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1
Nuttall, J. G., K. B. Hobson, M. Materne, D. B. Moody, R. Munns, and R. D. Armstrong. "Use of genetic tolerance in grain crops to overcome subsoil constraints in alkaline cropping soils." Soil Research 48, no. 2 (2010): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subsoil physicochemical constraints such as primary salinity and high boron (B) can significantly reduce grain yields across wide areas of Australia. Financially viable amelioration options are limited for cropping systems on these soils, which has raised interest in ‘genetic solutions’. Increasing the tolerance of crops to high salinity and boron that typically co-exist within alkaline soils offers the potential for substantial yield benefits. To assess the contribution that genetic variation can make to crop yield, closely related genotypes differing in B and/or Na+ tolerance of bread and durum wheat, barley, and lentil were compared by growing the different lines in intact soil cores of 2 Calcarosol profiles differing in level of subsoil constraints (‘hostile’/’benign’). The hostile profile had salinity increasing to EC1 : 5 ~1.2 dS/m and B ~18 mg/kg to 0.60 m, whereas in the benign soil EC1 : 5 did not exceed ~0.6 dS/m and B ~11 mg/kg. Grain yields were significantly less on the hostile soil than the benign soil for barley (34%), bread wheat (20%), durum wheat (31%), and lentil (38%). Accumulation of B in shoots was significantly lower on the hostile soil across all crop species, indicating high sodium within the soil was associated with inhibited uptake of B in plants. In contrast, accumulation of Na+ was greater for all cereal crops in the hostile soil compared with the benign soil. Lentil plants with reputed sodium tolerance (CIPAL415) produced a significant yield benefit on both the benign and hostile soil over the commercial line, Nugget. The lentil line with combined Na+ and B tolerance (02-355L*03Hs005) also produced an additional yield increase over CIPAL415 on the hostile soil; however, yield was equivalent on the benign soil. For durum wheat, 2 genotypes differing in Na+ tolerance, containing either the Nax1 or Nax2 genes, accumulated less sodium in the straw than the parent cv. Tamaroi within the hostile soil; however, this did not translate to a yield advantage. For barley, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake in either the grain or straw between the B-tolerance line 03_007D_087 and its parent cv. Buloke. Similarly, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake between the bread wheat Schomburgk and its B-tolerant near-isogenic line BT-Schomburgk. This study suggests that of the cereal lines tested, there was no obvious benefit in lines with potentially improved tolerance for a single, specific subsoil constraint on alkaline soils where multiple potential constraints exist. In contrast, in lentils, incorporating tolerance to Na+ and B did show promise for increased adaptation to soils with subsoil constraints.
2
Jiménez-Mejía, Rafael, Ricardo I. Medina-Estrada, Santos Carballar-Hernández, Ma del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda, Gustavo Santoyo, and Pedro D. Loeza-Lara. "Teamwork to Survive in Hostile Soils: Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Ameliorate Soil Salinity Stress in Crops." Microorganisms 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plants and their microbiomes, including plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), can work as a team to reduce the adverse effects of different types of stress, including drought, heat, cold, and heavy metals stresses, as well as salinity in soils. These abiotic stresses are reviewed here, with an emphasis on salinity and its negative consequences on crops, due to their wide presence in cultivable soils around the world. Likewise, the factors that stimulate the salinity of soils and their impact on microbial diversity and plant physiology were also analyzed. In addition, the saline soils that exist in Mexico were analyzed as a case study. We also made some proposals for a more extensive use of bacterial bioinoculants in agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Finally, PGPB are highly relevant and extremely helpful in counteracting the toxic effects of soil salinity and improving crop growth and production; therefore, their use should be intensively promoted.
3
Azam, Gausul, Cameron D. Grant, Ian K. Nuberg, Robert S. Murray, and Rabindra K. Misra. "Establishing woody perennials on hostile soils in arid and semi-arid regions – A review." Plant and Soil 360, no. 1-2 (March 30, 2012): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1215-6.
Повний текст джерела
4
Ortiz, Max, Jason Bosch, Clément Coclet, Jenny Johnson, Pedro Lebre, Adeola Salawu-Rotimi, Surendra Vikram, Thulani Makhalanyane, and Don Cowan. "Microbial Nitrogen Cycling in Antarctic Soils." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091442.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Antarctic continent is widely considered to be one of the most hostile biological habitats on Earth. Despite extreme environmental conditions, the ice-free areas of the continent, which constitute some 0.44% of the total continental land area, harbour substantial and diverse communities of macro-organisms and especially microorganisms, particularly in the more “hospitable” maritime regions. In the more extreme non-maritime regions, exemplified by the McMurdo Dry Valleys of South Victoria Land, nutrient cycling and ecosystem servicing processes in soils are largely driven by microbial communities. Nitrogen turnover is a cornerstone of ecosystem servicing. In Antarctic continental soils, specifically those lacking macrophytes, cold-active free-living diazotrophic microorganisms, particularly Cyanobacteria, are keystone taxa. The diazotrophs are complemented by heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal taxa which show the genetic capacity to perform elements of the entire N cycle, including nitrification processes such as the anammox reaction. Here, we review the current literature on nitrogen cycling genes, taxa, processes and rates from studies of Antarctic soils. In particular, we highlight the current gaps in our knowledge of the scale and contribution of these processes in south polar soils as critical data to underpin viable predictions of how such processes may alter under the impacts of future climate change.
5
Ralte, Vanlalhruaii. "Effect of coal mining on soil physico-chemical properties of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya, northeastern India." Science Vision 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.17.04.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mining causes massive damage to landscape and biological components of an ecosystem. Due to extensive and unmanaged coal mining in the southern part of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya, the area has been turned into degraded land since nutrient deficient sandy spoils are hostile for the growth and regeneration of plant communities. Soil is sandy to sandy loam and red, brown to dark brown in colour. The physico-chemical properties of the soil were greatly affected due to coal mining. There is an increased acidity i.e. from 6.00 in the undisturbed forest (control site) to 3.50 in the coal mine spoil since abandoned mine spoil discharge acidic water that are enriched with iron and other metals and metalloids. Apart from this, soil nutrients are greatly depleted. The core zone soils are rich in organic matter and nutrients whereas coalmine spoils show sign of degradation especially in the nutrient content.
6
Żmuda, Romuald, Szymon Szewrański, Tomasz Kowalczyk, Łukasz Szarawarski, and Michał Kuriata. "Landscape alteration in view of soil protection from water erosion - an example of the Mielnica watershed." Journal of Water and Land Development 13a, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-010-0026-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Landscape alteration in view of soil protection from water erosion - an example of the Mielnica watershed The paper pertains to landscape management in eroded areas. Erosion processes, especially water erosion of soils, change the existing landscapes and make them less attractive or even hostile to people. Such situation calls for protective actions e.g. an appropriate management of agricultural landscape to minimise negative consequences of such phenomena. The paper presents a concept of counter-erosion measures to be implemented in the Trzebnickie Hills and comments their effect on the landscape. The concept was applied to an agricultural watershed of the Mielnica River. Particular attention was paid to visual aspect of this landscape and to functioning of its elements. Changes in the landscape were visualised and set up with the present status of the watershed.
