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1
Fica, Jorge Alejandro Manriquez, Patricio Eugenio Navarro Donoso, Cristian Alejandro Vargas Riquelme, and Hector Javier Alonso Olivera Villarroel. "Análisis de circuitos de flotación utilizando el software de simulación HSC Sim Chemistry." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 5, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 4227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv5n4-063.
Анотація:
Se diseñó y evaluó un circuito de flotación mediante simulación en el software HSC versión 6.12, modelado en el módulo “Sim Flowsheet Simulation”, empleando etapas rougher, scavenger y cleaner, sin remolienda y una mineralogía de alimentación compuesta por 0,0012% de oro, 11,2% de FeS2, 3,2% de CuFeS2 y 85,6% de ganga no sulfurosa compuesta por un 90% de SiO2 y un 10% de Al2O3.
El modelo de simulación se basa en el balance másico de los distintos minerales participantes del proceso, con principal atención en los parámetros de operación como lo son mineralogía y leyes de alimentación, tiempos de residencia, fracciones de mineral flotable, medianamente flotable y no flotable con sus respectivas constantes de cinéticas.
Como resultado de las simulaciones que evalúan distintos circuitos, se obtuvieron resultados de ley de cobre en el concentrado de 28,6% y en las colas de un 0,15%, con porcentaje de recuperación de cobre de un 86,5% para un circuito que consta de dos etapas rougher, dos etapas cleaner y dos etapas scavenger.
El modelo permitió determinar el efecto del cambio en el contenido de FeS2 y de los tiempos de residencia en las leyes de concentrado y recuperación de Cu.
2
Kartika, Wahyu, Rafdi Abdul Majid, and Dovina Navanti. "Studi Pemanfataan Limbah Terak Timah 2 Bangka Sebagai Sumber Sekunder Unsur Skandium." Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jki.v19i1.312.
Анотація:
Terak timah (tin slag) adalah sisa dari pengolahan timah yang mengandung radioaktif dan cenderung menjadi limbah karena pemanfaatannya yang belum maksimal. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan limbah terak timah sebagai sumber sekunder unsur skandium sehingga pemanfaatannya dapat meminimalkan risiko paparan radioaktif terhadap lingkungan. Skandium banyak digunakan sebagai solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC’s) dapat menyebabkan reaksi terjadi pada temperatur yang lebih rendah, dalam bidang metalurgi sebagai paduan kekuatan tinggi aluminium, dalam bidang keramik penambahan skandium karbida akan meningkatkan kekerasan, lampu metal halida dengan intensitas tinggi, elektronik, dan penelitian laser. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel terak timah 2 Bangka (TTB). Pada tahap awal TTB dipanaskan sampai suhu 900⁰C, lalu dicelupkan ke dalam air, dikeringkan dan di ayak (terak timah 2 Bangka yang dipanaskan, dicelup ke dalam air dan diayak, disebut TTB-PCA). Studi pertama, TTB-PCA yang dilarutkan ke dalam asam florida (disebut kode sampel F) dan studi kedua, TTB-PCA dilarutkan ke dalam HCl kemudian dilarutkan ke dalam NaOH (disebut kode sampel AB). TTB, TTB-PCA, kode sampel F dan AB dilakukan karakterisasi dengan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Hasil karakterisasi memperlihatkan kadar skandium di dalam TTB sebesar 319 ppm dan kadar skandium tertinggi pada TTB-PCA dengan ukuran butir 200 mesh sebesar 804 ppm. Pada penelitian digunakan software HSC Chemistry 6 sebagai pendukung diskusi termodinamika. Kata Kunci: terak timah Bangka, software hsc chemistry 6, limbah padat, skandium, pelarutan ABSTRACT - Tin slag is the waste of tin processing that contains radioactive and tends to become waste due to its not maximal utilization. This study aims to utilize waste tin slag as a secondary source of scandium element so that its utilization can minimize the risk of radioactive exposure to the environment. Scandium widely used as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC's) can cause reactions to occur at lower temperatures, in the field of metallurgy as high-strength aluminum alloys, in the field of ceramic addition of scandium carbide will increase hardness, metal halide lamps with high intensity, electronics, and laser research. This research used Bangka tin slag 2 (TTB), the initial stage of TTB was roasted to 900°C, then water quenched, dried and sieved (TTB roasted, water quenched and sieved, called TTB -PCA). The first study, TTB-PCA dissolved into fluoride acid (called code sample F) and a second study, TTB-PCA dissolved into HCl and then dissolved into NaOH (called AB code sample). TTB, TTB-PCA, sample code F and AB are characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The characterization results show scandium content in TTB of 319 ppm and the highest scandium content in TTB-PCA with grain size of 200 mesh of 804 ppm. In the study used HSC Chemistry 6 software as a supporter of thermodynamic discussion.Keywords: bangka tin slag, hsc chemistry 6 software, solid waste, scandium, dissolution
3
Ding, Jian. "Investigation of Thermodynamic Equilibrium of MSWI Fly Ash during High-Temperature Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1871.
Анотація:
MSWI (municipal solid waste incineration) fly ash during the high-temperature treatment was a chemical reaction process system of multiphase-component systems. The thermodynamic Equilibrium of the MSWI fly ash was simulated by the part of equilibrium composition of the chemical thermodynamic calculation software HSC-Chemistry 6.0. The characteristics of heavy metals were analyzed basing on the results of simulation in a certain temperature range under different working conditions.
4
Bhosale, Rahul R., Anand Kumar, Fares AlMomani, Majeda Khraisheh, and Gorakshnath Takalkar. "Solar Energy Storage via Thermochemical Metal Oxide/Metal Sulfate Water Splitting Cycle." MRS Advances 3, no. 24 (2018): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.50.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTThis paper reports the effect of Ar molar flow-rate on thermodynamic efficiency analysis of zinc oxide-zinc sulfate (ZnS-ZnO) water splitting cycle useful for solar H2 production. The thermodynamic efficiency analysis is conducted using the HSC Chemistry 7.1 software and its thermodynamic database. Influence of Ar molar flow-rate on total solar energy input essential for the continuous operation of the cycle is explored. Furthermore, the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency for the ZnS-ZnO water splitting cycle is determined.
5
Berlanga, C., and J. A. Ruiz. "Study of Corrosion in a Biomass Boiler." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/272090.
Анотація:
Biomass plants, apart from producing energy, help to reduce CO2(g) emissions. One of the biggest problems for their development is superheater corrosion due to fuel corrosivity, especially of the straw. This limits both the temperature of the vapour and also the effectiveness of the plant. In order to know more about the reactions which happen inside the boiler of biomass, thermodynamic calculations using software (HSC Chemistry) have been carried out. Field tests have been carried out in the Sangüesa Biomass Plant in Navarra (Spain): determination of the types of oxides and the deposits formed on the superheaters tubes as well as a program to measure temperatures. Finally, the global results are discussed.
6
Gajić, Nataša, Željko Kamberović, Zoran Anđić, Jarmila Trpčevská, Beatrice Plešingerova, and Marija Korać. "Synthesis of Tribological WS2 Powder from WO3 Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP)." Metals 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030277.
Анотація:
This paper describes the synthesis of tungsten disulfide (WS2) powder by the sulfurization of tungsten trioxide (WO3) particles in the presence of additive potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in nitrogen (N2) atmosphere, first at lower temperature (200 °C) and followed by reduction at higher temperature (900 °C). In addition, the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of ammonium meta-tungstate hydrate (AMT) was used for the production of WO3 particles at 650 °C in air. The HSC Chemistry® software package 9.0 was used for the analysis of chemistry and thermodynamic parameters of the processes for WS2 powder synthesis. The crystalline structure and phase composition of all synthesized powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The morphology and chemical composition of these samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
7
Wang, Xin, Shao-Hua Ju, C. Srinivasakannan, Da-Jin Yang, and Jin-Hui Peng. "Carbothermic Reduction of Zinc Ferrite by Microwave Heating." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0170.
Анотація:
AbstractThe kinetics of carbothermic reduction of ZnFe2O4 in the temperature range 823–1223 K, was investigated in a microwave reactor. The mechanism of formation of ZnO and Fe3O4/FeO by decomposition of ZnFe2O4 was explained using the equilibrium calculations and thermodynamics analysis using HSC chemistry software 6.0. In addition the effect of parameters such as the decomposition temperature, C/ZnFe2O4 ratio, particle size and microwave power were assessed on the decomposition kinetics. Zn recovery as high as 98.83% could be achieved at a decomposition temperature of 1023 K, C/ZnFe2O4 ratio of 1:3, particle size of +74–61 µm and microwave power of 1200 W. The kinetics of decomposition was found to be carbon gasification reaction controlled, with the activation energy of 39.21 kJ/mol.
