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Статті в журналах з теми "Horizontal field"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Zhang, Yunfeng, Erchun Zhang, and Jialiang Gu. "Evaluation of Horizontal Electric Field from the Lightning Channel by Electromagnetic Field Equations of Moving Charges." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (December 14, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4091586.

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Анотація:

The horizontal electric field from the lightning return-stroke channel is evaluated by the electromagnetic field equations of moving charges in this paper. When a lightning flash strikes the ground, the charges move upward the lightning channel at the return-stroke speed, thereby producing the electromagnetic fields. According to the electromagnetic field equations of moving charges, the detained charges, uniformly moving charges, and decelerating (or accelerating) charges in each segment of the channel generate electrostatic fields, velocity fields, and radiation fields, respectively. The horizontal component of the sum is the horizontal electric field over the perfectly conducting ground. For the real soil with finite conductivity, the Wait formula is used here for the evaluation of the horizontal electric field over the realistic soil. The proposed method can avoid the oscillation of the fields in the long distance by the FDTD method and the singularity problem of the integral equation by the Sommerfeld integral method. The influences of the return-stroke speed, distance, and soil conductivity on the horizontal electric field are also analyzed by the proposed method. The conclusions can be drawn that the horizontal electric field decreases with the increasing of the return-stroke speed; the negative offset increases with the increasing of horizontal distance and with the decreasing of the soil conductivity, thereby forming the bipolar waveform. These conclusions will be practically valuable for the protection of lightning-induced overvoltage on the transmission lines.

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2

BEJANCU, AUREL. "FIELD EQUATIONS FOR SPACE–TIME–MATTER THEORY." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 10, no. 09 (August 30, 2013): 1350038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887813500382.

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In the present paper we obtain, in a covariant form, and in their full generality, the field equations in a relativistic general Kaluza–Klein space. This is done by using the Riemannian horizontal connection defined in [3], and some 4D horizontal tensor fields, as for instance: horizontal Ricci tensor, horizontal Einstein gravitational tensor field, horizontal electromagnetic energy–momentum tensor field, etc. Also, we present some inter-relations between STM theory and brane-world theory. This enables us to introduce in brane theory some electromagnetic potentials constructed by means of the warp function.

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3

Yoshida, Takao. "Horizontal well in Kubiki Oil Field." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 59, no. 5 (1994): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.59.415.

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4

SOGAMI, IKUO S. "GAUGE FIELD THEORY OF HORIZONTAL SYMMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2009): 3523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047144.

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The standard model of particle physics is generalized with a horizontal symmetry so that all its results are successfully reproduced without inducing any unphysical modes of existence. Two stage breakdowns of symmetries result in mass matrices of Majorana and Dirac types for fundamental fermions and predict rich physical modes of boson fields, some of which might be observed by the LHC experiment.

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5

Ambrož, P., and W. Pötzi. "Horizontal flow below solar filaments." Astronomy & Astrophysics 613 (May 2018): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731162.

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Context. Observations of the internal fine structures of solar filaments indicate that the threads of filaments follow magnetic field lines. The magnetic field inside the filament has a strong axial component. Some models of magnetic fields suggest that the field structure in filaments could be caused by the horizontal plasma velocity field near both sides below the filament, where observable shearing effects from the axial component are expected. Aims. The horizontal velocity field in the vicinity of polarity inversion lines is measured in order to determine, if it exhibits a systematic movement that induces shear along the filament axis and convergence perpendicular to the axis. Methods. The horizontal velocity was obtained from the displacement of supergranules, which were derived from Doppler measurements in the solar photosphere. Dopplergrams corrected for rigid rotation and p-mode oscillations were further analyzed by local correlation tracking. Results. Vector fields of the horizontal velocities were measured in 16 areas during 8 time intervals in the years 2000–2002 on both solar hemispheres, each for a few consecutive days. For 64 selected filaments the nearby horizontal velocity vectors were split up into a component along the filament axis and a perpendicular component. Conclusions. Differences between the axial velocities on both sides of the filaments were calculated. In almost all cases the velocity gradient corresponds to the inclination of the threads observed in Hα images. The average transverse velocity does not show any preferred tendency towards a divergence or convergence to the filament axis. Testing the horizontal velocity for the creation of the differential rotation profile in the photosphere reveals a strong dependence of the averaging process on the scale of our velocities.