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Shabala, Sergey, Jayakumar Bose, Anja Thoe Fuglsang, and Igor Pottosin. "On a quest for stress tolerance genes: membrane transporters in sensing and adapting to hostile soils." Journal of Experimental Botany 67, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 1015–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv465.
Повний текст джерела
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Cangioli, Lisa, Maria Salobehaj, Sara Del Duca, Camilla Fagorzi, Chiara Berardi, Ester Coppini, Donatella Fibbi, Renato Fani, and Alberto Vassallo. "Effect of Wastewater on the Composition of Bacterial Microbiota of Phragmites australis Used in Constructed Wetlands for Phytodepuration." Plants 11, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 3210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Phytodepuration occurs in the plant-mediated remediation processes exploited to remove pollutants from wastewater, and Phragmites australis is one of the most used plants. This goal is achieved using constructed wetlands (CW), which are engineered systems designed to mimic the natural processes of pollutants removal. The aim of this work was to characterize the bacterial communities associated to P. australis, soils, and permeates of the CW of Calice (Prato, Italy), to evaluate the possible effect of wastewaters on the CW bacterial communities, through a next-generation sequencing-based approach. A total of 122 samples were collected from different tissues of P. australis (i.e., roots, aerial parts, and stem), soil (i.e., rhizospheric and bulk soil), and permeates, and analyzed. All samples were collected during five sampling campaigns, with the first one performed before the activation of the plant. Obtained results highlighted a specific microbiota of P. australis, conserved among the different plant tissues and during time, showing a lower alpha diversity than the other samples and not influenced by the more complex and variable environmental (soils and permeates) bacterial communities. These data suggest that P. australis is able to select and maintain a defined microbiota, a capacity that could allow the plant to survive in hostile environments, such as that of CW.
9
Ozimek, Ewa, and Agnieszka Hanaka. "Mortierella Species as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi Present in the Agricultural Soils." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the most recent scientific reports based on the DNA or RNA-analyses a widespread presence of the filamentous fungi, Mortierella in various environments has been shown. Some strains of this genus belong to the plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and are found in the bulk soil, rhizosphere and plants tissues. These microorganisms are also often found in the extremely hostile environments, responsible for improving access to the bioavailable forms of P and Fe in the soils, the synthesis of phytohormones and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and last but not least the protection of agricultural plants from pathogens. Furthermore, earlier reports classified Mortierella spp. as the saprotrophic microorganisms isolated from the forest litter, and nowadays their status as a very valuable decomposers in the agricultural soils was confirmed. The key features like the ability to survive under very unfavorable environmental conditions and the utilization of carbon sources contained in polymers like cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin make these fungi efficient as the agricultural inoculants. The growing interest in the application of Mortierella spp. is mainly due to the potential use of this genus in the increase of the nutrient uptake efficiency, positive effect in crop protection against adverse conditions, and reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides applied. Moreover, activities of Mortierella species selected from the wild or cultivated plants influence the soil microbiota and support the performance of the beneficial microorganisms enhancing significantly crop yield.
10
Paul, Adrian L. D., Peter D. Erskine, and Antony van der Ent. "Metallophytes on Zn-Pb mineralised soils and mining wastes in Broken Hill, NSW, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 2 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wastes of metalliferous mining activities produce a substrate that is generally unfavourable for normal plant establishment and growth. However, metallophytes have evolved to grow in hostile environments that are rich in metals. They possess key properties that commend them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. This field survey aimed to identify native metallophytes occurring on minerals wastes and mineralised outcrops in Broken Hill (New South Wales, Australia). Foliar concentrations of minerals were very high compared with non-mineralised soils but within the range expected for plants in such environments. Neither hyperaccumulators nor obligate metallophytes have been found, but they may be present on isolated mineralised outcrops in the wider Broken Hill area; however, a range of facultative metallophytes was identified in this study. These species could be introduced onto mining leases if establishment protocols for such species were developed.
11
McBeath, T. M., C. D. Grant, R. S. Murray, and D. J. Chittleborough. "Effects of subsoil amendments on soil physical properties, crop response, and soil water quality in a dry year." Soil Research 48, no. 2 (2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In southern Australia the ability of field crops to extract soil moisture and nutrients from depth depends on the physical and chemical properties of the subsoil. In texture-contrast soils accumulation of water and nutrients in the E or A2 horizon, immediately above a clay B horizon of much lower hydraulic conductivity (herein called the interface), may generate lateral flows and enhanced nutrient and solute transfer to water bodies. Evidence that deep-ripping with addition of subsoil nutrients can increase crop productivity in regions having hostile, alkaline subsoils led to experiments to test whether this response was related to an increase in the use of water and nutrients in the subsoil. Our study measured the effects of deep-ripping with and without amendments on soil physical and chemical properties of the A and upper B horizons of 2 South Australian soils. Deep-ripping and deep-placement of nutrients increased grain harvest weight even in an exceptionally dry season. The greater yield was accompanied by significantly lower field-penetration resistance to 0.35–0.50 m depth, which we hypothesise enabled the crop to better access stored soil water and deep placed nutrients in the subsoil. Residual effects from deep-ripping were minimal after 4 growing seasons; therefore, ripping will need to be practiced at regular intervals to maintain treatment effects. The ripping and nutrient amendments had no significant effect on exchangeable sodium percentage, electrical conductivity, and readily extractable phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen, despite changes in these soil properties between spring and harvest sampling.
12
Nannipieri, Paolo. "Soil Is Still an Unknown Biological System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113717.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More than a thousand million cells encompassing bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists inhabit a handful of soil. The bacterial and fungal biomass can account for 1–2 and 2–5 tha−1 in temperate grassland soils, respectively. Despite this huge microbial biomass, the volume occupied by microorganisms is less than 1% of the available soil volume because most micro-niches are hostile environments. Soil microorganisms and fauna play a crucial role in soil ecosystem services, and functional redundancy is a peculiar characteristic of soil as a biological system. Complex interactions are often mediated by molecular signals that occur between microbes, microbes and plants, and microbes and animals. Several microbial species have been detected in soil using molecular techniques, particularly amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. However, their activities in situ are still poorly known because the use of soil metatranscriptomics and, in particular, soil proteomics is still a technical challenge. A holistic approach with the use of labelled compounds can give quantitative information on nutrient dynamics in the soil-plant system. Despite the remarkable technical progresses and the use of imaginative approaches, there are many knowledge gaps about soil as a biological system. These gaps are discussed from a historic perspective, starting from the seven grand questions proposed by Selman A. Waksman in 1927.