8
Fosu, Allen Yushark, Ndue Kanari, James Vaughan, and Alexandre Chagnes. "Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene." Metals 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101312.
Анотація:
This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evaluated using HSC Chemistry software up to 1200 °C. It was observed that the alkaline, sulfation, chlorination (using Cl2 and CaCl2), carbonizing (to form Li2CO3) and fluorination processes were feasible either throughout or at a point within the temperature range considered. Chlorination using KCl and carbonizing to form Li2O are the processes found to be nonspontaneous throughout the temperatures considered.
9
Grudinsky, Pavel, Ekaterina Podjelnikova, and Valery Dyubanov. "Study of Sulphatizing Roasting Process Using Iron Sulphates for the Treatment of Zinc Leach Residue." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.448.
Анотація:
The paper presents the results of the investigation of zinc leach residue (ZLR) processing by sulphatizing roasting with iron sulphates FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 followed by water leaching. The elemental and phase compositions of ZLR of JSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" were studied. Based on the thermodynamic calculations using HSC Chemistry 9.9 software, the temperature ranges of the sulphatizing roasting and the required amounts of iron sulphate additives for the sulphation of zinc and copper were determined. Subsequent experiments showed that recovery rates of zinc and copper reached 99.5% and 89.1% respectively, while iron remained in the leached residue. The results have indicated a high efficiency of sulphatizing roasting to transform zinc and copper contained in ZLR from ferrite to water-soluble sulphate.
10
Babenko, Anatoly A., Leonid A. Smirnov, and Alena G. Upolovnikova. "Fundamental Research as a Basis for the Creation of New Technologies in Steel Ladle Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.493.
Анотація:
Theoretical and experimental studies including a study of slag viscosity of the CaO-SiO2-B2O3 system containing 25% Al2O3 and 8% MgO and equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron between slag and a low-carbon metal were carried out using a simplex-lattice experiment design and HSC 6.1 Chemistry software (Outokumpu). Fundamental research has contributed to the development of technology of basic boron-containing slags formation in ladle at ladle-furnace. These slags have a low viscosity, retaining high refining properties and providing direct microalloying of steel by boron. This technology has no analogues in domestic and foreign practice. The development of technology in the converter plant AO "ArcelorMittal Temirtau" (Kazakhstan) provided low-carbon steel production in wide grade composition, containing 0.001-0.008% boron and 0.004-0.014% sulfur, decreased consumption of manganese, high mechanical properties of rolled metal and improved environmental conditions.
11
Gajic, Natasa, Zeljko Kamberovic, Zoran Andjic, Marija Korac, Jarmila Trpcevská, and Mirko Stamatovic. "Improving the synthesis process of tribological materials based on tin sulphides by adding graphite as additive." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 4 (2019): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc180628102g.
Анотація:
The aim of this research was to study the effect of graphite addition in the process of synthesis of tribological materials based on tin sulphides. The tin sulphides powders were synthesized from selected precursors by pyrometallurgical method in rotary tilting tube furnace. The thermodynamic parameters of the synthesis were determined using HSC Chemistry software modelling package. In addition, the synthesis process was also characterized by the thermal analysis method: simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DCS-TGA). The characterization of the synthesized tin sulphides powders included analysis of chemical composition by optical emission spectroscopy, phase composition identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and examination of morphology, as well as elemental composition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The hexagonal SnS2 and orthorhombic Sn2S3 phases were formed after the thermal treatment of starting powders in nitrogen atmosphere. The obtained results indicate the positive effects of the graphite addition which enables the synthesis of tin sulphide powders with appropriate content of sulphide phases with minimal loss of sulphur.
12
Magdalena, Ricardo, Guiomar Calvo, and Alicia Valero. "The Energy Cost of Extracting Critical Raw Materials from Tailings: The Case of Coltan." Geosciences 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12050214.
Анотація:
Niobium and tantalum are mainly produced from columbite–tantalite ores, and 60% of their production is nowadays located in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. The concentration of supply, the scarcity, the wide range of use in all electronic devices, and the expected future demand boosted by the clean and digital transition means that Nb and Ta have high supply risks. In this context, extraction from rich Ta and Nb tailings from abandoned mines could partly offset such risks. This study analyzes the energy cost that the reprocessing of both elements from tailings would have. To that end, we simulate with HSC Chemistry software the different processes needed to beneficiate and refine both metals from zinc tailings as a function of Nb and Ta concentration. At current energy and metal prices, tantalum recovery from rich Ta-Nb tailings would be cost-effective if ore-handling costs were allocated to a paying metal. By way of contrast, niobium recovery would not be favored unless market prices increase.
13
Zinoveev, Dmitry, Pavel Grudinsky, Andrey Zakunov, Artem Semenov, Maria Panova, Dmitry Valeev, Alex Kondratiev, Valery Dyubanov, and Alexander Petelin. "Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121313.
Анотація:
Red mud is a by-product of alumina production from bauxite ore by the Bayer method, which contains considerable amounts of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, titanium, and scandium. In this study, an approach was applied to extract iron, i.e., carbothermic reduction roasting of red mud with sodium and potassium carbonates followed by magnetic separation. The thermodynamic analysis of iron and iron-free components’ behavior during carbothermic reduction was carried out by HSC Chemistry 9.98 (Outotec, Pori, Finland) and FactSage 7.1 (Thermfact, Montreal, Canada; GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany) software. The effects of the alkaline carbonates’ addition, as well as duration and temperature of roasting on the iron metallization degree, iron grains’ size, and magnetic separation process were investigated experimentally. The best conditions for the reduction roasting were found to be as follows: 22.01% of K2CO3 addition, 1250 °C, and 180 min of duration. As a generalization of the obtained data, the mechanism of alkaline carbonates’ influence on iron grain growth was proposed.
14
Moon, K., and Ganesh R. Kale. "Energy Analysis in Combined Reforming of Propane." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/301265.
Анотація:
Combined (steam and CO2) reforming is one of the methods to produce syngas for different applications. An energy requirement analysis of steam reforming to dry reforming with intermediate steps of steam reduction and equivalent CO2addition to the feed fuel for syngas generation has been done to identify condition for optimum process operation. Thermodynamic equilibrium data for combined reforming was generated for temperature range of 400–1000°C at 1 bar pressure and combined oxidant (CO2+ H2O) stream to propane (fuel) ratio of 3, 6, and 9 by employing the Gibbs free energy minimization algorithm of HSC Chemistry software 5.1. Total energy requirement including preheating and reaction enthalpy calculations were done using the equilibrium product composition. Carbon and methane formation was significantly reduced in combined reforming than pure dry reforming, while the energy requirements were lower than pure steam reforming. Temperatures of minimum energy requirement were found in the data analysis of combined reforming which were optimum for the process.
15
Gajić, Nataša, Milisav Ranitović, Miloš Marković, and Željko Kamberović. "Thermodynamics Study for Selective Leaching of Copper and Zinc from Complex Secondary Raw Materials Using Oxidative Sulfuric Acid Leaching." Metallurgical and Materials Data 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/mmd10.
Анотація:
This study focuses on evaluating the optimal process conditions for selectively leaching copper and zinc from complex secondary raw materials using the oxidative sulfuric acid leaching process. The research includes both physical and chemical characterization of the materials and a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis to assess the thermodynamic properties and behaviors of the system under investigation. The physical characterization involves determining parameters such as bulk density, moisture content, and granulometric composition of the samples. Elemental composition analysis is performed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX), while the phase composition is determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the materials' morphology is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fraction diagrams are created using Hydra/Medusa software to assess the phase distributions of zinc and copper during the leaching process. The stability of the metals and potential chemical reactions within a defined temperature range is analyzed using Eh-pH diagrams with the HSC 9 Chemistry Software. Based on the thermodynamic analysis conducted, it is determined that effective leaching of copper and zinc from the complex secondary raw materials is achievable. Furthermore, the results indicate that the leaching process is relatively insensitive to temperature variations. The optimization of the leaching process should primarily focus on achieving optimized consumption of the oxidizing agent.
16
Babenko, Anatolij A., Ruslan R. Shartdinov, and Alena G. Upolovnikova. "Effect of Basicity and Boron Oxide in Slags of the AOD Process on the Equilibrium Interphase Distribution of Sulfur and Boron." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.293.
