Дисертації з теми "Households consumption"
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1
Weikum, Gary Lester. "The housing consumption of empty nest households." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26624.
Анотація:
The purposes of this study are to develop a demographic profile of empty nesters and describe their housing consumption; to determine the number of empty nesters who are occupying family housing; and provide a summary of the housing needs of empty nesters which cause them to occupy the type of housing which they do. This study is not intended to develop public policy to encourage empty nesters to move, rather, it attempts to answer some fundamental questions about the impact of empty nesters on the family housing supply in urban areas. A detailed examination of empty nester housing consumption in the Vancouver, C.M.A. Canada was conducted through analysis of 1981 Census Canada Public Use Sample Tapes. The findings indicate that empty nesters have a high propensity to live independently in owner-occupied family type single detached dwellings. Contrary to popular perception, condominiums have not attracted large numbers of empty nest couples. Empty nesters appear to retain their independent living arrangements and family type housing for as long as possible. Income, more than any other variable tested, influences the size of dwelling occupied by this group., and relatively low monthly housing costs caused by high equity situations may counteract any desire to economize space after the children have left the family home. This study was conducted as a result of the apparent lack of empirical data regarding empty nesters and the various assumptions that they were contributing to family housing shortage problems. It is important that researchers not pre-judge what is adequate housing for empty nesters. Rather, researchers should focus on the resources and needs of this group and attempt to supply appropriate housing from this direction rather than implement policies to get them out of their current housing units.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
2
Ding, Li. "United States households consumption a comprehensive analysis /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4304.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
3
Frache, Derregibus Serafin. "Essays on households' consumption and saving decisions." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8909.
Анотація:
In this thesis I contribute to the applied study of households' consumption and saving behaviour. In the first chapter I introduce and explain why it is relevant to understand how households react to income shocks in terms of their consumption and saving decisions. The second chapter is inspired by a recent paper by Krueger and Perri (2011), who argue that the observed response of household wealth to income shocks, which is smaller over long periods, provides evidence in favour of the classic permanent-income model with perfect financial markets. Whether a model with financial market imperfections, however, such as the standard incomplete-markets model with liquidity constraints, can also generate such a wealth response crucially depends on the importance of precautionary wealth accumulation. I structurally estimate a model with a precautionary- savings motive and show that it can generate the observed wealth responses in the data. I further show that the wealth responses to income shocks do not allow us to rule out financial market imperfections. In the third chapter I extend the analysis, studying empirically what can be learned from international evidence on the way in which households react to income. I use detailed panel data from newly available surveys of Chile, Spain and the United States. Although it compares three different countries with dissimilar levels of development in their financial markets, the evidence suggests that the amount of precautionary savings in these economies is low and that household behaviour is not strongly influenced by the presence of borrowing constraints. The structural estimation for all countries suggests a low target level of wealth resulting from high levels of impatience or low levels of risk aversion. In the fourth chapter I extend the analysis to the real estate properties owned by the households. I revisit the Italian data, building on Kaplan and Violante (2014) who have argued that a substantial fraction of wealthy households with illiquid wealth, such as real estate, behave as hand-to-mouth consumers. In exploring the data, I find that, in the Italian sample, households which adjust their illiquid wealth show responses to income shocks like permanent-income consumers. Instead households which do not adjust their illiquid wealth, and whose behaviour in general can thus not be characterised by the first order conditions, show responses to income shocks which suggest a stronger precautionary-saving motive, such as wealthy hand-to-mouth consumers might be expected to show. The fifth chapter provides the conclusions of the thesis.
4
MILLEMACI, EMANUELE. "Essays on consumption and financial decisions of Households." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/747.
Анотація:
Questa tesi contiene tre saggi in cui esamino le decisioni di consumo e finanziarie delle famiglie. Questi saggi si basano su un’analisi econometrica del dataset DHS, che raccoglie un’ampia quantità di informazioni sulle famiglie olandesi. I primi due saggi si concentrano sul tema del consumo familiare. Il terzo saggio offre un contributo empirico nel dibattito sulla forma della funzione di sconto individuale e, di conseguenza, affronta il problema della coerenza intertemporale.
Il primo saggio, dal titolo “Evaluating how predictable errors in expected income affect consumption”, studia le anomalie nel consumo familiare e propone un modello in cui le sue variazioni dipendono da errori prevedibili di predizione del reddito. L’ipotesi nulla di aspettative razionali è rifiutata a favore del modello comportamentale, dal momento che il consumo è influenzato dagli errori prevedibili di predizione del reddito. In media, gli agenti che fanno previsioni sul reddito molto basse (pessimisti) aumentano il loro livello del consumo in seguito a shock prevedibili positivi. In media, gli agenti che prevedono un reddito troppo alto (ottimisti) riducono il consumo in seguito a shock prevedibili negativi.
Il secondo saggio, dal titolo “Evidence on excess sensitivity of consumption to predictable income growth”, discende dal primo. Partendo dalla stessa equazione di Eulero, eseguo un test per stabilire se shock prevedibili del reddito possono aiutare a spiegare il consumo, anche nel caso in cui gli errori prevedibili sono inclusi nel modello. Inoltre, eseguo numerosi test per controllare gli effetti dovuti ai vincoli di liquidità. I risultati suggeriscono che, una volta inclusi gli errori prevedibili, l’effetto sul consumo dovuto al reddito si riduce ed è in generale poco significativo.
Il terzo saggio, dal titolo “Evidence on possible precommitment strategies of agents with dynamically inconsistent preferences”, studia la relazione tra preferenze temporalmente incoerenti e le scelte di risparmio e finanziarie degli individui. L’evidenza empirica suggerisce che gli individui con preferenze “dynamic inconsistent” in media tengono una quota minore della loro ricchezza sul conto corrente. Ciò potrebbe essere dovuto al fatto che questi individui implementano strategie di “precommitment” per limitare la tentazione di consumare tutto immediatamente.My dissertation contains three essays in which I examine the consumption and financial decisions of households. These essays are based on the econometric analysis of the dataset DHS which contains a wide quantity of information on Dutch families, including subjective expectations about future income. The first two works concentrate on household consumption decisions. The third work gives an empirical contribution in the debate on the shape of the subjective discount function and, therefore, on the problem of the dynamic inconsistency. Chapter 1 studies whether anomalies in consumption can be explained by a behavioral model in which agents make predictable errors in forecasting income. I show that the null hypothesis of rational expectations is rejected in favor of the behavioral model, since consumption responds to predictable forecast errors. On average agents who we are predictably excessively pessimistic increase consumption after the predictable positive income shock. On average agents who are too optimistic reduce consumption. Chapter 2 tests the excess sensitivity of consumption to predicted income growth using a modified version of the Euler equation which allows for myopia and/or irrationality. Using a number of self-reported financial indicators I select different subsets of the sample in order to distinguish the response to income changes of agents with and without possible liquidity constraints. Results suggest that the observed excess sensitivity to income becomes statistically insignificant when systematic errors in income forecasts are taken into account. Chapter 3 focuses on two main issues. First, I find that, on average, households' discount rates decline. This implies dynamically inconsistent preferences. Second, I calculate an indicator of the degree of dynamic inconsistency which may help one to understand how households overcome their self-control problems. I use the DHS households' reports on the compensation for receiving hypothetical rewards with delays. I find that individuals with more severely dynamicly inconsistent preferences on average hold a statistically significantly lower share of their total wealth in checking accounts. A possible interpretation is that subjects use precommitment strategies to limit their temptation to consume immediately.
5
Seol, Youn Ni Shawn. "Empirical analysis of household consumption behavior." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7187.
Анотація:
Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 3, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Professor Shawn Ni, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
6
Cilasun, Seyit Mumin. "Income And, Consumption And Saving Behavior Of Turkish Households." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611207/index.pdf.
Анотація:
Using 2002-2006 Household Budget Survey, this thesis investigates the income, consumption and saving dynamics of Turkish households within a life-cycle theory framework by employing cross-sectional analyses and cohort techniques. Cohort techniques are used not only to analyze these variables, but also to investigate the demographics and components of income and consumption. The analyses are deepened by dividing the sample according to the location of the households (urban-rural areas), and significant differences are found between urban and rural households, especially in terms of saving behaviors. Income, consumption and savings of formal and informal households are also investigated. Analyzing these households provides information regarding the precautionary saving since the higher income uncertainty of the informal households is expected to force them for extra saving due to precautionary motive. Finally, the life-cycle model and the precautionary saving hypothesis are tested by estimating log-linearized Euler equations. In the test of precautionary saving hypothesis, formal-informal data are used as a proxy for the risk variable. According to the estimation results, the predictions of the life-cycle model do not hold for Turkey but there is no evidence that this is due to precautionary saving.