13
Paul, Adrian L. D., Peter D. Erskine, and Antony van der Ent. "Corrigendum to: Metallophytes on Zn-Pb mineralised soils and mining wastes in Broken Hill, NSW, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17143_co.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wastes of metalliferous mining activities produce a substrate that is generally unfavourable for normal plant establishment and growth. However, metallophytes have evolved to grow in hostile environments that are rich in metals. They possess key properties that commend them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. This field survey aimed to identify native metallophytes occurring on minerals wastes and mineralised outcrops in Broken Hill (New South Wales, Australia). Foliar concentrations of minerals were very high compared with non-mineralised soils but within the range expected for plants in such environments. Neither hyperaccumulators nor obligate metallophytes have been found, but they may be present on isolated mineralised outcrops in the wider Broken Hill area; however, a range of facultative metallophytes was identified in this study. These species could be introduced onto mining leases if establishment protocols for such species were developed.
14
Haigh, Martin, Patricia Woodruffe, Margaret D’Aucourt, Elanor Alun, Gillian Wilding, Susan Fitzpatrick, Ekaterina Filcheva, and Maya Noustorova. "Successful Ecological Regeneration of Opencast Coal Mine Spoils through Forestation: From Cradle to Grove." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050461.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reclamation of surface (opencast) coal mines is not always successful; there remains a legacy of degraded land that burdens local communities. This article evaluates a community-oriented, low-cost means of geoecological regeneration, the “Cradle for Nature” strategy, which uses mosaic tree planting to foster positive natural ecological processes. Results show that, while the autocompaction of minestones quickly raises soil densities to levels hostile to plant growth, forestation helps moderate soil densities. Weathering concentrates metals in minestones, but 14 years of forestation reduced the loadings of five metals by 35–52%. Twenty years of forestation doubled soil organic carbon to >7%; increased bacilli from 7% to 46%; actinomycetes from 10% to 26%; and soil microbe counts 12–15 times, especially in tree plantings treated with fertiliser. Soils under trees also supported a significantly greater earthworm biomass than under grass but, while open-canopy plantings had increased ground flora biodiversity, closed-canopy plantings had lower diversity and biomass. Following closure to grazing, ground biomass increased sevenfold. Young trees act as bird perches and significantly increase seed fall. Small mammal biomass and biodiversity increases after tree planting and higher predators appear. Varteg’s constructed forest provides an effective “cradle” for an emergent geoecological system and its habitat mosaic maximises biodiversity.
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Moe, David Thang. "The Crucified Mind: Kosuke Koyama’s Missiology of ‘Theology of the Cross’." Exchange 46, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to study Kosuke Koyama (1929-2009), one of the foremost Asian Christian theologians of the 20th century. His theology and missiology are narratively rooted in the Biblical soils and contextually flowered in the Asian fields. Therefore, this article is written in great appreciation for the missionary labours and theological thoughts he had done with joy. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, I examine Koyama’s biographical backgrounds. In the second part, I explore his key hermeneutics of a theology of the cross and how he employed it for a missiological interpretation of hospitality in a hostile context. Finally, I evaluate Koyama’s theological position through the contemporary lens of a religiously pluralistic world.
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Rodriguez, D., J. Nuttall, V. O. Sadras, H. van Rees, and R. Armstrong. "Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The APSIM-Wheat module was used to investigate our present capacity to simulate wheat yields in a semi-arid region of eastern Australia (the Victorian Mallee), where hostile subsoils associated with salinity, sodicity, and boron toxicity are known to limit grain yield. In this study we tested whether the effects of subsoil constraints on wheat growth and production could be modelled with APSIM-Wheat by assuming that either: (a) root exploration within a particular soil layer was reduced by the presence of toxic concentrations of salts, or (b) soil water uptake from a particular soil layer was reduced by high concentration of salts through osmotic effects. After evaluating the improved predictive capacity of the model we applied it to study the interactions between subsoil constraints and seasonal conditions, and to estimate the economic effect that subsoil constraints have on wheat farming in the Victorian Mallee under different climatic scenarios. Although the soils had high levels of salinity, sodicity, and boron, the observed variability in root abundance at different soil layers was mainly related to soil salinity. We concluded that: (i) whether the effect of subsoil limitations on growth and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee is driven by toxic, osmotic, or both effects acting simultaneously still requires further research, (ii) at present, the performance of APSIM-Wheat in the region can be improved either by assuming increased values of lower limit for soil water extraction, or by modifying the pattern of root exploration in the soil profile, both as a function of soil salinity. The effect of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin can be expected to be higher during drier than wetter seasons. In this region the interaction between climate and soil properties makes rainfall information alone, of little use for risk management and farm planning when not integrated with cropping systems models.
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Khokhar, J. S., S. Sareen, B. S. Tyagi, L. Wilson, I. P. King, S. D. Young, and M. R. Broadley. "Juvenile root traits show limited correlation with grain yield, yield components and grain mineral composition traits in Indian wheat under hostile soils." Cereal Research Communications 47, no. 2 (June 2019): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.10.
Повний текст джерела
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Bagherifard, Aminallah, Yousef Hamidoghli, Mohammad Hasan Biglouei, and Mehrorang Ghaedi. "Effects of drought stress and superabsorbent polymer on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.)." January 2020, no. 14(01) 2020 (January 20, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Capparis spinosa, commonly known as caper bush, is native to certain hostile growing conditions including sandy or gravelly soils, rocky hillsides, cliffs, stone walls and rock crevices in Mediterranean coastal regions. Caper plant is used for the prevention of soil erosion in sloppy areas. Synthetic superabsorbent polymer was developed as a soil conditioner to heighten plant establishment and growth in drought-prone growing area. During growing seasons of 2016-2017, the effects of soil amendment with the superabsorbent Polymer A200 in four levels (S1= 0, S2= 75, S3= 150 and S4= 225 g) were investigated for each caper plant, considering three levels of irrigation (I1=0, I2= One irrigation per month and I3= one irrigation every two months) on the physical properties of the soil as well as their physiological parameters (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, Tss, electrolyte leakage) and plant height, yield per hectare, WUE, Soil moister, RWC and leaf area of an established caper plant under drying conditions. Analyses of variance showed that the interaction effects of treatments were significant (p<0.01) in all the studied traits. The results showed that water stress significantly decreased the height of a plant, yield per hectare, WUE, Soil moister, RWC, leaf area, total Chlorophylla, Carotenoid and electrolyte leakage, whereas the application of superabsorbent polymer compensated for the negative effect of drought stress, especially in high rates of polymer application (150 g), where the maximum effect was attained for all the studied traits. These findings strongly suggested that the irrigation intervals of caper can lead to an increase in the application of the superabsorbent polymer.