Анотація:
The use of fluorspar in modern metallurgical slags, incl. slags of the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process, as a fluxing agent, is associated with many disadvantages. Those disadvantages can be solved by using boron oxide as an alternative, which also provides conditions for direct microalloying of steel with boron. The paper presents the results of thermodynamic modeling of the effect of basicity and boron oxide content in slags of the CaO–SiO2–B2O3–Cr2O3–Al2O3–MgO system on the equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron, and their equilibrium content in the metal. Modeling was carried out using the HSC 8.03 Chemistry software package (Outokumpu). Slag from the desulfurization period of the AOD-process was used as the oxide phase. As a result, it was shown that, in the range of basicities 2.0-2.5 and a content of 2-4% B2O3, it is possible to carry out desulfurization of the metal, providing a sulfur content of 0.001-0.007%, and simultaneous microalloying of steel with boron in an amount of up to 0.0103%.
17
Sarafraz, M. M., Mohammad Reza Safaei, M. Jafarian, Marjan Goodarzi, and M. Arjomandi. "High Quality Syngas Production with Supercritical Biomass Gasification Integrated with a Water–Gas Shift Reactor." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132591.
Анотація:
A thermodynamic assessment is conducted for a new configuration of a supercritical water gasification plant with a water–gas shift reactor. The proposed configuration offers the potential for the production of syngas at different H2:CO ratios for various applications such as the Fischer–Tropsch process or fuel cells, and it is a path for addressing the common challenges associated with conventional gasification plants such as nitrogen dilution and ash separation. The proposed concept consists of two reactors, R1 and R2, where the carbon containing fuel is gasified (in reactor R1) and in reactor R2, the quality of the syngas (H2:CO ratio) is substantially improved. Reactor R1 is a supercritical water gasifier and reactor R2 is a water–gas shift reactor. The proposed concept was modelled using the Gibbs minimization method with HSC chemistry software. Our results show that the supercritical water to fuel ratio (SCW/C) is a key parameter for determining the quality of syngas (molar ratio of H2:CO) and the carbon conversion reaches 100%, when the SWC/C ratio ranges between two and 2.5 at 500–1000 °C.
18
Katarína, Pauerová, Trpčevská Jarmila, Briančin Jaroslav, and Plešingerová Beatrice. "Theoretical and Practical Evaluation of the Feasibility of Zinc Evaporation from the Bottom Zinc Dross as a Valuable Secondary Material." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 8843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248843.
Анотація:
This study presents a theoretical and practical evaluation of zinc evaporation from bottom zinc dross (hard zinc) as a secondary zinc source (zinc content approximately 94–97%), which originates in the batch hot-dip galvanizing process. The thermodynamics of the zinc evaporation process were studied under the normal pressure (100 kPa) in the inert atmosphere, using argon with flow rate 90 mL/min. Samples were subjected to the evaporation process for 5, 10 and 20 min under the temperature of 700 °C and 800 °C, respectively. For the theoretical thermodynamic study, HSC Chemistry 6.1 software was used and final products, as well as residuals after the evaporation process, were analyzed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray). Calculated and experimental argon consumption in the process of zinc evaporation has been compared. A high purity zinc with efficiency over 99% was reached. Due to a dynamic regime, argon consumption at the temperature of 700 °C and 800 °C were 7 times and 3 times, respectively, less than calculated.
19
Raharjo, Slamet. "ANALISIS THERMOGRAVIMETRY LIMBAH PADAT KELAPA SAWIT DAN POTENSI KONVERSINYA MENJADI GAS BAKAR." Jurnal Dampak 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/dampak.9.2.92-97.2012.
Анотація:
ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara pengekspor CPO (crude palm oil) terbesar kedua di dunia. Produk sampingan dari prosesing CPO yang berupa limbah padat yaitu cangkang, serat dan tandan kosong sawit (TKS) ini bisa dijadikan alternatif sumber energi terbarukan. Gasifikasi adalah teknologi yang layak untuk konversi limbah padat karena memenuhi standar emisi dan memberikan efek minimasi penggunaan lahan TPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami potensi konversi limbah padat kelapa sawit menjadi bahan bakar gas (H2 dan CO) dengan proses gasifikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimen thermogravimetri terhadap 3 jenis limbah padat kelapa sawit untuk menganalisis karakteristik gasifikasi limbah padat tersebut. Untuk memahami komposisi bahan bakar gas yang dihasilkan, dilakukan simulasi proses gasifikasi dengan menggunakan software kesetimbangan kimia HSC Chemistry 5.1. Hasil thermogravimetri menunjukkan bahwa kandungan fix carbon (FC) dan fuel ratio dalam cangkang lebih besar dari serat dan tandan kosong sawit (TKS). Kandungan volatile matter (VM) TKS lebih besar dari serat dan cangkang. Hal ini mengakibatkan produksi gas CO cangkang kelapa sawit lebih besar dibanding serat dan TKS, sebaliknya produksi gas H2 dari TKS lebih tinggi dibandingkan cangkang dan serat. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kesetimbangan kimia, dapat disusun skema reaksi gasifikasi limbah padat kelapa sawit sebagai berikut:CxHy + aCO2 ? (x+a)CO + y/2H2.Kata Kunci: limbah padat CPO, gasifikasi, bahan bakar gas, volatile matter (VM), fix carbon (FC) ABSTRACTIndonesia is the second largest CPO (crude palm oil) exporting countries in the world. CPO processing generates solid wastes including shell, fiber and empty fruit bunche (EFBs), which can be used as alternative sources of renewable energy. Gasification is feasible technology to convert solid waste because it can meet the emission standard and minimize landfill application. This paper studies the potency of palm solid waste conversion to fuel gases (H2 and CO) through gasification proces. This research was carried out by thermogravimetric experiments on three kinds of palm solid waste to understand their gasification characteristics. Chemical equilibrium calculations of gasification process was carried out by using HSC Chemistry 5.1 software to understand the fuel gas composition. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the fix carbon (FC) content and fuel ratio of shell was higher than those of fiber and EFBs. Whereas, volatile matter (VM) content of EFBs was higher than that of fiber and shell. It caused CO production of shell was higher than that of fiber and EFBs, otherwise, the H2 production of EFBs was higher than that of shell and fiber. Based on chemical equilibrium calculation, gasification reaction scheme of palm solid waste can be arranged as follows: CxHy + aCO2 ? (x+a)CO + y/2H2.Keywords: CPO solid waste, gasification, fuel gas, volatile matter (VM), fix carbon (FC).
20
Mendez Escamilla, Y., G. Gallegos Ortega, and J. A. Cobos-Murcia. "Micro-diamantes originados por impacto de meteoritos." Tópicos de Investigación en Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales 5, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/aactm.v5i5.9116.
Анотація:
Los micro-diamantes formados por un meteorito o también llamados diamantes de impacto, son diamantes creados a partir del metamorfismo generado por el choque entre un cuerpo cósmico y la corteza (zona de impacto). Para que este fenómeno ocurra, deben darse ciertas condiciones termodinámicas. Hasta el momento, solo se conoce la formación de microdiamantes y se desconocen las condiciones energéticas emitidas por el choque de masas (meteorito y suelo) para asemejarse a uno de los procesos geológicos más importantes para la formación de diamantes terrestres, así como la forma en que se expresa espontáneamente dicho fenómeno. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se estudiaron simuladamente los cambios termodinámicos (entalpía, entropía y capacidad calorífica) a los que es sometido el carbono de la corteza terrestre para la formación de diamantes terrestres, pero bajo las condiciones de impacto de meteoritos. Para ello se utilizaron los softwares HSC Chemistry (versión 5.1) y wolframalpha manipulando las variables fase del carbono y temperatura, esta última de acuerdo a los valores registrados para la formación de micro-diamantes por impacto y diamantes terrestres, así mismo se estudiaron los resultados de acuerdo a la fase del carbono. Los resultados del trabajo indicaron que el fenómeno es exógeno y/o endógeno dependiendo de la fase del carbono capturado en el software y su grado de dispersión de energía. Ya que a mayor dispersión de energía la formación de diamantes no se ve favorecida.
21
Kolesnikov, A. S., B. O. Sapargaliyeva, A. Yu Bychkov, Ya O. Alferyeva, S. Syrlybekkyzy, Zh K. Altybaeva, L. K. Nurshakhanova, et al. "THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF THE FORMATION OF THE MAIN MINERALS OF CEMENT CLINKER AND ZINC FUMES IN THE PROCESSING OF TOXIC TECHNOGENIC WASTE OF THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 03 (2022): 2181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1536230.