7
Arvesen, Anders. "Direct and Indirect Energy Consumption of Households in Beijing." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12877.
Анотація:
China's economy has grown at remarkable rates in the last three decades, bringing about big improvements in people's quality of life. On the downside, the increased economic activity has contributed to serious environmental problems, many of which are related to the country's energy system. Focusing particularly on Beijing, this study aims at illuminating how income growth and lifestyle changes relate to energy use in the society. An extended input-output analysis is applied to estimate the direct and indirect household energy consumption (HEC) of Beijing households at different levels of development in the year 2005. Using observations of how HEC varies across income groups in 2005 as a basis, projections of HEC towards 2015 are made. According to the results, the total HEC in Beijing amounts to 42% of the total direct energy use occurring in all sectors within Beijing's geographical boundaries. Hence, a significant portion of the energy use in the society can be linked with consumer activities. For urban residents, indirect influences on energy use are found to be more than three times greater than the direct influences. Mainly due to growing incomes, total HEC in urban Beijing will grow substantially in the period 2005-2015, even with overall efficiency improvements corresponding to the central government's targets. The results indicate that the share of transport related energy use to total HEC will increase significantly. Without major efficiency improvements, huge increases in transport related energy use is to be expected towards 2015. Air conditioners will be the most important single electrical appliance contributing to increased residential electricity consumption in the near future.Due to significant uncertainty, the figures should be taken as rough guides to the magnitude of different types of energy use only. Nonetheless, it is the author's opinion that the study produces valuable insights that can add to our understanding of the underlying drivers of energy use in the Beijing society. The estimates are considered sufficiently accurate to serve as a basis for making some recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the society. Based on the findings of the study, the author calls on central and local governments to: 1) Further incorporate the important role of consumer behaviour and lifestyle into energy conservation policies; 2) Make strong efforts to mitigate transport related environmental problems, focusing attention both on producers and consumers; 3) Give high priority to constructing energy efficient buildings; 4) Further strengthen and expand the performance standard and labelling scheme for electrical appliances; 5) Consider imposing constraints on the promotion of consumerism by the mass media and advertising industry.
8
Gross, Isaac. "Essays on macroeconomics and household heterogeneity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67b69f93-f399-49f3-8e1c-b38b1b67bab1.
Анотація:
The goal of this thesis is to explore how household heterogeneity propagates and amplifies macroeconomic shocks within the economy using both economic theory and empirical data. The assumption of a single "representative" household has been a mainstay of macroeconomic research over the past half-century. However recent work suggests that not only is there a considerable degree of heterogeneity among households, but that these differences have a significant impact on a range of macroeconomic issues such as the e?ectiveness of fiscal stimulus (Kaplan et al., 2014; Broda and Parker, 2014), monetary policy (Auclert, 2017; Kaplan et al., 2016), the housing market (Attanasio et al., 2012; Blundell et al., 2008; Guerrieri and Iacoviello, 2017; Ngai et al., 2016; Mian et al., 2013), consumption (Ahn et al., 2017a; Blundell and Preston, 1998; Campbell and Cocco, 2007; Engelhardt, 1996) and employment (Ravn and Sterk, 2016; McKay and Reis, 2016; Abo-Zaid, 2013a) among many others. This literature has highlighted how households respond differently to aggregate shocks or changes in policy and how simply aggregating or averaging across them can obscure important truths about the economy. However, relaxing this assumption poses several challenges. The first is choosing the degree and manner in which households di?er. While in reality households can differ along many dimensions, in practice it is only feasible to include a small number of these in any given model. Thus one must choose the most salient dimensions along which households differ and the structural reasons behind such differences. For example, when examining the dynamics behind the housing market is it important to model differences in income, wealth, age, tastes or composition? No single model will be able to incorporate all these differences and so it is incumbent on researchers to proritise and justify their choices. In this thesis I will show why household heterogeneity in the housing and labour markets is both empirically relevant and an important consideration when considering the problem of optimal policy. The second challenge is a computational one. While models can be structured such that differentiated households make identical decisions, in general these differences will cause choices, and thus outcomes, across households to diverge. This produces a non-degenerate distribution of households across their specific state variables. This raises the problem of how this potentially infinite-dimension distribution is incorporated within the model. Previous literature has developed a range of options for handling this problem including approximating the distribution with a small handful of moments (Krusell and Smith, 1998) and approximating it with projection and perturbation methods (Reiter, 2009). In this thesis I will outline two different methods for dealing with this computational problem. The first, set out in Chapter 1, shows how market clearing prices can be feasibly calculated by aggregating over the distribution of households. The second approach involves simulating the model with aggregate uncertainty using numerical derivatives based on impulse response functions. The first chapter of this thesis will examine how heterogeneity in wealth and income affects households' decision to purchase housing and the implications for their consumption of non-durable goods. It constructs an Aiyagari-Bewley-Huggett model in which households are subject to an idiosyncratic income shock and thus hold different amounts of liquid wealth and illiquid housing. I then evaluate how the anticipated changes in household debt associated with the leveraged purchase of housing affect the consumption of non-durable goods. I show that the differences in income and wealth lead to significant variance in marginal propensities to consume among households. I show that households that are saving for a house deposit can have negative marginal propensities to consume as they lower their consumption in anticipation of being credit constrained as the probability that they will buy a house increases. This result has important implications for the design of fiscal policy, as it shows that payments to first time home buyers, which was a common policy response to the Global Financial Crisis, can lead to falls in aggregate consumption rather than stimulating growth. The second and third chapters examine how the combination of heterogeneity in workers' wages and downward nominal wage rigidity affects the transmission and design of different aspects of monetary policy. In Chapter 2 I show that in this environment there is a trade-off between a higher rate of inflation which gives workers more flexibility when setting real wages, at the cost of greater price dispersion in the goods market. After outlining a numerical algorithm to solve the model I use micro-data on the distribution of workers' change in wages to calibrate the nominal wage rigidity. I show that downward nominal wage rigidities bend the Phillips curve constraining the inflation rate from falling in times of low demand. This indicates that an inflation rate that is only moderately below its target can mask large falls in the output gap. Finally, I find that the monetary policy rule can be implemented by placing a higher weight on wage inflation, relative to a symmetric nominal wage rigidity. In Chapter 3 I discuss how downwardly rigid wages can amplify or mitigate the welfare loss caused by the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates and how this varies with the parameterisation of the model. I find that the optimal rate of inflation is increased by the presence of both nominal interest rate and wage rigidities, when modeled either separately or in tandem, and is 3 per cent in the baseline calibration of the model.
9
Kinnan, Cynthia Georgia. "Smoothing consumption across households and time : essays in development economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58203.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-163).