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Hanagata, Nobutaka, Taro Takemura, Isao Karube, and Zvy Dubinsky. "SALT/WATER RELATIONSHIPS IN MANGROVES." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47, no. 2 (May 13, 1999): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1999.10676755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mangroves form extensive, unique communities in tropical coastal areas and tidal lowlands, dominating 60–75% of tropical shorelines. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms underlying the most striking feature of these plants—their unique ability to obtain water from the surrounding sea. Mangroves are thought to accomplish this by rejecting potentially harmful salts. Some species actively excrete those salts leaking into the plant by means of specialized salt glands in their leaves. Mangroves are rooted in anaerobic soils, a condition giving rise to the spectacular aerial roots, such as pneumatophores and stilt roots, characteristic of mangroves, that provide oxygen to submerged tissues.We shall also discuss recent studies that have focused on physiological issues in mangroves, such as oscillatory behavior of their stomata, the structure and function of salt glands, and the compatible solutes in their leaves, which balance the osmotic pressure of the seawater. Salinity effects on their germination, distribution, CO2assimilation, respiration, and the functioning of some of their enzymes have also been examined.Finally, we shall draw attention to open questions related to the salt and water regime of mangroves and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their remarkable success in a hostile environment.
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Duarte, Rubens T. D., Felipe Nóbrega, Cristina R. Nakayama, and Vivian H. Pellizari. "Brazilian research on extremophiles in the context of astrobiology." International Journal of Astrobiology 11, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550412000249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractExtremophiles are organisms adapted to grow at extreme ranges of environmental variables, such as high or low temperatures, acid or alkaline medium, high salt concentration, high pressures and so forth. Most extremophiles are micro-organisms that belong to the Archaea and Bacteria domains, and are widely spread across the world, which include the polar regions, volcanoes, deserts, deep oceanic sediments, hydrothermal vents, hypersaline lakes, acid and alkaline water bodies, and other extreme environments considered hostile to human life. Despite the tropical climate, Brazil has a wide range of ecosystems which include some permanent or seasonally extreme environments. For example, the Cerrado is a biome with very low soil pH with high Al+3concentration, the mangroves in the Brazilian coast are anaerobic and saline, Pantanal has thousands of alkaline–saline lakes, the Caatinga arid and hot soils and the deep sea sediments in the Brazilian ocean shelf. These environments harbour extremophilic organisms that, coupled with the high natural biodiversity in Brazil, could be explored for different purposes. However, only a few projects in Brazil intended to study the extremophiles. In the frame of astrobiology, for example, these organisms could provide important models for defining the limits of life and hypothesize about life outside Earth. Brazilian microbiologists have, however, studied the extremophilic micro-organisms inhabiting non-Brazilian environments, such as the Antarctic continent. The experience and previous results obtained from the Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR) provide important results that are directly related to astrobiology. This article is a brief synopsis of the Brazilian experience in researching extremophiles, indicating the most important results related to astrobiology and some future perspectives in this area.
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Nuttall, J. G., S. L. Davies, R. A. Armstrong, and M. B. Peoples. "Testing the primer-plant concept: wheat yields can be increased on alkaline sodic soils when an effective primer phase is used." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primer-plant concept was tested for wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown on an alkaline sodic soil taken from the southern Mallee of Victoria. This concept relates to use of species of plants with high natural adaptation to hostile subsoils, being able to modify the soil environment and leave biopores for the benefit of subsequent annual crops. For the experiment reported here, wheat was sown into large (0.3 m diam. by 1.0 m length) intact soil cores (collected from a cropping paddock near Birchip in the southern Mallee region of Victoria, Australia) following either birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), canola (Brassica napus), chicory (Cichorium intybus), lucerne (Medicago sativa), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), or tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum). At the conclusion of the priming phase [270 days after sowing (DAS)], all the different crops extracted c. 145 mm of stored water, the exception being canola (120 mm). Lucerne and birdsfoot trefoil produced the least above-ground biomass (26 g/pot), and safflower the most (115 g/pot). Greater early vigour and water extraction (49 mm) occurred for subsequent wheat crops after birdsfoot trefoil than with wheat after all other species (39 mm). This translated to a 15% yield advantage for wheat after birdsfoot trefoil compared with lucerne. Wheat after sulla yielded 12% more due to increased grain number and kernel size compared with wheat after lucerne. It was proposed that the difference in yield related to the root systems of species tested. Birdsfoot trefoil and sulla were characterised by intensive branching, which potentially produced a fine mosaic of residual biopores. Lucerne, in contrast, which was assumed to have similar break-crop effects, had a large taproot with fewer branches leaving fewer, larger residual root channels than either of the other legumes. It is believed that the fine biopores allowed more rapid and thorough exploration of the bulk soil by the crop roots.
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Chauve, J. Y. "Soins à distance en milieu hostile." Journal de Traumatologie du Sport 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0762-915x(05)83189-4.
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Skerrett, Kathleen Roberts. "Beyond “Consent”: David Mamet'sOleannaand a Hostile Environment for Souls." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 12, no. 4 (October 2011): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15240657.2011.610225.
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Smith, P., M. F. Cotrufo, C. Rumpel, K. Paustian, P. J. Kuikman, J. A. Elliott, R. McDowell, et al. "Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 537–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-537-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Soils play a pivotal role in major global biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient and water), while hosting the largest diversity of organisms on land. Because of this, soils deliver fundamental ecosystem services, and management to change a soil process in support of one ecosystem service can either provide co-benefits to other services or can result in trade-offs. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding concerning the biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity in soil, and relate these to the provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services which they underpin. We then outline key knowledge gaps and research challenges, before providing recommendations for management activities to support the continued delivery of ecosystem services from soils. We conclude that although there are knowledge gaps that require further research, enough is known to start improving soils globally. The main challenge is in finding ways to share knowledge with soil managers and policy-makers, so that best-practice management can be implemented. A key element of this knowledge sharing must be in raising awareness of the multiple ecosystem services underpinned by soils, and the natural capital they provide. The International Year of Soils in 2015 presents the perfect opportunity to begin a step-change in how we harness scientific knowledge to bring about more sustainable use of soils for a secure global society.
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Smith, P., M. F. Cotrufo, C. Rumpel, K. Paustian, P. J. Kuikman, J. A. Elliott, R. McDowell, et al. "Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils." SOIL 1, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-665-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Soils play a pivotal role in major global biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient, and water), while hosting the largest diversity of organisms on land. Because of this, soils deliver fundamental ecosystem services, and management to change a soil process in support of one ecosystem service can either provide co-benefits to other services or result in trade-offs. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding concerning the biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity in soil, and relate these to the provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services which they underpin. We then outline key knowledge gaps and research challenges, before providing recommendations for management activities to support the continued delivery of ecosystem services from soils. We conclude that, although soils are complex, there are still knowledge gaps, and fundamental research is still needed to better understand the relationships between different facets of soils and the array of ecosystem services they underpin, enough is known to implement best practices now. There is a tendency among soil scientists to dwell on the complexity and knowledge gaps rather than to focus on what we do know and how this knowledge can be put to use to improve the delivery of ecosystem services. A significant challenge is to find effective ways to share knowledge with soil managers and policy makers so that best management can be implemented. A key element of this knowledge exchange must be to raise awareness of the ecosystems services underpinned by soils and thus the natural capital they provide. We know enough to start moving in the right direction while we conduct research to fill in our knowledge gaps. The lasting legacy of the International Year of Soils in 2015 should be for soil scientists to work together with policy makers and land managers to put soils at the centre of environmental policy making and land management decisions.
