimately true theory of the world.

Management of anaphylaxis 814Management of needlestick and contamination incidents 1 816Management of needlestick and contamination incidents 2: hepatitis B virus post-exposure prophylaxis 820Management of needlestick and contamination incidents 3: human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophylaxis 822Psychiatric emergencies 824In OH practice, anaphylaxis can occur in association with the administration of immunizations. All OH departments that administer vaccines must have adequate facilities for resuscitation. Resuscitation equipment should be latex free, particularly in the health care industry where the incidence of type 1 hypersensitivity to latex among employees is significant. OH staffs who administer vaccines should be retrained in resuscitation protocols annually....

Positive evolutionary psychology is essentially the use of evolutionary psychological principles and research to help advance the goals associated with positive psychology. Positive psychologists focus on ways that we can advance the lives of individuals and communities by focusing on factors that increase positive outcomes such as life satisfaction and happiness. Evolutionary psychology uses the principles of evolution, based on Darwin’s understanding of life, to help shed light on any and all kinds of psychological phenomena. Positive evolutionary psychology, thus, is the use of Darwin’s big idea to help people and communities experience more positive and fulfilling lives. Across 11 chapters, this book (a) describes the basic ideas of both evolutionary and positive psychology; (b) elaborates on the integration of these two fields as a way to help advance the human condition; (c) discusses several domains of human functioning from the perspective of positive evolutionary psychology; and (d) looks with an eye toward the future of work in this field. Over the past few decades, evolutionary psychologists have begun to crack the code on such phenomena as happiness, gratitude, resilience, community, and love. This book describes these facets of the human experience in terms of both (a) their evolutionary origins and (b) how we might guide people to optimally experience such positive phenomena in their everyday lives.

Este cuarto volumen, que cierra el proyecto editorial de las Obras reunidas de Carlos B. Gutiérrez, nos recuerda la importancia de la alteridad, el pluralismo y el reconocimiento en la propuesta de la filosofía hermenéutica. Una filosofía del diálogo es necesariamente una filosofía de apertura al otro y a lo otro, el reconocimiento de que la experiencia humana se nutre en el encuentro con los puntos de vista y perspectivas distintas a la propia. “El otro de nosotros mismos”, aquel que según Carlos B. encontramos en el “claroscuro entre familiaridad y extrañeza”, es el protagonista de estas páginas, una figura que describe por igual al forastero y al amigo, al opositor y al aliado una mirada que nos confronta y nos obliga a cuestionar lo que somos. El lector familiarizado con los escritos hermenéuticos de Carlos B. Gutiérrez encontrará en este volumen una faceta distinta de su obra, caracterizada por una reflexión que parte de la crítica de concepto moderno de tolerancia para llegar a una novedosa concepción del reconocimiento que recoge impulsos de la hermenéutica gadameriana, del idealismo hegeliano y la deconstrucción.

Yucatán es el quinto estado más importante de la república en la cría de cer¬dos (Montero, 2015) y, por sus características ambientales, territoriales y so¬cioeconómicas, es muy competitivo en este rubro dentro y fuera del país. Sin embargo, las granjas porcícolas son la causa de graves problemas ambientales, como la contaminación del agua subterránea (Drucker et al., 2007; Cheng et al., 2020); la contaminación de la atmósfera (Radon et al., 2007; Wing et al., 2008; Loftus et al., 2015); la degradación del suelo (Aguilar et al., 2011); e incluso da¬ños a la salud humana (Borlée et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2017), pues cada año se reportan en la entidad nuevos casos de influenza porcina (causada por el virus AH1N1) (Secretaría de Salud, 2018).

El manejo de recursos hídricos tiene serias limitantes, tanto en aspectos del derecho humano al agua como en la transparencia de su operación y dotación. Los mecanismos de asignación a través de los cuales se otorga este recurso en función de los sectores primarios, industrial y de servicios, deja mucho que desear; ya principalmente a afectado en la cadena de distribución resulta ser quien debería ser beneficiaria del vital líquido: la propia población. Sin menoscabo de considerar como foco principal del desabasto la explosión demográfica y, con ello, el crecimiento de la mancha urbana, el ser humano no ha entendido lo que representa un elemento tan valioso como lo es el agua.