This thesis studies two strategies that households may use to keep their consumption smooth in the face of fluctuations in income and expenses: credit (borrowing and savings) and insurance (state contingent transfers between households). The first chapter asks why insurance among households in rural Thai villages is incomplete. The second chapter analyzes the impacts of micro-credit. The third chapter examines the interaction between interpersonal insurance and access to savings. The first chapter is motivated by the observation that interpersonal insurance within villages is an important source of insurance, yet consumption, while much smoother than income, is not completely smooth. That is, insurance is incomplete. This chapter attempts to identify the cause of this incompleteness. Existing research has suggested three possibilities: limited commitment-the inability of households to commit to remain within an insurance agreement; moral hazard-the need to give households incentives to work hard; and hidden income-the inability of households to verify one another's incomes. I show that the way in which "history" matters can be used to distinguish insurance constrained by hidden income from insurance constrained by limited commitment or moral hazard. This history dependence can be tested with a simple empirical procedure: predicting current marginal utility of consumption with the first lag of marginal utility and the first lag of income, and testing the significance of the lagged income term. This test is implemented using panel data from households in rural Thailand. The results are consistent with insurance constrained by hidden income, rather than limited commitment or moral hazard. I test the robustness of this result to measurement error using instrumental variables and by testing over-identifying restrictions on the reduced form equation for consumption. I test robustness to the specification of the utility function by nonparametric ally estimating marginal utility. The results suggest that constraints arising from private information about household income should be taken into account when designing safety net and other policies. My second chapter (co-authored with Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Rachel Glennerster) uses a randomized trial to analyze the impacts of micro credit in urban South India. We find that more new businesses are created in areas where a micro credit branch opens. Existing business owners increase their spending on durable goods but not non-durable consumption. Among households that did not have a business before the program began, those with high estimated propensity to start a business reduce non-durable consumption and increase spending on durables in treated areas. Those with low estimated propensity to start a business increase non-durable consumption and spend no more on durables. This suggests that some households use micro credit to pay part of the fixed cost of starting a business, some expand an existing business, and others pay off more expensive debt or borrow against future income. We find no effects on health, education, or women's empowerment. My third dissertation chapter (co-authored with Arun Chandrasekhar and Horacio Larreguy) is motivated by the observation that the ability of community members to insure one another may be significantly reduced when community members also have the ability to privately save some of their income. We conducted a laboratory experiment in rural South India to examine the impact of savings access on informal insurance. We find that transfers between players are reduced when savings is available, but that, on average, players smooth their consumption more with savings than without. We use social network data to compute social distance between pairs, and show that limited commitment constraints significantly limit insurance when risk-sharing partners are socially distant, but not when pairs are closely connected. For distant pairs, access to savings helps to smooth income risk that is not insured interpersonally.
by Cynthia Georgia Kinnan.
Ph.D.
10
Martsynkevych, Vladlena. "Standby energy consumption in Ukraine making a case for households." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989356027/04.
11
Stepanova, Ekaterina. "Essays on the effects of demographics on household consumption /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7466.
12
Brutscher, Philipp-Bastian. "The energy use of low-income households : a behavioural perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610890.
13
Segtnan, Ida Lund. "Assessing the Environmental Costs and Benefits of Households Electricity Consumption Management." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13686.
Анотація:
In this study the environmental costs and benefits of smart metering technology systems installed in households in Norway have been assessed. Smart metering technology systems enable mechanisms to manage electricity consumption by shifting loads. With the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe method for impact assessment, the life cycle impacts of installation and operation of a system in a household have been found. Environmental benefits of using the systems to manage electricity consumption have been quantified. The results of the study indicated that the environmental costs of smart metering technology systems mainly are caused by the production of system components and system electricity use during operation. For the production of system components, the use of electronics in the components was generally the major contributor to the total environmental impacts. Further, the systems metal depletion potential was high relative to other environmental impacts after normalization in impact assessment. The main environmental benefits of smart metering technology systems in a Norwegian perspective will be in a critical supply situation of electricity to avoid use of reserve capacity gas power plants, and the results from the study showed that the systems in such a case can contribute to an avoided emission of greenhouse gases. Load shifting from a general basis may however not always have environmental benefits and this will depend on the existing alternatives for electricity production.
14
Damström, Julia, and Cecilia Gerlitz. "Classification of Power Consumption Patterns for Swedish Households Using K-means." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189060.
Анотація:
Society is facing a big challenge. To achieve a more sustainable development the power distribution system needs to change. The development of Smart Grid is one way of making the electricity market more sustainable. More information about the grid, such as information about where renewable energy sources are installed, is essential for the development of Smart Grids. When new energy sources, for example solar panels, are connected to the grid there will be consequences. Sudden changes in the energy transportation in the grid when the weather changes from sunny to cloudy will affect the balance. The grid owners need to be able to control the grid more actively to compensate the inconsistency of renewable energy sources. One way of handling this is to obtain more information about the end users’ consumption patterns and to analyse this information to create a useful tool for the grid owners. This project aims to propose a method for classification of power consumption profiles for Swedish household by using hourly data from smart meters. The presented method first divides the data according to season and type of day and thereafter it is normalised before it is clustered into typical clusters using the K-means algorithm. To be able to run K-means, the number of clusters needs to be set in advance. The presented method therefore tries to find the optimum number of clusters by controlling the similarities between clusters, using cross correlation. The project shows it is possible to profile Swedish households using K-means.
15
Kerr, Emily W. Pham Van Hoang. "Micro-credit and household productivity evidence from Bangladesh /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5359.
16
Feng, Fen. "Towards Quantification of Purchases and Waste Generation at the level of Individual Households: A pilot-study on Two Swedish Households." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182192.
Анотація:
Continuous increase in resource demand and associated with it environmental impact, by-products and wastes, are going to put strains on the global ecosystem including humans. The thesis was based on the assumption that: The household scale holds important information on flows of resources and statistical relations between them. This master thesis was pilot-study of the project “Quantifying Household Metabolism” which was carried out by Urban Metabolism Research Group (UMRG) at Chalmers University of Technology. The thesis intends to develop methods to quantify fluxes of consumption and waste generation through individual household. The data was collected in two Swedish households and the collection period in the master project was 2.5 months on solid waste and 1 month on biowaste. The data was collected on a daily basis and from three streams: shopping receipts, recyclable solid waste and biowaste from kitchen. The data gathered by the proposed method illustrated a pattern of consumption and waste generation through individual household based on t h e two studied households. Although the proposed method avoided the errors happened in pervious study methods (Survey), the deficiencies and potential risks exited. The indicators developed to evaluate the situation of household metabolism failed to apply to the testing households in pilot-study. The applied data collection procedure was manual and laborious, and accumulated errors easily happened when it carry out in a long term. Several automatic possibilities could be introduced in the future study.
17
Eriksson, Eva Helena. "Potential and problems related to reuse of water in households /." Lyngby : Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, 2002. http://www2.er.dtu.dk/publications/fulltext/2002/MR2002-142.pdf.
18
Yust, Becky Love. "Energy use by households in a rural area of the Philippines /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944211661.
19
Linton, Thomas. "Forecasting hourly electricity consumption for sets of households using machine learning algorithms." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186592.
Анотація:
To address inefficiency, waste, and the negative consequences of electricity generation, companies and government entities are looking to behavioural change among residential consumers. To drive behavioural change, consumers need better feedback about their electricity consumption. A monthly or quarterly bill provides the consumer with almost no useful information about the relationship between their behaviours and their electricity consumption. Smart meters are now widely dispersed in developed countries and they are capable of providing electricity consumption readings at an hourly resolution, but this data is mostly used as a basis for billing and not as a tool to assist the consumer in reducing their consumption. One component required to deliver innovative feedback mechanisms is the capability to forecast hourly electricity consumption at the household scale. The work presented by this thesis is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a selection of kernel based machine learning methods at forecasting the hourly aggregate electricity consumption for different sized sets of households. The work of this thesis demonstrates that k-Nearest Neighbour Regression and Gaussian process Regression are the most accurate methods within the constraints of the problem considered. In addition to accuracy, the advantages and disadvantages of each machine learning method are evaluated, and a simple comparison of each algorithms computational performance is made.För att ta itu med ineffektivitet, avfall, och de negativa konsekvenserna av elproduktion så vill företag och myndigheter se beteendeförändringar bland hushållskonsumenter. För att skapa beteendeförändringar så behöver konsumenterna bättre återkoppling när det gäller deras elförbrukning. Den nuvarande återkopplingen i en månads- eller kvartalsfaktura ger konsumenten nästan ingen användbar information om hur deras beteenden relaterar till deras konsumtion. Smarta mätare finns nu överallt i de utvecklade länderna och de kan ge en mängd information om bostäders konsumtion, men denna data används främst som underlag för fakturering och inte som ett verktyg för att hjälpa konsumenterna att minska sin konsumtion. En komponent som krävs för att leverera innovativa återkopplingsmekanismer är förmågan att förutse elförbrukningen på hushållsskala. Arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling är en utvärdering av noggrannheten hos ett urval av kärnbaserad maskininlärningsmetoder för att förutse den sammanlagda förbrukningen för olika stora uppsättningar av hushåll. Arbetet i denna avhandling visar att "k-Nearest Neighbour Regression" och "Gaussian Process Regression" är de mest exakta metoder inom problemets begränsningar. Förutom noggrannhet, så görs en utvärdering av fördelar, nackdelar och prestanda hos varje maskininlärningsmetod.