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ERUOLA, A., F. ATILOLA, A. MAKINDE, K. AYOOLA, and L. NWAMINI. "DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF SOILS FROM FUNAAB AGRICULTURAL LAND USE, USING IMPROVISED CONSTANT HEADPERMEAMETER." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 19, no. 1 (October 2, 2020): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v19i1.2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The knowledge of material property of the pore space through which water flow in soil for the optimization of water supplies for agricultural and engineering projects is fast becoming challenging due to intricate geometries of the media porous structures. The study determines the permeability coefficients of soils at six different Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, (FUNAAB) land-use (Hostel-Site, Cashew Plantation, FADAMA Farm, COLPLANT Farm, Forest nursery unit, FUNAAB health center) in order to estimate the flow rate through the soil using an improvised constant head permeameter. The soils were initially analyzed for their physical properties before determining the flow rate and permeability coefficients. The reliability of result of permeameter was compared with standards for validity. The result shows that the soils were slightly acidic with pH average of 6.8, organic carbon ranging from 0.78% to 4.49% with the highest at the Fadama site. The total nitrogen ranged between 0.1% and 8.0% and the available phosphorus ranged between 1.20 to 3.95 mg kg-1 with the highest value experienced at cashew plantation. The improvised permeameter gave a reliable result with high positive correlation in volume rate of flow in soil and time of flow. The permeability coefficient of the soil samples (K) were in the range of 2.7 x 10-5to 4.2 x 10-5with the soil type ranging from sandy-loam to loamy sand similar to the result obtained during physical analysis. The soils were of relative permeability of semi-pervious, a characteristic of poor soil transmissivity.
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Fure, Brian. "Inside Look at Hosting a National Soils Contest." Soil Horizons 54, no. 4 (2013): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh2013-54-4-rc3.
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Khokhar, Jaswant S., Sindhu Sareen, Bhudeva S. Tyagi, Gyanendra Singh, Apurba K. Chowdhury, Tapamay Dhar, Vinod Singh, Ian P. King, Scott D. Young, and Martin R. Broadley. "Characterising variation in wheat traits under hostile soil conditions in India." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): e0179208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179208.
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Khokhar, Jaswant S., Sindhu Sareen, Bhudeva S. Tyagi, Gyanendra Singh, Apurba K. Chowdhury, Tapamay Dhar, Vinod Singh, Ian P. King, Scott D. Young, and Martin R. Broadley. "Correction: Characterising variation in wheat traits under hostile soil conditions in India." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): e0196168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196168.
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Yamaguchi, Noriko, Toshiaki Ohkura, Atsuko Hikono, Yohey Hashimoto, Aomi Suda, Taku Yamamoto, Kaori Ando, et al. "Microscale Heterogeneous Distribution and Speciation of Phosphorus in Soils Amended with Mineral Fertilizer and Cattle Manure Compost." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global concerns for the sustainability of agriculture have emphasized the need to reduce the use of mineral fertilizer. Although phosphorus (P) is accumulated in farmland soils due to the long-term application of fertilizer, most soil P is not readily available to plants. The chemical speciation of P in soils, which comprise heterogeneous microenvironments, cannot be evaluated with a high degree of specificity using only macroscopic analyses. In this study, we investigated the distribution and speciation of P accumulated in soils by using both macro- and microscopic techniques including chemical extraction, solution and solid-state 31P NMR, bulk- and micro- P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Soil samples were collected from a field in which cabbage was cultivated under three amendment treatments: i) mineral fertilizer (NPK), ii) mineral fertilizer and compost (NPK + compost), and iii) mineral fertilizer plus compost but without nitrogen fertilizer (PK + compost). Macro-scale analyses suggested that accumulated P was predominantly inorganic P and associated with Al-bearing minerals. The repeated application of compost to the soils increased the proportion of P associated with Ca which accounted for 17% in the NPK + compost plot and 40% in the PK + compost plot. At the microscale, hot spots of P were heterogeneously distributed, and P was associated with Fe and Ca in hot spots of the NPK + compost (pH 6) and PK + compost (pH 7) treated samples, respectively. Our results indicate that application of compost contributed to creating diverse microenvironments hosting P in these soils.
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LAX, K. "Stream plant chemistry as indicator of acid sulphate soils in Sweden." Agricultural and Food Science 14, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/1459606054224165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Results from the biogeochemical mapping (roots of aquatic plants and Fontinalis antipyretica) conducted by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) reflects the metal load of surface waters draining acid sulphate (AS) soils in Sweden. In this study, results from the biogeochemical, soil geochemical and Quaternary mapping programmes at SGU were used to investigate the impact of fine-grained deposits hosting AS soils on stream water trace element chemistry in two separate areas. In the area around Lake Mälaren, postglacial sediments contain the highest levels of most trace elements studied. Owing to the low pH of AS soils and subsequent leaching, levels of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), sulphur (S), yttrium (Y), uranium (U), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo) were significantly elevated in aquatic roots. Levels were lower in the Skellefteå area, which may be explained by lower concentrations in source deposits. Concentrations of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were normal or impoverished in biogeochemical samples from postglacial, finegrained sediment areas. Maps based on ratios (Ni:Pb or Y:Pb) in biogeochemical samples can, together with results from Quaternary mapping, be used to predict areas with AS soils in Sweden.;
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Ali, Anwar, Muhammad Irfan Ashraf, Saeed Gulzar, Muhammad Akmal, and Bilal Ahmad. "Estimation of soil carbon pools in the forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6 (October 19, 2019): 2313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01059-9.
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Abstract Forest soils have high carbon densities compared to other land-uses. Soil carbon sequestration is important to reduce CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. An effective climate change mitigation strategy involves limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases from soils. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the most forested province of Pakistan, hosting about one-third of the country’s 4.5 × 106 ha forest area. Soil organic carbon in the province’s forests was estimated through a field-based study carried out during 2014–17 covering the whole province. Data was collected from 373 sample plots laid out in different forest types using a stratified cluster sampling technique. The total quantity of soil organic carbon was estimated at 59.4 × 106 t with an average of 52.4 ± 5.3 t/ha. About 69% of the total soil carbon is present in temperate forests. Subtropical broad-leaved and subtropical pine forests constitute 11.4% and 8.8% of the soil carbon stock respectively. Similarly, subalpine and oak forests have respective shares of 5.1% and 5.7% in the soil carbon pool. The lowest carbon stock (0.1%) was found in dry-tropical thorn forests. The highest soil carbon density was found in subalpine forests (69.5 ± 7.2 t/ha) followed by moist temperate forests (68.5 ± 6.7 t/ha) and dry temperate forests (60.7 ± 6.5 t/ha). Oak forests have carbon density of 43.4 ± 7.1 t/ha. Subtropical pine, subtropical broad-leaved and dry tropical thorn forests have soil carbon densities of 36.3 ± 3.7, 32.8 ± 6.2 and 31.5 ± 3.5 t/ha, respectively. The forests of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province have substantial amounts of soil carbon which must be conserved for climate change mitigation and maintenance of sound forest health.
