Дисертації з теми "HPJ"

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) and –Gonadal (HPG) axes have been considered mutually inhibitory; however, emerging evidence supports the proposition that this might not necessarily be the case. This idea is termed “coupling,” in which the HPA-HPG axis are mutually activated or deactivated. Coupling is examined across three data sets with different time-courses of stress exposure, and results demonstrate HPA-HPG co-activation occurs. Furthermore, stress exposure influences this relationship. The discussion shows how it is physiologically possible to have positive coupling or co-activation between these axes according to complex regulatory feedback systems and overlapping neural structures. Findings are interpreted developmentally, because adolescence may be a critical time for this co-activation to occur. Finally, the discussion emphasizes an individual difference perspective because each individual differs in the duration and type of stress they experience, and these exerted individualized effects on HPA-HPG coupling.

China's population is aging rapidly, while the traditional long-term care (LTC) system that heavily relies on families is eroding. In response, China has embarked on a journey of policy experimentation for long-term care insurance (LTCI) since 2016, launching LTCI pilots in 15 pioneer cities. These pilots have a great diversity in participation, eligibility, and provision. This paper estimates the prevalence of LTC needs and analyzes the impact of the LTCI pilots on access. Although substantial progress has been achieved, the overall coverage of LTCI is still relatively small, and a large proportion of vulnerable people needing LTC seem to be left behind because of the strict eligibility criteria. This analysis suggests that future policy experimentation on LTCI reform in China needs to address the following pressing policy issues: expanding the coverage of LTCI; narrowing rural-urban disparities in access; improving access for vulnerable subpopulations; and reducing the heavy reliance on institutional care.

The participation of children and early and late adolescents in resistance training activities, including training for sport, appears to continually be on the rise. The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for sport performance also appears to be growing. The increased acceptance of these activities is evidenced by the number of both lay and scientific articles, specialized magazines and publications devoted to the different types of resistance training. It is also indicated by simple observation of fitness centres and sports training facilities. The use of resistance training appears to be growing in popularity despite poorly supported position statements, anecdotal reports and speculation concerning the potential for injury. Children and adolescents participating in resistance training programs can make noticeable increases in strength and power as well as physiological parameters associated with both health and sport performance. Although the number of children and adolescents (aged 8–18 years) involved in some form of resistance training is increasing and evidenced-based reviews that support these activities have been published, controversy still exists. There are still those who insist that training with free weights, particularly the sport of weightlifting, should not take place until a person is fully developed, even though there is not much objective evidence to support such a position. More recently published scientific data support the notion that properly supervised resistance training programs can improve sport performance, reduce injury potential and enhance healthy facets of children and early and late adolescents.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the design of the differential of a road vehicle driven by a human force, intended for daily driving in the city with a focus on older users. The vehicle for which the differential is designed is strictly a pedal tricycle. The introduction of this thesis briefly outlines the history of pedal tricycles. The second chapter explains some technical terms relating to tricycles and bicycles in general. Further chapters of the research part describe the current structures of tricycles, the principle of a differential function in motor vehicles and design possibilities of the differential for pedal tricycles. The practical part of my work includes the design of a differential for pedal tricycle, the strength analysis of selected parts of the differential, drawings of the differential assembly, production drawings of selected parts and proposal of the torque transfer from pedals to the differential.

Background: The HPV vaccine has been introduced to the public and the medical community since June 2006 for the vaccination of females and since November 2009 for the vaccination of males ages 9-26 years old. The purposes of this research were to explore multiple factors and relationships among Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits) and mediating factors (self-efficacy and cues to action) related to HPV, HPV-associated diseases, and HPV vaccine among Russian college students and to determine which factors were most important when considering who would/would not seek HPV vaccination. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational survey design was used in this study. An existing self-report questionnaire HPV Study Survey was adapted with the permission from the author. One thousand two hundred participants were contacted by Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia registrar's office through e-mails and messaging using two social networks through simple random sampling method using the SQL statement "ORDER BY NEWID" propriety of Microsoft algorithm out of the total student population (9,923 students). The survey was distributed through SurveyMonkeyTM survey software that was activated December 2011 - April 2012. Results: Two hundred seventy students replied to the survey (22.5% response rate) and 117 participants fully completed it out of 270 who responded to the survey (43.33% completion rate). The initial response rate increased 4.4 times using social networks messaging compared to e-mailing invitations. Overall, average knowledge levels were moderate. Participants' behaviors regarding their sexual activity showed that the majority of participants were sexually active. Participants' perceptions (susceptibility, severity, barriers, and benefits) and mediating factors (cues to action and self-efficacy) were moderate. Participants' behavioral intention to get HPV vaccination was moderate. There were statistically significant differences between males and females in perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, behavioral intention, and in three behavioral items (having had sexual contact; age of having had sexual contact and sex for the first time). Sixty percent of the variance in behavioral intention getting HPV vaccination could be explained by two HBM constructs (perceived benefits and self-efficacy). Self-efficacy was the number one predictor of behavioral intention (p < 0.001) and perceived benefits were the number two predictor of behavioral intention (p < 0.01).

There has been considerable epidemiological and experimental evidence to support a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of cervical cancer, however, the precise contribution of HPV remains controversial. Variation in prevalence of HPV types in cervical lesions have been found and there have been reports of a high prevalence of HPV in normal tissue. These variable findings have been attributed to several factors including the different detection and cervical sampling techniques used. In this study a PCR based assay for the detection of the common genital HPV types 6b, 11, 16, 18 and 33 was designed and optimised for both sensitivity and specificity. The assay was applied to 24 normal control cases, 20 cases each of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3, 26 cases of squamous carcinoma, 16 cases of adenocarcinoma and 4 cases of mixed adenosquamous carcinoma. HPV DNA was found in 25% of CIN 1 cases, 60% of both CIN 2 and CIN 3 cases and in 80% of the cervical carcinomas. A novel finding was that no HPV DNA was detected in the normal control cases. No HPV 6 or 33 DNA was found and HPV 11 DNA was detected in only 5% of CIN 1 cases. HPV 16 and HPV 18 DNA was seen with increasing frequency though the spectrum of cervical disease. The results of this assay support a role for HPV 16 and 18 in neoplastic progression and emphasise the biological similarity of CIN 2 and CIN 3 and their divergence from CIN 1. The prevalence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 in cervical neoplasms was compared. HPV 16 was found in more squamous carcinomas (58%) than HPV 18 (23%), whereas in adenocarcinomas - which have a poorer prognosis than squamous carcinomas - both HPV types showed an equal prevalence (44%). Thus, in terms of cancer cell differentiation HPV 16 appeared to confer a better prognosis than HPV 18. The frequency of HPV 16 in all cancers and CINs gave a CANCER:CIN prevalence ratio of 1.4 (54% /38%) as compared to one of 3.75 (30% /8%) for HPV 18 - a 2.6 fold difference - indicating either a greater risk of, or more rapid progression to malignancy associated with HPV 18. These findings suggest that HPV 18 is more aggressive than HPV 16.

Bakgrund: Humant papillomvirus (HPV) är ett sexuellt överförbart vårtvirus, som kan orsaka cellförändringar och livmoderhalscancer. Tidigare forskning har visat att kunskap om HPV och HPV-vaccin generellt är låg och att vaccinationstäckningen bland unga kvinnor i många länder varit suboptimal. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga gymnasieelevers kunskap om och inställning till HPV och HPV-vaccin, samt undersöka om det föreligger skillnader mellan elever på praktiska och teoretiska gymnasieprogram. Metod: Studien var en deskriptiv komparativ tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Orems egenvårdsteori användes som teoretisk referensram. De 230 deltagarna från fyra gymnasieskolor i Uppsala besvarade ett enkätformulär. Resultat: Majoriteten av eleverna hade generellt låg kunskap om HPV och HPV-vaccinet, hade låg tilltro till vaccinet och var osäkra på huruvida de i framtiden ville vaccineras, dock hade elever på teoretiska program bättre kunskap och mer positiv inställning än elever på praktiska program. Flickor hade bättre kunskap och om HPV och HPV-vaccin än pojkar. De flesta hade inte hört talas om vaccin mot HPV, men de allra flesta hade kännedom om vaccin mot livmoderhalscancer. Slutsats: Den låga kunskapen om HPV och HPV-vaccin kan påverka elevernas inställning samt deras intentioner att i framtiden vaccineras. Resultatet indikerar på ett behov av mer information om HPV och HPV-vaccin. Skolsköterskans hälsosamtal med gymnasieelever bör inkludera information och diskussion om HPV och HPV-vaccin anpassad för ungdomar, för att ge dem möjlighet att förstå sambandet mellan kondylom, HPV och livmoderhalscancer, och därmed lättare kunna ta ställning till vaccination.

Combating HPV infection in males is a significant public health issue. In addition to the number of HPV-related cancers that develop each year, Palefsky (2007) reported that "HPV infection of men is of great importance given that sexual transmission is the primary mode of spread to women" (p. 261). In recent years, the development of the HPV vaccine has spurred controversy over whether or not males as well as females should obtain the vaccine against this disease. The purpose of this study was to examine male college students' intention to be HPV vaccinated and their HPV knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control towards the vaccination. A descriptive, correlational, cross-sectioned research design was employed. Two hundred and eight (208) male college students at a mid-sized public university participated in the study and completed an in-class questionnaire. The results of the descriptive statistics showed that, on average, the sample of 208 male college students had correct responses on only half of the 15 questions regarding knowledge about HPV based on the mean scores. Respondents had positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, greater sense of control over being HPV vaccinated, and favorable intention to be HPV vaccinated. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of male college students' behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control had a positive influence on male college students' behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated. Lastly, male college students' level of HPV knowledge was not significantly correlated to their behavioral intention to be HPV vaccinated

This diploma thesis concerns the design proposal for a bicycle gearbox powered by human force. The first part summarizes the existing solutions. The second part includes the proposal of the new design, together with the calculation of the strength for selected parts. Attached are the drawings documenting the findings.

Design of frame of a human powered vehicle (HPV) is the aim of this diploma thesis. Wide analysis precedes design process. The thesis describes historical developement of land transportation, especially history of cycling, bicycles and other human povered vehicles, which are not so extended. Preferences and deficiencies of transportation by these ecological vehicles are shown. The thesis includes summary of most widespread and best-known conceptions, including their advantages and disadvanteges. Conception of three-wheeled vehicle was selected. It has two steered front wheels and one powered rear wheel. The accent is putted on wide efficiency, ergonomics, simplicity of vehicle`s frame and possibility of using common cycling components. 3D model of frame and assembly of vehicle was created. This model was checked by FEM computation.