20
Godbolt, Åsne Lund. "Market, Money and Morals : The Ambiguous Shaping of Energy Consumption in Norwegian Households." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27264.
Анотація:
This thesis explores the energy consumption and energy efficiency efforts of Norwegian households. How do consumers relate to energy consumption, and how do they make sense of energy efficiency issues? In order to understand the dynamics of household energy consumption in relation to the surrounding context, these matters are investigated from different perspectives, representing policymakers, economists and consumers. This involves an analysis of the political-economic shaping of energy consumption and an investigation of how households think and act with respect to their energy use. The thesis demonstrates that there is a gap between policymakers´ and consumers´ understanding of energy consumption, which makes energy efficiency policies less effective. Another important finding is that households seem to be motivated for energy efficiency by arguments focusing on climate change, comfort and convenience rather than on purely economic concerns. The four research papers, which take different approaches to this area of concern , draw an ambiguous picture of public and private efforts to increase energy efficiency in Norwegian households. The first article shows how consumers were expected to act in relation to electricity consumption over a period of 30 years. The second paper investigates how energy consumption is framed, from the perspectives of both economists and consumers. It analyzes, especially, consumer responses with respect to the intentions of the electricity market, and examines the ways in which consumers view themselves as market actors (or not). The third article compares Norwegian energy cultures in the early 1990s and the late 2000s. It argues that global warming has changed the symbolic domestication of energy consumption. Finally, the fourth paper examines the sense-making processes of households through the concept of “ethos,” which refers to a set of guiding beliefs or values. This paper shows the importance of moral arguments when consumers deal with energy issues in their everyday lives.Denne avhandlingen utforsker energibruk og energieffektivitet i norske husholdninger: Hva kjennetegner norske husholdningers energiforståelse? For å fange dynamikken i husholdningers energiatferd i sammenheng med omgivelsene rundt, undersøkes temaet fra både politikeres, økonomers og forbrukeres perspektiver. Jeg har analysert den politisk-økonomiske formingen av energibruk i norske husholdninger og undersøkt forbrukernes praksis og holdninger til eget energiforbruk og tiltak for energieffektivisering. Avhandlingen viser at det er stor avstand mellom forbrukernes og politikernes/ekspertenes forståelse av energibruk og energieffektivitet. Dette må ses som en viktig årsak til at politiske energieffektiviseringstiltak rettet mot husholdninger så langt ikke har vært mer vellykket. Et annet sentralt funn er at husholdningsforbrukere motiveres til energieffektivisering i større grad av argumenter orientert mot miljø, klima og komfort enn av økonomiske hensyn. De fire artiklene har ulike tilnærminger til temaet og tegner et sammensatt bilde av husholdningers energibruk. Den første artikkelen tar for seg hvordan norske politikere konstruerte husholdningsforbrukere over en 30-års periode (1975-2006), og viser hvordan forbrukere er forventet å oppføre seg i forhold til strømforbruk. Den andre artikkelen gir innsikt i hvordan energiøkonomer og forbrukere rammer inn energibruk på ulike vis. Analysen legger særlig vekt på forbrukerreaksjoner sett i lys av intensjonene ved kraftmarkedet, og undersøker i hvilken grad forbrukere anser seg selv som markedsaktører (eller ikke). Den tredje artikkelen utforsker dynamikken i energibruk og energieffektivitet over en 20-års periode, og sammenligner norske energikulturer i 1991-1995 og 2006-2009. Artikkelen drøfter hvorvidt fokuset på global oppvarming har endret domestiseringen av energibruk, både når det gjelder holdninger og praksis. Fjerde og siste artikkel undersøker hvordan husholdninger forstår energibruk gjennom konseptet ”etos”, som refererer til et sett med verdier og oppfatninger. Denne artikkelen viser at moralske argumenter spiller en viktig rolle i forbrukernes forståelser av energibruk og energieffektivitet i hverdagen
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Scott, Anna Kathrine. "Towards sustainable consumption : understanding the adoption and practice of environmental actions in households." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10334/.
Анотація:
Securing public participation in environmental actions (EAs) such as recycling as a means of making progress towards sustainable consumption is a central issue in UK environmental policy. Participation in EAs has typically been studied from the individual perspective, thereby ignoring the relevance of the social context of the household. This thesis advances understanding of the adoption and practice of EAs from the household perspective. A qualitative -research approach is taken, utilising focus groups with 29 households within a constructivist grounded theory methodology. In terms of theoretical contributions, the unlinked literatures on participation in EAs and household decision making are integrated in light of the research findings resulting in a conceptual framework of the adoption and practice of EAs in households which is grounded in the data. This framework considers EAs in isolation and patterns across EA repertoires and is applicable to the variety of commonly-promoted EAs and household types and different levels of engagement in EAs. Elements of the framework include the multiple units which drive EA adoption and are responsible for EA practice; the situational, household and individual characteristics which shape these units; the multiple routes to EA practice and their tentative differentiation in terms of desirability from a policy perspective; factors facilitating the maintenance of repetitive EAs; types and means of socialisation influence from a leader to other individuals; from where and how knowledge for action is acquired and transmitted through the household; and communication within the household about EAs. Particular empirical contributions include the recognition of the decoupling of attitudes towards an EA and behaviour as a result of factors pertaining to the social context of the household; a new understanding of motivation to engage in EAs relating to how a leader's motivation is established in the first instance and then transferred to other household members; and the recognition that specialised roles relating to EA adoption and practice may be taken up gradually. In terms of methodological contributions, the literatures on focus groups and qualitative family research are integrated to coin the term 'household focus group'. To produce the necessary detail, an original interview activity involving the diagrammatic representation of EA adoption and practice is developed, which is extended into an original means of data analysis involving detailed visual representations of the processes within the household.
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Wang, Xinfang. "Understanding the drivers behind high energy consumption within UK households : an interdisciplinary approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-the-drivers-behind-high-energy-consumption-within-uk-households-an-interdisciplinary-approach(71175561-bde0-4b90-977d-a5dbca5b72ed).html.
Анотація:
Anthropogenic climate change is a global problem that affects every country and each individual. The UK introduced its own carbon budgets, aiming to reduce its GHGs by 80% by 2050 compared with 1990 levels. The United Nations Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015 came to an agreement on limiting the global average temperature rise to "well below 2oC". It has been argued that the Paris Agreement requires deeper and more rapid emission reductions than current UK targets. The CO2 emissions from energy use by households account for almost a third of total CO2 emissions in the UK in recent years. The research aims to explore drivers of high energy consumption in order to identify where there may be intervention points that can achieve a greater level of emission reductions than conventional policy tools in the short to medium term. Previous studies have focused on either socioeconomic factors or practices to explore household energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but have not integrated both aspects to identify drivers behind high energy consumption. To address this gap in the literature, the research applies an interdisciplinary approach to analyse the interconnected factors impacting on household energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Socioeconomic characteristics and practice theory are combined in order to understand how and why energy is consumed at home, and specifically to explore high energy consumption and related CO2 emissions at the household level. Both quantitative cluster analyses based on household socioeconomic factors and qualitative data collection and thematic analyses on energy-related practices at home have been conducted in the research. Results indicate that various combinations of socioeconomic factors and dwelling-related characteristics can collectively lead to high CO2 emissions from energy use at home. Nonetheless, these characteristics cannot fully explain why some households are high emitters, as they still share a variety of similar characteristics with average households in the UK. Besides household socioeconomic factors and dwelling-related characteristics, the materials, procedure and meanings of practices; people's discursive and practical consciousness; and dominant meanings of the home, also collectively influence energy use at home. Policymakers should consider not only improving the energy efficiency of the dwelling and appliances, but also how people's hidden knowledge and routines allow or constrain the performance of energy-related practices, as well as how the existing meanings of practices and dominant meanings of the home can be supported with less energy input and associated CO2 emissions. Energy efficiency related policies could focus more on how to reduce the interruption to people's everyday lives and the level of space loss. Policymakers could also work with different stakeholders, such as local authorities and community groups to tackle the challenges of installation of double gazing, cavity wall and roof insulation in the private rented sector. Policies for promoting renewable electricity micro-generation in the UK can target more effectively the high emitters who are at home most weekdays, as they can be more flexible in rearranging their use of appliances in daily routines and potentially reduce energy consumption during the peak time. In addition to combining a novel range of approaches and perspectives to understanding energy use at home, the research makes a contribution to achieving deeper and more rapid emission reductions in the short to medium term in the UK by focusing on the drivers behind high energy consumption at home than average energy consumption in general.