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Ghiglieno, Isabella, Anna Simonetto, Francesca Orlando, Pierluigi Donna, Marco Tonni, Leonardo Valenti, and Gianni Gilioli. "Response of the Arthropod Community to Soil Characteristics and Management in the Franciacorta Viticultural Area (Lombardy, Italy)." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050740.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil represents an important pool of biodiversity, hosting about a quarter of the living species on our planet. This soil richness has led to increasing interest in the structural and functional characteristics of its biodiversity. Studies of arthropod responses, in terms of abundance and taxon richness, have increased in relation to their ecological value as bioindicators of environmental change. This research was carried out over the 2014–2018 period with the aim to better understand arthropod taxa responses in vineyard soils in Franciacorta (Lombardy, Italy). To determine the biological composition in terms of arthropod taxa presence, one hundred soil samples were analysed. Environmental characteristics, such as chemical composition, soil moisture and temperature, and soil management were characterized for each soil sample. A total of 19 taxa were identified; the NMDS model analysis and the cluster analysis divided them into five groups according to their co-occurrence patterns. Each group was related to certain abiotic conditions; of these, soil moisture, temperature and organic matter were shown to be significant. A decision tree analysis showed that a longer period since conversion from conventional to organic farming lead to a higher arthropod biodiversity defined as a higher number of taxa.
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Fousséni, Gbadamassi, Ouorou Barre F. Imorou, Gbadamassi Massouhoudou, and Vodounou Jean Bosco. "Modélisation Territoriale des Types de Labour dans le Bassin Versant d’Affon-Donga au Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 13 (April 30, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n13p168.
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L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’effet d’un programme thérapeutique de développement des compétences psychosociales (émotivocognitivo-comportemental) sur la diminution du comportement hostile et la capacité de régulation des émotions chez des avocats adhérents à l’association Tunisienne de fierté et dignité. Cette adhésion nous a permis de trouver un échantillon accessible au travail. L’échantillon de l’étude comptait 120 avocats ayant un degré élevé d’hostilité selon le questionnaire de l’hostilité, âgés de 25 à 60 ans. Les participants ont été randomisés dans un programme de vingt-deux séances de 120 minutes de psychothérapie basée sur la régulation du comportement hostile avec ses différentes composantes (émotionnelles, cognitives et comportementales). Les participants du groupe témoin n’ont pas participé au programme. La mesure principale était d’évaluer le programme de développement des compétences psychosociales (variable indépendante), le comportement hostile (variable dépendante, évaluée par l’échelle d’Hostilité et la capacité de régulation des émotions (variable médiatrice). Les principaux effets du programme proposé dans cette étude étaient efficaces. Les séances ont permis de contrôler et de diminuer significativement le comportement hostile, ainsi que d’améliorer la capacité de régulation des émotions chez les avocats participants à la recherche.
L’élaboration d’une politique de gestion durable des terres agricoles par les décideurs s’avère d’une importance capitale pour les agriculteurs. La territorialisation de l’agriculture doit être vulgarisée suite à l’identification des terres aptes à l’agriculture durable. La présente étude vise à élaborer un modèle territorial des types de labour dans le bassin versant d’Affon-Donga (au Bénin) pour une pérennisation des terres en vue d’asseoir une agriculture durable. L’usage du modèle RUSLE a permis de localiser les secteurs exposés à l’érosion hydrique dans ledit bassin versant. La carte issue du modèle RUSLE, la carte d’épaisseur du sol et la carte d’occupation du sol ont été utilisées comme facteurs dans le modèle de superposition pondéré pour déterminer les zones aptes aux différents types de labour. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que 13,45 % de la superficie du bassin versant représente les sols relativement profonds où tout type de labour est possible ; 17,92 % du bassin versant correspond aux sols aptes au labour en billons perpendiculaires à la pente pour éviter considérablement l’érosion hydrique ; 56,17 % du bassin versant représente les sols aptes au labour en planches perpendiculaires à la pente pour pratiquer les cultures maraîchères uniquement dans les bas-fonds et 12,45 % du bassin versant représente les sols qui ne sont pas destinés aux labours. Pourtant, la production des fourrages y est possible. Pour la pérennité des terres agricoles, le modèle de la territorialisation des types de labour permet aux décideurs d’orienter les agriculteurs sur les terres agricoles aptes.
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Kavvadias, V., M. Doula, M. Papadopoulou, and Sid Theocharopoulos. "Long-term application of olive-mill wastewater affects soil chemical and microbial properties." Soil Research 53, no. 4 (2015): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Disposal of untreated olive-mill wastewater (OMW) is a major environmental problem in many Mediterranean countries. This study assessed the impact of OMW application on soil microbiological properties and explored the relationship to soil chemical properties during a 9-month, periodical soil-sampling campaign in a pilot study area in Crete, South Greece. Cases studied involved: direct application of OMW on soil; OMW disposal in active evaporation ponds; sites hosting evaporation ponds that have been inactive for the past 9 years; sites downstream of active evaporation ponds; and control soils, upstream of the waste-disposal ponds. Long-term OMW disposal on land affected the main soil chemical properties. Applicability of the results from the systematic monitoring was confirmed by results obtained in other OMW disposal sites around the pilot area. Soil microbial properties (microbial activity, microbial biomass carbon, and metabolic quotient) were considerably affected by OMW disposal. Moreover, seasonal changes of soil properties revealed short- and long-term residual effects due to OMW disposal. Significant correlations were observed among soil microbial characteristics and soil chemical properties, clearly indicating a close relationship between chemical properties and the transformation of microbial communities in soil after OMW land spreading. The determination of a key set of chemical and microbiological parameters that can be used as indicators for monitoring soil quality at olive-mill waste-disposal areas will verify the efficiency of the techniques used for the land disposal of OMW and will consequently promote their sustainable management.
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Sparkes, D. L. "Are ‘ancient wheat species’ more adapted to hostile environments than modern bread wheat?" South African Journal of Plant and Soil 27, no. 4 (January 2010): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2010.10640003.
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El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. "The Souls of Muslim Folk." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i4.315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current debate on the vices of multiculturalism and the merits of integration, of problematizing cultural difference, appears to miss important lessons from recent history in the treatment of minorities. In this paper, I start by questioning the celebration of Barack Obama’s election as a “breakthrough” for multicultural inclusiveness. I argue that the “Obama phenomenon” highlights the limits of democratic inclusiveness and sheds light on the traumatic experience of African Americans, who have been victimized precisely for seeking to assimilate. European Jews, especially in Germany, could not be accused of any reluctance to integrate either, and their contributions to European culture are legendary. But they also suffered grievously for their pains. Thus when the same xenophobic political trends traditionally hostile to the integration of minorities begin to vociferously demand that Muslims should integrate, this must be seen as a warning that we may be heading toward a very dark phase of race relations in the West.