As today’s most commonly used Self-portraits, this essay analyses the Selfie as a modern andvisual phenomenon which for its users contribute a reflexive project of the Self-Identity. Thepurpose of this paper was to systematical study specific features of the Selfie, according tovisual studies.Through the methods of semiotics, theory of sociology about the Self and theory about theSelfie phenomenon, the result shows that selfie users make use of biographical depictions – asposes next to elements – to revise and create new meanings, which is important for thereflexive project of the Self-Identity.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O Papilomavirus humano (HPV) é um dos vírus mais prevalentes entre as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e está associado com doenças malignas. Os HPVs de alto risco possuem proteínas, denominadas de E6 e E7, caracterizadas como oncoproteínas devido aos seus papéis na transformação celular e na inativação de supressores de tumor. Um dos mecanismos usados na transformação celular pela proteína E6 do HPV de alto risco é a interação do seu domínio carboxi-terminal, PDZ, com domínios PDZs presentes em algumas proteínas celulares, destinando-as à degradação. Uma proteína que está associada com várias condições patológicas e tem domínio PDZ é a protease HtrA1. Esta proteína é pouco expressa em alguns cânceres, sugerindo um papel supressor de tumor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da superexpressão de HTRA1 em linhagem celular HPV16 positiva (HF698) e HPV negativa (C33). As linhagens celulares foram transfectadas com vetor contendo a ORF de HTRA1 ou vetor vazio. A superexpressão do mRNA e proteína foi confirmada por qPCR e imuno-histoquímica, respectivamente. As linhagens celulares transfectadas foram submetidas a ensaio de formação de colônia, de viabilidade celular, de apoptose e ciclo celular. As células C33 superexpressando HtrA1 formaram significantemente menos colônias e apresentaram redução de viabilidade celular comparadas as células sem expressão de HtrA1. Diferentemente, na linhagem HPV positiva ocorreu aumento no número de colônias nas células superexpressando HtrA1 e não houve diferença no ensaio de viabilidade celular. Esses resultados sugerem que os diferentes padrões observados nas duas linhagens celulares são decorrentes da presença do HPV na HF698 e da ausência na C33. A fim de confirmar se o aumento do número de colônias nas células HF698 superexpressando HtrA1 é decorrente da interação dessa proteína com E6, foi produzida linhagem estável de C33 com ...
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent virus among sexually transmitted infections and it is associated with some malignancies. High risk HPVs contain proteins, E6 and E7, characterized by oncoproteins due to their roles in cellular transformation and suppressor tumor inactivation. One of the mechanisms used in cell transformation by E6 protein from high-risk HPVs is the interaction of its carboxy-terminal domain, known as PDZ, with PDZs domains present in some cellular proteins, triggering them to degradation. A protein that is associated with various pathological conditions and has PDZ domain is the protease HtrA1. This protein is poorly expressed in some cancers, suggesting its tumor suppressor role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the HtrA1 overexpression in HPV 16 positive (HF698) and HPV negative (C33) cell lines. The cell lines were transfected with vector containing the HTRA1 ORF or empty vector. The mRNA and protein overexpression were confirmed by qPCR and immunohistochemical, respectively. The cell lines transfected were subjected to cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays. C33 cells expressing HtrA1 presented significantly fewer colonies and showed reduced viability than cells without HtrA1 expression. On the other hand, in HPV-positive cell line there was an increase in the number of colonies in cells expressing HtrA1 and there was no difference in the cell viability assay. These results suggest that the different patterns observed between the two cell lines studied may be due to the HPV presence in HF698 and its absence in C33 cells. To confirm if the increase in the number of colonies in HPV positive cells (HF698) overexpressing HtrA1 arises from the interaction of this protein with E6, stable lines of C33 containing gene E6 were produced and subsequently performed cell proliferation assay. C33 cells overexpressing E6 and HTRA1 showed an increased number of ...

Background: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the recognized main reason for developing cervical cancer. HPV vaccine given to females is the most effective prevention. Purpose: To investigate knowledge and beliefs about HPV, cervical cancer and HPV vaccine among young Thai females in north-eastern part of Thailand. Further, to discover potential differences between those stating having knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer (group SHK), and those stating not having knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer (group SNHK). Method: A cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire about knowledge and beliefs of HPV where 221 young Thai females, aged 18-21, participated. Orem’s self-care theory was used as theoretical framework. Result: Less than 50 % of the participants knew about visible signs and symptoms of HPV infection. However, over 70 % had knowledge regarding HPV´s relation to sexual activity. Internet was the greatest source of information about HPV. Participants had positive belief towards the vaccine and more than 95% wished to get vaccinated. Group SHK had more knowledge then group SNHK with significant difference in seven out of fourteen knowledge items, and showed more positive beliefs with significant difference in six out of sixteen belief statements. Conclusion: The overall level of knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer was insufficient. However, this did not affect the participant’s beliefs in the subject negatively. Health care should provide viable internet sites with information about HPV to ensure that young Thai females get requisites, enabling self-care on preventing HPV infections by vaccination.
Bakgrund: Humant Papillom Virus (HPV) är den erkänt främsta orsaken till livmoderhalscancer. Vaccinering av unga kvinnor är den erkänt mest effektiva preventionen. Syfte: Att undersöka kunskap och åsikter om HPV, livmoderhalscancer och HPV vaccin bland unga thailändska kvinnor i nordöstra Thailand. Vidare, att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader mellan dem som säger sig ha kunskap om HPV och livmoderhalscancer (grupp SHK) och de som säger sig inte ha någon kunskap om HPV och livmoderhalscancer (grupp SNHK). Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med ett frågeformulär om kunskap och åsikter om HPV som 221 unga thailändska kvinnor, i åldern 18-21, besvarade. Dorotea Orems omvårdnadsteori användes som teoretisk ram. Resultat: Mindre än 50 % av deltagarna hade kunskap om symtom av en HPV infektion. Över 70 % hade kunskap om HPV och dess relation till sexuell aktivitet. Största källan för information om HPV var internet. Deltagarna hade positiva åsikter inför vaccinet, mer än 95 % skulle vilja vaccinera sig. Grupp SHK hade mer kunskap än grupp SNHK med signifikant skillnad i sju av fjorton kunskapsämnen, och visade mer positiva åsikter med signifikant skillnad i sex av sexton påståenden rörande åsikter. Slutsats: Nivån av kunskap rörande HPV och livmoderhalscancer är otillräcklig, men det påverkar inte unga thailändska kvinnors åsikter om HPV vaccin i negativ riktning. Hälso- och sjukvården bör erbjuda korrekta och trovärdiga websidor med information om HPV för att ge unga thailändska kvinnor de förutsättningar som krävs för egenvård i prevention av HPV infektion genom vaccinering.

Orientador: Marilia de Freitas Calmon
Coorientador: Paula Rahal
Banca: Carolina Colombelli Pacca
Banca: Sebastião Roberto Taboga
Resumo: O Papilomavirus humano (HPV) é um dos vírus mais prevalentes entre as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e está associado com doenças malignas. Os HPVs de alto risco possuem proteínas, denominadas de E6 e E7, caracterizadas como oncoproteínas devido aos seus papéis na transformação celular e na inativação de supressores de tumor. Um dos mecanismos usados na transformação celular pela proteína E6 do HPV de alto risco é a interação do seu domínio carboxi-terminal, PDZ, com domínios PDZs presentes em algumas proteínas celulares, destinando-as à degradação. Uma proteína que está associada com várias condições patológicas e tem domínio PDZ é a protease HtrA1. Esta proteína é pouco expressa em alguns cânceres, sugerindo um papel supressor de tumor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da superexpressão de HTRA1 em linhagem celular HPV16 positiva (HF698) e HPV negativa (C33). As linhagens celulares foram transfectadas com vetor contendo a ORF de HTRA1 ou vetor vazio. A superexpressão do mRNA e proteína foi confirmada por qPCR e imuno-histoquímica, respectivamente. As linhagens celulares transfectadas foram submetidas a ensaio de formação de colônia, de viabilidade celular, de apoptose e ciclo celular. As células C33 superexpressando HtrA1 formaram significantemente menos colônias e apresentaram redução de viabilidade celular comparadas as células sem expressão de HtrA1. Diferentemente, na linhagem HPV positiva ocorreu aumento no número de colônias nas células superexpressando HtrA1 e não houve diferença no ensaio de viabilidade celular. Esses resultados sugerem que os diferentes padrões observados nas duas linhagens celulares são decorrentes da presença do HPV na HF698 e da ausência na C33. A fim de confirmar se o aumento do número de colônias nas células HF698 superexpressando HtrA1 é decorrente da interação dessa proteína com E6, foi produzida linhagem estável de C33 com ...
Abstract: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent virus among sexually transmitted infections and it is associated with some malignancies. High risk HPVs contain proteins, E6 and E7, characterized by oncoproteins due to their roles in cellular transformation and suppressor tumor inactivation. One of the mechanisms used in cell transformation by E6 protein from high-risk HPVs is the interaction of its carboxy-terminal domain, known as PDZ, with PDZs domains present in some cellular proteins, triggering them to degradation. A protein that is associated with various pathological conditions and has PDZ domain is the protease HtrA1. This protein is poorly expressed in some cancers, suggesting its tumor suppressor role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the HtrA1 overexpression in HPV 16 positive (HF698) and HPV negative (C33) cell lines. The cell lines were transfected with vector containing the HTRA1 ORF or empty vector. The mRNA and protein overexpression were confirmed by qPCR and immunohistochemical, respectively. The cell lines transfected were subjected to cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays. C33 cells expressing HtrA1 presented significantly fewer colonies and showed reduced viability than cells without HtrA1 expression. On the other hand, in HPV-positive cell line there was an increase in the number of colonies in cells expressing HtrA1 and there was no difference in the cell viability assay. These results suggest that the different patterns observed between the two cell lines studied may be due to the HPV presence in HF698 and its absence in C33 cells. To confirm if the increase in the number of colonies in HPV positive cells (HF698) overexpressing HtrA1 arises from the interaction of this protein with E6, stable lines of C33 containing gene E6 were produced and subsequently performed cell proliferation assay. C33 cells overexpressing E6 and HTRA1 showed an increased number of ...
Mestre

L'algorithmique scientifique modelise les phenomenes physiques par des methodes numeriques mettant en uvre d'enormes quantites de calculs. Pour etre capable de venir a bout de tels calculs, l'utilisation des machines paralleles est necessaire. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation du parallelisme de donnees rend plus accessible la programmation des architectures paralleles. Le langage hpf respecte le modele de programmation a parallelisme de donnees tout en gardant la compatibilite avec le langage fortran, ce qui apporte une plus grande facilite dans le portage d'applications existantes. En parallelisme de donnees, le placement des donnees sur les differents nuds de calcul est d'une importance primordiale sur l'efficacite du programme. C'est pourquoi hpf propose des directives pour l'alignement des donnees entre elles et leur distribution sur une machine cible virtuelle. Nous proposons un modele de representation graphique des placements, afin de guider le programmeur dans le choix de ses directives. Ce modele permet la visualisation des alignements et des distributions a travers differents points de vue, de l'allure generale a la specification detaillee. La mise en uvre de ce modele a ete realisee sous la forme d'une interface graphique de visualisation et d'aide a l'edition de directives hpf : hpf-builder. Cet outil permet de mettre en uvre tous les placements de donnees d'un programme fortran de facon visuelle et interactive. Il libere l'utilisateur des contraintes syntaxiques et verifie la coherence des directives. De plus, nous proposons une extension de ce modele, ayant pour but d'evaluer a priori l'influence du placement sur les performances. Pour cela, nous avons defini un moyen de representer graphiquement les couts de communications et nous proposons plusieurs methodes de calcul permettant une evaluation approchee mais generique ou, au contraire, plus precise mais dediee a une architecture ou un compilateur donnes.