Анотація:
This paper presents the results of thermodynamic studies on the effect of temperature on the Gibbs energy of the formation of basic minerals of cement clinker (Ca2SiO4, Ca3SiO5, Ca3Al2O6) with the simultaneous distillation of zinc (Zng) into the gas phase from mineral and man-made raw materials, in particular limestone and tailings from the enrichment of non-ferrous metals at the Balkhash processing plant. The research was carried out using the software package "HSC Chemistry 6", developed by the Outokumpu metallurgical company (Finland). During the conducted research it was established that the compounds of zinc oxide have an advantage in the process of formation under the influence of the temperature of the main clinker minerals on the zinc compounds in the sulphide form, for example, the forming temperature of the beginning of the reaction with the formation of Ca2SiO4 has virtually no difference, and when the formation mineral Ca3SiO5 forming temperature of the beginning of the reaction is 19,7% lower. And when The Ca3Al2O6 mineral is formed, the formation temperature at the beginning of the reaction is lower by 17,5%, which is less energy-consuming
22
Shevko, Viktor М., Yerbol Ye Akylbekov, Gulnara Ye Karataeva, and Alexandra D. Badikova. "Recycling of chrysotile-asbestos production waste." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022050.
Анотація:
The article examines results of studies on the effect of temperature, amount of carbon and pressure on the possibility of obtaining iron silicides and gaseous magnesium by carbon-thermal reduction of silicon and magnesium oxides containing in chrysotile-asbestos waste products. The studies were carried out using the HSC-6.0 software package (Outokumpy) and the second-order rotatable designs (Box-Hunter plans). It has been established that technology allows us to increase αSi(al), for example, at 1400 °C from 89.6 to 96.75%, reduce undesirable losses of silicon with gaseous SiO from 8.97 to 2.08% and slightly increase αMg(gas) from 97.41 to 97.54%. The alloy formed at 1300 °C contains 28.7% of silicon and corresponds to FS25 grade ferrosilicon.
23
Zhao, Lizheng, Yanfei Du, Yusen Zeng, Zhizhong Kang, and Baomin Sun. "Sulfur Conversion of Mixed Coal and Gangue during Combustion in a CFB Boiler." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030553.
Анотація:
The construction of a power plant using a 660 MWe supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler with co-combustion of coal and gangue has been proposed in China. Therefore, this study simulated the distribution law and transformation mechanism of sulfur-containing phases using three low-calorific samples of gangue and coal mixtures under different conditions, based on the thermodynamic simulation software HSC Chemistry. The results showed that sulfur low in calorific value coal is mainly converted into gas phase SO2, solid phase alkali metal sulfate (Na2SO4 and K2SO4), and alkaline earth metal sulfate (CaSO4 and MgSO4) in an oxidizing atmosphere. Under a reductive atmosphere, sulfur in coal is mainly converted into gaseous H2S, COS (Carbon oxysulfide), and solid FeSx. With an increase in the O/C ratio, the distribution curve of sulfur-containing substances contracted to lower temperatures. It was established that the sulfur fixation capacity of coal ash depends on the relative amounts of basic oxides and sulfur present in it. Relevant conclusions were also verified and compared to those of the laboratory small-fluidized bed test bench and the 3 MWth CFB combustion test bench.
24
Ding, Xiao Yu, Xing Jin, and Peng Zhang. "Study on the Calculation of Boron Combustion in Different Oxidizing Atmospheres." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.103.
Анотація:
The calculations of thermal equilibrium of B/O and B/C/H/O/N system were done based on the principle of Gibbs minimum free energy by HSC Chemistry software. The results indicated that in B/O system when B/O mole ratio is kept at 2:3, the main gas phase boron contained products transform from B2O3(g) to BO(g) and BO2(g) with increase of temperature. Improving the environmental pressure is beneficial to increase the heat release of boron combustion. As to B/C/H/O/N system, B/C/H/O/N mole ratio is settled to be 2:1:2:6:1. The main combustion products are N2(g), HBO2(g), CO2(g), H2O and B2O3(g) when the environmental temperature is relatively low in the case that the heat release of fuel can be obtained enough. When the environmental temperature rises, the major combustion products are CO(g), BO(g) and so on. It shows that high temperature is not beneficial for heat release of boron combustion. Like B/O system, improving the environmental pressure helps to increase the heat release of B/C/H/O/N system combustion.
25
Li, Peng, Qin Qin, Qing Bo Yu, and Wen Ya Du. "Feasibility Study for the System of Coal Gasification by Molten Blast Furnace Slag." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2347.
Анотація:
At present, molten blast furnace slag is quenched rapidly using a large amount of water to produce a glassy-granulated slag without any recovery of its much sensible heat, polluting water and atmosphere. To solve these problems, a new heat recovery system is proposed. This system consists of melting gasifier, the 2nd gasifier and boiler in order to achieve stepped energy using. The melting gasifier and the 2nd gasifier use the endothermic heat of gasification reaction instead of sensible heat to recover the energy of molten blast furnace slag. The possibility of the new heat recovery system is studied. The reactions in melting gasifier are studied using STA409PC thermal analyzer and HSC chemistry software. The economic and environmental benefits are calculated based on the heat and mass balances. The results indicate that this method is possible and better than conventional methods such as hot water or steam production. The molten BF slag acts as not only thermal media but also good catalyst. The efficiency of melting gasifier is high and without pollution. Besides, this method can bring huge economic and environmental benefits which are important to the survival and sustainable development of iron-steel enterprises.
26
Shabanov, Ye Zh, Ye K. Kuatbay, Ye N. Makhambetov, and R. Т. Toleukadyr. "Thermodynamic and experimental simulation of the selting process of high-carbon ferrochrome with the use of high-ash coal «Saryadyr»." Engineering Journal of Satbayev University 144, no. 6 (2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2022.i6.02.
Анотація:
The paper presents the results of scientific research, which are the basis for the development of technology for producing high-carbon ferrochrome using a qualitatively new reducing agent in the charge - high-ash coal from the Saryadyr deposit. To analyze the carbothermal reduction of chromium, the method of full thermodynamic modeling (TTM) of metallurgical processes was used, implemented in a computer system using the HSC Chemistry 6 software package, in the temperature range of 600-2800 K. The thermodynamic calculation showed that sharp technological deviations in the smelting of carbonaceous ferrochromium is not observed using high-ash coal, the process proceeds evenly, with complete reduction of chromium and iron. According to the content of silicon oxide and aluminum in coal ash, it was found that it can successfully replace quartzite in the charge mixture. On the basis of thermodynamic data, experimental studies of the technological process of smelting carbonaceous ferrochromium using high-ash coal Saryadyr in the Tamman high-temperature laboratory furnace were carried out. The Tammann Resistance Furnace is a research facility designed to simulate metallurgical processes at high temperatures. In laboratory studies, prototypes of carbon ferrochrome were obtained, which meets the requirements of the Fh800 brand.
27
Legemza, Jaroslav, Mária Fröhlichová, Róbert Findorák, and Martina Džupková. "Modelling of Mass and Thermal Balance and Simulation of Iron Sintering Process with Biomass." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9091010.
Анотація:
This paper specifies the mathematical and physical modelling of the iron sintering process in laboratory conditions. The aim is to get the simplest approach (using thermodynamic software “HSC Chemistry”, version 9, Outokumpu Research Oy, Pori, Finland) that allows one to predict the output parameters based on the initial composition analysis. As a part of the application of mathematical modelling, a mass and thermal balance of combustion of carbonaceous fuels (including biomass) and a mass and thermal balance of high-temperature sintering of an agglomeration charge were determined. The objective of the paper was to point out the advantages of modelling using thermodynamic software and apply the results into a simulation of the sintering process. The outcome of mathematical modelling correlates to the outcome of physical modelling for fuel combustion and the agglomerate production in a laboratory sintering pan. The energy required to reach the desired sintering temperatures and acquire the standard quality of agglomerate was calculated using 4.97% of coke breeze. In a real experiment with the laboratory sintering pan, 4.35% of coke was used. When a biomass fuel with a lower calorific value (lignin) is used in the agglomeration charge, the amount of fuel has to be increased to 5.52% (with 20% substitution of coke). This paper also aimed at predicting methodological tools and defining thermodynamic conditions for creating an interactive simulation. In addition, kinetics should be considered to improve the predicting capabilities of the current model and therefore in further research it will be required to optimise the computational program pursuant to the results of the kinetics experiments.
28
Ye. N. Makhambetov, S. T. Gabdullin, Z. Zulhan, A. M. Zhakan, and A. A. Myrzagaliyev. ""THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF THE SMELTING PROCESS OF A NEW COMPLEX CHROMIUM-MANGANESE-SILICON CONTAINING FERROALLOY"." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 3,2023 (September 29, 2023): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/odxd9913.