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6

Zalzala, Adnan. "Horizontal Wells: Applications, Considerations, and Case Histories." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 2, no. 3 (May 5, 2021): 72–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v2i3.50.

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Анотація:

This paper discusses many aspects of the application of horizontal wells for field development, starting with the basic question of why to opt to this technology. The different considerations to be taken into account when dealing with the technology are reviewed, including some inherent downsides like higher cost and operational complications. The main emphasis, however, is placed on practical reservoir engineering aspects, including well planning and performance, and the handling of horizontal wells in specific technical applications like well test analysis and numerical modeling. The theoretical basis and pertinent differences in physics and flow regimes around vertical and horizontal wells are discussed in the context, together with the inherent practical implications. Case histories and examples are presented for several successful applications worldwide that the author was involved in. In one case, a medium size field offshore Canada was developed with waterflood utilizing very few horizontal producers, with a set of horizontal and vertical water injectors. Detailed planning and intensive modeling, carried out by a team of engineers and geoscientists, led to a remarkably successful field development. In another case, few horizontals were used among many directional wells to develop a Mediterranean oil reservoir under aquifer and gas cap drives in an attempt to reduce coning problems, raising an opportunity to compare the long term performance of different geometry wells. A brief description is also presented to some advanced techniques and special cases of implementing horizontal wells such as thermal recovery (Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage, or SAGD Process), multi-lateral wells, and multi-fractured wells, with discussion on these applications. Under favorable conditions, horizontal wells can also be used as an Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) tool in mature fields, an application that became very common in many super giant fields in the Arabian Gulf Area.

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7

A.Alrazzaq, Ayad A. Alhaleem. "Development of East Baghdad Oil Field By Clusters of Horizontal Wells." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2019.3.10.

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Анотація:

There are varieties of reasons lead for drilling horizontal wells rather than verticals. Increasing the recovery of oil, especially from thin or tight reservoir permeability is the most important parameter. East Baghdad oil field considered as a giant field with approximately more than 1billion barrel of a proved reserves accompanying recently to low production rate problems in many of the existing wells. It is important to say that presence of of horizontal wells in East Baghdad field especially by converting some of already drilled wells by re-entry drilling horizontal sections may provide one of best solutions for the primary development stage in East Baghdad field which may be followed by drilling new horizontal wells or using multilateral wells. Advance software (Well Test/FAST) has been used to convert the production data for the already drilled vertical wells to horizontals to simulate the productivity. It can be concluded that no measurements available for the ratio of anisotropy (Kv/Kh); in East Baghdad Oil Field therefore, the wells productivity has been estimated using wide range of anisotropy ratios that will help the field operator to determine exactly wells productivity. Moreover, it helps to recommend the effectiveness of applying hydraulic fracturing in improving horizontal well productivity. The results show that it could be used well EB-32 as a re-entry horizontal well with an optimum section length of 1500-2000ft wich give the best production rate. The same result could be stated for EB-10 with somewhat higher productivity than EB-32.

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8

Xu, Xin, Zhipeng Chen, Chu Han, Lizhi Zhu, Wei Zheng, Jiayu Xu, Cheng Yang, et al. "Effect of equilibrium radial position on horizontal instability of middle single null divertor configuration in the iron core tokamak." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 3 (March 2022): 032510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073020.

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Анотація:

The unique high-field side middle single null divertor configuration in the Joint-Texas Experimental Tokamak is attractive in studying detachment, impurity control, L-H transition, and negative triangularity. Its equilibrium configuration with a horizontally elongated (or flattened) poloidal cross section causes position instability and difficulty in equilibrium control. This work disassembles the vertical magnetic field of each group of poloidal field windings and calculates the field decay index ( n-index) at different radial positions. It is found that the instability growth time τg of horizontal displacement increases as the equilibrium radial position of plasma moves outward, which is beneficial to the position control. The simulation and experiments verified the effect of equilibrium position on horizontal instability. The equilibrium position slightly outward from the geometric center of the vacuum chamber effectively decreases the horizontal displacement oscillation amplitude and guarantees the controllable horizontal displacement.

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9

Hess, G., C. D. Aizenman, and J. P. Donoghue. "Conditions for the induction of long-term potentiation in layer II/III horizontal connections of the rat motor cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.1765.