In den letzen Jahren gab es durch epidemiologische und molekularbiologische Studien vermehrt Hinweise, dass kutane humane Papillomviren (HPV) ursächlich an der Entstehung nicht-melanozytärer Hauttumore (engl. NMSC) beteiligt sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Identifizierung molekularer Mechanismen der viralen Proteine E6 und E7 kutaner HPV-Typen. Die E6 oder E7 Gene der verschiedenen HPV-Typen 1, 4, 5, 8, 20, 38 und RTRX7 wurden untersucht. Natürliche Wirtszellen dieser Viren, humane primäre Keratinozyten (HPK) der Haut, wurden mit rekombinanten, für E6 oder E7 kodierenden Retroviren infiziert. Die Analysen erfolgten in Monolayer-Kultur (undifferenzierte Keratinozyten) oder in organotypischen Hautmodellen (Induktion der Keratinozytendifferenzierung). Die Expression von E6 oder E7 führte in Monolayer-HPK zu einer Verlängerung der Lebensspanne und zu einer deutlich erhöhten Verdoppelungsrate. Eine Telomeraseaktivierung, die charakteristisch für immortale Zellen ist, wurde nur in HPV 8 E6 positiven HPK nachgewiesen. In organotypischen Hautmodellen induzierte das E7 Protein von HPV 1, 4 und 38 starke Veränderungen in der Differenzierung sowie eine Zunahme der Proliferation. Weiterhin wurde eine Aufhebung der normalen Zellzykluskontrolle in suprabasalen HPV 5 E7 oder HPV 8 E7 beobachtet. Hinweise auf ein starkes invasives Potential von E7-infizierten HPK wurden für HPV 8 E7 bestätigt und für HPV 4 E7, HPV 38 E7 und RTRX7 E7 erweitert. Molekulare Mechanismen der viralen Gene E6 und E7 kutaner HPV unterscheiden sich von mukosalen Typen. Das Mehrstufenmodell der Karzinogenese beinhaltet eine Reihe fundamentaler Zelltransformationen, die für eine Tumorgenese nötig sind. In dieser Arbeit beschriebene Mechanismen der Modulation der Zelldifferenzierung und Zellproliferation durch die kutanen HPV-Typen 4, 5, 8 und 38 können unter Umständen zur Induktion und Progression früher Stadien von Plattenepithelkarzinomen (SCC) beitragen.
In the last years epidemiologic and molecular biological studies accumulated increasing evidence that cutaneous human papillomaviruses are etiologically involved in the formation of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The presented work aims to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the viral proteins E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV types. The E6 and E7 genes of the different HPV types 1, 4, 5, 8, 20, and RTRX7, which are in vivo associated with cutaneous benign or malignant lesions, were studied. Natural host cells of these viruses, human primary keratinocyts (HPK) of the skin, were infected with recombinant E6 and E7 encoding retroviruses. The following analyses were performed in monolayer culture (non-differentiated keratinocytes) or in organotypic skin culture (induction of keratinocyte differentiation). The expression of E6 and E7 elongated the life span of monolayer HPK and significantly increased the doubling rate. An activation of the telomerase, characteristic for immortalized cells, was only detected in HPV 8 E6 positive cells. In organotypic skin cultures E7 of HPV 1, 4 and 38 induced drastic changes in differentiation and proliferation. Additionally an impairment of the normal cell cycle control in suprabasale HPV 5 E7 and 8 E7 cultures was seen. Hints for a strong invasive potential of E7 infected HPK were proven for HPV 8 E7 and expanded to HPV 4 E7, HPV 38 E7 and RTRX E7. The viral E6 and E7 genes of cutaneous and mucosal HPV types exhibit different molecular mechanisms. The multistep model of carcinogenesis includes a series of fundamental cell transformations necessary for tumorigenesis. Mechanisms for the modulation of cell differentiation and proliferation by cutaneous HPV types 4, 5, 8 and 38 described in this work could potentially contribute to the induction and progression of early stages of squamous cell carcinoma.

This thesis deals with comprehensive study and design of recovery system of a road vehicle powered by human power. It contains an overview of different types of heat recovery devices, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the construction of such a vehicle.

This thesis deals with comprehensive study and design of recovery system of a road vehicle powered by human power. It contains an overview of different types of heat recovery devices, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the construction of such a vehicle.

The aim of the thesis on the topic of High-Performance Analytics is to gain a structured overview of solutions of high performance methods for data analysis. The thesis introduction concerns with definitions of primary and secondary data analysis, and with the primary systems which are not appropriate for analytical data analysis. The usage of mobile devices, modern information technologies and other factors caused a rapid change of the character of data. The major part of this thesis is devoted particularly to the historical turn in the new approaches towards analytical data analysis, which was caused by Big Data, a very frequent term these days. Towards the end of the thesis there are discussed the system sources which greatly participate in the new approaches to the analytical data analysis as well as in the technological solutions of High Performance Analytics themselves. The second, practical part of the thesis is aimed at a comparison of the performance in conventional methods for data analysis and in one of the high performance methods of High Performance Analytics (more precisely, with In-Memory Analytics). Comparison of individual solutions is performed in identical environment of High Performance Analytics server. The methods are applied to a certain sample whose volume is increased after every round of executed measurement. The conclusion evaluates the tests results and discusses the possibility of usage of the individual High Performance Analytics methods.

Afin de répondre aux besoins croissants de la simulation numérique et de rester à la pointe de la technologie, les supercalculateurs doivent d’être constamment améliorés. Ces améliorations peuvent être d’ordre matériel ou logiciel. Cela force les applications à s’adapter à un nouvel environnement de programmation au fil de son développement. Il devient alors nécessaire de se poser la question de la pérennité des applications et de leur portabilité d’une machine à une autre. L’utilisation de machines virtuelles peut être une première réponse à ce besoin de pérennisation en stabilisant les environnements de programmation. Grâce à la virtualisation, une application peut être développée au sein d’un environnement figé, sans être directement impactée par l’environnement présent sur une machine physique. Pour autant, l’abstraction supplémentaire induite par les machines virtuelles entraine en pratique une perte de performance. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un ensemble d’outils et de techniques afin de permettre l’utilisation de machines virtuelles en contexte HPC. Tout d’abord nous montrons qu’il est possible d’optimiser le fonctionnement d’un hyperviseur afin de répondre le plus fidèlement aux contraintes du HPC que sont : le placement des fils d’exécution et la localité mémoire des données. Puis en s’appuyant sur ce résultat, nous avons proposé un service de partitionnement des ressources d’un noeud de calcul par le biais des machines virtuelles. Enfin, pour étendre nos travaux à une utilisation pour des applications MPI, nous avons étudié les solutions et performances réseau d’une machine virtuelle
To meet the growing needs of the digital simulation and remain at the forefront of technology, supercomputers must be constantly improved. These improvements can be hardware or software order. This forces the application to adapt to a new programming environment throughout its development. It then becomes necessary to raise the question of the sustainability of applications and portability from one machine to another. The use of virtual machines may be a first response to this need for sustaining stabilizing programming environments. With virtualization, applications can be developed in a fixed environment, without being directly impacted by the current environment on a physical machine. However, the additional abstraction induced by virtual machines in practice leads to a loss of performance. We propose in this thesis a set of tools and techniques to enable the use of virtual machines in HPC context. First we show that it is possible to optimize the operation of a hypervisor to respond accurately to the constraints of HPC that are : the placement of implementing son and memory data locality. Then, based on this, we have proposed a resource partitioning service from a compute node through virtual machines. Finally, to expand our work to use for MPI applications, we studied the network solutions and performance of a virtual machine

Excerpt: According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 20 million Americans are infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), and another 6 million will become infected each year.