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Orendáčová, Jana. "Statistika spotřeby obyvatelstva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9230.
Анотація:
Main goal of the diploma thesis is to describe household consumption and its survey in the Czech Republic not only from the macroeconomic but mainly from the microeconomic standpoint. Consumption expenditures are the main subject of many long-term analysis and forecasts which help by implementation of economic and politcal precautions. In connection with the historical development of statistic as a scientific disciplin there is also a significant stress on a methodical development of household budget surveys which examine consumption expenditures of different social groups and household types. After the analysis of development and structure of household consumption surveyed by National Accounts and Household Budget Surveys the attention is given also to household consumption in member states of the European Union among which is also the Czech Republic.
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Hitchcock, Guy St John. "The human dimension of domestic energy use : an integrated approach." Thesis, n.p, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Maloney, Michelle Ann. "The Role of Regulation in Reducing Consumption by Individuals and Households in Industrialised Nations." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368147.
Анотація:
In this thesis I argue that state-centred regulation can and should play a role in guiding industrial societies to reduce consumption of natural resources and live within the ecological limits of the Earth. To support my argument, I provide empirically based evidence demonstrating how this can be done for individuals and households. I use a case study approach to analyse three regulatory regimes and I provide a cross-case study analysis to inform efforts to regulate for reduced consumption. The case studies are the regulatory regime introduced in South East Queensland to reduce consumption of water in the residential sector during the Millennium Drought, Queensland’s regulatory regime for managing recreational fishing and the South Australian ban on lightweight, single use plastic bags. These regulatory regimes have overcome key barriers to setting limits in a pro-growth culture, and offer practical and very important lessons to a society that, if it chooses to address the current global environmental crisis and live within our ecological limits, will in the future have to adopt a wide range of policies, economic systems and regulatory regimes that accept, set and manage greater limits on human activities. In this thesis I argue further that despite the success of these ‘stand-alone’ regulatory regimes, current environmental regulation and normative theories of regulation are anthropocentric and exist within a pro-growth world view. If we are to address the current ecological crisis we need to shift human societies from this paradigm, to one that respects and nurtures the health of the natural world. This thesis combines the empirical evidence and ‘lessons learnt’ from the case studies with an Earth jurisprudence analysis of consumption, to suggest a new normative framework for regulating consumption, respecting the Earth community and living within our ecological limits.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
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Kukla, Christopher. "Lost in transition? : an exploration of attempts to reduce energy consumption by UK households." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812061/.
Анотація:
As significant energy consumers, UK households need to reduce their energy use if the UK is to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets. Low levels of engagement and adoption rates of energy curtailment measures need to be overcome. Policies perceived as ‘fair’ can increase levels of engagement and acceptability. This thesis explores how households approach reducing their own energy use, the reductions they can achieve and any existing barriers. Households’ perception of what is ‘fair’ in the context of energy reductions is explored based on households' own experiences of energy reduction. Households recruited from the South East of England participated in a mixed-methods study attempting to reduce their energy use over a 12-month period. Provided with estimates of their carbon footprints and a comparison to the UK average, the participants discussed their energy use, reductions and perceptions of how reductions could be encouraged fairly. Participants’ energy use was something of an enigma, as were the associated GHG emissions. However, its use was protected and seen as ‘acceptable’ and ‘necessary’ for them to be comfortable in their day-to-day lives. Reducing their energy use was seen as possible and acceptable in areas of energy use viewed as ‘wasteful’ or ‘unnecessary’. While seen as possible, these targets were not necessarily achievable, with 50 per cent of the participants making measurable reductions, and 50 per cent unable to. Energy reductions of ten per cent were seen as possible, even by those unable to reduce, with little scope to move beyond this as participants did not know what they should or could do next. To move forward participants viewed fairness as important, citing energy reductions needing to be a valid, legitimate aim of society; with required reductions being achievable, supported by information, and placing the burden of responsibility on those who use the most.
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Roberts, Erin Mared. "Reducing energy consumption in everyday life : a study of landscapes of energy consumption in rural households and communities in North Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/95669/.
Анотація:
Despite governmental efforts to constrain residential energy consumption over recent decades, energy use within our homes accounts for a third of overall British energy use, and its share is steadily rising. Much of the existing academic and policy literature surrounding household energy consumption has revolved around developing more energy efficient technologies and buildings, as well as encouraging households to purchase those more efficient technologies. Conversely, less attention has been paid to the ways in which these technologies and homes are actually used, and how this influences a household’s energy consumption. Understanding how and why people use energy in the ways that they do, and how this varies according to spatial and temporal context, is critical to gaining an insight into the ways in which we might foster change and ultimately reduce domestic energy demand. In particular, this thesis sheds light on the dynamics of household energy demand in the rural sphere. This thesis draws on the accounts of 11 households in ‘deep’ rural Gwynedd that were recruited on the basis of their composition, ranging from single-person households, young families and emptying nests, in order to explore how consumption practices are patterned through the lifecourse. By employing practice theory, and combining it with concepts from geographical and life-course perspectives; the thesis produces rich, spatio-temporal and relational accounts of how household energy use has changed – or remained the same - through time. This necessarily meant engaging with things that matter to people – be that through valued relationships with places, significant others or with things. The ways in which we consume are necessarily connected to ideas about who to be and how to live, and as such, may be deeply connected to people’s identities. This has particular implications for policy interventions in that practices bound up with valued identities and ideals may prove resistant to change.
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Klöfver, Gunnar. "Investigating the future of fixed broadband in Swedish households : How technological and behavioral development will affect the fixed broadband consumption in Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189144.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how fixed broadband will be used in Swedish households in a 3-6-year perspective. Internet is becoming more and more integrated in peoples everyday lives. Internet is utilized for communication, entertainment and businesses to mention a few, and the areas of use are continuously expanding. How this expansion might affect the household usage patterns and what these possible changes will require from a fixed broadband connection are continuous questions in need of investigation to ensure that ISPs are able to provide services in line with market demand. By studying Internet adoption and consumption behavioral trends combined with development of fixed broadband up until present day, the thesis will serve as a basis for what the future might hold. These findings were then complemented with insights from market active experts together with adjacent research on future broadband connectivity, and compiled into a possible projection for fixed Swedish household broadband. The findings show that, with increasing societal integration, Internet is commonly viewed more and more as a commodity; a societal necessity rather than an, as previously viewed, additional service. Furthermore, the increasing speed trend remains but might wane within 10 years as development further than so, with consistent rate, will heavily exceed any imaginable future bandwidth utilization. Consequently, the idea of a normalized broadband, sufficient for the vast majority of household consumers is discussed as possibility from a 3-6 year perspective.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka, i ett 3-6 års perspektiv, hur fast bredband kommer att användas i svenska hushåll. Internet är allt mer integrerat i vårt dagliga liv. Internet används för kommunikation, underhållning och företagande för att nämna några exempel, och användningsområdena är ständigt växande. Hur denna expansion kan påverka hushållens användningsmönster och vad dessa eventuella förändringar kommer att kräva från en fast bredbandsanslutning är kontinuerliga frågor i behov av utredning för att se till att Internetleverantörer kan tillhandahålla tjänster i linje med marknadens efterfrågan. Genom att studera Internetvanor och konsumtionstrender i kombination med utvecklingen av fast bredband fram till idag, skapades en grund för vad framtiden skulle kunna medföra. Dessa slutsatser kompletteras sedan med insikt från marknadsaktiva experter samt med närliggande forskning om framtida bredbandsanvändning, och sammanställdes till en trolig prognos för fast bredband i svenska hushåll. Resultaten visar att med ökande samhällsintegration, ses Internet allt mer som en grundläggande samhällstjänst snarare än en, som det hittills betraktats, privat tilläggstjänst som man väljer eller avstår ifrån av olika anledningar. Utvecklingen mot ännu snabbare bredband fortsätter, men bör avta inom 10 år då utveckling längre än så i samma takt kommer grovt överskrida all tänkbar framtida bandbreddsutnyttjande. Följaktligen diskuteras möjligheten av ett normaliserat bredband, omfattande nog för majoriteten av alla hushållsanvändare inom ett 3-6 års perspektiv.
