Статті в журналах: "Hope Farm (N.S.W.)"

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Hoepting, C. A., J. K. Allen, K. D. Vanderkooi, M. Y. Hovius, M. F. Fuchs, H. R. Pappu, and M. R. McDonald. "First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Onion in Canada." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0318a.

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Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) is an economically important viral pathogen of onion vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman). Rapid spread of IYSV has occurred in the western United States and Georgia, with recent reports of IYSV from New York in the northeastern United States (1). In June and mid-July of 2007, symptomatic plants were found in Ontario, Canada in onions grown from sets in a home garden in Grey County (44°27′N, 80°53′W) and on a small commercial farm in Ottawa-Carleton County (45°14′N, 75°28′W), respectively. In the home garden, bleached, elongated lesions with tapered ends occurred on middle-aged leaves of 30% of 100 plants. By August 2007, 91% of these plants were symptomatic. In Ottawa-Carleton, two lesions with green centers and yellow borders occurred on a single leaf of a single plant in a field of 1,120 plants. Symptomatic leaf tissue tested positive for IYSV by IYSV-specific antiserum from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN) in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. These two isolated and remote finds of IYSV in Ontario prompted a survey in early August of 2007 of the Holland Marsh (44°5′N, 79°35′W), the largest onion-producing region in Ontario. Nine onion fields separated geographically across the Holland Marsh Region were scouted and one to three samples of symptomatic tissue per field were analyzed by DAS-ELISA. IYSV was confirmed in seven of nine (78%) fields surveyed and in 13 of 16 (81%) of the individual samples. A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was used to verify the presence of IYSV in one new symptomatic tissue sample per field collected from three of the fields where IYSV was confirmed by ELISA. Primers specific to the small (S) RNA of IYSV (5′-TAA AAC AAA CAT TCA AAC AA-3′ and 5′-CTC TTA AAC ACA TTT AAC AAG CAC-3′) were used (2). The resulting 1.2-kb amplicon, which included the 772-bp nucleocapsid (N) gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the N gene of the Ontario isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU287943) shared 92 to 98% nucleotide sequence identity with known IYSV N gene sequences. The highest nucleotide sequence identity (98%) was with Genbank Accession Nos. DQ233475 and DQ233472. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infection of onion in Ontario and Canada. This finding confirms further spread of the virus within North America and the need for research to develop more effective management options to reduce the impact of IYSV on onion production. The finding of IYSV in remote and isolated locations where onions were grown from sets implies that the spread of IYSV via infected bulbs warrants further investigation as a potentially important route of distribution of the virus. References: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 88:446, 2004. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 151:1015, 2006.

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Chavan, S. B., R. S. Dhillon, Chhavi Sirohi, A. Keerthika, Sushil Kumari, K. K. Bharadwaj, Dinesh Jinger, et al. "Enhancing Farm Income through Boundary Plantation of Poplar (Populus deltoides): An Economic Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148663.

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Poplar is popular among farmers and planted widely in the form of block and boundary systems. The preferences of farmers are shifting much more towards bund plantations due to their smaller yield reductions and can take up kharif and rabi crops till rotation. As for boundary plantations, farmers tend to grow trees in any direction without concern for yield reduction or profitability. Against this background, an experiment was designed by planting poplar at 2 m intervals in East–West (E–W) and North–South (N–S) directions during 2008 to determine the production potential and economic viability of boundary plantations and their effect on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop rotations till harvesting of the trees. The experiment comprised three variables: stand age (years); four aspects (northern and southern E–W rows, eastern and western N–S rows; these four aspects are considered by dividing the tree lines); and six distances from tree the lines (0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, 15–18 m and a control). A split-split plot design with three replicates was used. A significant reduction of fodder biomass of sorghum and wheat yield was observed up to 9 m distant from the tree line: the reduction was 10 to 60% for the kharif season and 7.2 to 29.5% for rabi crops from the second year to eight years after planting, respectively. Interestingly, the poplar boundary plantation had a favorable microclimatic effect from 9 to 15 m distance from the tree line, which increased crop yields compared with the control. The total dry wood production of poplar in the E–W direction (166.99 mg ha−1) was almost two times more than production for the N–S direction (82.62 mg ha−1) at 8 years of rotation. The economic analysis of this study concluded that an E–W boundary plantation of poplars exhibited the maximum net returns of INR 549,367 ha−1, a net present value of INR 222,951 ha−1, a BC ratio of 1:1.65, an IRR of 85% and an LEV of INR 1,220,337 ha−1. Therefore, it is concluded that the intercropping of a sorghum-wheat crop rotation in E–W boundary plantations was more beneficial for enhancing farm income over traditional agriculture in north India.