L'utilizzo di infrastrutture cloud, quale alternativa ai tradizionali sistemi on-premise, è diventato nel corso degli anni, una interessante opportunità per eseguire applicazioni commerciali. Le organizzazioni aziendali infatti possono beneficiare dei numerosi vantaggi offerti dalle piattaforme cloud, e questo si traduce in una significativa riduzione dei costi e una maggiore efficienza nella gestione dei sistemi informativi. Tuttavia, tale affermazione potrebbe non essere vera per le applicazioni scientifiche, storicamente progettate per essere eseguite su sistemi HPC ad altissime prestazioni. Un confronto tra sistemi cloud e infrastrutture ad alte prestazioni non sempre vede le prime vincenti su queste ultime, soprattutto quando solo le prestazioni e laspetto economico vengono presi in considerazione. Questa affermazione è confermata dai risultati dei test sperimentali, descritti in questa tesi, ottenuti dopo aver migrato sul cloud due applicazioni scientifiche (chiamate rispettivamente Cross Motif Search e BloodFlow), basate su due differenti modelli di comunicazione. Test di prestazioni e scalabilità ottenuti eseguendo le due applicazioni su due infrastrutture simili (cloud e HPC) hanno mostrato che le due applicazioni si comportano meglio quando sono eseguite sul sistema HPC, soprattutto per BloodFlow, la cui esecuzione è fortemente condizionata dallinfrastruttura di rete, essendo basata su un modello di comunicazione molto intensivo. Anche sotto laspetto economico, il cloud risulta essere non conveniente se confrontato con il costo di un sistema HPC. Questo risultato è stato ottenuto confrontando il costo per eseguire una applicazione generica per unora su tre differenti architetture cloud (Google, Amazon, Microsoft) con il costo necessario per eseguire la medesima applicazione per il medesimo tempo su un sistema HPC (nello specifico su Marconi). Sebbene la piattaforma cloud di Google risulta essere più economica, il costo rimane diverse volte più alto del costo di Marconi, anche se si utilizza un cluster cloud con prerilasciabilità, ovvero un cluster di istanze la cui esecuzione può essere interrotta automaticamente dallinfrastruttura cloud, senza alcun preavviso, quando altri task richiedono laccesso a tali risorse. Anche sotto laspetto economico, il cloud computing sembra non essere conveniente per lesecuzione di applicazioni scientifiche. Tuttavia un confronto tra sistemi cloud e HPC che prenda in esame solo laspetto economico e di performance è iniquo, perché ci sono moltissimi altri fattori che rendono il cloud vincente sui sistemi HPC. Infatti, quando ad esempio viene preso in esame il tempo di consegna e la preferenza dellutente, il panorama sulla convenienza cambia. Un equo confronto tra sistemi cloud e HPC dovrebbe quindi prendere in esame non solo le prestazioni e il costo, ma anche il tempo di attesa dei job, il numero dei job interrotti dal sistema, il tempo di setup, il tempo di disponibilità del sistema e la preferenza dellutente. Ad esempio, i job eseguiti su un sistema HPC non vengono eseguiti immediatamente ma vengono inseriti in una coda in attesa che le risorse richieste dal job siano disponibili. Il tempo di attesa di un job nella coda varia in base a diversi fattori, quali il numero delle risorse fisiche disponibili, il numero di job già sottomessi ma in attesa di essere eseguiti, e, qualche volta, anche dal numero di job già eseguiti dallutente nellultimo mese o da fattori simili.
Up to a few years ago, scientific applications were designed, developed and built to be executed just on high performance infrastructures or on-premise systems, which were, and are, able to guarantee high performance, reducing execution time and increasing application scalability. Since 2006, however, the traditional IT landscape has started to change. The birth of Cloud Computing brought along several opportunities for business users who started replacing their own on premise systems with the emerging cloud services. As time goes by, cloud infrastructures became soon more powerful, reliable, affordable and secure, conquering the interest of the scientific community. Despite the considerable amount of advantages which can be met relying on cloud computing, there are a lot of barriers which slow down the transition towards the emerging environment. One of the most relevant factors limiting the transition is the complexity of moving applications. Indeed, moving an application into the cloud is not effortless and might take a huge amount of time. Therefore, before starting to move an application into the cloud, it might be worth having in advance an idea about how the application will behave when run in a different infrastructure. It is then crucial, for researchers, to understand trade-offs, costs and benefits related to moving an application into the cloud. Indeed, applications which are able to run quickly on HPC systems, might perform worse when run on a different infrastructure, such as in the cloud. There are several factors limiting the performance of an application running in the cloud, such as the virtualized environment, the architecture of the physical CPU, the amount of RAM, and so on, but, as highlighted in many works, perhaps the most important factor limiting the performance of a large amount of scientific applications is the interconnection network. For communication-intensive applications, the network infrastructure may soon become a bottleneck, reducing performance and scalability. A rich set of different interconnection technologies (such as Infiniband, Intel Omni Path or Ethernet) have been developed to reduce the overhead introduced by the network layer and increase application scalability and performance. All these technologies are currently used in HPC systems. Indeed, according to the Top500 list (Top500 Release June 2018), 49.4% of the HPC systems use Gigabit Ethernet technology to interconnect nodes, 27.8% uses Infiniband, 7.8% uses Omni Path and the remaining 15% makes use of proprietary or custom interconnection networks. Cloud service providers try to keep in step with the HPC systems by studying and introducing new components in their interconnection model, making the cloud environment more attractive and promising even for running scientific applications, traditionally executed on HPC systems [A64A69]. This is also the case for many bioinformatics applications, and bio-scientists are thinking to move their parallel code to the cloud infrastructures. As this activity is not effortless and can take a huge amount of time, before moving an application to the new infrastructure, a deep analysis of the application and the new infrastructure layer should be done, in order to get insights about how the application will behave being run in the cloud and how it might be adapted in order to reduce the impact of the communication. It might be useful to know in advance the impact of the communication on the application, because this might help researchers to get hints and insights about how the application will perform on a different architecture and the economical cost for running such application on that architecture.

The purpose of this study was to determine the HPV knowledge of college women and their intentions to receive the HPV vaccination.An original data collection instrument was created. This instrument consisted of nine HPV knowledge questions, one intention to receive the vaccine stage question, and three demographic questions. Data were collected during Fall semester of 2007. The participants of this study were females (n=361) who were enrolled in an introductory personal health course. There was a statistically significant difference in intentions to receive the vaccine stage and HPV knowledge level. Those females who had higher mean knowledge scores were more likely to have made a decision about receiving the vaccine or they are still trying to decide. Those females who had lower mean knowledge scores were more likely to be unaware of the vaccine or have not thought about receiving the vaccine.
Department of Physiology and Health Science

Le calcul haute performance est un domaine scientifique dans lequel de très complexes et intensifs calculs sont réalisés sur des infrastructures de calcul à très large échelle appelées supercalculateurs. Leur puissance calculatoire phénoménale permet aux supercalculateurs de générer un flot de données gigantesque qu'il est aujourd'hui difficile d'appréhender, que ce soit d'un point de vue du stockage en mémoire que de l'extraction des résultats les plus importants pour les applications.Nous assistons depuis quelques années à une convergence entre le calcul haute performance et des domaines tels que le BigData ou l'intelligence artificielle qui voient leurs besoins en terme de capacité de calcul exploser. Dans le cadre de cette convergence, une grande diversité d'applications doit être traitée par les ordonnanceurs des supercalculateurs, provenant d'utilisateurs de différents horizons pour qui il n'est pas toujours aisé de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces infrastructures pour le calcul distribué.Dans cette thèse, nous exposons des solutions d'ordonnancement et de partitionnement de ressources pour résoudre ces problématiques. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une approche basée sur des modèles mathématiques qui permet d'obtenir des solutions avec de fortes garanties théoriques de leu performance. Dans ce manuscrit, nous nous focalisons sur deux catégories d'applications qui s'inscrivent en droite ligne avec la convergence entre le calcul haute performance et le BigData:les applications intensives en données et les applications à temps d'exécution stochastique.Les applications intensives en données représentent les applications typiques du domaine du calcul haute performance. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'optimiser cette catégorie d'applications exécutées sur des supercalculateurs en exposant des méthodes automatiques de partitionnement de ressources ainsi que des algorithmes d'ordonnancement pour les différentes phases de ces applications. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons le paradigme in situ, devenu à ce jour une référence pour ces applications. De nombreux travaux se sont attachés à proposer des solutions logicielles pour mettre en pratique ce paradigme pour les applications. Néanmoins, peu de travaux ont étudié comment efficacement partager les ressources de calcul les différentes phases des applications afin d'optimiser leur temps d'exécution.Les applications stochastiques constituent la deuxième catégorie d'applications que nous étudions dans cette thèse. Ces applications ont un profil différent de celles de la première partie de ce manuscrit. En effet, contrairement aux applications de simulation numérique, ces applications présentent de fortes variations de leur temps d'exécution en fonction des caractéristiques du jeu de données fourni en entrée. Cela est dû à leur structure interne composée d'une succession de fonctions, qui diffère des blocs de code massifs composant les applications intensive en données.L'incertitude autour de leur temps d'exécution est une contrainte très forte pour lancer ces applications sur les supercalculateurs. En effet, l'utilisateur doit réserver des ressources de calcul pour une durée qu'il ne connait pas. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche novatrice pour aider les utilisateurs à déterminer une séquence de réservations optimale qui minimise l'espérance du coût total de toutes les réservations. Ces solutions sont par la suite étendues à un modèle d'applications avec points de sauvegarde à la fin de (certaines) réservations afin d'éviter de perdre le travail réalisé lors des réservations trop courtes. Enfin, nous proposons un profiling d'une application stochastique issue du domaine des neurosciences afin de mieux comprendre les propriétés de sa stochasticité. A travers cette étude, nous montrons qu'il est fondamental de bien connaître les caractéristiques des applications pour qui souhaite élaborer des stratégies efficaces du point de vue de l'utilisateur
Numerical simulations are complex programs that allow scientists to solve, simulate and model complex phenomena. High Performance Computing (HPC) is the domain in which these complex and heavy computations are performed on large-scale computers, also called supercomputers.Nowadays, most scientific fields need supercomputers to undertake their research. It is the case of cosmology, physics, biology or chemistry. Recently, we observe a convergence between Big Data/Machine Learning and HPC. Applications coming from these emerging fields (for example, using Deep Learning framework) are becoming highly compute-intensive. Hence, HPC facilities have emerged as an appropriate solution to run such applications. From the large variety of existing applications has risen a necessity for all supercomputers: they mustbe generic and compatible with all kinds of applications. Actually, computing nodes also have a wide range of variety, going from CPU to GPU with specific nodes designed to perform dedicated computations. Each category of node is designed to perform very fast operations of a given type (for example vector or matrix computation).Supercomputers are used in a competitive environment. Indeed, multiple users simultaneously connect and request a set of computing resources to run their applications. This competition for resources is managed by the machine itself via a specific program called scheduler. This program reviews, assigns andmaps the different user requests. Each user asks for (that is, pay for the use of) access to the resources ofthe supercomputer in order to run his application. The user is granted access to some resources for a limited amount of time. This means that the users need to estimate how many compute nodes they want to request and for how long, which is often difficult to decide.In this thesis, we provide solutions and strategies to tackle these issues. We propose mathematical models, scheduling algorithms, and resource partitioning strategies in order to optimize high-throughput applications running on supercomputers. In this work, we focus on two types of applications in the context of the convergence HPC/Big Data: data-intensive and irregular (orstochastic) applications.Data-intensive applications represent typical HPC frameworks. These applications are made up oftwo main components. The first one is called simulation, a very compute-intensive code that generates a tremendous amount of data by simulating a physical or biological phenomenon. The second component is called analytics, during which sub-routines post-process the simulation output to extract,generate and save the final result of the application. We propose to optimize these applications by designing automatic resource partitioning and scheduling strategies for both of its components.To do so, we use the well-known in situ paradigm that consists in scheduling both components together in order to reduce the huge cost of saving all simulation data on disks. We propose automatic resource partitioning models and scheduling heuristics to improve overall performance of in situ applications.Stochastic applications are applications for which the execution time depends on its input, while inusual data-intensive applications the makespan of simulation and analytics are not affected by such parameters. Stochastic jobs originate from Big Data or Machine Learning workloads, whose performanceis highly dependent on the characteristics of input data. These applications have recently appeared onHPC platforms. However, the uncertainty of their execution time remains a strong limitation when using supercomputers. Indeed, the user needs to estimate how long his job will have to be executed by the machine, and enters this estimation as his first reservation value. But if the job does not complete successfully within this first reservation, the user will have to resubmit the job, this time requiring a longer reservation