El lenguaje humano y el uso que hacemos de él para comunicarnos o entender el mundo requiere derivar relaciones entre acontecimientos: por ejemplo, si A=B y A=C, entonces B=C. La teoría del marco relacional sostiene que esas interpretaciones son el núcleo de cualquier psicología del lenguaje y la cognición. Desde una edad muy temprana, los seres humanos aprenden relaciones de similitud, diferencia, comparación, tiempo, etc., y modifican lo que hacen en una situación determinada en función de la relación derivada de esta con otras situaciones y lo que saben de ellas. Este volumen va más allá de la teoría y proporciona las herramientas empíricas y conceptuales necesarias para llevar a cabo un análisis experimental de prácticamente todos los temas sustantivos del lenguaje y la cognición humanos, tanto básicos como aplicados. Como sugiere el término “postskinneriano”, este volumen estimula a la psicología conductual al repensar muchas de las formulaciones teóricas específicas de su líder histórico más prominente, especialmente en el ámbito del lenguaje y la cognición proponiendo nuevas direcciones. La necesidad de un análisis pragmático del lenguaje y la cognición es conmensurable a las extensiones y aplicaciones de tal formulación. Este libro será de interés no sólo para los teóricos de la conducta, sino también para los psicólogos cognitivos, terapeutas, educadores y cualquier persona que se interese por la conducta humana.

In Interplay of Things Anthony B. Pinn theorizes religion as a technology for interrogating human experiences and the boundaries between people and other things. Rather than considering religion in terms of institutions, doctrines, and creeds, Pinn shows how religion exposes the openness and porousness of all things and how they are always involved in processes of exchange and interplay. Pinn examines work by Nella Larsen and Richard Wright that illustrates an openness between things, and he traces how pop art and readymades point to the multidirectional nature of influence. He also shows how Ron Athey's and Clifford Owens's performance art draws out inherent interconnectedness to various cultural codes in ways that reveal the symbiotic relationship between art and religion as a technology. Theorizing that antiblack racism and gender- and class-based hostility constitute efforts to close off the porous nature of certain bodies, Pinn shows how many artists have rebelled against these attempts to counter openness. His analyses offer a means by which to understand the porous, unbounded, and open nature of humans and things.

Blastocystis , the causative agent of blastocystosis, is an intestinal protozoan commonly identified in stool specimens of patients. It is one of the most common parasites inhabiting the human intestinal tract. Clinical symptoms attributed to Blastocystis include recurrent watery diarrhoea, mucous diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and flatulence. Blastocystis infects both children and adults and its geographical distribution appears to be global with prevalence ranging from 30 to 50% in developing countries (Stenzel and Boreham 1996).Blastocystis was first described as a distinct organism in 1911 and the name B. enterocola was proposed for this organism (Alexeieff 1911). It was isolated from human faeces and the name B. hominis was coined (Brumpt 1912). At first, it was described as a harmless intestinal yeast and ignored for many decades. Its association with human disease was suggested by a number of reports and eventually work by Zierdt (1991) increased the awareness of Blastocystis infections in humans.In spite of its description about a century ago, the exact role of Blastocystis as a cause of human disease is uncertain. A number of clinical and epidemiological studies implicate the parasite as a potential pathogen (Al-Tawil et al. 1994; El-Shazly et al. 2005; Garavelli et al. 1991; Logar et al. 1994) while others exonerate it as an etiology of intestinal disease (Chen et al. 2003; Leder et al. 2005; Shlim et al. 1995). Significant progress has been achieved on descriptions of the morphology and genetic diversity of Blastocystis but most aspects of its life cycle, molecular biology, and athogenicity remain unresolved (Stenzel and Boreham 1996; Tan 2004).

Primary prevention has enormous potential to reduce the human, social, and economic costs of cancer worldwide. The following sections discuss the development and application of preventive interventions in six broad areas of public health: tobacco control, the prevention of obesity and physical inactivity, prevention of infection-related cancers, protection against excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, preventive drug therapies (chemoprevention), and the regulation of carcinogenic exposures. All of these areas affect multiple types of cancer and massive numbers of people. Different interventions are at varying stages of development. For example, effective, evidence-based approaches have been developed over several decades to reduce tobacco use, prevent chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, protect children from excessive sun exposure, regulate exposures in high-income countries, and reduce breast cancer incidence and recurrence in high-risk women. More recent efforts are seeking to identify upstream measures to prevent excessive weight gain, reduce caloric intake, and increase physical activity.

Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.