Анотація:
"This article presents the results of a complete thermodynamic modeling of the smelting process of chromium-manganese-silicon-containing ferroalloy from chromium and manganese ores of Kazakhstan. A complete thermodynamic simulation of the smelting process of chromium-manganese silicon-containing ferroalloy was performed in the software package «HSC Chemistry 6». The principle of operation of this software package is based on the principle of maximum entropy and takes into account all known properties of the reacting components that make up the thermodynamic system. Thermodynamic analysis for modeling the smelting process of a complex alloy was carried out in the temperature range from 900 to 1800 ℃ for three real charge compositions (with a lack of 10 % solid reducing agent, with a normal course of the regime and with an excess of 10 % solid reducing agent). The mechanism of joint carbothermic reduction of silicon, aluminum, calcium, manganese, chromium and iron was studied using the Cr-Si-Al-Ca-Mn-Mg-O-C system. The calculations carried out make it possible to fully consider all the physicochemical processes occurring during the smelting of chromium-manganese silicon containing ferroalloy by the carbothermic method. According to thermodynamic data, the optimal consumption of solid carbon per 100 kg of ore mixture (chromium and manganese ore), in the amount of 17 kg, has been established. The chemical composition at a temperature of 1800 °C is, %: Cr - 43.43; Mn - 21.28; Si - 10.25 and Fe - 24.55. Keywords: complex alloy, carbothermic process, chromium-manganese-silicon-containing ferroalloy, thermodynamics, chromium ore, manganese ore."
29
Becker, Elisabeth, Andreas Prange, and Reinhard Conradt. "Simulation of the Chemical Influences to the Polishing Process of Optical Glasses." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.293.
Анотація:
In the last step of fabrication, optical and fine-optical glasses are polished to fulfill the optical requirements for their surfaces. The major influences on the process are caused by the mechanics of the polishing machine, by the chemistry (composition of the glass, as well as the polishing suspension of water and polishing grains, CeO2) [1], [2] and by the material and structure of the polishing pad. From previous own results [3], [4] it is known that the stability of the colloidal system has a major impact on the polishing results and that it is influenced by matter from the glass removal. Thus the glasses have been classified in glass families, depending on their chemical composition and their mutual compatibility in the process. As it is not always possible to measure this compatibility, the impact of the various dissolved glass ions in the fluid phase of the polishing suspension is simulated by the use of thermodynamic parameters. Therefore the specific solubility products in the aqueous phase are modeled (using, e.g., the software HSC) comprising steady accumulation of ions from the glass removal. With this simulation, the examination of the chemical part of the chemo-mechanical polishing process will be concluded.
30
Iglesias-Émbil, Marta, Alejandro Abadías, Alicia Valero, Guiomar Calvo, Markus Andreas Reuter, and Abel Ortego. "Criticality and Recyclability Assessment of Car Parts—A Thermodynamic Simulation-Based Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010091.
Анотація:
Using a thermodynamic approach, this paper identifies the most critical parts of a car, considering their composition. A total of 11 car parts that contain valuable and scarce materials have been selected using thermodynamic rarity, an indicator that helps assess elements and minerals in exergy terms according to their relative scarcity in the crust and the energy required to extract and refine them. A recyclability analysis using a product-centric approach was then undertaken using dedicated software, HSC Chemistry. To that end, the dismantling of these car parts into three main fractions was performed. Each car part was divided into non-ferrous, steel, and aluminum flows. A general metallurgical process was developed and simulated for each flow, including all the required equipment to extract most of the minor but valuable metals. Of the 11 parts, only 7 have a recyclability potential higher than 85%. By treating these selected car parts appropriately, the raw materials recovered from the car can increase by 6%. The approach used in this paper can help provide guidelines to improve the eco-design of cars and can also be applied to other sectors. Ultimately, this paper uniquely introduces simulation-based thermodynamic rarity analysis for thermodynamic based product “design for recycling”.
31
Karataeva, Gulnara, Viktor Shevko, Gulvira Bitanova, and Karlygash Polatova. "Computer thermodynamic modeling of the producing silicon alloys from the Kentau Combined Heat and Power Plant ash." E3S Web of Conferences 460 (2023): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346007011.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of studies on the production of silicon alloys from the Kentau Combined Heat and Power Plant ash by the computer thermodynamic modeling method using the HSC-6.0-Chemistry software package. The effect of temperature (from 500 °C to 2000 °C) and the amount of carbon (from 30% to 40% of the ash mass) on the equilibrium distribution degree of elements between the condensed and gas phases, the grade of resulting ferroalloys. In the system under consideration, the formation of FeSi25 ferrosilicon occurs in the temperature range of 1500-1530 °C, and FeSi45 ferrosilicon-at the temperature of 1610-1700 °C; FS50 ferrosilicon is formed in the temperature range of 1700-1900 °C in the presence of 30% of carbon. The formation of FeSi45A10 ferrosilicoaluminium is possible at 2000 °C and 30% of carbon, in this case the concentrations of the metals in the alloy are 46.51% of Si, 8.57% of Al; 42.27% of Fe. FeSi45A15 ferrosilicoaluminium is formed in the system at 40% of carbon and 2000 °C; the elements’ concentrations in the alloy are 45.62% of Si, 14.76% of Al, 37.29% of Fe. Processing of 1 tonne of the ash makes it possible to produce 459 kg of FeSi45A10 ferrosilicon
32
Luo, Bing, Tongjiang Peng, and Hongjuan Sun. "Innovative Methodology for Sulfur Release from Copper Tailings by the Oxidation Roasting Process." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8090846.
Анотація:
To effectively prevent the accumulation of copper tailings from producing acid mine drainage (AMD) and maximize the comprehensive utilization of copper tailings, the process of oxidation roasting was adopted to release sulfur in the form of SO2 to achieve the purpose of sulfur recovery later. Based on the AMD risk assessment, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, the influences of roasting temperature, residence time, and air flow in the roasting process were investigated. The thermal stability, reaction equilibrium, mineral transformation, and residual S content were characterized by TG-DSC, HSC chemical software 6.0, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and combustion neutralization, respectively. The optimum conditions for sulfur release in the roasting process were shown with a temperature of 1200°C, a residence time of 60 min, and an air flow of 0.8 L/min. Under these conditions, the sulfur release rate was 99.82%, and the residual S content was 0.05%. Subsequently, the process of sulfur release was proposed as four steps: oxidative decomposition of pyrrhotite, formation of ferric sulfate, decomposition of ferric sulfate, and formation of hematite. All of the findings could propose a theoretical and experimental reference for the recovery of the sulfur component from tailings rich in sulfide minerals.
33
Niu, He, Lugas Raka Adrianto, Alexandra Gomez Escobar, Vladimir Zhukov, Priyadharshini Perumal, Janne Kauppi, Paivo Kinnunen, and Mirja Illikainen. "Potential of Mechanochemically Activated Sulfidic Mining Waste Rock for Alkali Activation." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 4 (December 2021): 1575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00466-9.
Анотація:
Abstract Sulfidic mining waste rock is a side stream from the mining industry with a potential environmental burden. Alkali activation is a promising method for transforming mining waste into construction materials. However, the low reactivity of minerals can be a sizeable challenge in alkali activation. In the present study, the reactivity of waste rock was enhanced by mechanochemical treatment with a LiCl-containing grinding aid. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) analysis were utilized to display the structural alteration of individual minerals. A schematic implication of the grinding mechanism of mica was provided according to the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The alkaline solubility displayed the enhanced chemical reactivity of the waste rock, in which Si and Al solubility increased by roughly 10 times and 40 times, respectively. The amorphization of aluminosilicate is achieved through chemical assisted mechanochemical activation. Sulfidic waste rock, as the sole precursor in alkali activation, achieved a 28-day compressive strength exceeding 10 MPa under ambient curing conditions. The simulation of the upscaled grinding process was conducted via the HSC Chemistry® software with a life-cycle assessment. The results showed that mining waste rock can be a promising candidate for geopolymer production with a lower carbon footprint, compared to traditional Portland cement. Graphical Abstract
34
Salina, V. A., Vladimir I. Zhuchkov, and Oleg V. Zayakin. "A Study of Nickel and Iron Reduction Silicothermic Process by Thermodynamic Simulation." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.511.