Bakgrund Humant papillomvirus (HPV) orsakar vårtor och är en vanligt förekommande könssjukdom världen över. Vaccination mot de vanligaste HPV-typerna som kan orsaka kondylom och leda till cancer ingår sedan 2012 i det allmänna vaccinationsprogrammet för flickor och unga kvinnor. Tidigare forskning visar att unga kvinnor trots låg kunskap om viruset, har en positiv inställning till vaccination. Syfte Att undersöka unga vaccinerade kvinnors kunskap om HPV samt deras kunskap om och inställning till HPV-vaccination. Metod En kvalitativ explorativ studie. The Health Belief Model användes som teoretisk modell. Individuella intervjuer med åtta unga kvinnor som vaccinerats mot HPV. Data analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat Totalt genomfördes åtta intervjuer med unga kvinnor födda 1993-1998. Tre kategorier skapades: 1) Bristande kunskap om HPV 2) Tillförlitligt skydd mot cancer samt 3) Vaccinet är tillgängligt. Kunskapen om HPV och HPV-vaccin var låg hos de unga kvinnorna. Den främsta anledningen till att de valde att vaccinera sig var rädsla för cancer, andras inflytande till vaccinering, främst från mödrar, en tilltro till hälso- och sjukvården och till vaccinet samt att vaccinet är tillgängligt. Slutsats Det är tydligt att kunskapen om HPV och vaccinet är låg bland de deltagande unga kvinnorna. Inför framtiden behövs anpassad information till unga kvinnor om viruset och vaccinet för att tillgodose behovet av information. Det är viktigt att unga kvinnor som vaccineras mot HPV har kunskap om vaccinet för att veta hur de skyddar sig mot HPV och att de även ska förstå vikten av att gå på gynekologisk cellprovskontroll som en del av prevention av HPV.
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) cause warts and is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Vaccination against the most common HPV types that can cause genital warts and cancer is implemented in the national vaccination programme for girls and young women since 2012. Previous research shows that young women, despite low knowledge about the virus, are in favour of the vaccine. Objective To explore young vaccinated women’s knowledge about HPV and knowledge and attitudes towards HPV-vaccination. Method An qualitative explorative study. The Health Belief Model was the  theoretical framework. Individual interviews were conducted with young women vaccinated against HPV. Data were analyzed with content analyses. Results In total eight interviews were undertaken with young women born in 1993-1998. Three categories were revealed through the interviews: 1) Lack of knowledge about HPV 2) Reliable protection against cancer and 3) The vaccine is available. The young women had low knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine. The main reasons for vaccination were; fear of cancer, influence from others, especially the mothers, trust in the healthcare and the vaccine and the vaccine is available. Conclusion The knowledge of HPV and the vaccine was low among the included women. In the future the iformation about the virus and the vaccine needs to be adapted to the young women to provide the need of information. It is important that young women who are vaccinated against HPV have knowledge about the vaccine to be able to protect themselves against HPV and that they are aware of the importance of attending future cervical cancer screening controls as a part of the prevention against HPV.

Purpose: To assess awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccines, use of condom and participation in pap-smear screening among high-school students in Uppsala County. The intention was also to investigate if there were any differences between students at theoretical programmes and vocational programmes.

Methods: 608 students from seven high-schools in Uppsala County answered a questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccine, use of condoms and pap-smear tests.

Results: A majority of the students had never heard of HPV (86 %, n=521), HPV-vaccine (94 %, n=537) or the link between HPV and cervical cancer (88 %, n=563). Most respondents had a positive attitude towards HPV-vaccine (84 %, n=508), but the biggest obstacle was the high cost (37 %, n=227). The students believed that it was less likely that they would use a condom with a new partner if vaccinated (mean=78, SD=26, p<0.001), or if they or their partner used contraceptive pills (mean=62, SD=32, p<0.001) compared to how likely it was that they would use a condom in general with a new partner. The girls rated the probability that they would participate in a pap-smear screening as relatively low if vaccinated (mean=59 SD=27). Students at theoretical programmes had better knowledge about HPV and HPV-vaccines. They were also more positive to the use of condoms and participation in pap-smear screening. Furthermore, more students at theoretical programmes (11%, n=46) than at vocational programmes (9%, n=16) planned to be vaccinated (p=0.048).

Conclusion: The awareness regarding HPV and HPV-vaccine was low among high school students in Uppsala County, especially among students at vocational programmes. More information is required to increase the awareness and motivation to use condoms and participate in pap-smear screening.

In recent decades, the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased world-wide. Overall, HPV-positive OPSCC patients respond better to treatment (increased survival rate) compared to HPV-negative patients. This might be partially associated with a deficiency in repair of double-strand DNA breaks, and/or with residual p53 activity in HPV-positive tumours. However new studies, specific to HPV-positive OPSCC, are limited due to the low number of relevant OPSCC in-vitro models. The general aims of this study were to develop new HPV-positive OPSCC cell lines and use them, together with established OPSCC cell lines, to investigate responses to ionising radiation (IR). These experiments were intended to test that HPV-positive OPSCC cell lines were more sensitive to IR than HPV-negative OPSCC cell lines. Two novel OPSCC cell lines, one HPV-positive and one HPV-negative, were derived and characterised. The HPV-positive OPSCC cell lines demonstrated greater variation in radio-sensitivity compared to HPV-negative OPSCC cell lines. However, radio-sensitivity was not associated with p53 accumulation and/or cell cycle arrest. All HPV-positive OPSCC cell lines showed G2 arrest after IR, but so did several HPV-negative lines. The mRNA sequencing data confirmed expression of HPV oncogenes and integration of HPV DNA into the host genome, with an increase of integration sites after IR. Comparison of irradiated HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines did not show consistent differences in gene expression associated with DNA repair. The transcription of DNA repair factors did not correlate with radio-sensitivity within the HPV-positive cell lines. The study was successful in generating and characterising new OPSCC cell lines but did not find evidence that the better prognosis of HPV-positive tumours is associated with defects in DNA repair. This suggests that additional mechanisms may be responsible for the improved prognosis of HPV-positive OPSCC patients following treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO Lisandra Rocha Vidotti.pdf: 838582 bytes, checksum: 45de3f3ca6ccb3eb1c1e83766e212116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-03
FUNDAÇÃO SOUSÂNDRADE DE APOIO AO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA UFMA
Background: Human Pappilomavirus infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted disease, and can be found at various anatomical sites, such as the anogenital tract, skin, larynx, conjunctiva, tracheobronchial mucosa, esophagus and oral cavity. The path of HPV transmission to the oral cavity is not completely understood, and so many studies are being undertaken aiming to clarify if the genital infection by the virus may be a predisposing factor. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional cohort study. The sample consisted of women attending in ambulatory of the Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas-CEPEC / HUUFMA. After signing the TCLE, all patients answered a questionnaire about social information, medical history, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and sexual behavior and were also subjected to collection of cellular material from the oral cavity and genital area for research of Desoxirribonucleic Acid by polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). Results And Conclusions: The prevalence of human papillomavirus in the oral cavity was higher in women with genital HPV. With a significant association between the presence of oral HPV DNA and genital HPV DNA: The practice of oral sex, smoking and drinking were not related to the presence of HPV DNA in the oral cavity.
Introdução: A infecção pelo Vírus do Papiloma Humano (HPV) é uma das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis mais prevalentes no mundo, e pode ser encontrada em vários sítios anatômicos, como trato anogenital, pele, laringe, conjuntiva, mucosa traqueobrônquica, esôfago e cavidade oral. A via de transmissão do HPV para a cavidade oral ainda não está completamente compreendida, e por isso, diversas pesquisas, estão sendo realizadas objetivando esclarecer se a infecção genital por este vírus pode ser um fator predisponente. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte transversal: A amostra foi constituída por mulheres atendidas no Ambulatório de Ginecologia do Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do Hospital Universitário da UFMA (CEPEC/HUUFMA). Após assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), todas as pacientes responderam um questionário sobre informações sociais, história médica, hábitos de tabagismo, consumo alcóolico e comportamento sexual e também foram submetidas a coleta de material celular da cavidade oral e da região genital para pesquisa do ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) do HPV pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Resultados e Conclusões: A prevalência do HPV na cavidade oral foi maior nas portadoras de HPV nos genitais, com associação significativa entre a presença do DNA-HPV oral com o DNA-HPV genital: A prática de sexo oral, o tabagismo e o etilismo não estiveram relacionados à presença do DNA-HPV na cavidade oral.

The following research project thematically analysed in-depth interviews of 5 socially vulnerable Romanian Roma women who support themselves only by means of begging in public spaces of Malmö, Sweden. This paper examined women’s experiences of victimization and their consequences, reasons behind the incidents as well as relationship with the police officers during their time spent in Sweden. The interviews put forward four common themes: frequent harassment during daytime, several grounds for victimisation, negative health consequences and deficient relation with police officers. Women described their experiences of sexual harassment, verbal and physical abuse, feelings of constant stress, paranoia and fear. Interviewed study participants claimed that they are victimized because they are Roma women and thus visible as a result of specific clothing and their activity of begging. Nearly all women reported lack of trust towards justice system. Discussion concludes with several policy suggestions.

The work is given an analysis of Open Source Software (further referred as OSS), which allows use and create computer clusters. It explored the issue of clustering and construction of clusters. All installations, configuration and cluster management have been done on the operating system GNU / Linux. Presented OSS makes possible to compile a storage cluster, cluster with load distribution, cluster with high availability and computing cluster. Different types of benchmarks was theoretically analyzed, and practically used for measuring cluster’s performance. Results were compared with others, eg. the TOP500 list of the best clusters available online. Practical part of the work deals with comparing performance computing clusters. With several tens of computational nodes has been established cluster, where was installed package OpenMPI, which allows parallelization of calculations. Subsequently, tests were performed with the High Performance Linpack, which by calculation of linear equations provides total performance. Influence of the parallelization to algorithm PEA was also tested. To present practical usability, cluster has been tested by program John the Ripper, which serves to cracking users passwords. The work shall include the quantity of graphs clarifying the function and mainly showing the achieved results.

Nell’ambito dei supercomputer, l’attività di anomaly detection rappresenta un’ottima strategia per mantenere alte le performance del sistema (disponibilità ed affidabilità), consentendo di prevenire i guasti e di adattare l’attività di manutenzione alla salute del sistema stesso. Il supercomputer esaminato da questa ricerca è chiamato MARCONI ed appartiene al CINECA, consorzio interuniversitario italiano con sede a Bologna. I dati estratti per l’analisi si riferiscono in particolar modo al nodo “r183c12s04”, ma per provare la generalità dell’approccio sono stati eseguiti ulteriori test anche su nodi differenti (seppur di minor portata). L’approccio seguito sfrutta le potenzialità del machine learning, combinando addestramento non supervisionato e supervisionato. Un autoencoder viene addestrato in modo non supervisionato per ottenere una rappresentazione compressa (dimensionality reduction) dei dati grezzi estratti da un nodo del sistema. I dati compressi vengono poi forniti ad una rete neurale di 3 livelli (input, hidden, output) per effettuare una classificazione supervised tra stati normali e stati anomali. Il nostro approccio si è rilevato molto promettente, raggiungendo livelli di accuracy, precision, recall e f1_score tutti superiori al 97% per il nodo principale. Mentre livelli più bassi, ma comunque molto positivi (mediamente superiori al 83%) sono stati riscontrati per gli altri nodi presi in considerazione. Le performance non perfette degli altri nodi sono sicuramente causate dal basso numero di esempi anomalie presenti nei dataset di riferimento.