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1. The present studies investigated conditions for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the local horizontal pathways of layers II/III in the primary motor cortex (MI) of the adult rat. Field potential and intracellular recordings demonstrated synaptic interactions across the superficial layers within MI that could be enhanced transiently by focal application of the gamma-aminobuturic acid-A receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (Bic) at the recording site. 2. Field potentials evoked in the superficial MI horizontal pathways increased in amplitude after tetanizing, theta burst stimulation (TBS), but only when Bic was applied transiently at the recording site immediately before TBS. In the absence of Bic, TBS failed to produce long-lasting increases in horizontally evoked field responses. By contrast, TBS delivery during focal Bic application increased field potential amplitudes by 25-35% when measured 25-30 min after stimulation. The amount of potentiation was greater when two converging horizontal inputs were stimulated together but was not increased with higher intensity stimulation. Persistent effects of Bic application alone were evident. However, these effects were small unless Bic application continued until evoked field potential amplitude increase exceeded 200% of baseline. 3. The synaptic nature of field potential increases were confirmed using intracellular recordings of layer II/III neurons located near field potential electrodes. 4. LTP also could be induced without Bic application by cotetanization of vertical pathways simultaneously with horizontal activation. Vertical conditioning alone at 2 Hz, which affects inhibitory efficacy, was shown to transiently relieve depression of successive responses that ordinarily occurs during a burst of three horizontal stimuli. These results suggest that LTP of horizontal pathways may be regulated by spatiotemporal interactions between horizontal and vertical pathways. 5. Horizontal LTP was blocked reversibly by bath application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, thereby implicating NMDA-receptor activation in LTP induction for these pathways. 6. The results confirm and extend our previous finding that the potential for activity-dependent modification of synaptic connections exists within the intrinsic horizontal connections of the superficial cortical layers. Synaptic modification across horizontally connected neurons appears to be regulated both by the arrangement of intrinsic circuitry and by the availability of mechanisms for modification at individual synapses. The properties of horizontal connections indicate that they form a spatial substrate and provide an activity-dependent mechanism for plasticity of adult cortical representations.

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10

Turkyilmazoglu, Mustafa. "Flow and heat over a rotating disk subject to a uniform horizontal magnetic field." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 77, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2021-0350.

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Abstract Magnetic field is often applied to stabilize the flow field in real life applications of fluid mechanics problems. In the present work, it is employed a horizontal uniform magnetic field to regularize the flow field triggered due to a rotating disk. The energy equation is also studied subjected to such a horizontal magnetic field. The applied horizontal magnetic field is different from the well-known applied external vertical magnetic field. It is shown that the horizontal magnetic field leads to a similarity system of equations with the help of the traditional von Kármán similarity transformations. The effects of such a magnetic field on the development of velocity and temperature fields are then numerically investigated. The existence of exact series solutions in terms of decaying exponential functions is further discussed. The critical roles of horizontal magnetic field on the physical quantities involving the local wall shears, torque and the heat transfer rate are finally highlighted.

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11

Kuo, Huei Pei. "Field emission displays based on linear horizontal field emission cathodes." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 15, no. 6 (November 1997): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.589727.

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12

DANIELS, BRYAN A., and WILLIAM H. BALDRIDGE. "The light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size in the goldfish retina involves nitric oxide." Visual Neuroscience 28, no. 2 (February 16, 2011): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523810000490.

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AbstractHorizontal cells of the vertebrate retina have large receptive fields as a result of extensive gap junction coupling. Increased ambient illumination reduces horizontal cell receptive field size. Using the isolated goldfish retina, we have assessed the contribution of nitric oxide to the light-dependent reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size. Horizontal cell receptive field size was assessed by comparing the responses to centered spot and annulus stimuli and from the responses to translated slit stimuli. A period of steady illumination decreased the receptive field size of horizontal cells, as did treatment with the nitric oxide donor (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (100μM). Blocking the endogenous production of nitric oxide with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (1 mM), decreased the light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size. These findings suggest that nitric oxide is involved in light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size.

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13

Рахимов, Зиннур, Zinnur Rakhimov, Салават Мударисов, Salavat Mudarisov, Ильдар Рахимов, and Ildar Rakhimov. "EMERGENCE OF MECHANICAL SOIL EROSION ON SLOPES AND WAYS TO REDUCE IT." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bcf57a9e2e7c6.37232211.