Анотація:
The results of studying the effect of silicon concentration of ferrosilicon: FeSi5 (5% Si), FeSi20 (20% Si), FeSi35 (35% Si), FeSi50 (50% Si), FeSi65 (65% Si) on the degree of nickel (ηNi) and iron (ηFe) reduction of the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-FeO-NiO-P2O5 multicomponent oxide system at a temperature of 1500 °C by thermodynamic simulation are given2. The HSC Chemistry 6.12 software package developed by Outokumpu (Finland) was used for the simulation. The chemical compounds Ni3Si and Ni5Si2 with the corresponding thermodynamic characteristics are entered into the database. The calculations were performed by the “Equilibrium Compositions” subroutine at a gas pressure of 1 atm, containing 2.24 m3 N2, as a neutral additive. The obtained modeling results indicate the thermodynamic possibility of nickel and iron reduction from the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-FeO-NiO-P2O5 oxide system by silicon of ferrosilicon. The degree of iron reduction increases from 88.8 to 91.4%, with an increase in the silicon concentration of ferrosilicon [Si]FeSi from 5 to 65%. The degree of nickel reduction with an increase in the silicon concentration of ferrosilicon remains almost unchanged and amounts to 99.8-99.7%. The degree of use of silicon is 92.1–94.5%. The chemical composition of the complex alloy – ferrosiliconickel is determined. The obtained simulation results can be used to develop the technology for producing ferrosiliconickel from nickel ore by silicothermic method.
35
Grishin, A. M., V. A. Petrenko, and L. A. Sokolova. "Physicochemical regularities of complex reduction of iron chromite." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-19-28.
Анотація:
Physicochemical patterns of complex reduction of multicomponent charge have been studied in the absence of liquid phases in order to obtain spongy ligatures. The charge contained both simple oxides and complex oxide compounds. The reduction was conducted being realized at the expense of carbon and gases (CO and H2) as well as with the participation of the carbide phase, which was formed during the reduction process. The dependence of the phase composition of the reduction products on the initial ratios O/(C+H) and C/H was determined. The possibility of the presence of Femet in the products was shown at increasing the C/H ratio and the formation of complex carbide based on (1/60 Fe3C+1/3 Cr3C2). The temperature limits of the appearance of metallic and carbide phases have been theoretically determined based on both thermodynamic modeling of the system Cr–Fe–C–O–H using the software HSC Chemistry 5.1 and the results of X-ray phase analysis of the reduction products. The equilibrium composition of the gas phase for the complex reduction of iron chromite under different conditions was calculated. To evaluate the kinetic features of the reduction of iron chromite, the rate of the complex reduction of Fe(CrO2)2 was determined under conditions of chemical-catalytic action. Salts of alkali metals (potassium and sodium) were used as catalytic additives. The influence of temperature, reducing agent composition and the nature and amount of catalytic additive on the process rate was investigated. Conclusions on the type and optimal proportion of additives have been made. The mechanism of influence of catalytic additives on the kinetic characteristics of the complex reduction of iron chromite was analyzed.
36
Udoeva, Lyudmila Yu, Sergey N. Agafonov, and Sofia A. Petrova. "Thermodynamic and experimental simulation of interactions in the Ta-ZnS system." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-9-94.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of studies to estimation the possibility of sulfiding of metallic tantalum by zinc sulfide in an inert atmosphere. To theoretically substantiate the possibility of the process, the HSC 6.12 Chemistry software package (Outotec) was used, which allows predicting the equilibrium composition of the interaction products. The Gibbs energies of possible reactions in the ZnS-Ta system are calculated, the optimum operating parameters of the process of complete transformation of metallic tantalum into TaS2 are determined. Experimental studies were carried out in a tubular furnace in a flow of an inert gas (helium) supplied through a closed loop of an alundum reactor. Components with different molar ratios compressed into tablets were kept at the temperature 1300 ° C for 90 minutes. It has been found tantalum disulfide of two modifications (hexagonal and trigonal systems) and Ta5S8 (14.1%) are formed at a stoichiometric ZnS / Ta molar ratio of 2.0. Its subsulfides (Ta1.23S2, Ta3.1S6, TaS (y)), which are intermediate phases in the transformation of tantalum-to-TaS2, are formed if a sulfidizer is deficient. The identification of the phases and the estimation of their proportion in the sulfiding product were made by the full-profile analysis by Rietveld method. The experimental conditions did not reveal the formation of complex sulfides like the ZnxTaS2, the formation of which is possible because of zinc intercalation between the layers of the tantalum disulfide basic structure of the crystal lattice.
37
Kolesnikov, Alexandr, Roman Fediuk, Olga Kolesnikova, Nurgali Zhanikulov, Bibol Zhakipbayev, Rasim Kuraev, Elmira Akhmetova, and Aizhan Shal. "Processing of Waste from Enrichment with the Production of Cement Clinker and the Extraction of Zinc." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010324.
Анотація:
This paper presents studies on the processing of enrichment tailings as a component of a raw mixture in order to obtain cement clinker, with simultaneous distillation of zinc. Thermodynamic studies were carried out in the temperature range of 600–1600 °C using the software application “HSC Chemistry 6” developed by the metallurgical company Outokumpu (Finland). As a result of the conducted studies, we found that zinc contributes to the intensification of mineral formation of cement clinker. In particular, it was found that the formation of belite is possible in the temperature range from 990.7 to 1500 °C with Gibbs energy values of −0.01 and −323.8 kJ (which is better than the standard process by −11.4 kJ), respectively; the formation of alite is possible in the temperature range from 982.9 to 1500 °C with Gibbs energy values of −0.05 and −402.1 kJ (better than the standard process by −11.4 kJ), respectively; the formation of tricalcium aluminate is thermodynamically possible in the temperature range from 600 °C at ΔGTo = −893.8 kJ to 1500 °C at ΔGTo = −1899.3 kJ (better than the standard process by −1570.1 kJ), respectively; and the formation of four calcium aluminoferrite is possible in the temperature range from 600 °C at ΔGTo = −898.9 kJ to 1500 °C at ΔGTo = −1959.3 kJ (better than the standard process by −1570.2 kJ), respectively, with simultaneous distillation of zinc into a gaseous state for its further capture.
38
Lin, Kunsen, Jia-Hong Kuo, Chiou-Liang Lin, Zhen-Shu Liu, and Jingyong Liu. "Sequential extraction for heavy metal distribution of bottom ash from fluidized bed co-combusted phosphorus-rich sludge under the agglomeration/defluidization process." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19886927.
Анотація:
Agglomeration that occurs during municipal sewage sludge (MSS) fluidized bed co-combustion might affect heavy metal distribution and the transformation of bottom ash. A study on the mobility and speciation of heavy metals that accompanies agglomeration behavior and phosphorus addition should be examined during MSS co-combustion. Meanwhile, the aim of this study was to evaluate the total content and speciation of heavy metals during the MSS fluidized bed co-combustion by the chemical sequential extraction procedure (SEP). The risk assessment code (RAC) and individual contamination factor (ICF) are calculated to evaluate the mobility of heavy metals and their environmental risks in agglomerates. Moreover, identification of agglomerates is established by both characterization (scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and thermodynamic simulation (HSC chemistry software). The experimental results indicated that P and Na would form the lower melting-point compounds such as NaPO3 and Na2O in the bottom ash, which promoted agglomeration during MSS fluidized bed co-combustion. According to the simulation, Na and P have a stronger affinity than Si and Cr, and this reaction is not only influenced by particle agglomeration, but also by heavy metal distribution during modified MSS co-combustion. Nevertheless, the results of ICFs and RACs obtained from the SEP indicated that for heavy metals trapped in agglomerates, a weaker binding such as physical covering by eutectics might be considered as the dominant reaction compared with chemical binding to form a metal complex.
39
Gao, Yunqin, Jiawei Wang, Xiaoli Tian, Yanlong Yang, and Xing Hou. "Synthesis and Sintering Reaction Mechanism of High-Performance MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 Clinker." Materials 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052086.
Анотація:
High-performance MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker was prepared using magnesite from Xinjiang (with high calcium and low silica), calcium oxide, and ferric oxide as raw materials. Microstructural analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, combined with HSC chemistry 6 software simulations, were used to investigate the synthesis mechanism of MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker and the effect of firing temperature on the properties of MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker. The results show that MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker with a bulk density of 3.42 g·cm−3, water absorption of 0.7%, and excellent physical properties can be formed by firing at 1600 °C for 3 h. In addition, the crushed and reformed specimens can be refired at temperatures of 1300 °C and 1600 °C to achieve compressive strengths of 17.9 MPa and 39.1 MPa, respectively. The main crystalline phase of the MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker is the MgO phase; the 2CaO·Fe2O3 phase generated by the reaction is distributed between the MgO grains to form a cemented structure with a small quantity of 3CaO·SiO2 and 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 also distributed between the MgO grains. A series of decomposition and resynthesis chemical reactions occurred during the firing of the MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker, and the liquid phase appeared in the system once the firing temperature exceeded 1250 °C. The presence of the liquid phase promoted intergranular mass transfer between the MgO grains, ensuring the continuous growth of the MgO grains and furthering the densification of the MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 clinker.