O câncer no colo do útero é o segundo tipo de neoplasia maligna mais prevalente nas mulheres no mundo todo e o seu rastreamento é realizado através do exame microscópico das células esfoliadas da mucosa cervical, o teste de Papanicolaou. Partindo-se da premissa que a infecção por Papilomavírus Humano oncogênico (HRHPV) é condição necessária para o desenvolvimento desta neoplasia, tem-se avaliado a possibilidade de empregar-se para a mesma finalidade, o rastreio, métodos que detectam o material genético viral. Estudos recentes demonstraram que estes testes moleculares apresentam maior sensibilidade e a substituição do teste citológico pelos moleculares vem ocorrendo em alguns países. O monitoramento da resposta ao tratamento das pacientes com câncer cervical é realizado por meio de testes inespecíficos como exames de imagem. Portanto, é desejável o desenvolvimento de um teste específico, não invasivo capaz de detectar precocemente a recidiva. Este estudo investigou a freqüência e os tipos de HPV presentes em tumores cervicais de pacientes brasileiras, e verificou a ocorrência de resultados HPV-negativos pelos testes moleculares, procurando investigar as causas de possíveis falhas dos testes. Além disso, padronizou e avaliou uma reação de PCR em tempo real capaz detectar o DNA do HPV-16 e 18 no plasma das pacientes. Foram incluídas no estudo 104 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de câncer cervical atendidas em três hospitais oncológicos do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, IBCC e HC-Barretos, no período de novembro de 2009 a julho de 2011. Foram coletados um fragmento do tumor cervical e sangue total. O DNA extraído dos tumores foi submetido a genotipagem do HPV por meio da utilização dos kits Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (LA) e PapilloCheck®, além de PCRs tipo específicas para HPV-16, 18 e 45. Amostras que apresentaram resultado HPV-negativo no PapilloCheck®, tiveram parte da região E1 seqüenciada para verificar potenciais causas do resultado falso-negativo. A amostra de plasma das pacientes que apresentavam HPV-16 e/ou 18 no tecido tumoral foi submetida à PCR em tempo real para avaliar a presença do DNA do HPV no plasma. Das 104 amostras de tecido tumoral, 103 foram positivas para HPV, sendo que os HPV-16 e 18, como infecção simples, foram os encontrados com maior freqüência (48,5%). Os testes LA e PapilloCheck® apresentaram 65,4% de concordância total. O PapilloCheck® apresentou 12,5% de resultados falso-negativos (N=13). A principal hipótese para explicar esses resultados é a presença de mutações na região de hibridização dos iniciadores e/ou das sondas. A reação de PCR em tempo real específica para HPV-16 e 18 padronizada no estudo apresentou baixa sensibilidade, mas alta especificidade e não deve ser utilizada como teste diagnóstico para o câncer cervical. A relação entre DNA de HPV no plasma e o prognóstico da paciente deve ser explorada no futuro
Invasive cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide and screening programs are based on microscopical examination of cells exfoliated from the cervical mucosa, the Papanicolaou test. Since the infection by an oncogenic HPV (HR-HPV) has been shown to be necessary for the development of this neoplasia, molecular assays are being evaluated for the same application, primary screening. Indeed, recent studies showed these methods to be more sensitive and therefore are replacing the cytological test in many countries. Post treatment surveillance of invasive cervical cancer patients are made by unspecific tests as imaging exams. Hence, the development of a specific non invasive test able to detect premature recurrence is desired. This study investigated the HPV frequency and types on invasive cervical tumors among Brazilian patients observing the occurrence of HPV-negative results on molecular tests, trying to addrees the causes for the putative failures. Moreover, we standardized and evaluated a real time PCR method for HPV-16 and 18 DNA detection on patients plasma. One hundred and four women with invasive cervical cancer were recruited in three oncologic hospitals from São Paulo State, ICESP, IBCC and HCBarretos, in between November 2009 and July 2011. Tumor tissue and whole blood were collected. DNA extracted from the tumors were submitted to HPV detection and genotyping tests such as the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (LA) and PapilloCheck®, besides type specific PCRs for HPV-16, 18 e 45. Samples that showed an HPV-negative result on the PapilloCheck® were submitted to direct sequencing of E1 region to verify potential mismatches responsible for that. Plasma samples from patients with tumor tissue positive for HPV-16 and/or 18 were submitted to the real time PCR to evaluate the HPV DNA presence on plasma. Out of 104 cervical carcinomas, 103 were HPV positive, HPV-16 and 18, as single infection, were the most frequent types observed (48.5%). LA and PapilloCheck® showed 65.4% of total agreement. PapilloCheck® displaied 12.5% of false-negative results (N=13). The major hypothesis to explain these results is the presence of mismatches to the primers and/or probes annealing regions. Real time PCR specific for HPV-16 and 18 developed in this study showed low sensitivity, but a high specificity and cannot be used as an invasive cervical cancer diagnostic tool. The relationship between the presence of HPV DNA in the plasma and the patient prognostic shall be evaluated in the future

Vår undersökning handlar om flexibiliteten bland studenter som arbetar extra viabemanningsföretag. Vi vill också se om studierna påverkas av att de arbetar samtidigt som de studerar. Bemanningsbranschen har vuxit kraftigt under 2000-talet och vi som forskar har själva arbetat samtidigt som vi har studerat. Vi valde att använda oss utav en kvalitativundersökning eftersom vi ville få fram en känsla hos studenterna vi ville undersöka och då är det kvalitativ undersökning som ska användas. Vi har gjort åtta stycken intervjuer eftersom det är det generellt vanligast när man använder dig av det kvalitativa arbetssättet.Vi använde oss av en öppen intervjuform fastmed frågor som stöd. Vi utformade ensemistrukturerad tematisk intervju där vi hade tre teman. De tre temana var kravet påflexibilitet, synen på sin egen flexibilitet och flexibilitetens påverkan. Alla respondenter vet vilka krav som ställs på dem av bemanningsföretagen men de förklarar samtidigt att de kan ha svårt att alltid kunna uppfylla kraven då de studerar och kan ha mycket i skolan under vissa perioder. Deras egen syn är att de ska kunna vara flexibel och kunna hjälpa till när detbehövs samtidigt som de måste hinna med skolan. Alla var eniga om att de hade satt arbetet före studierna någon gång. Var det inte så mycket i skolan var det lätt att prioritera arbetet för att sedan ta igen skolarbetet under annan tid. Samtidigt var de tydliga med att är det tentaperiod prioriterar de skolan före arbetet. Vissa låg efter i skolan men de flesta låg inte efter i sina studier.
Program: Organisations- och personalutvecklare i samhället