This article discusses the briefly significant Qadariyya movement during the Umayyad period, with an emphasis on how the movement and its adherents were treated in later sources. The article examines the doctrine of human free will advocated by the Qadariyya, exploring the impetus behind their theological viewpoints and the doctrinal complications that accompanied human free will. It also addresses the debate about the origins of both the doctrine and the movement, and the significance of accusations of Christian roots. The article discusses the views ascribed to prominent Qadari leaders, including Maʿbad al-Juhanī and Ghaylān al-Dimashqī, as well as the systematic persecution of the Qadariyya, led by al-Awzāʿī. It also examines the politicization of the Qadariyya and their entanglement with Yazīd (III) b. al-Walīd’s rebellion during the thirdfitna. Finally, the article addresses the eclipse of the Qadariyya by the Muʿtazilites.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

Friedrich Schleiermacher was concerned throughout his career with the problem of epistemic fit, and his eventual solution belongs to the Reformation tradition according to which God can be apprehended only by faith. His key claims are as follows: (a) that God is the one upon whom all that exists depends absolutely; (b) that God can be apprehended as God only insofar as everything, including oneself, is apprehended as absolutely dependent upon God; (c) that humans are ‘God-forgetful,’ insofar as we apprehend the world as if it were independent, and, so, misapprehend God; and (d) that we can be redeemed from our God-forgetfulness, and so apprehend God properly, only insofar as the perfect God-consciousness of Christ is mediated to us by his Spirit. For Schleiermacher, then, one can stand in a proper epistemic relationship to God only on the basis of God’s redeeming love.

The afterword reiterates it is time to risk a border-crossing in our view of art and see it as part of our shared affective becoming-excessive, as a fundamentally non-cognitive zone of self-othering that all animals engage, not just human animals. Art connects us profoundly to other creatures. The aesthetic capacity is animal; it doesn’t just approach animals or hold them in its purview. And if this is the case, then we can anticipate wholly new ways of viewing, inhabiting, and understanding artistic practices. The transporting power of art, the becoming-intense of aesthetics, the felt vibrations of aesthetic forces, and the taste for certain affect-circulating performances all have their “ancestral” lineage in animals’ aesthetic engagements. Bioaesthetics thus reminds us that the world of art includes hordes of other creatural actors and living assemblages—and that these beings have always been artistic.

Transhumanists urge us to pursue the biotechnological heightening of select capacities, above all, cognitive ability, so far beyond any human ceiling that the beings with those capacities would exist on a higher ontological plane. Because transhumanists tout humanity’s self-transcendence via science and technology, and suggest that bioenhancement may be morally required, the human stakes of how we respond to transhumanism are unprecedented and immense. In Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism, Susan B. Levin challenges transhumanists’ overarching commitments regarding the mind, brain, ethics, liberal democracy, knowledge, and reality in a more thoroughgoing and integrated way than has occurred thus far. Her critique shows transhumanists’ notion of humanity’s self-transcendence into “posthumanity” to be pure, albeit seductive, fantasy. Levin’s philosophical conclusions would stand even if, as transhumanists proclaim, science and technology supported their vision of posthumanity. They offer breezy assurances that posthumans will emerge if we but allocate sufficient resources to that end. Yet, far from offering theoretical and practical “proof of concept” for the vision that they urge upon us, transhumanists engage inadequately with cognitive psychology, biology, and neuroscience, often relying on questionable or outdated views within those fields. Having shown in depth why transhumanism should be rejected, Levin defends a holistic perspective on living well that is rooted in Aristotle’s virtue ethics but adapted to liberal democracy. This holism is thoroughly human, in the best of senses. We must jettison transhumanists’ fantasy, both because their arguments fail and because transhumanism fails to do us justice.

Dieser VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Inhalt Vorwort 1 R. Schöneburg, Mercedes-Benz AG S. Müller, Technische Universität Berlin Auswirkung automatisierten Fahrens auf die Fahrzeugsicherheit Sicherheit zukünftiger hochautomatischer Fahrzeuge im Mischverkehr – Anforderungen, Lösungskonzepte und Potenzialabschätzungen 3 H. Freienstein, J. Kolatschek, G. A. D‘Addetta, Bosch Research, Vehicle Safety and Automated Driving, Robert Bosch GmbH Erkennung der kognitiven Belastung eines Fahrers anhand von Vitalparametern aus realen Fahrzeugsensoren 21 F. Ripper, K. Mahdi, Joyson Safety Systems Aschaffenburg GmbH, Berlin Injury Risk on Rearward Facing Seats in Frontal Impact – Sled Tests and Simulation in a Generic Test Environment 41 H. Zellmer, A. Soni, S. Schilling, B. Eickhoff, Autoliv B.V. & Co. KG, Elmshorn The individual safety of a car seat as a central element of autonomous driving – A comprehensive study of ATDs and human body models based...