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DILIBERTO, Simona. "Households and their Expenditures as an Evolving Complex Social System." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395284.
30
Tokoyama, Yuki. "Three essays on Japanese household food consumption." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180272913.
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Jibril, Ghazali Ado. "Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure among the Six Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6101.
Анотація:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study examined the trends in household consumption expenditure among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria within the context of Engel's law of consumption. The study specifically set out to achieve the following objectives: to determine the trends in household consumption expenditure in Nigeria; to examine the food, health, education and non-food expenditures of households in Nigeria; to estimate the food share of total household expenditure through the estimation of the Engel curve for the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria; to determine if there are consumption economies of scale among households by estimating the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve; and, to examine consumption inequality among households in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The study used the Nigeria General Household Survey data wave 1 (2010-2011) and wave 2 (2012-2013) to estimate the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve to determine households' budget share for food consumption and the scale of consumption among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The study used the Gini coefficient to measure consumption inequality among and between the six geopolitical zones.
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Mchakulu, Mphatso Grace. "Rural Malawi households' environmental concern and consciousness about appropriate energy consumption practices amidst prevailing socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77847.
Анотація:
Malawi rural households’ dependence on fuelwood as a form of energy and as a source of income is contributing to alarming rates of deforestation in the country with detrimental consequences for climate change. This study targeted two of the rural areas in the southern part of Malawi, worst affected by climate change in recent years. The study aimed to generate empirical evidence of households’ energy consumption as a consequence of their way of life, and to gather evidence of their practical- and discursive consciousness concerning sustainable consumption practices and climate change as pre-requisites to facilitate and promote behavioural change. This research was conducted in three sequential phases. Phase 1 entailed a quantitative survey that involved 231 non randomly selected households from two rural areas, namely Balaka and Phalombe, in the south of Malawi. Questionnaires were completed in interview format, facilitated by trained research assistants following a pre-test in a nearby village. Phase 2 entailed focus group discussions with selected members from phase 1, to allow opportunity for discussion of main topics. Phase 3 involved the contribution of government officials and important role players to share their views about environmental issues, the issue of indiscriminate deforestation and use of energy sources by communities.
Results show that biomass, including fuelwood, is still the predominant source of energy that most rural households use for diverse activities because other sources of energy are either inaccessible, or too expensive. Negative consequences such as respiratory problems caused
by smoke inhalation are therefore common among females and children who are constantly exposed to toxic substances that are present in the air in their homes and immediate surrounds. The wood that is used, is mostly collected by females who perform this tedious task almost daily, collecting from nearby woodlots and forests, further aggravating deforestation.
Households’ practical consciousness of sustainable energy consumption practices seem fairly good and their discursive consciousness, specifically with regard to the effect of climate change on rainfall patterns, micro- and macro factors that are responsible for climate change, are fairly impressive. This may be attributed to first-hand experience of the environmental challenges that they have experienced in recent years. Unfortunately, lack of knowledge concerning the implications of their behaviour in terms of the economic growth of the country, as well as nearby countries’ well-being, confirm the complexity of the phenomenon that may be difficult for them to comprehend. Concerted effort is thus required by local- and Governmental bodies to educate and empower communities socially and economically, also to supply safer sources of energy to replace what they are obliged to use presently. Rural households are struggling financially and will not be able to adapt their behavioral practices without the premeditated support of government and relevant role players who have an interest in environmental issues and who have the well-being of Malawi citizens at heart.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Abu-Bakar, Aznan. "Consumption smoothing and financial intermediation among agricultural households in LDCs, a synthesis of recent literature." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ36386.pdf.
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Havugimana, Léonce. "IDENTIFYING UNUSUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS : Using Inductive Conformal Anomaly Detection approach." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20220.
35
Watanabe, Mariko. "The impact of the public housing policy on household behaviour in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20577217.
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Bohlmann, Jessika Andreina. "Evaluating the impacts of energy and environmental policy on South African households." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76004.
Анотація:
This thesis investigates how different policies and measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions – i.e. carbon tax and energy efficiency policies – in South Africa will affect South African households. The contribution of this study lies with evaluating South African households at a disaggregated income level from low to high-income appreciating the fact that households at different levels are impacted differently by the implementation of policies at national level. In order to evaluate such impacts, the study started with profiling the households’ electricity consumption patterns in South Africa through the years and comparing them with the rest of the world. The next objective was to comprehend – implementing an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric model – the determinants of electricity consumption of the residential sector in the country. Finally, by using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), the study examined various policy scenarios designed to reduce emissions and its effects on different households, particularly the low-income ones that do not have the capital to absorb the impacts. The results showed that low-income households are affected differently than the rest of South African households by the national policies implemented to reduce CO2 emissions and combat climate change. However, given the way the carbon tax and energy efficiency policies are designed, low-income households should be affected minimally.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Economics
PhD (Economics)
Unrestricted
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Bauer, Michael, Andrea Höltl, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Greener households? The effectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy consumption levels in the DACH region." WIT Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5886/1/SDP130209f.pdf.
Анотація:
With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy
efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for
providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give
individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates
through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on
the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded
that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this
region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered
to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.
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Del, Guercio Fausto Martins Fontes 1984. "Efeitos da composição do domicílio no consumo de energia elétrica : os casos de Lucas do Rio Verde, Santarém e Altamira." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279574.
Анотація:
Orientador: Álvaro de Oliveira D'AntonaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T22:00:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DelGuercio_FaustoMartinsFontes_M.pdf: 9224993 bytes, checksum: 3ee5882b7862c19ccf4881a52cdd5fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Este trabalho insere-se no campo de pesquisa de População e Ambiente e avalia a influência da composição do domicílio no consumo doméstico de energia, tanto total, quanto per capita. O aspecto priorizado é a heterogeneidade das características demográficas dos filhos ¿ idade e sexo - e o uso energético. A hipótese principal é a de que quanto mais diferirem estas características ¿ por exemplo, maior a diferença de idades e número de alternâncias de sexo nos nascimentos ¿ maior tende a ser o consumo de energia, via alocação em diferentes dormitórios e diminuição na utilização de bens de uso comum (luz elétrica, por exemplo). A fonte de dados utilizada foi o conjunto de 1499 questionários sociodemográficos aplicados em Lucas do Rio Verde-MT, Santarém-PA e Altamira-PA, parte do projeto Desflorestamento da Amazônia e Estrutura das Unidades Domésticas, uma parceria entre o Núcleo de Estudos de População Elza Berquó da Universidade de Campinas (NEPO/UNICAMP) e o Anthropological Center for Training and Research da Universidade de Indiana (ACT/IU). Para verificação das hipóteses foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla, relacionando média e desvio padrão da idade dos filhos, diferença de idade entre o filho mais novo e mais velho, número de alterações de sexo nos nascimentos, densidade de filhos por dormitório e índice de Shannon. Os resultados mostraram que há efeitos no consumo de energia dado o maior grau da heterogeneidade das características demográficas dos filhos, mas que este efeito se manifesta principalmente pelo aumento do número de dormitórios e consequente perda de economia de escala, não aparecendo de forma direta nos coeficientes das equações encontradas. O trabalho mostra, também, que é pertinente a realização de pesquisas na área de população e ambiente sem a ênfase no volume e no crescimento populacional, dando continuidade à análise da variável consumo, já verificada em parte da literatura na área
Abstract: This study is part of the Population and Environment field and evaluates the influence of household composition in the household energy consumption, both as a total and per capita. The highlighted focus is on the heterogeneity of the demographic characteristics of children - age and sex - and energy use. The main hypothesis is that the more these characteristics vary - for instance, the higher the age difference and number of changes in the sex of born children - the higher will be the energy consumption, considering that children are likely to be allocated in different rooms, yielding a lower share of common utilities (such as electricity). Data source was provided by a set of 1499 socio- demographic questionnaires applied in three Brazilian municipalities - Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Santarém, PA, and Altamira PA - as part of the project Amazon Deforestation and Household Structure, a collaborative research between Núcleo de Estudos Elza Berquó, from the University of Campinas (NEPO/UNICAMP) and the Anthropological Center for Training and Research from the University of Indiana (ACT/IU). Hypothesis verification was made using multiple linear regression, relating mean and standard deviation of the age of children, the age difference between the youngest and the oldest child, number of sex alternations in births, child density per room, and the Shannon index. Results show that energy consumption is affected due to the higher grade of heterogeneity in the demographic characteristics of children, but such effect is mostly noticeable in the number of rooms and the consequent loss of economy scale. However, it is not directly observed in the coefficient of the resulting equations. This work also shows that it is possible to conduct research in the population and environment field without having to include population volume and growth, by keeping the analysis of the variable consumption, which has already been validated by other studies in the field
Mestrado
Demografia
Mestre em Demografia
39
Robitaille, Jean. "Valuation of household production time : conceptual and empirical refinements of the standard opportunity cost of time methodology /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924919.