A confiabilidade de dispositivos de Processamentos de Alto Desempenho (PAD) é uma das principais preocupações dos supercomputadores hoje e para a próxima geração. De fato, o alto número de dispositivos em grandes centros de dados faz com que a probabilidade de ter pelo menos um dispositivo corrompido seja muito alta. Neste trabalho, primeiro avaliamos o problema realizando experimentos de radiação. Os dados dos experimentos nos dão uma taxa de erro realista de dispositivos PAD. Além disso, avaliamos um conjunto representativo de algoritmos que derivam entendimentos gerais de algoritmos paralelos e a confiabilidade de abordagens de programação. Para entender melhor o problema, propomos uma nova metodologia para ir além da quantificação do problema. Qualificamos o erro avaliando a importância de cada execução corrompida por meio de um conjunto dedicado de métricas. Mostramos que em relação a computação imprecisa, a simples detecção de incompatibilidade não é suficiente para avaliar e comparar a sensibilidade à radiação de dispositivos e algoritmos PAD. Nossa análise quantifica e qualifica os efeitos da radiação na saída das aplicações, correlacionando o número de elementos corrompidos com sua localidade espacial. Também fornecemos o erro relativo médio (em nível do conjunto de dados) para avaliar a magnitude do erro induzido pela radiação. Além disso, desenvolvemos um injetor de falhas, CAROL-FI, para entender melhor o problema coletando informações usando campanhas de injeção de falhas, o que não é possível através de experimentos de radiação. Injetamos diferentes modelos de falha para analisar a sensitividade de determinadas aplicações. Mostramos que partes de aplicações podem ser classificadas com diferentes criticalidades. As técnicas de mitigação podem então ser relaxadas ou enrobustecidas com base na criticalidade de partes específicas da aplicação. Este trabalho também avalia a confiabilidade de seis arquiteturas diferentes, variando de dispositivos PAD a embarcados, com o objetivo de isolar comportamentos dependentes de código e arquitetura. Para esta avaliação, apresentamos e discutimos experimentos de radiação que abrangem um total de mais de 352.000 anos de exposição natural e análise de injeção de falhas com base em um total de mais de 120.000 injeções. Por fim, as estratégias de ECC, ABFT e de duplicação com comparação são apresentadas e avaliadas em dispositivos PAD por meio de experimentos de radiação. Apresentamos e comparamos a melhoria da confiabilidade e a sobrecarga imposta das soluções de enrobustecimento selecionadas. Em seguida, propomos e analisamos o impacto do enrobustecimento seletivo para algoritmos de PAD. Realizamos campanhas de injeção de falhas para identificar as variáveis de código-fonte mais críticas e apresentamos como selecionar os melhores candidatos para maximizar a relação confiabilidade/sobrecarga.
HPC device’s reliability is one of the major concerns for supercomputers today and for the next generation. In fact, the high number of devices in large data centers makes the probability of having at least a device corrupted to be very high. In this work, we first evaluate the problem by performing radiation experiments. The data from the experiments give us realistic error rate of HPC devices. Moreover, we evaluate a representative set of algorithms deriving general insights of parallel algorithms and programming approaches reliability. To understand better the problem, we propose a novel methodology to go beyond the quantification of the problem. We qualify the error by evaluating the criticality of each corrupted execution through a dedicated set of metrics. We show that, as long as imprecise computing is concerned, the simple mismatch detection is not sufficient to evaluate and compare the radiation sensitivity of HPC devices and algorithms. Our analysis quantifies and qualifies radiation effects on applications’ output correlating the number of corrupted elements with their spatial locality. We also provide the mean relative error (dataset-wise) to evaluate radiation-induced error magnitude. Furthermore, we designed a homemade fault-injector, CAROL-FI, to understand further the problem by collecting information using fault injection campaigns that is not possible through radiation experiments. We inject different fault models to analyze the sensitivity of given applications. We show that portions of applications can be graded by different criticalities. Mitigation techniques can then be relaxed or hardened based on the criticality of the particular portions. This work also evaluates the reliability behaviors of six different architectures, ranging from HPC devices to embedded ones, with the aim to isolate code- and architecturedependent behaviors. For this evaluation, we present and discuss radiation experiments that cover a total of more than 352,000 years of natural exposure and fault-injection analysis based on a total of more than 120,000 injections. Finally, Error-Correcting Code, Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance, and Duplication With Comparison hardening strategies are presented and evaluated on HPC devices through radiation experiments. We present and compare both the reliability improvement and imposed overhead of the selected hardening solutions. Then, we propose and analyze the impact of selective hardening for HPC algorithms. We perform fault-injection campaigns to identify the most critical source code variables and present how to select the best candidates to maximize the reliability/overhead ratio.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the most common etiological agent of cervical cancer, the most common cancer in women in Africa. The lifecycle of HPV has historically made the virus difficult to culture in vitro, and this has hindered the study of the virus, as well as development of vaccines. The development of synthetic HPV particles, such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and more recently pseudovirions (PsVs), has allowed for unprecedented insights into the lifecycle and immunology of this virus. This has led to the development of two currently available vaccines, namely Cervarix™ and Gardasil®. Cervarix offers protection against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, while Gardasil offers further protection against types 6 and 11. Both of these vaccines are based on major capsid protein L1 Virus-like particles (VLPs). While these vaccines show no loss of efficacy, further work is underway to develop a second generation HPV vaccine that is cheap, stable and displays cross-neutralising activity across a broader range of HPV types. The recent efficient methods for intracellular production of HPV PsVs encapsidating nonpapillomaviral DNA (pseudogenomes) has allowed for development of a robust and sensitive pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay (PBNA), which has become the gold standard neutralisation assay for the testing of candidate HPV vaccines. The currently accepted PsV production method utilises mammalian cell culture to produce HPV PsVs, encapsidating a SEAP reporter plasmid, at high titres. While this is an effective method of PsV production, mammalian cell culture is expensive and time-consuming. Transient recombinant protein expression in plants offers a rapid and cost-effective alternative to mammalian cell culture. Here, we developed a method of high-titre HPV PsV production in plants. The autonomously replicating plant vector, pRIC3, was modified to include mammalian reporter cassettes encoding luc or SEAP, for the production of reporter pseudogenomes DNA in plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. The SEAP and luc cassettes were introduced into pRIC3 upstream of the plant cassette, which was included only to increase the final pseudogenome size for efficient packaging into PsVs. The SEAP cassette was also introduced into pRIC3 in place of the plant cassette, to form a smaller pseudogenome. Thus three vectors were created, namely pRIC3-mSEAP+ (6.4Kbp pseudogenome), pRIC3-mluc+ (7.4Kbp pseudogenome), and pRIC3-mSEAP (4.8Kbp pseudogenome), which would produce pseudogenomes that covered the full range of plasmid sizes incorporated by assembling HPV capsid proteins in vivo. All three replicating vectors demonstrated the formation of a replicon, and autonomous replication, in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Each of these vectors were co-infiltrated with the non-replicating transient plant expression constructs pTRAc-hL1 and pTRAc-hL2, which encode human-codon optimised forms of HPV-16 major and minor capsid proteins, respectively. It was expected that encapsidation of replicon DNA as a pseudogenome into assembling HPV particles would result in the production of HPV PsVs in planta. In addition, L1 and L2 were expressed in the absence of replicon DNA to form L1/L2 VLPs. Particles were extracted from plant material at four days post-infiltration, using a modified VLP extraction protocol. HPV particles were separated on the basis of isopycnic caesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation, dialysed against high-salt PBS and identified by fractionation and probing with an anti-L1 antibody. Particles corresponding to the buoyant density of pseudovirions were seen in samples with or without replicon DNA. Western blotting showed that all particles had incorporated both L1 and L2 proteins. Particles were digested with proteinase K to release encapsidated pseudogenome DNA and PCR confirmed the presence of replicon-specific DNA in each PsV. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of HPV-16 PsVs in all samples. To test whether plant-produced HPV-16 PsVs could be used in pseudovirion-based neutralisation assays, mammalian cells were pseudoinfected with purified mSEAP, mSEAP+ or mluc+ PsVs. mSEAP and mluc+ PsVs elicited a reporter gene response in mammalian cells 72 hours post-infection using SEAP and luciferase assays, respectively, while mSEAP+ PsVs showed no reporter gene expression in mammalian cells. PsVs incubated with a known HPV-16 neutralising antibody showed partial neutralisation of mSEAP PsVs and complete neutralisation of mluc+ PsVs To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of production of HPV PsVs in plants, and their use in a PBNA. Further, it is the first demonstration of production of HPV L1/L2 VLPs in plants. While much work remains to improve plant production and purification methods of PsVs, as well as mammalian expression following PsV pseudoinfection, this is an important step towards a new method of PsV production.

Muchos problemas procedentes de aplicaciones del mundo real pueden ser modelados como problemas matemáticos con magnitudes no negativas, y por tanto, las soluciones de estos problemas matemáticos solo tienen sentido si son no negativas. Estas magnitudes no negativas pueden ser, por ejemplo, las frecuencias en una señal sonora, las intensidades de los pixeles de una imagen, etc. Algunos de estos problemas pueden ser modelados utilizando un sistema de ecuaciones lineales sobredeterminado. Cuando la solución de dicho problema debe ser restringida a valores no negativos, aparece un problema llamado problema de mínimos cuadrados no negativos (NNLS por sus siglas en inglés). La solución de dicho problema tiene múltiples aplicaciones en ciencia e ingeniería. Otra descomposición no negativa importante es la Factorización de Matrices No negativas (NMF por sus siglas en inglés). La NMF es una herramienta muy popular utilizada en varios campos, como por ejemplo: clasificación de documentos, aprendizaje automático, análisis de imagen o separación de señales sonoras. Esta factorización intenta aproximar una matriz no negativa con el producto de dos matrices no negativas de menor tamaño, creando habitualmente representaciones por partes de los datos originales. Los algoritmos diseñados para calcular la solución de estos dos problemas no negativos tienen un elevado coste computacional, y debido a ese elevado coste, estas descomposiciones pueden beneficiarse mucho del uso de técnicas de Computación de Altas Prestaciones (HPC por sus siglas en inglés). Estos sistemas computacionales de altas prestaciones incluyen desde los modernos computadores multinucleo a lo último en aceleradores de calculo (Unidades de Procesamiento Gráfico (GPU), Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC), etc.). Para obtener el máximo rendimiento de estos sistemas, los desarrolladores deben utilizar tecnologías software tales como la programación paralela, la vectoración o el uso de librerías de computación altas prestaciones. A pesar de que existen diversos algoritmos para calcular la NMF y resolver el problema NNLS, no todos ellos disponen de una implementación paralela y eficiente. Además, es muy interesante reunir diversos algoritmos con propiedades diferentes en una sola librería computacional. Esta tesis presenta una librería computacional de altas prestaciones que contiene implementaciones paralelas y eficientes de los mejores algoritmos existentes actualmente para calcular la NMF. Además la tesis también incluye una comparación experimental entre las diferentes implementaciones presentadas. Esta librería centrada en el cálculo de la NMF soporta múltiples arquitecturas tales como CPUs multinucleo, GPUs e Intel MIC. El objetivo de esta librería es ofrecer un abanico de algoritmos eficientes para ayudar a científicos, ingenieros o cualquier tipo de profesionales que necesitan hacer uso de la NMF. Otro problema abordado en esta tesis es la actualización de las factorizaciones no negativas. El problema de la actualización se ha estudiado tanto para la solución del problema NNLS como para el calculo de la NMF. Existen problemas no negativos cuya solución es próxima a otros problemas que ya han sido resueltos, el problema de la actualización consiste en aprovechar la solución de un problema A que ya ha sido resuelto, para obtener la solución de un problema B cercano al problema A. Utilizando esta aproximación, el problema B puede ser resuelto más rápido que si se tuviera que resolver sin aprovechar la solución conocida del problema A. En esta tesis se presenta una metodología algorítmica para resolver ambos problemas de actualización: la actualización de la solución del problema NNLS y la actualización de la NMF. Además se presentan evaluaciones empíricas de las soluciones presentadas para ambos problemas. Los resultados de estas evaluaciones muestran que los algoritmos propuestos son más rápidos que reso
Molts problemes procedents de aplicacions del mon real poden ser modelats com problemes matemàtics en magnituts no negatives, i per tant, les solucions de estos problemes matemàtics només tenen sentit si son no negatives. Estes magnituts no negatives poden ser, per eixemple, la concentració dels elements en un compost químic, les freqüències en una senyal sonora, les intensitats dels pixels de una image, etc. Alguns d'estos problemes poden ser modelats utilisant un sistema d'equacions llineals sobredeterminat. Quant la solució de este problema deu ser restringida a valors no negatius, apareix un problema nomenat problema de mínims quadrats no negatius (NNLS per les seues sigles en anglés). La solució de este problema te múltiples aplicacions en ciències i ingenieria. Un atra descomposició no negativa important es la Factorisació de Matrius No negatives(NMF per les seues sigles en anglés). La NMF es una ferramenta molt popular utilisada en diversos camps, com per eixemple: classificacio de documents, aprenentage automàtic, anàlisis de image o separació de senyals sonores. Esta factorisació intenta aproximar una matriu no negativa en el producte de dos matrius no negatives de menor tamany, creant habitualment representacions a parts de les dades originals. Els algoritmes dissenyats per a calcular la solució de estos dos problemes no negatius tenen un elevat cost computacional, i degut a este elevat cost, estes descomposicions poden beneficiar-se molt del us de tècniques de Computació de Altes Prestacions (HPC per les seues sigles en anglés). Estos sistemes de computació de altes prestacions inclouen des dels moderns computadors multinucli a lo últim en acceleradors de càlcul (Unitats de Processament Gràfic (GPU), Intel Many Core (MIC), etc.). Per a obtindre el màxim rendiment de estos sistemes, els desenrolladors deuen utilisar tecnologies software tals com la programació paralela, la vectorisació o el us de llibreries de computació de altes prestacions. A pesar de que existixen diversos algoritmes per a calcular la NMF i resoldre el problema NNLS, no tots ells disponen de una implementació paralela i eficient. Ademés, es molt interessant reunir diversos algoritmes en propietats diferents en una sola llibreria computacional. Esta tesis presenta una llibreria computacional de altes prestacions que conté implementacions paraleles i eficients dels millors algoritmes existents per a calcular la NMF. Ademés, la tesis també inclou una comparació experimental entre les diferents implementacions presentades. Esta llibreria centrada en el càlcul de la NMF soporta diverses arquitectures tals com CPUs multinucli, GPUs i Intel MIC. El objectiu de esta llibreria es oferir una varietat de algoritmes eficients per a ajudar a científics, ingeniers o qualsevol tipo de professionals que necessiten utilisar la NMF. Un atre problema abordat en esta tesis es la actualisació de les factorisacions no negatives. El problema de la actualisació se ha estudiat tant per a la solució del problema NNLS com per a el càlcul de la NMF. Existixen problemes no negatius la solució dels quals es pròxima a atres problemes no negatius que ya han sigut resolts, el problema de la actualisació consistix en aprofitar la solució de un problema A que ya ha sigut resolt, per a obtindre la solució de un problema B pròxim al problema A. Utilisant esta aproximació, el problema B pot ser resolt molt mes ràpidament que si tinguera que ser resolt des de 0 sense aprofitar la solució coneguda del problema A. En esta tesis es presenta una metodologia algorítmica per a resoldre els dos problemes de actualisació: la actualisació de la solució del problema NNLS i la actualisació de la NMF. Ademés es presenten evaluacions empíriques de les solucions presentades per als dos problemes. Els resultats de estes evaluacions mostren que els algoritmes proposts son més ràpits que resoldre el problema des de 0 en tots els
Many real world-problems can be modelled as mathematical problems with nonnegative magnitudes, and, therefore, the solutions of these problems are meaningful only if their values are nonnegative. Examples of these nonnegative magnitudes are the concentration of components in a chemical compound, frequencies in an audio signal, pixel intensities on an image, etc. Some of these problems can be modelled to an overdetermined system of linear equations. When the solution of this system of equations should be constrained to nonnegative values, a new problem arises. This problem is called the Nonnegative Least Squares (NNLS) problem, and its solution has multiple applications in science and engineering, especially for solving optimization problems with nonnegative restrictions. Another important nonnegativity constrained decomposition is the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF). The NMF is a very popular tool in many fields such as document clustering, data mining, machine learning, image analysis, chemical analysis, and audio source separation. This factorization tries to approximate a nonnegative data matrix with the product of two smaller nonnegative matrices, usually creating parts based representations of the original data. The algorithms that are designed to compute the solution of these two nonnegative problems have a high computational cost. Due to this high cost, these decompositions can benefit from the extra performance obtained using High Performance Computing (HPC) techniques. Nowadays, there are very powerful computational systems that offer high performance and can be used to solve extremely complex problems in science and engineering. From modern multicore CPUs to the newest computational accelerators (Graphics Processing Units(GPU), Intel Many Integrated Core(MIC), etc.), the performance of these systems keeps increasing continuously. To make the most of the hardware capabilities of these HPC systems, developers should use software technologies such as parallel programming, vectorization, or high performance computing libraries. While there are several algorithms for computing the NMF and for solving the NNLS problem, not all of them have an efficient parallel implementation available. Furthermore, it is very interesting to group several algorithms with different properties into a single computational library. This thesis presents a high-performance computational library with efficient parallel implementations of the best algorithms to compute the NMF in the current state of the art. In addition, an experimental comparison between the different implementations is presented. This library is focused on the computation of the NMF supporting multiple architectures like multicore CPUs, GPUs and Intel MIC. The goal of the library is to offer a full suit of algorithms to help researchers, engineers or professionals that need to use the NMF. Another problem that is dealt with in this thesis is the updating of nonnegative decompositions. The updating problem has been studied for both the solution of the NNLS problem and the NMF. Sometimes there are nonnegative problems that are close to other nonnegative problems that have already been solved. The updating problem tries to take advantage of the solution of a problem A, that has already been solved in order to obtain a solution of a new problem B, which is closely related to problem A. With this approach, problem B can be solved faster than solving it from scratch and not taking advantage of the already known solution of problem A. In this thesis, an algorithmic scheme is proposed for both the updating of the solution of NNLS problems and the updating of the NMF. Empirical evaluations for both updating problems are also presented. The results show that the proposed algorithms are faster than solving the problems from scratch in all of the tested cases.
San Juan Sebastián, P. (2018). HPC algorithms for nonnegative decompositions [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113069
TESIS