Paired informal and scholarly essays show how everyday events reveal fundamental concepts of data, including its creation, aggregation, management, and use. Whether questioning numbers on a scale, laughing at a misspelling of one's name, or finding ourselves confused in a foreign supermarket, we are engaging with data. The only way to handle data responsibly, says Melanie Feinberg in this incisive work, is to take into account its human character. Though the data she discusses may seem familiar, close scrutiny shows it to be ambiguous, complicated, and uncertain: unruly. Drawing on the tools of information science, she uses everyday events such as deciding between Blender A and Blender B on Amazon to demonstrate a practical, critical, and generative mode of thinking about data: its creation, management, aggregation, and use. Each chapter pairs a self-contained main essay (an adventure) with a scholarly companion essay (the reflection). The adventure begins with an anecdote—visiting the library, running out of butter, cooking rice on a different stove. Feinberg argues that to understand the power and pitfalls of data science, we must attend to the data itself, not merely the algorithms that manipulate it. As she reflects on the implications of commonplace events, Feinberg explicates fundamental concepts of data that reveal the many tiny design decisions—which may not even seem like design at all—that shape how data comes to be. Through the themes of serendipity, objectivity, equivalence, interoperability, taxonomy, labels, and locality, she illuminates the surprisingly pervasive role of data in our daily thoughts and lives.

[Introducción]. Con motivo de los 40 años transcurridos desde la Declaración de Alma-Ata, el 11 y 12 de diciembre de 2017 la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) convocó en Quito el Foro Regional “Salud Universal en el Siglo XXI: 40 años de Alma-Ata”. Como parte de este movimiento regional la Directora de la OPS, la Dra. Carissa F. Etienne tomó la iniciativa de crear una Comisión de Alto Nivel, denominada “Salud Universal en el Siglo XXI: 40 años de Alma-Ata”, presidida por la Dra. Michelle Bachelet y el Embajador Sr. Néstor Méndez, y conformada por un grupo interdisciplinario de expertos regionales. Entre ellos había representantes de la comunidad, la academia y actores políticos, como ex ministros de salud y líderes de sindicatos y movimientos de diferentes grupos sociales. El objetivo de la Comisión fue elaborar recomendaciones para la Directora de OPS que permitieran hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud de las personas, entendido como un derecho humano fundamental, a partir del análisis de los avances y los desafíos que tienen los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El presente documento refleja el posicionamiento de la Comisión en torno a la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) y la búsqueda de soluciones para hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud, además del enfoque utilizado para orientar el debate, el análisis y las recomendaciones sobre cómo garantizar este derecho. El documento se basa en los reportes elaborados por cinco grupos temáticos: a) modelo de atención de salud, b) modelo institucional, c) modelo de financiamiento, d) salud y protección social y e) recursos humanos de salud, los cuales están disponibles como anexos a este informe. Estos grupos temáticos fueron liderados por los miembros de la Comisión, y reunieron a un gran número de expertos académicos y movimientos sociales de diferentes países de la Región. La Comisión presenta diez recomendaciones para lograr la salud para todas y todos en la Región de las Américas en el contexto del siglo XXI. [Introduction]. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Declaration of Alma-Ata, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) convened the Regional Forum “Universal Health in the 21st Century: 40 Years of Alma-Ata” on December 11-12, 2017, in Quito, Ecuador. As part of this regional movement, PAHO Director Dr. Carissa F. Etienne convened a High-Level Commission: Universal Health in the 21st Century: 40 Years of Alma-Ata, chaired by Dr. Michelle Bachelet and Ambassador Néstor Mendez, and made up of an interdisciplinary group of regional experts, including representatives from communities and academia, as well as political actors, such as former health ministers, trade union leaders, and representatives of different social movements. The objective of the Commission was to develop recommendations for the PAHO Director on how to give effect to the right to health as a fundamental human right, based on an analysis of the progress and challenges faced by health systems in the Region of the Americas. This document reflects the Commission’s position regarding primary health care (PHC), the search for solutions to ensure the right to health, and the approach taken in discussions, analysis, and recommendations on how to guarantee this right. It is based on reports prepared by the five thematic groups addressing: a) health care model, b) institutional model, c) financing model, d) health and social protection, and e) human resources for health (see annexes to the present report). The thematic groups were led by members of the Commission, bringing together a great number of academic experts and social movements from different countries in the Region. In this report, the Commission presents 10 recommendations for achieving health for all in the Region of the Americas in the 21st century.