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The work is devoted to the mathematical description of the process of occurrence and flow of mechanical soil erosion on slope fields and ways to reduce it. The dependences of mechanical erosion on the steepness of the slope, the type and parameters of the working unit, the direction of movement of the unit relative to the horizontal field are given. The obtained mathematical dependences allow us to calculate the displacement of the soil down the slope, depending on the type and parameters of the working unit and on the technology of tillage used. Purpose of the study. Reduction of mechanical soil erosion in slope fields by improving technologies and structural and technological parameters of tillage and seeding machines. Calculations showed that when the unit moves at an angle θ = 45 ÷ 70° to the horizontal of the field, the maximum displacement of the soil occurs by the lower wing of the working body (Δ1). Minimal mechanical soil erosion is provided for lancet working bodies when the unit moves relative to the horizontal of the field at an angle of 90 ± 35°, for unilateral working bodies - 120 ± 40°. It is desirable to avoid the direction of movement of the unit θ ≈ 0 ... 70°, when maximum mechanical erosion is observed when processing by one-sided working bodies (plow bodies) exceeding mechanical erosion when moving along the field horizontals 1.5 times.

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14

YOKOYAMA, Yoshio, and Tadao OGIMOTO. "Horizontal well drilling in the khafji field." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 55, no. 6 (1990): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.55.417.

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15

Corbally, C. J., and R. O. Gray. "Spectral Characteristics of Field Horizontal-Branch Stars." Astronomical Journal 112 (November 1996): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/118181.

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16

Suzuki, Takehiko. "Thermal convection in a horizontal magnetic field." Journal of Crystal Growth 92, no. 3-4 (October 1988): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(88)90025-5.

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17

Jin, Weihua, Zheng Liu, and Fuxin Ding. "Broth Dewatering in a Horizontal Electric Field." Separation Science and Technology 38, no. 4 (January 3, 2003): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-120017625.

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18

Wait, J. R. "Concerning the horizontal electric field of lightning." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 39, no. 2 (May 1997): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.584943.

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19

Wait, J. R., D. V. Thiel, and R. Mittra. "Horizontal electric field sensors-staked or not?" IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 37, no. 1 (1999): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.739165.

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20

Liu, Wei Kai, Ming Xing Song, Zi Yi Xu, and Xue Hong Zhang. "The Analysis of Horizontal Extension Capability in Horizontal Wells." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1745.

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Анотація:

It is critical to understand whether the available drilling assembly could meet the requirements of drilling design during the design and drilling of horizontal wells. This paper pointed out several limitations on horizontal extension capability of horizontal wells and provided judging criteria of the limit of horizontal extension based upon the characteristics of horizontal wells, and set up the gap element model analyzing torque and dragged of whole drill strings in horizontal wells. According to the force analysis of drill strings in bores given the foundation for regularities in the distribution of torque and drag force along the axis, on the basis of those above mentioned models and theories, a software was made to calculate the torque and drag force of a well, which compared with the field data, the average discrepancies of theoretical values are below 20% that could meet the needs in field works.

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21

Yang, Jingyang, Fanchang Zhang, and Chuanhui Li. "Inversion of horizontal in situ stress field based on wide-azimuth seismic data." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 19, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxac006.

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Abstract In situ stress is a significant rock mechanics parameter, which is widely used in many aspects of the petroleum industry. Horizontal in situ stress is an important part of in situ stress. Hence, how to obtain accurate information as to horizontal stress can vary with azimuth has been widely explored. A new prediction method for in situ stress on a horizontal plane is proposed here. This new method analyses the relationship between seismic data, fracture orientation and a horizontal in situ stress field. Through a series of actual data, it is found that azimuth seismic data and azimuth elastic modulus can effectively point out the direction of the horizontal stress. Meanwhile, the magnitude of horizontal stress is shown to be closely related to a combination of rock elastic modulus and seismic amplitude according to a further analysis of log and wide-azimuth seismic data. Under this premise, an objective function of horizontal in situ stress field inversion using azimuth seismic data is established. Finally, the inversion of a horizontal in situ stress field based on wide-azimuth seismic data is realized. This inversion method can simultaneously invert the maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress and their orientations, which optimizes the prediction process of a horizontal in situ stress field and establish a new method for the prediction of horizontal in situ stress fields. The application of actual data also verifies the prediction accuracy of this method.