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Ye. Makhambetov, А. Abdirashit, Ye. Myngzhassar, А. Baisanov, and А. Zhakan. "THERMODYNAMIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF THE SMELTING PROCESS OF MEDIUM CARBON FERROMANGANESE WITH THE USE OF ZHEZDINSKY MANGANESE ORES." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 4,2023 (December 29, 2023): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/hhsn1365.
Анотація:
This article presents the results of a complete thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of the process of smelting medium-carbon ferromanganese using Zhezdinsky manganese ores. Full thermodynamic modeling of the process of smelting medium-carbon ferromanganese was carried out in the HSC Chemistry 6 software package. Thermodynamic modeling of the smelting process was carried out in the temperature range of 898–1989 K. Thermodynamic analysis for modeling the smelting process was carried out for four real charge compositions depending on the basicity of the slag (CaO/SiO2 – 1,4; 1,6; 1,8; 2,0). Based on the obtained thermodynamic data, an experimental study was carried out on the smelting of medium-carbon ferromanganese in a Tamman laboratory high-temperature furnace. В качестве шихтовых материалов были использованы марганцевая руда Manganese ore MnTot. was used as charge material – 48,23 %, SiO2 – 12.48 %, Al2O3 – 2,76 %, Fetot. – 3,45 %, ferrosilicomanganese grade SMn-17, not less than 90 % lime CaO. According to thermodynamic data, the optimal composition of the slag was established, which provides the highest extraction of manganese into the alloy and metal-slag separation. The chemical composition of the metal obtained in the laboratory is as follows, %:Mn – 83–84; Si – 1,5-3; C – 0,95-1,68; P –0,13-1,6; which corresponds to GOST 4755-91. Slag chemical composition, %: MnO – 10,92-17,90; SiO2 19,02-21,45; CaO 36,92-40,43; FeO – 0,33-0,77. Keywords: ferromanganese, ferrosilicomanganese, thermodynamics, manganese ore, laboratory smelting, slag basicity.
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A. A. Adel, N. F. M. Yunos, M. A. Idris, and L. I. G. Togang. "Investigation on Phase Evaluation of Ilmenite Ore by Carbothermal Reduction and Carboiodination Reaction." International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) 16, DECEMBER (December 26, 2023): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v16idecember.415.
Анотація:
This article presented the thermochemical calculation and experimental investigation on the phase evaluation of ilmenite ore (FeTiO3) via carbothermal reduction and carboiodination reaction for titanium production using graphite as a reducing agent. The carbothermal reduction and carboiodination reactions were performed in two different furnaces. The carbothermal reduction was evaluated at a temperature of 1550°C with inert argon gas utilizing a horizontal tube furnace. The carboiodination reactions were evaluated in temperatures ranging from 900°C, 950°C, and 1000°C using a vertical tube furnace with mixed iodine gas with argon gas. XRF and XRD were used for analyzing the chemical compositions and the phase evolutions of raw ilmenite ore and the reduced samples, respectively. The findings showed that the Perak ilmenite ore predominantly has a greater concentration of TiO2 (71.27wt%), Fe2O3 (18.85wt%), and some other oxides like aluminum oxide and quartz. In addition, XRD revealed that the ilmenite phase was converted into rutile (TiO2) titanium oxide (Ti3O5, Ti2O3), titanium carbide (TiC), and iron (Fe) phases, after the carbothermal reduction process. However, after the carboiodination reaction, the ilmenite and rutile phases remained at temperatures 900°C, 950°C, and 1000°C. The HSC Chemistry software was used in the determination of the thermochemical calculation and the possible reactions during the reaction which play an important role in shortening the reduction process. The results revealed the carboiodination process is a promising process that can reduce energy consumption and shorten the titanium production processes, and it needs more studies.
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Nazari, Hossein, Hossein Aghajani, and Falih Hussain Saddam Al-Azawi. "Diffusion induced decomposition of cementite layers during gas nitriding of 4140 steel: thermodynamical and kinetical aspects." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 015049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac5a73.
Анотація:
Abstract In this paper, some new aspects of the decomposition of cementite layers by diffusion of nitrogen during gas nitriding are investigated. Therefore, AISI4140 steel samples were heat-treated to harden by heating up to 1113 K for 120 min, followed by quenching in agitated mineral oil. Then samples were tempered at 863 K for 60 min. Nitriding was carried out for 1400 up to 21000 min. Samples were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, and HSC thermodynamical software. Results showed that the rate of diffusion was higher in the early stages of nitriding. Due to nitrogen of diffusion, some nitrides are formed in grain boundaries and act as diffusion barriers. In this case, the diffusion mechanism from grain boundary diffusion changes to the volume diffusion or a combination of both mechanisms. Meanwhile, diffusion of nitrogen, in addition to the ferrite layers and grain boundaries, is also performed into the cementite layers. Although these layers are not the preferred areas of diffusion, volume diffusion of nitrogen through cementite layers leads to decomposition of them and turning them into iron nitrides and carbo-nitrides. Results show that almost 42 percent of cementite layers decomposed by nitrogen diffusion.
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Aleksandrova, Tatiana, Nadezhda Nikolaeva, and Valentin Kuznetsov. "Thermodynamic and Experimental Substantiation of the Possibility of Formation and Extraction of Organometallic Compounds as Indicators of Deep Naphthogenesis." Energies 16, no. 9 (May 1, 2023): 3862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093862.
Анотація:
In this article, typomorphic associations of microelements in carbonaceous caustobioliths and oils are defined as indicators of naphthogenesis based on the analytical survey of the literature and our own research. Various approaches to the studying of crude oil genesis from the position of abiotic and complex approaches (polygenesis) are considered. Such approaches are relevant to the prospect and development of offshore oil deposits, localized at ultra-deep levels. For deep deposits, the most prominent hypothesis of oil origin is the abiogenious theory. In the foundation of that approach lays the assumption that hydrocarbons are formed mainly due to reactions of the formed mantle gases and the host rock. Key factors for these reactions to proceed are specific conditions concerning temperature, pressure, and specific catalysts. The article presents the results of thermodynamic and quantum-chemical modeling of the possibility of the organic and organometallic compound formation using the software package HSC Chemistry 6.0. Pointed out the possibility of a low molecular weight hydrocarbon formation due to the contact of ascending flows of mantle gases with cooling natural barriers. The primary synthesis proceeds with the interaction of fluid forms of H2, CO2, and H2S. The estimation of the bonding energy depending on the structure of organometallic compounds was performed using the Avogadro software package. The program used the method of bond potential energy minimization to find the most stable structure of molecules. The metals nickel and vanadium, as the main companion metals of oil, are of the most interest from the position of analysis of their form of existence in the possible formation of hydrocarbons. Vanadium’s and nickel’s accumulation in asphaltene fractions of oils, probably, is caused by complex compounds of metalloporphyrin’s formation. In addition, the high sulfur content is probably associated with polymerization of organic molecules due to the formation of di-sulphide bonds. The method of cavitation extraction of organometallic compounds from oil and complex mineral–oil raw materials has been developed for experimental confirmation of microelements the extraction capability from oil raw materials.
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Mirkayev, Nurseiit M., Viktor M. Shevko, Dosmurat K. Aitkulov, and Alexandra D. Badikova. "Thermodynamic and experimental substantiation for obtaining ferrosilicon from tripoli." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 1 (2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023003.
Анотація:
The article examines the results of studying the possibility of obtaining ferrosilicon from tripoli. The studies included the thermodynamic modeling using the HSC-6.0 software package, based on the minimum Gibbs energy principle, and electric melting of tripoli in an arc single-phase electric furnace. The effect of temperature and the amount of carbon on the extraction degree of silicon into alloys and the silicon concentration in these alloys were determined. It was found that the interaction products of tripoli with carbon and iron under equilibrium conditions are mainly FeSi2, Fe3Si, FeSi, Fe5Si3, SiC, SiO(g), CaSiO2, MgSiO3, Al, Si, CO; the silicon extraction degree of 70–77% and its concentration in the alloy of 44.9–47.7% were achieved in the temperature range of 1830–2000 °C in the presence of 34–38% of carbon and 29% of iron; in the temperature range of 1700–1900 °C, the extraction degree of silicon into the alloy was 50–77.1%, and the concentration of silicon in the alloy at 1900 °C was 45–45.85%. During the electric melting of tripoli together with coke and steel shavings, depending on the composition of the charge, FS25 and FS65 ferrosilicon was formed.