El concepto mindfulness no tiene una traducción exacta al español. Su significado está próximo a las expresiones: atención plena, presencia mental, plena consciencia y conciencia abierta (Almansa et al., 2014). Por su parte, Kabat Zinn (1990) define al mindfulness como la capacidad inherente del ser humano de ser consciente plenamente del momento presente. Se ha reconocido que esta técnica permite “incrementar la conciencia y responder hábilmente a los procesos mentales que contribuyen al distrés emocional y al comportamiento desadaptativo” (Parra, Montañés, Montañés y Bartolomé, 2012, p.30). Es así como, desde que Jon Kabat-Zinn introdujo la práctica del mindfulness en la medicina occidental en los años 70, se han realizado alrededor del mundo importantes estudios que evidencian sus bondades en el proceso educativo. Estos beneficios se pueden agrupar en tres áreas (Shapiro, Brown y Astin, 2011): a) Rendimiento académico. Tiene efectos positivos sobre determinadas habilidades cognitivas como la de concentrar la atención sobre tareas específicas y el procesamiento más rápido y eficaz de la información. b) Salud mental y bienestar psicológico. Desde el inicio de su aplicación se ha demostrado su efectividad en la reducción de los niveles de ansiedad, estrés y depresión. En la escuela, estos efectos se presentan tanto en estudiantes como en profesores. c) Desarrollo integral y holístico de la persona. Se ha establecido que el mindfulness propicia la creatividad, las relaciones sociales positivas, la compasión y la empatía, lo que aporta para generar una educación equilibrada, en donde además de las habilidades académicas, los niños aprenden habilidades individuales y sociales.

Since 9/11 2001, international attention has once again focused on the risks to human and animal health from the deliberate release of infectious or toxic chemical agents. In theory any agent could be used by terrorists and disaffected people, but the most serious risk for infectious agents are mainly zoonotic (Franz et al. 1997). Three modes of exposure may be anticipated, inhalation of powder or spray or dust from explosives, direct contact or inoculation from an explosion, and ingestion. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) list 19 bioterrorism agents or groups of agents of which 14 are zoonotic. In Category A are 6 agents which can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person, that result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact, which might cause public panic and social disruption and which require special action from public health preparedness. Of these 6, four are zoonoses — Anthrax, Plague, Tularaemia and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers. In Category B, are 12 groups of agents, which are moderately easy to disseminate and cause moderate morbidity. Of these 12 groups, 8 contain zoonoses: Brucellosis, Food Safety threats (e.g. Salmonella, E.coli 0157, Campylobacter), Meliodiosis, Psittacoccosis, Q Fever, Typhus, Viral encephalitis, Water safety threats (e.g. Cryptosporidium).

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a worldwide zoonoses caused by infection with the bacterium, Bartonella henselae. The formal description of the disease by Debré in 1950 (Debré et al. 1950) corresponds to the most frequently diagnosed form of the disease. Cats are the main reservoir for B. henselae and transmission is via Ctniocephalides felis. Humans usually become infected after being scratched or bitten by a cat and is most frequently seen in children and young adults.CSD is a self-limiting illness which often begins with a small papule developing at the site of cat scratch or bite within 3-14 days of the infection. Nearby lymph nodes, usually neck, axillary or groin, become swollen and can persist for several months. It may take up to 7 weeks for the enlarged lymph nodes to appear and individuals may not recall any cat scratch or bite. In healthy cases antibiotics are not indicated.About 5-10% of patients may develop other forms of CSD including eye infection characterised by conjunctivitis and swollen lymph nodes, rash, liver and spleen enlargement, and more rarely encephalitis. Immunosuppresed patients may develop more severe disease, such as bacillary angiomatosis.General advice for preventing CSD includes avoiding rough play with cats, particularly kittens. Cat scratches and bites should be washed immediately with water and soap and cats should not be allowed to lick open wounds.

Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.

Monoclonal proliferations of the B-cell lineage are characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled expansion of a single clone of B cells at different maturation stages, with a variable degree of differentiation to immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Therefore, they are usually associated with the production and secretion in blood of a monoclonal immunoglobulin and/or a fragment thereof which may become deposited in tissues. These deposits can take the form of casts (in myeloma cast nephropathy), crystals (in myeloma-associated Fanconi syndrome), fibrils (in light-chain and exceptional heavy-chain amyloidosis), or granular precipitates (in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease). They may disrupt organ structure and function, inducing life-threatening complications. All of the pathologic entities related to immunoglobulin deposition principally involve the kidney, which is not only explained by the high levels of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, but also by the sieving properties of the glomerular capillary wall and by the prominent role of the renal tubule in LC handling and catabolism.The different renal (and other) manifestations are related to the unique physicochemical characteristics of each paraprotein or immunoglobulin fragment, and the rate of their production.