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22

Bloomfield, Stewart A., Daiyan Xin, and Seth E. Persky. "A comparison of receptive field and tracer coupling size of horizontal cells in the rabbit retina." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 5 (September 1995): 985–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009524.

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AbstractThe large receptive fields of retinal horizontal cells are thought to reflect extensive electrical coupling via gap junctions. It was shown recently that the biotinylated tracers, biocytin and Neurobiotin, provide remarkable images of coupling between many types of retinal neuron, including horizontal cells. Further, these demonstrations of tracer coupling between horizontal cells rivaled the size of their receptive fields, suggesting that the pattern of tracer coupling may provide some index of the extent of electrical coupling. We studied this question by comparing the receptive field and tracer coupling size of dark-adapted horizontal cells recorded in the superfused, isolated retina-eyecup of the rabbit. Both the edge-to-edge receptive field and space constants (λ) were computed for each cell using a long, narrow slit of light displaced across the retinal surface. Cells were subsequently labeled by iontophoretic injection of Neurobiotin. The axonless A-type horizontal cells showed extensive, homologous tracer coupling in groups greater than 1000 covering distances averaging about 2 mm. The axon-bearing B-type horizontal cells were less extensively tracer coupled, showing homologous coupling of the somatic endings in groups of about 100 cells spanning approximately 400 μm and a separate homologous coupling of the axon terminal endings covering only about 275 μm. Moreover, we observed a remarkable, linear relationship between the size of the receptive fields of each of the three horizontal cell endings and the magnitude of their tracer coupling. Our findings suggest that the extent of tracer coupling provides a strong, linear index of the magnitude of electrical current flow, as derived from receptive-field measures, across groups of coupled horizontal cells. These data thus provide the first direct evidence that the receptive-field size of horizontal cells is related to the extent of their coupling via gap junctions.

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23

Sambuelli, L., G. P. Deidda, G. Albis, E. Giorcelli, and G. Tristano. "Comparison of standard horizontal geophones and newly designed horizontal detectors." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (November 2001): 1827–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487125.

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To increase the speed and efficiency of shallow seismic SH‐wave data recording and to decrease acquisition costs, we have designed, constructed, and tested a new velocity tool that detects horizontal movements better than standard horizontal geophones. A comparative evaluation of significant characteristics and field performances of this new detector was conducted through laboratory and field tests on two sets of receivers: one consisting of 24 prototypes of the new detector and the other consisting of 24 standard horizontal geophones. Laboratory measurements revealed similar behaviors of impedance curves and geophone responses for the two types of detectors, but the impedance amplitudes and the frequency‐response amplitudes of the new detector were twice those of the standard geophones. However, comparison of the horizontal‐to‐vertical (response) ratios, proved that the new detector better discriminates (6 dB on average) between the horizontal and vertical excitements. Field data proved that the energy, the maximum amplitude in the trace, and the maximum reflected amplitude were always higher in the data recorded with the new detector, although only half the source energy was used. The extra cost and weight of the new detector should be outweighed by its advantages, such as higher sensitivity to horizontal motions, better energy efficiency, and greater cost effectiveness. When a wavefield can be interpreted as SH‐waves, SH‐wave records can be acquired without the traditional drawbacks such as acquiring two records in each shot position, preprocessing of each record, and the final trace‐to‐trace subtraction needed to produce a pure SH‐wave record.

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24

Zhou, Jianbo, Shengchun Piao, Yiwang Huang, Shizhao Zhang, and Ke Qu. "A spatial correlation model for the horizontal non-isotropic ocean ambient noise vector field." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, no. 2 (June 2017): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317711984.

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The ocean ambient noise is one of interference fields of underwater acoustic channel. The design and use of any sonar system are bound to be affected by ocean ambient noise, so to research the spatial correlation characteristics of noise field is of positive significance to improving the performance of sonar system. Only wind-generated noise is considered in most existing ambient noise models. In this case, the noise field is isotropic in horizontal direction. However, due to those influencing factors, like rainfall, ships and windstorm, etc. for a real ocean environment, noise field becomes anisotropic horizontally and the spatial structure of ambient field also changes correspondingly. This paper presents a spatial correlation of the acoustic vector field of anisotropic field by introducing Von Mises probability distribution to describe horizontal directivity. Closed-form expressions are derived which relate the cross-correlation among the sound pressure and three orthogonal components of vibration velocity, besides, the influence of the non-uniformity of noise field on the correlation characteristics of noise vector field was analysed. The model presented in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for the design and application of vector sensors array. Furthermore, the achievement could be applied to front extraction, Green’s function extraction, inversion for ocean bottom parameters, and so on.