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El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. "The Souls of Muslim Folk." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 29, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v29i4.315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current debate on the vices of multiculturalism and the merits of integration, of problematizing cultural difference, appears to miss important lessons from recent history in the treatment of minorities. In this paper, I start by questioning the celebration of Barack Obama’s election as a “breakthrough” for multicultural inclusiveness. I argue that the “Obama phenomenon” highlights the limits of democratic inclusiveness and sheds light on the traumatic experience of African Americans, who have been victimized precisely for seeking to assimilate. European Jews, especially in Germany, could not be accused of any reluctance to integrate either, and their contributions to European culture are legendary. But they also suffered grievously for their pains. Thus when the same xenophobic political trends traditionally hostile to the integration of minorities begin to vociferously demand that Muslims should integrate, this must be seen as a warning that we may be heading toward a very dark phase of race relations in the West.
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Gagliano, A. L., S. Calabrese, K. Daskalopoulou, J. Cabassi, F. Capecchiacci, F. Tassi, S. Bellomo, et al. "Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece)." Geofluids 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4783514.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils, and plants) was carried out at the Lakki Plain, an intracaldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), together with H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus creticus and salvifolius and Erica arborea and manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 μg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg with respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in the air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (<0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.
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Kral, Timothy A., Curtis R. Bekkum, and Christopher P. Mckay. "Growth of Methanogens on a Mars Soil Simulant Under Simulated Martian Conditions." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900193593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the hostile conditions at the surface, any life forms existing on Mars today would most likely inhabit a subsurface environment where conditions are potentially wetter and warmer, but organic compounds may be lacking and light energy for photosynthesis would be absent. Methanogens, members of the domain Archaea, are microorganisms from planet Earth that can grow under these relatively extreme conditions. We have demonstrated that certain methanogenic species can indeed grow on a Mars soil simulant, JSC Mars-1, with limited amounts of water, under conditions approaching a possible subsurface environment on Mars.
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MORENTE, FRANCISCO. "On Hostile Soil: Spanish Republican Diplomats in Berlin at the Onset of the Spanish Civil War." Contemporary European History 26, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
German intervention in the Spanish Civil War was decisive for its development and result. Traditionally scholars have focused their attention on the support given by the Third Reich to the military rebels; however, they have widely neglected the study of the relationship between Germany and the Spanish Republic during the first four months of the war, when both countries maintained diplomatic relations. This paper aims at exploring a crucial aspect of that historical period, namely the circumstances of the Spanish diplomats in Berlin during those first four months, and the strategies that the German and the Spanish governments carried out in the harsh diplomatic battle that they ended up fighting. The author explains the difficult working conditions of the Spanish diplomats who were loyal to the Republic and stayed in Berlin in July 1936, when most of their colleagues deserted. Finally, he explores how the German Foreign Affairs Department, in collaboration with the Gestapo, managed to restrain the Spanish Republic diplomatic action in Germany.
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Traxler, Lea, Anne Wollenberg, Georg Steinhauser, Ihor Chyzhevskyi, Sergiy Dubchak, Sina Großmann, Alix Günther, et al. "Survival of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in soil under hostile environmental conditions in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone." Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (February 2021): 124002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124002.
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Saatchi, S., Y. Malhi, B. Zutta, W. Buermann, L. O. Anderson, A. M. Araujo, O. L. Phillips, et al. "Mapping landscape scale variations of forest structure, biomass, and productivity in Amazonia." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 4, 2009): 5461–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-5461-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Landscape and environmental variables such as topography, geomorphology, soil types, and climate are important factors affecting forest composition, structure, productivity, and biomass. Here, we combine a network of forest inventories with recently developed global data products from satellite observations in modeling the potential distributions of forest structure and productivity in Amazonia and examine how geomorphology, soil, and precipitation control these distributions. We use the RAINFOR network of forest plots distributed in lowland forests across Amazonia, and satellite observations of tree cover, leaf area index, phenology, moisture, and topographical variations. A maximum entropy estimation (Maxent) model is employed to predict the spatial distribution of several key forest structure parameters: basal area, fraction of large trees, fraction of palms, wood density, productivity, and above-ground biomass at 5 km spatial resolution. A series of statistical tests at selected thresholds as well as across all thresholds and jackknife analysis are used to examine the accuracy of distribution maps and the relative contributions of environmental variables. The final maps were interpreted using soil, precipitation, and geomorphological features of Amazonia and it was found that the length of dry season played a key role in impacting the distribution of all forest variables except the wood density. Soil type had a significant impact on the wood productivity. Most high productivity forests were distributed either on less infertile soils of western Amazonia and Andean foothills, on crystalline shields, and younger alluvial deposits. Areas of low elevation and high density of small rivers of Central Amazonia showed distinct features, hosting mainly forests with low productivity and smaller trees.
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Bhar, Anupam, Benjamin Feddersen, Robert Malone, and Ratnesh Kumar. "Agriculture Model Comparison Framework and MyGeoHub Hosting: Case of Soil Nitrogen." Inventions 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6020025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To be able to compare many agricultural models, a general framework for model comparison when field data may limit direct comparison of models is proposed, developed, and also demonstrated. The framework first calibrates the benchmark model against the field data, and next it calibrates the test model against the data generated by the calibrated benchmark model. The framework is validated for the modeling of the soil nutrient nitrogen (N), a critical component in the overall agriculture system modeling effort. The nitrogen dynamics and related carbon (C) dynamics, as captured in advanced agricultural modeling such as RZWQM, are highly complex, involving numerous states (pools) and parameters. Calibrating many parameters requires more time and data to avoid underfitting. The execution time of a complex model is higher as well. A study of tradeoff among modeling complexities vs. speed-up, and the corresponding impact on modeling accuracy, is desirable. This paper surveys soil nitrogen models and lists those by their complexity in terms of the number of parameters, and C-N pools. This paper also examines a lean soil N and C dynamics model and compares it with an advanced model, RZWQM. Since nitrate and ammonia are not directly measured in this study, we first calibrate RZWQM using the available data from an experimental field in Greeley, CO, and next use the daily nitrate and ammonia data generated from RZWQM as ground truth, against which the lean model’s N dynamics parameters are calibrated. In both cases, the crop growth was removed to zero out the plant uptake, to compare only the soil N-dynamics. The comparison results showed good accuracy with a coefficient of determination (R2) match of 0.99 and 0.62 for nitrate and ammonia, respectively, while affording significant speed-up in simulation time. The lean model is also hosted in MyGeoHub cyberinfrastructure for universal online access.
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Azam, Gausul, Cameron D. Grant, Rabindra K. Misra, Robert S. Murray, and Ian K. Nuberg. "Growth of tree roots in hostile soil: A comparison of root growth pressures of tree seedlings with peas." Plant and Soil 368, no. 1-2 (November 30, 2012): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1537-4.