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Schmitz, Hendrik [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Madlener, and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Lorz. "Energy consumption behavior of private households: heterogeneity, prosuming, and rebound / Hendrik Schmitz ; Reinhard Madlener, Jens Oliver Lorz." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1235336506/34.
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Shigetomi, Yosuke. "Study of Mid-Term Impact of Japanese Households on Formation of Low-Carbon Society from Consumption-Based Approach." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215644.
Анотація:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第19818号
エネ博第324号
新制||エネ||65(附属図書館)
32854
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 東野 達, 教授 宇根﨑 博信, 准教授 MCLELLAN,Benjamin
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Hainduwa, Feliciana Ndapewa. "Impact of fuelwood quality and quantity on rural households’ energy use in Omusati region in North-West of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79974.
Анотація:
Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wood scarcity remains the main challenge for many rural households who still rely on natural resources for energy needs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fuel use and quality and quantity of fuel in two rural villages (Ongulumbashe and Onaitembu) in the Omusati Region of Namibia. It investigated the impact of fuel quality and quantity and the corresponding sales of firewood on households’ energy consumption. Data was collected between April and June 2012 from the two villages by means of questionnaire surveys, biomass assessment and laboratory assessment. Interviews were conducted with seventy-seven households, four firewood sellers, government officials, and local leaders. The study quantified the amount of fuelwood consumed and collected per household per week using user-recall and physical measurement, respectively. The most preferred fuel species or fuel materials were identified and their physical properties, calorific value, moisture content, ash content and density were measured under laboratory conditions. Differences between the two villages in terms of fuelwood collected and consumed were found. Due to wood scarcity households from Onaitembu village used other alternatives (buying fuelwood and cutting live firewood) rather than collecting dead firewood. The study found a link between fuelwood use, quality and quantity, with households changing their consumption and harvesting based on season, fuelwood demand and availability of fuelwood. The average weekly fuelwood consumption per household ranged from 66 kg to 79 kg for a firewood abundant area and from 59 kg to 67 kg for an area with a shortage of firewood. Mopane was the most preferred species due to its ability to burn efficiently and its abundance. Wood scarcity affected households economically, culturally and nutritionally. The study found that households in degraded areas spend an average of N$ 50 per week on fuelwood, and many households depended on government grants and small cash income activities. The study found that the government, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, is trying to improve rural households’ energy use by constructing firewood outlets. The study concluded that there is a high level of illegal trade in firewood that will require government to increase the number of staff in the region as well as to strengthen its policy on cross-border trading. There is an imbalance in fuel species use in areas of rich biomass and over-utilization of resources in degraded areas. These require the Directorate of Forestry to educate the community about the value of other possible fuel species and the impact of harvesting live firewood on households’ livelihood and on the environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Houtskaarsheid bly die grootste uitdaging vir baie landelike huishoudings, wat nog steeds staatmaak op natuurlike hulpbronne vir energie behoeftes. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die verhouding tussen brandstof gebruik en kwaliteit en kwantiteit van brandstof in twee plattelandse dorpies (Ongulumbashe en Onaitembu) in die Omusati-streek van Namibië te ondersoek. Die impak van brandstof kwaliteit en kwantiteit en verkope van brandhout op huishoudings se energie gebruik is ondersoek. Data is ingesamel in April en Junie 2012 in die twee dorpe deur middel van vraelys opnames, biomassa assessering en laboratorium ontledings. Onderhoude is gevoer met 77 huishoudings, vier brandhoutverkopers, regeringsamptenare, en plaaslike leiers. Die studie het die hoeveelheid vuurmaakhout verbruik en versamel per huishouding per week gekwantifiseer deur gebruik te maak van gebruikergeheue en fisiese meting van vuurmaakhout. Die mees gewilde brandstof spesies of brandstof materiaal is geïdentifiseer en hul fisiese eienskappe, kaloriewaarde, voginhoud, asinhoud en digtheid is onder laboratorium toestand gemeet. Verskille tussen die twee dorpe in terme van brandhout versamel en verbruik is gevind. As gevolg van houtskaarsheid gebruik huishoudings in ONA ander alternatiewe energiebronne, soos om brandhout te koop of om vars hout te saag, in plaas van om dooie hout te versamel. Die studie het ‘n skakel gevind tussen brandhout gebruik en die gehalte en hoeveelheid wat beskikbaar is. Huishoudings het hulle brandhout verbruik aangepas by die seisoen, aanvraag en beskikbaarheid van brandhout. Die gemiddelde weeklikse brandhout verbruik per huishouding het gewissel tussen 66 kg tot 79 kg vir 'n area met ‘n oorvloed van brandhout en 59 kg tot 67 kg vir 'n gebied met 'n tekort aan brandhout. Mopanie was die mees gewilde spesie as gevolg van sy besikibaarheid en vermoë om doeltreffendheid te brand. Houtskaarstes beinvloed huishoudings op ekonomies, kulturele en voedings vlakk. De studie het bevind dat huishoudings in ’n area met ‘n houtskaarste gemiddeld N$50 per week spandeer om brandhout te koop en dat baie huishoudings afhanklik is van staatstoelaes en klein kontant inkomste-aktiwiteite. Die studie het gevind dat die regering, deur middel van die Ministerie van Landbou, Water en Bosbou, probeer om landelike huishoudings se energie gebruik te verbeter deur die bou van brandhout afsetpunte. Die studie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar 'n hoë vlak van onwettige handel in brandhout is wat sal vereis dat die regering die aantal amptenare in die streek moet vermeerder en sy beleid rakende handel oor landsgrense heen moet verbeter. Daar is 'n wanbalans in die gebruik van brandstofspesies in 'n gebied met baie biomassa, en oorbenutting van hulpbronne in gedegradeerde gebiede. Die Direktoraat van Bosbou moet die gemeenskape oplei oor die waarde van ander moontlike brandstofspesies en die impak van die oes van lewendige bome op huishoudings se lewensbestaan en op die omgewing.
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Tu, Tina. "New Zealand household debt is it too high? a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/478.
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Mengistie. "Essays on Health-Related Problems and Consequences on Household Economic Outcomes in Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1216234.
Анотація:
In the first chapter, we discuss the impact of death and illness on household income and non-health consumption for the overall sample and subsamples. With a few exceptions, the results suggest that the insurance mechanism in the country does not fully insure household income and consumption against death and illness. Following death or illness experience, almost all household groups suffer from a decrease in consumption of one or more items and/or earned income. The second chapter examines households' choice of coping strategies after deaths and illness in the overall sample and different subsamples. The results show that Ethiopian households as a whole, urban, female-headed, and non-poor households experiencing death resort to the sale of assets, supplemented by the use of additional work, and other aggregate coping strategies. Similarly, rural, male-headed and poor households tend to jointly use additional work and other aggregate coping strategies following death. Households as a whole, and in subsamples, tend to jointly use the sale of productive assets, help particularly from individuals, and credit to cope with illness experiences. All households use costly coping strategies to cope with death and/or illness. The use of costly coping strategies in the face of death and/or illness may affect long-term welfare. The third chapter focuses on analyzing the prevalence of disability and its effects on household consumption and the decision to enroll in the community-based health insurance scheme. The prevalence rate for disability is as large as 30% of surveyed households. Disability of a severe degree of difficulty affects household consumption of all items, implying both short-run and long-run effects. The result also shows the presence of adverse selection in community-based health insurance. As policy recommendation, we suggest the full-scale operation of the community-based health insurance mandatory for all target households in the informal sector and an immediate roll-out of the legislated social health insurance for individuals in the formal sector. The provision of public health services in the promotion and prevention of public health could prevent the occurrence of health problems and their adverse consequences ex-ante. In addition, well-targeted government social protection programs would protect against household impoverishment following short-term and long-term health problems.