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25

Ripa, P. "Horizontal wave propagation in the equatorial waveguide." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 271 (July 25, 1994): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209400176x.

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Анотація:

The dispersive (i.e. non-Kelvin) linear wave field on the equatorial β-plane, in a single vertical mode, is fully described by a single potential φ. Long Rossby waves, which are weakly dispersive, are represented in this field. This description is free from the problem of the ‘spurious solution’ encountered when working with an evolution equation for the meridional velocity; addition of this unwanted solution represents a gauge transformation that leaves the physical fields unaltered.The general solution of the ray equations is found, including trajectories, and the amplitudes and phase fields. This solution is asymptotically valid for either high or low frequencies. The ray paths are identical in both limits, but the phase field is not, reflecting the isotropy of Poincaré waves, in one case, and the zonal anisotropy of Rossby waves, in the other.Two examples are studied by ray theory: meridional normal modes and wave radiation from a point source in the equator. In the first case, the exact dispersion relation is obtained. In the second one, northern and southern caustics bend towards the equator, meeting there at focal points. The full solution is the superposition of many leaves and has a structure that would be hard to find in a normal modes expansion.

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26

Luo, Yan Yan, and Lin Song Cheng. "Physical Simulation on Temperature and Pressure Fields during Steamflooding through Horizontal Wells in Heterogeneous Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3063.

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—Temperature and pressure fields distribution during steam flooding through horizontal wells is very important to researches. The present experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of steam flooding through horizontal injector-horizontal producer when high permeability section exists in the horizontal section and the ratio of permeability is 1:8. And 13 differential pressure transducers with high accuracy are installed in the model to measure the pressure field variation in reservoir during the experiments. And 13 differential temperature thermocouples are put on the model to measure the temperature field variation. Water cut and cumulative oil recovery are obtained. And effects of heterogeneity on temperature and pressure fields are obtained from experiment.

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27

BEJANCU, AUREL. "A NEW APPROACH FOR SPACE-TIME-MATTER THEORY." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 10, no. 04 (March 6, 2013): 1350004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887813500047.

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This is the first paper in a series of three papers on a new approach for space-time-matter (STM) theory. The main purpose of this approach is to replace the Levi-Civita connection on the space-time from the classical Kaluza–Klein theory by what we call the Riemannian horizontal connection on the general Kaluza–Klein space. This is done by a development of a 4D tensor calculus whose geometrical objects live in a 5D space. The 4D tensor calculus and the Riemannian horizontal connection enable us to define in a 5D space some 4D differential operators: horizontal differential, horizontal gradient, horizontal divergence and horizontal Laplacian, which have a great role in the presentation of the STM theory in a covariant form. Finally, we introduce and study the horizontal electromagnetic tensor field, the horizontal Ricci tensor and the horizontal Einstein gravitational tensor field, which replace the well-known tensor fields from the classical Kaluza–Klein theory.

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28

Wu, Zhengyu, Dayou Luo, Feng Chen, and Wulin Huang. "Numerical Simulation of Empty-Hole Effect during Parallel-Hole Cutting under Different In Situ Stress Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8881491.

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With the progress of deep mining in mine exploitation, the effect of the in situ stress field plays a more and more significant and crucial role in rock blasting. To uncover the impact of in situ stress field on empty-hole effect during parallel-hole cutting, the distribution and the trend of changes in dynamic stress around empty hole during blasting under different in situ stress conditions are simulated based on the basic model for parallel-hole cutting using 3D finite element analysis software ANSYS/LS-DYNA and implicit-explicit analysis method. Subsequently, the law of variation in the empty-hole effect under different in situ stress conditions is determined, and the effects of horizontal and vertical stress fields are analyzed in detail. The simulation results show that the overall increase in in situ stress can facilitate compressive failure and inhibit tensile failure in the rock mass around an empty hole during blasting. When empty holes are arranged horizontally, the effect of the vertical stress field is consistent with that of the in situ stress field, while the effect of the horizontal stress field is opposite to that of the in situ stress field. With the increased stress, the inhibitive effect of the vertical stress field on tensile stress around an empty hole is remarkably stronger than that of the horizontal stress field. Finally, the numerically simulated results are verified by the theoretical calculation. This study can provide new insight and a simple but accurate numerical simulation method to investigate how the in situ stress field affects the empty-hole effect, especially in deep mining.