Detta arbete i militärteknik studerar om högeffektpulsad mikrovågsstrålning kan uppnå verkan mot kommersiella UAV. Analysen genomförs på två olika icke-dödliga HPM-vapen. Data hämtas från ett scenario där vapenverkan innebär hög risk för skada på tredje man. En Försvarsmaktsstudie har konstaterat att Luftvärnsbataljon saknar förmåga att verka mot små UAV.Dagsaktuell kunskap har inhämtats om scenariots miljö samt från forskning och industri genom studiebesök. Inhämtad kunskap har möjliggjort en logisk-matematisk parameterstudie på ett scenario med militärtekniskt perspektiv. Analysens slutsatser är att kommersiella UAV innehar låg skyddsnivå, att beslut om insats underlättas i alla miljöer och att en elektronisk sköld i form av HPM-vapen skyddar en stor volym samtidigt. HPM-vapen kan inte som ensamt vapensystem stå för skydd och uppnå säkerställd verkan mot kommersiell UAV. HPM-vapen kan däremot komplettera övriga verkanssystem och göra luftförsvaret starkare genom system av system. HPM-vapen kan bidra till att minska ett befintligt förmågeglapp mot kommersiella UAV.
This paper in military technology discusses whether high power microwaves can affect commercial UAVs. Two non-lethal HPM-weapons are analyzed. The data is collected from a scenario where there is a high risk for collateral damage. A Swedish Armed Forces study stated that the Air Defence Battalion lacks ability to affect small UAVs. The latest knowledge is obtained from the environment in the scenario, from research and from the industry. This knowledge has enabled a logical-mathematical parametric study on the scenario within a military perspective. The result of the study is the assessment that commercial UAVs are assessed to have low protection factor, facilitates decision to act in all environments and provides an electronic shield protection of a large surface at the same time. HPM-weapons can´t stand as a single system for protection against commercial UAVs and achieve guaranteed effect. However, HPM-weapons can complement other weapon systems and thus make the air defense stronger through systems of systems. HPM-weapons can reduce the capability deficiency against commercial UAVs.

Excerpt: According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 20 million Americans are currently infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), and another 6 million will become newly infected each year.

Bakgrund    HPV, humant papillomvirus, är den vanligast sexuellt överförbara sjukdomen i världen. HPV kan orsaka kondylom, vilket innebär könsvårtor, men det kan även ge gynekologiska cellförändringar som kan leda till livmoderhalscancer. Syfte            Syftet var att undersöka vilken kunskap och inställning gymnasieelever, som inte ingår i vaccinationsåldern, hade till HPV och HPV-vaccination samt om det fanns några könsskillnader. Metod   En kvantitativ enkätstudie genomfördes på en gymnasieskola i Uppsala, Sverige. Enkätdistribueringen skedde vid två tillfällen och 58 (98,3 %) ifyllda enkäter kunde inhämtas, varav 38 var flickor och 20 var pojkar. Resultat    Flickorna på skolan hade en generellt högre andel rätt svar på enkäten, och totalt var det 21 (55,2 %) av flickorna som var vaccinerade medan endast 1 (5 %) av pojkarna. Av samtliga elever var det 22 (37,9 %) som kunde besvara frågan rätt angående hur många typer av HPV-virus det finns, dock kunde 51 (87,9 %) besvara frågan rätt om hur man skyddar sig mot HPV-viruset. Signifikant könsskillnad hittades i kunskapsfrågan gällande om HPV kan orsaka livmoderhalscancer (p<0,045) där flickorna hade flest rätt svar på frågan. Det var fler vaccinerade flickor jämfört med pojkar (p<0,001) och signifikant fler pojkar som kunde tänka sig att vaccineras (p<0,019). Majoriteten, 68 %, av eleverna var positiva till den befintliga HPV-vaccinationen. Slutsats     Eleverna hade generellt sett en låg kunskapsnivå gällande HPV men trots det var det ändå mer än hälften av flickorna som var vaccinerade. Behov av ytterligare kunskap om HPV och HPV-vaccination till befolkningen behövs.
Background HPV, human papilloma virus, is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. HPV can cause genital warts and gynaecological dysplasia, which can lead to cervical cancer. Objective The objective was to describe the amount of knowledge the students had regarding HPV and the HPV-vaccination. Another objective was to describe how many of the students who were vaccinated and to study the existing attitudes towards HPV and the HPV-vaccination. The last objective was to compare whether there was any gender differences. Methods  A quantitative survey study was conduced at an upper secondary school in Uppsala, Sweden. The distribution of the surveys occurred on two occasions and 58 (98,3 %) completed surveys were collected. Results The girls had a generally higher percentage of correct answers on the survey. About 55 % (n=21) of the girls were vaccinated but only 5 %(n=1) of the boys. Regarding how many types of HPV there are 22(37,9 %) of the students answered correctly, although 51 (87,9 %) knew how to protect themselves against a possible infection. Significant differences in gender were found in the question whether HPV can cause cervical cancer or not (p=0,045) and whether the students would be willing to take the vaccine or not (p=0,019). The majority of the students, 68 %, were in favour of the existing HPV vaccination. Conclusion Although the students generally had poor knowledge regarding HPV the majority of the girls had taken the vaccine. The need of further knowledge is vast.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and causes 529.000 cases of cervical cancer every year. Nowadays, there are vaccines available to prevent infection. Knowledge of HPV influence the attitude towards the vaccine and is therefore a factor of accepting the vaccine. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of HPV and attitudes towards HPV-vaccine among Thai female university students. Method:  Descriptive and cross-sectional study with quantitative method using a questionnaire. Purposive sampling was used. The sample consisted of students from two different universities in Bangkok, Thailand and out of the 201 students whom filled in the questionnaire, 192 questionnaires were used. Result: There were 64.6% of the participants that had heard of HPV previously. Of these, the most common source of information was health professionals. The HPV-vaccine was known by 42.6% of the participants and 17.4% had taken the vaccination. Over 90% of the participants had a poor or moderate knowledge of HPV. In total, most of the participants in the sample were found to have a positive level of attitude towards the vaccine (72.4%). Almost all participants wanted to know more about HPV and the HPV-vaccine and 88.5% thought it was necessary for them to get the vaccination. Conclusion: As some gaps in knowledge among the participants were shown, the information to young women should be improved and aim to increase the motivation towards the use of preventive methods, such as taking the HPV-vaccine.