Повний текст джерела
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Dorigo, W. A., W. Wagner, R. Hohensinn, S. Hahn, C. Paulik, A. Xaver, A. Gruber, et al. "The International Soil Moisture Network: a data hosting facility for global in situ soil moisture measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2011): 1675–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1675-2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In situ measurements of soil moisture are invaluable for calibrating and validating land surface models and satellite-based soil moisture retrievals. In addition, long-term time series of in situ soil moisture measurements themselves can reveal trends in the water cycle related to climate or land cover change. Nevertheless, on a worldwide basis the number of meteorological networks and stations measuring soil moisture, in particular on a continuous basis, is still limited and the data they provide lack standardization of technique and protocol. To overcome many of these limitations, the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN; http://www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/insitu) was initiated to serve as a centralized data hosting facility where globally available in situ soil moisture measurements from operational networks and validation campaigns are collected, harmonized, and made available to users. Data collecting networks share their soil moisture datasets with the ISMN on a voluntary and no-cost basis. Incoming soil moisture data are automatically transformed into common volumetric soil moisture units and checked for outliers and implausible values. Apart from soil water measurements from different depths, important metadata and meteorological variables (e.g., precipitation and soil temperature) are stored in the database. These will assist the user in correctly interpreting the soil moisture data. The database is queried through a graphical user interface while output of data selected for download is provided according to common standards for data and metadata. Currently (status May 2011), the ISMN contains data of 19 networks and more than 500 stations located in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The time period spanned by the entire database runs from 1952 until the present, although most datasets have originated during the last decade. The database is rapidly expanding, which means that both the number of stations and the time period covered by the existing stations are still growing. Hence, it will become an increasingly important resource for validating and improving satellite-derived soil moisture products and studying climate related trends. As the ISMN is animated by the scientific community itself, we invite potential networks to enrich the collection by sharing their in situ soil moisture data.
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Dorigo, W. A., W. Wagner, R. Hohensinn, S. Hahn, C. Paulik, M. Drusch, S. Mecklenburg, P. van Oevelen, A. Robock, and T. Jackson. "The International Soil Moisture Network: a data hosting facility for global in situ soil moisture measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 1609–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-1609-2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In situ measurements of soil moisture are invaluable for calibrating and validating land surface models and satellite-based soil moisture retrievals. In addition, long-term time series of in situ soil moisture measurements themselves can reveal trends in the water cycle related to climate or land cover change. Nevertheless, on a worldwide basis the number of meteorological networks and stations measuring soil moisture, in particular on a continuous basis, is still limited and the data they provide lack standardization of technique and protocol. To overcome many of these limitations, the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN; http://www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/insitu) was initiated to serve as a centralized data hosting facility where globally available in situ soil moisture measurements from operational networks and validation campaigns are collected, harmonized, and made available to users. Data collecting networks share their soil moisture datasets with the ISMN on a voluntary and no-cost basis. Incoming soil moisture data are automatically transformed into common volumetric soil moisture units and checked for outliers and implausible values. Apart from soil water measurements from different depths, important metadata and meteorological variables (e.g., precipitation and soil temperature) are stored in the database. These will assist the user in correctly interpreting the soil moisture data. The database is queried through a graphical user interface while output of data selected for download is provided according to common standards for data and metadata. Currently (status January 2011), the ISMN contains data of 16 networks and more than 500 stations located in the North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The time period spanned by the entire database runs from 1952 until the present, although most datasets have originated during the last decade. The database is rapidly expanding, which means that both the number of stations and the time period covered by the existing stations are still growing. Hence, it will become an increasingly important resource for validating and improving satellite-derived soil moisture products and studying climate related trends. As the ISMN is animated by the scientific community itself, we invite potential networks to enrich the collection by sharing their in situ soil moisture data.
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Oliveira, Francisco Ronaldo Alves de, Henrique Antunes de Souza, Marco Antônio Rosa de Carvalho, and Mirian Cristina Gomes Costa. "GREEN FERTILIZATION WITH RESIDUES OF LEGUMINOUS TREES FOR CULTIVATING MAIZE IN DEGRADED SOIL." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 4 (December 2018): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n401rc.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of parts of leguminous trees on the growth and nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.), as well as on the chemical attributes of a degraded soil, 65 days after applying the residues. The experiment was conducted in pots, in a randomized block design with ten treatments and four replicates. The evaluated treatments were: T1 - No residues of leguminous trees, T2 - Leaves of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T3 - Branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T4 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T5 - Leaves of Mimosa hostilis, T6 - Branches of Mimosa hostilis, T7 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa hostilis, T8 - Leaves of Gliricidia sepium, T9 - Branches of Gliricidia sepium and T10 - Leaves + branches of Gliricidia sepium. Pots were filled with soil from a degraded area and residues were added in the form of green mass after sowing the maize. Residues of leguminous trees positively influenced maize growth at 65 days after application and favored the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the shoots. Green fertilizers improved soil chemical attributes at 65 days after application, especially nitrate-N (NO3 --N), ammonium-N (NH4 +-N), total inorganic N (NO3 --N + NH4 +-N) and K, demonstrating that these species are good options for recovering degraded areas in the semi-arid region of Ceará.
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Ma, L. Eve Armentrout. "Treaty or Travesty?: Legal Issues Surrounding the U.S.- Philippines Military Base Agreement of 1947–1992." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10, no. 1-2 (2001): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656101793645560.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSince the end of World War II, the United States has been foremost in negotiating military bases on foreign soil, and it can be anticipated that it will do so again in the future. In general, these base agreements have had many common elements. Most have allowed the stationing of American troops on foreign soil for a very long period of time, and have involved a certain measure of extraterritoriality. Most have been concluded under conditions of stress for the host country. Often, for example, the host nation has been one that was devastated by war, and was either the recently defeated enemy or the near-prostrate victor. In many cases the host nation was relatively small, economically shaky, and newly independent, fearful of its chances of survival in an unpredictable and often hostile world; and more often than not, the former ruler or territorial administrator was the United States.
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Barón Cortés, Andrés, Ingrid Xiomara Barrera Ramírez, Luis Francisco Boada Eslava, and Gerardo Rodríguez Niño. "Evaluating hydrogels for agriforestry applications." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n3.14843.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrogels synthesised by inverse suspension polymerisation (ISP) technique consisting of acrylamide and potassium acrylate interlinked with N, N’ methylene-bis-acrylamide and presenting different behavior in terms of rooting ability and speed, elastic module and release properties were studied. Markedly clayey soil properties were modified by drawing up moisture-retention curves using ceramic plate pressure waves and developing montages for evaluating modifications made to their retention, regarding prolonged and instantaneous irrigation-water dosage conditions. Acacia and radish crops were grown in nursery phase in soil conditioned with different hydrogels. Delayed specie withering was simultaneously evaluated in the first crop and difference in growth in the second one. Follow-up of in situ soil moisture content was also evaluated over a fixed period of time. A method was achieved for measuring elastic module and release properties and model was established for predicting hydrogel behavior in soil having known basic properties in free state. The results revealed the usefulness of hydrogels in such applications: greater facility in usable water release and retention by soil, notable delay in withering in hostile conditions and greater growth of species. Guidelines were also established for defining the characteristics of hydrogel more adequately, depending on the desired application and a projection was made concerning reducing water consumption for maintaining a particular crop.