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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
Анотація:
The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
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Hurth, Victoria Mary Francis. "Factors influencing environmentally-significant consumption by higher-income households : a multi-method study of South Devon for social marketing application." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4025.
Анотація:
The aim of this thesis is to identify and examine the factors influencing environmentally-significant consumption (ESC) by higher-income households (HIH) to provide theoretical and social marketing insights. Income is highly related to levels of energy consumption and associated environmental damage, but despite research documenting the links between income and energy use, there is a lack of enquiry into what shapes the ESC patterns of HIH and therefore how behavioural interventions might be best fashioned to reduce energy use. A postmodern approach to consumption that recognises the interplay between the psychological, the social and the cultural (a psycho-socio-cultural approach), indicates that ESC is not an automatic consequence of wealth but rather mediated through the way consumption practices are symbolically connected with the satisfaction of underlying needs, including the need for identity and other psychological orientations. These connections are not universal or static but socially and culturally contextual and influenced by many factors, particularly marketing. Social marketing, as marketing for social good, therefore has a critical role to play in altering these symbolic connections and therefore consumption behaviour. To design and market alternative lower energy consumption through social marketing interventions, an understanding of how environmentally-significant consumption is connected with modes of need satisfaction and psychological orientations is necessary. Additionally, an understanding of constraints to even higher levels of consumption is useful. This study provides initial research momentum, using a HIH sample from South Devon. Primary data from a quantitative questionnaire was supported in design by qualitative interviews. These provide descriptive and correlational results about what shapes the consumption of; leisure flights, large-engine cars and new durable products, as well as the role of environmentally-significant psychological orientations, specifically: values; materialism; environmental concern and identity. The research also provides a comparative analysis between a group of HIH who have participated in Global Action Plan’s EcoTeam programme, and the general sample of HIH.
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Ostheimer, Silva Elena, and Verena Unger. "Nudge Me if You Can : Social Nudging to Reduce Water Consumption in Private Households on the Island of Gotland, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447694.
Анотація:
This thesis acknowledges the increasingly important issue of global freshwater scarcity. It focuses on water consumption in private households and examines whether social nudging, specifically the focus theory of normative conduct, can serve as a tool to reduce it. This is examined through action research conducted on the island of Gotland, Sweden, in cooperation with the local major housing company GotlandsHem. Despite some limitations, the findings show with a significance of 0.033 that, on average, almost 50 litres of water less were used weekly by each household after two social nudging interventions. This corresponds to 7,472.99 litres for all 151 nudged households. The findings show that the research design represents a way for housing companies to use the focus theory of normative conduct from the field of social nudging to reduce their tenants’ water consumption.
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Poruschi, Lavinia. "Tensions between urban life, disadvantage, energy consumption and the transition to renewable energy for Australian households: A series of essays." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386070.
Анотація:
Anthropogenic climate change poses a significant threat to the planet’s natural ecosystems on which human civilisation depends. Since industrialisation, society has relied on the burning of fossil fuels to supply human settlements with energy. To avoid severe climate change impacts requires: a transformation in the energy supply mix, together with a step-change in energy efficiency of technologies and change in energy consumption behaviours. Yet little is known about the tensions that these necessary changes may provoke. This research is motivated by the need to understand these tensions that arise from action to address sustainable development concerns.
Urban consolidation is hypothesised as one form of action which has the potential to address sustainable development concerns through the influence of built environment on energy consumption. For instance, spread-out cities mean energy distribution networks have to cover longer distances (and hence consume more energy), while compacter cities based on high-rise buildings mean fewer opportunities to use solar photovoltaics for energy supply. Research efforts directed towards understanding such tensions place urban planning theory and practice at a crossroads with: a long-standing literature on energy consumption, emerging evidence on society’s transition to renewable energy, and thriving debates on the principles/norms upon which just societies are governed. The tensions which may arise among these domains of inquiry remain under-researched in the scientific literature. The purpose of this thesis is, through a series of related essays, to redress this gap and uncover the tensions between urban life, disadvantage, energy consumption, and the transition to renewable energy for Australian households.
To undertake this investigation a number of different data sources are drawn on. This thesis takes advantage of two nation-wide surveys: the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, and the Household Energy Consumption Survey. Furthermore, this thesis uses administrative data on the installation of photovoltaics from the Australian Photovoltaic Institute, in addition to several other datasets readily available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This data is prepared using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software (ArcGIS 10.4.1) and a statistical software package (Stata/SE 14.2). A range of micro-econometric techniques were applied to reveal new insights.
In the main this thesis: (1) highlights the presence of mechanisms in urban areas which can have an impact on the amount of energy consumed and on the number of energy saving actions undertaken; (2) shows the connection between the built environment and fuel poverty and how it may be moderated by financial disadvantage; (3) compiles a unique dataset for feed-in tariff policies throughout Australia’s States and Territories over time; and (4) approximates the short-run and long-run causal impacts of the built environment and feed-in tariffs on solar photovoltaic technology installations.
The findings of this thesis draw attention to the more nuanced role of the built environment in energy consumption and the disparity in opportunity that disadvantaged groups confront and their potential to create energy injustice. In this respect, this thesis provides a distinct contribution to the existing stock of knowledge. Moreover, this thesis also informs further research to build on and extend these findings. Finally, this thesis also serves to support energy and land-use policy debates and decisions as they relate to the tensions between urban life, disadvantage, energy consumption, and the transition to renewable energy.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Druckman, Angela. "A socio-economically disaggregated approach to accounting for the resource use and emissions attributable to UK households from the consumption perspective." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493042.
Анотація:
The starting assumption in this thesis is that all resource use and associated emissions are ultimately driven by consumption, and that fundamental changes in the way society consumes are necessary. Policies aimed at shifting consumer behaviour must be based on a robust evidence-base, and the Surrey Environmental Lifestyle MApping (SELMA) framework has been developed to contribute to this. SELMA takes the consumption perspective, and at its core is an Environmental Input-Output model which attributes all resource use and associated emissions that arise along supply chains to final consumers.
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Volkaitė, Justina, and Gintarė Žebrauskytė. "Lietuvos namų ūkių disponuojamų pajamų analizė ir perspektyvos." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_001618-09221.
Анотація:
Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui tenkančios vidutinės mėnesio disponuojamos pajamos ir numatomos šių pajamų perspektyvos. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama pajamų sąvoka, jų gavimo šaltiniai ir klasifikacija. Išskiriamos dvi pagrindinės disponuojamų pajamų funkcijos (vartojimas ir taupymas) ir jų pokyčius sąlygojantys veiksniai. Empirinėje darbo dalyje išanalizuota Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui per mėnesį tenkančių disponuojamų pajamų dinamika ir struktūra. Norint nustatyti veiksnius, lėmusius tokias disponuojamų pajamų kitimo tendencijas, atlikta priklausomybės tarp disponuojamų pajamų ir jų pokyčius galėjusių sąlygoti pagrindinių makroekonominių rodiklių analizė. Nustačius veiksnius, lemiančius Lietuvos namų ūkio nario vidutines mėnesio disponuojamas pajamas, ir atsižvelgus į jų pokyčius, atliktas disponuojamų pajamų perspektyvų numatymas kintančioje Lietuvos ekonominėje situacijoje.In this bachelor‘s paper are analyzed average monthly disposable income per inhabitant of Lithuania‘s households and estimated perspecitives of this income. In the theoretical part of this bachelor‘s paper is analyzed the concept of income, the sources of income and classification. There are also presented two main functions of disposable income (consumption and saving) and factors influencing the changes of disposable income. In the empirical part of this work paper is analyzed dynamics and structure of Lithuania‘s households average monthly disposable income per inhabitant. To determine the factors that led to such disposable income changes, there is conducted the dependence between household disposable income per inhabitant and economic factors such as the gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate and average anually infliation rate. There is performed forecasting of the Lithuanian household member‘s average monthly disposable income, after the factors, which led to the disposable income changes, were determined and basing on their changes.