45
Ebin, Burçak, Martina Petranikova, Britt-Marie Steenari, and Christian Ekberg. "Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18815966.
Анотація:
The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO2with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.
46
Shevko, V. M., A. M. Mambetali, G. E. Karataeva, and B. A. Lavrov. "Production of ferroalloys from carbonaceous rock with replacement of steel chips with magnetite." Engineering Journal of Satbayev University 144, no. 2 (2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2022.i2.01.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of studies on the production of ferrosilicon, ferrosilicoaluminium and Fe-Si-Al ligatures when replacing steel chips with magnetite. The object of research was the carbonaceous rock of the Borly deposit. Thermodynamic modeling was carried out using the HSC-5.1, Chemistry software package of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpu, based on the principle of minimizing Gibbs energy, and experimental studies-electric melting in an arc furnace at 1000-1400°C begin to form. It was found that under equilibrium conditions, the interaction of Borly ash components with magnetite and carbon in the presence of silicon oxide with silicon-containing reduction products - Si, SiO, FeSi2, Fe3Si, FeSi, SiC; with an increase in the amount of carbon, the degree of silicon extraction in SiC increases. in the elemental state and decreases- in Fe3Si, FeSi; the degree of silicon extraction into the alloy increases, amounting to at 2000°C and 51% carbon, and the degree of silicon transition into the alloy also increases, amounting to 76.4% at 2100°C and 51% carbon. It is determined that, from Borly ash under equilibrium conditions, it is possible to obtain ferrosilicon grades FeSi15, FeSi25, FeSi45 and FeSi50 in the temperature range 1260-1860°C and ferrosilicoaluminium grades FS45A10 and FS45A15 in the temperature range 1930-2100°C. It has been experimentally established that ferrosilicon of the FeSi60 brand (68.7% Si, 1.3% Al) is formed from the conclusions of the electric melting of coal waste together with magnetite concentrate, quartzite and coke.
47
Bhosale, Rahul R., Shelby Adams, Zachary Allen, Gabrielle Bennett, Edvinas Berezniovas, Taylor Bishop, Michael Bonnema, et al. "Assessing the Viability of GeO2/GeO Redox Thermochemical Cycle for Converting CO2 into Solar Fuels." Sustainability 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2024): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16062553.
Анотація:
The solar thermochemical process of splitting CO2, known as CDS, is studied here using a redox cycle involving GeO2/GeO. The required thermodynamic data for a second-law-efficiency analysis is obtained from the HSC Chemistry software. The goal of this study is to investigate how different parameters, such as the operating temperatures and molar flow rate of the inert sweep gas, as well as the inclusion of separation units, heat exchangers, heaters, and coolers, can affect the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of the GeO2/GeO cycle. All calculations assume a constant gas-to-gas heat recovery effectiveness of 0.5. The analysis shows that the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency is lower at a thermal reduction temperature of 1600 K (11.9%) compared to 2000 K. This is because high energy duties are required for heater-2, heater-3, and separator-1 due to the need for a higher inert gas flow rate. After conducting a comparative analysis of the three CDS cycles, it can be inferred that the GeO2/GeO cycle exhibits a significantly higher solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency in comparison to the ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO cycles across all thermal reduction temperatures. According to the comparison, it is confirmed that the GeO2/GeO CDS cycle can achieve a reasonably high solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of 10% at less than 1600 K. On the other hand, ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO CDS cycles require a thermal reduction temperature of more than 1850 K to achieve a solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
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Ali, M., D. Porter, J. Kömi, E. P. Heikkinen, M. Eissa, Faramawy El, and T. Mattar. "The effect of electroslag remelting on the cleanliness of CrNiMoWMnV ultrahigh-strength steels." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 3 (2019): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190211042a.
Анотація:
The cleanliness of ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSSs) without and with electroslag remelting (ESR) using a slag with the composition of 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3, and 15% CaO was studied. Three experimental heats of UHSSs with different chemical compositions were designed, melted in an induction furnace, and refined using ESR. Cast ingots were forged at temperatures between 1100 and 950?C, air cooled, and their non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Thermodynamic calculations for the expected NMIs formed in the investigated steels with and without ESR were performed using FactSage 7.2 software while HSC Chemistry version 9.6.1 was used to calculate the standard Gibbs free energies (?G?). As a result of ESR the total impurity levels (TIL% = O% + N% + S%) and NMI contents decreased by as much as 46 % and 62 %, respectively. The NMIs were classified into four major classes: oxides, sulphides, nitrides, and complex multiphase inclusions. ESR brings about large changes in the area percentages, number densities, maximum equivalent circle diameters, and the chemical composition of the various NMIs. Most MnS inclusions were removed although some were re-precipitated on oxide or nitride inclusions leading to multiphase inclusions with an oxide or nitride core surrounded by sulphide, e.g. (MnS.Al2O3) and (MnS. TiN). Also, some sulphides are modified by Ca forming (CaMn)S and CaS.Al2O3. Some nitrides like TiN and (TiV)N are nucleated and precipitated during the solidification phase. Al2O3 inclusions were formed as a result of the addition of Al as a deoxidant to the ESR slag to prevent penetration of oxygen to the molten steel.
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Raiymbekov, Y. B., U. Besterekov, P. A. Abdurazova, U. B. Nazarbek, and I. A. Pochitalkina. "Recovery of used acetic acid via sulfuric acid." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 104, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021ch4/149-162.
Анотація:
Kazakhstan has a huge phosphate raw material base, where the basis is made up of micro-grained phosphate ores of the Karatau basin. The depletion of reserves of high-quality commercial ores leads to the search for new methods of using the enrichment and sorting of low-grade technogenic ores, one of which is phosphate-siliceous slates. The presented study was carried out in two stages: at the first stage, phosphate-siliceous shales were enriched by the acetic acid method, regime technological parameters, kinetic and thermodynamic regularities of the process were determined. At the second stage of the research a method for recycling used acetic acid during the enrichment of low-grade phosphate-siliceous slates is proposed. In this case, sulfuric acid was chosen as the regenerating agent of acetic acid. The reliability of the performed studies was proved by the use of modern complex research methods: scanning electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray and X-Ray difraction analyses. To determine the course of a particular reaction, a thermodynamic analysis was performed using modern HSC 6.0 software. The kinetic data are determined by calculation. The obtained experimental data were subjected to statistical analysis (Chaddock scale, standard deviation, coefficient of determination). The mechanism of interaction of an acetate solution with sulfuric acid is illustratively described. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid method is suitable for the regeneration of applied acetic acid. In this case, a by-product is formed in the form of calcium sulfate. This product can be used as a building binder (confirmed by the protocol of the “National Center of Expertise” of the Republic of Kazakhstan).
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Russkih, Andrey S., Sergey N. Agafonov, and Artem A. Ponomarenko. "Investigation of the features of phase formation in the joint aluminothermic reduction of ZrO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-11-79.
Анотація:
In this paper, we consider the advantage of using the metallothermic method for producing alloys, in contrast to traditional methods. Using the HSC Chemistry 6.1 software package, thermodynamic modeling was performed. The possibility of obtaining intermetallic compounds by the joint aluminothermic reduction of Zr, Ta, Nb oxides is shown. The alloy was obtained by aluminothermic reduction of aluminum, zirconium, tantalum and niobium oxides in a resistance furnace, followed by grinding and powder size 40-100 microns. An experimental study of the sequence of phase formation and the boundaries of their existence was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The experiment was carried out on a STA 449 F3 Jupiter (NETZSCH) synchronous thermal analysis instrument in an argon flow GOST 10157-79 (the volume fraction of argon is at least 99.993%), the flow rate of the gas used was 30 ml/min. X-ray phase analysis (XRD) of the products (after DTA) was carried out on an XRD 7000 diffractometer (Shimadzu). By the relative intensity of the lines of the various phases, their quantitative ratio was estimated. The diffraction patterns were decoded using literature data, as well as the JCPDS (International Center For Diffraction Data) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) databases. According to the obtained XRD data, in the sample at temperatures of 954.5 and 1309.1 ºС, respectively, the formation of a solid solution (Zr, Nb, Ta)Al2 occurs, which is isostructural to the intermetallic Al3Zr. In both cases, the concomitant ZrAl2 intermetallic compound is also formed. The performed study can serve as a scientific basis for the development of promising metallothermal technologies for the production of rare metal alloys.