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29

Pilkington, Mark, and W. E. S. Urquhart. "Reduction of potential field data to a horizontal plane." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 5 (May 1990): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442866.

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Most existing techniques for potential field data enhancement and interpretation require data on a horizontal plane. Hence, when observations are made on an irregular surface, reduction to a horizontal plane is necessary. To effect this reduction, an equivalent source distribution that models the observed field is computed on a mirror image of the observation surface. This irregular mirror image surface is then replaced by a horizontal plane and the effect of the equivalent sources is computed on the required horizontal level. This calculated field approximates the field reduced to a horizontal plane. The good quality of this approximation is demonstrated by two‐dimensional synthetic data examples in which the maximum errors occur in areas of steep topographic gradients and increased magnetic field intensity. The approach is also applied to a portion of a helicopter‐borne aeromagnetic survey from the Gaspé region in Quebec, Canada, where the results are a horizontal shifting of anomaly maxima of up to 150 m and changes in anomaly amplitudes of up to 100 nT.

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30

Zierep, Jürgen. "Rayleigh-Bénard convection with magnetic field." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, no. 30 (2003): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam0301029z.

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We discuss the solution of the small perturbation equations for a horizontal fluid layer heated from below with an applied magnetic field either in vertical or in horizontal direction. The magnetic field stabilizes, due to the Lorentz force, more or less Rayleigh-B?nard convective cellular motion. The solution of the eigenvalue problem shows that the critical Rayleigh number increases with increasing Hartmann number while the corresponding wave length decreases. Interesting analogies to solar granulation and black spots phenomena are obvious. The influence of a horizontal field is stronger than that of a vertical field. It is easy to understand this by discussing the influence of the Lorentz force on the Rayleigh-B?nard convection. This result corrects earlier calculations in the literature.

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31

Meister, Julian, Helge Fuchs, Claudia Beck, Ismail Albayrak, and Robert M. Boes. "Velocity Fields at Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures." Water 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010280.

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Horizontal bar racks used as fish protection measures at hydropower plants have rapidly gained importance in recent years. Despite the large number of installed racks in Europe, systematic investigations of the hydraulic losses and velocity fields were missing. To fill these research gaps, the hydraulic performance of horizontal bar racks was systematically investigated in a laboratory flume for a large number of rack parameters and different hydropower plant layouts. The results of the head loss assessment are published in a paper entitled Head Losses of Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures, whereas the present paper focuses on the velocity fields. The measurements show that the bar shape, the horizontal approach flow angle, and the clear bar spacing have only a minor effect on the velocity fields. In contrast, bottom and top overlays might enhance the fish guidance efficiency for bottom and surface oriented fish, while the asymmetric downstream velocity field can reduce turbine efficiencies. The hydropower plant layout strongly affects the approach flow field to horizontal bar racks. For block-type hydropower plants, the installation of a dividing pier or partial opening of the spillways improves the flow field for better fish guidance.

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32

Murata, H. "Magnetic field intensification and formation of field-aligned current in a non-uniform magnetic field." Journal of Plasma Physics 46, no. 1 (August 1991): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800015932.

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A study is made of the induction of a direct field-aligned current due to Alfvén waves excited through an initial–boundary condition for an incompressible fluid with high conductivity in a non-uniform magnetic field. A simple but exact case is considered in which the direction of inhomogeneity of the magnetic field is perpendicular to that of the shear fluid motion at the boundary, and the fluid moves across the magnetic field. The boundary does not satisfy the frozen-flux condition, but has a large Lundquist number. The conductivity of the fluid held between the two boundaries is high, and the frozen-flux condition is approximately satisfied there. A preflare stage of the sun is investigated, and a reasonable magnetic field intensity and d.c. field-aligned current in the magnetic arcade are obtained for a given horizontal shear motion that is antisymmetric at both boundaries of the arcade foot points, taking account of the observed horizontal fluid motion.

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33

Carpenter, Chris. "Horizontal Steam Injectors in the Kern River Field." Journal of Petroleum Technology 70, no. 06 (June 1, 2018): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0618-0082-jpt.

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34

Murphy, Patrick J. "Performance of Horizontal Wells in the Helder Field." Journal of Petroleum Technology 42, no. 06 (June 1, 1990): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18340-pa.

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35

Mitani, Takeshi, and Etsuro Arima. "Application of Horizontal wells in the Khafji field." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 60, no. 6 (1995): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.60.453.

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36

Delamaide, E. "Using Horizontal Wells for Chemical EOR: Field Cases." Georesursy 19, no. 3 (2017): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.19.3.3.

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37

Spreux, A. M., A. Louis, and M. Rocca. "Logging Horizontal Wells: Field Practice for Various Techniques." Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 1352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16565-pa.

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38

Denney, Dennis. "Quad-Lateral Horizontal Well in the Lennox Field." Journal of Petroleum Technology 55, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0103-0059-jpt.

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39

Phetchakul, Toempong, Yothin Chemthung, and Amporn Poyai. "Effect of Aspect Ratio on Horizontal Field Magnetoresistance." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.327.

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This paper studies the aspect ratio (W/L), width (W) per length (L) of semiconductor resistor based on Hall effect current mode for horizontal magnetic field. At low concentration, 1014 cm-3, W/L < 1, the length has direct effect to magnetoresistance. The W/L = 1, the large resistor provides magnetioresistance better than small device. The W/L ˃ 1, the width has inversely proportional to magnetoresistance. The %MR(B) is around 1 % at 0.5 T, 1 mA. The long resistor (W/L < 1) can create ΔR in the order of several kilo ohms and several hundred ohms for short resistor (W/L>1). The contribution factors ρ (L/W) for high ΔR are low concentration and aspect ratio (W/L<1). The high %MR(B) is contributed by high current density of short structure (W/L > 1). At high concentration 1017 cm-3, aspect ratio and magnetoresistance are not sensitive to magnetic field because the Hall effect hardly occurs in high concentration material.

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40

Gray, R. O., C. J. Corbally, and A. G. Davis Philip. "The Fundamental Parameters of Field Horizontal-Branch Stars." Astronomical Journal 112 (November 1996): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/118182.

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41

Sommer-Larsen, J., and P. R. Christensen. "Radial velocities of blue horizontal branch field stars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 212, no. 4 (February 1, 1985): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/212.4.851.

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42

Atchison, David A. "Higher order aberrations across the horizontal visual field." Journal of Biomedical Optics 11, no. 3 (2006): 034026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2209566.

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43

Zhong, Chong Gui, Xian Ming Ji, Yong Lin Zhao, Peng Xia Zhou, Hai Xia Cao, and Zheng Chao Dong. "Electric field induced magnetization of multiferroic horizontal heterostructures." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 8 (October 15, 2010): 084901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3496626.

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44

Beers, Timothy C., George W. Preston, and Stephen A. Shectman. "A catalog of candidate field horizontal-branch stars." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 67 (August 1988): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/191280.

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45

Eren, Tuna, Burak Kagan Caglayan, and Mustafa Verşan Kök. "Torque and drag field applications in horizontal wells." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 16, no. 3 (2017): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2017.087040.

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46

Eren, Tuna, Mustafa Verşan Kök, and Burak Kagan Caglayan. "Torque and drag field applications in horizontal wells." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 16, no. 3 (2017): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2017.10007442.

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47

Schupp, Karen. "Hiking the Horizontal: Field Notes from a Choreographer." Journal of Dance Education 12, no. 1 (January 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15290824.2011.629139.

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48

Naka, Ken-Ichi. "Field adaptation in the horizontal cells. Rushtonian transformation." Journal of Nippon Medical School 52, no. 3 (1985): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms1923.52.281.

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49

Busse, F. H., and W. Pesch. "Thermal convection in a twisted horizontal magnetic field." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 100, no. 2 (April 2006): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091920600625928.

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50

Salem, B., F. Dhalluin, H. Abed, T. Baron, P. Gentile, N. Pauc, and P. Ferret. "Self-connected horizontal silicon nanowire field effect transistor." Solid State Communications 149, no. 19-20 (May 2009): 799–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2009.02.024.

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