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Nengomasha, E. M., R. A. Pearson, and T. Smith. "The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe: 2. Performance compared with that of cattle when ploughing on different soil types using two plough types." Animal Science 69, no. 2 (October 1999): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050876.

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AbstractThe work performance of two teams of four donkeys (heavy, 680 kg and light, 460 kg) and one pair of Jersey crossbred oxen (646 kg) was compared when they ploughed 4 hi day on four types of soil (clay, redsoil, sandy soil and sandy clay) using two types of plough, a conventional ox plough (40 kg) and a lighter prototype, the ‘Walco’ plough (32 kg) on an experimental farm. Work parameters were also measured with farmers’ cattle and donkey teams ploughing on f arms in Matobo and Nkayi districts. Working speed, power and effective field capacity (ETC) were higher for the ox-team (1·03 m/s, 920 W and 14·5 h/ha for the conventional plough and 0·99 m/s, 745 W and 13·9 h/hafor the Walco plough) and the heavier donkey team (0·87 m/s, 689 W and 14·2 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·87 m/s, 787 W and 17·3 h/hafor the Walco plough) than for the lighter donkey team (0·59 m/s, 461 W and 22·1 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·64 m/s, 445 W and 23·4 h/hafor the Walco plough). Expressed as a proportion of live weight or metabolic live weight there were no significant differences in draught forces exerted between teams but power output per unit live weight was greater in the ox-team than in the light donkey team but similar to that in the heavy donkey team. The Walco plough required a lower force (742 N) to operate than the conventional plough (816 N) but apart from this did not have any marked advantages over the conventional plough. On-farm, team sizes of donkeys varied from three to seven animals (team weight 340 kg to 1007 kg) and cattle team sizes from two to four animals (team weights 558 to 1709 kg). Regardless of team number, the heavier teams tended to out-perform the lighter teams (speed range 0·63 to 1·08 m/s, power 395 to 1136 W, EFC 9·1 to 25 h/ha)) with one exception, a well trained team of two oxen (team weight 879 kg, speed 1·02 m/s, power 775 W, EFC 9·1 h/ha). Donkeys tended to plough at a slower pace than oxen, with a lower power output, although when weight differences between teams were equalized (four heavy donkeys compared with two oxen), then there was little to chose between the species. Results suggested that teams of three or more donkeys can effectively be used for ploughing on the soils tested. The results highlighted the importance that team live weight and training/experience have in determining work performance.

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Lichański, Jakub Z. "Tolkien i Wielka Wojna." Literatura i Kultura Popularna 26 (September 17, 2021): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0867-7441.26.29.

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Finally here comes a volume modestly entitled Tolkien and the First World War. On the threshold of Middle-earth. This is the result of many years of study by the author, John Garth, who writes in the introduction: This biographical study was born from one observation: how strange that J.R.R. T o l k i e n b e g a n t o c r e a t e h i s m o n u m e n t a l m y t h o l o g y i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r, [emphasis added — J.Z.L] that disappointing crisis that shaped the present day. This sentence may surprise the Polish reader, whose consciousness has shaped a completely different image of the First World War, as an event that may have been a crisis, but gave Poland the independence it had been dreaming of for over a hundred years. Meanwhile, for the generation to which Tolkien belongs, it was just that — a crisis. As Hermann Broch, who was slightly older than him, wrote about this war: “Goodbye Europe, beautiful tradition is over”. Garth shows how Tolkien contrasted his work with this perception of the experience of the Great War, a work that is a great mythical story about destruction but also about hope. At the same time, it is a tribute to the memory of the generation that died in the trenches of Flanders.

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Chowdhury, MAH, MZ Alam, MS Hossain, SJ Suh, and YJ Kwon. "Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer leucinodes orbonalis guenee using different approaches." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i3.34513.

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The present study was conducted during October 2014 to June 2015 in the farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to find out the most effective management option (s) against brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) with 6 treatments namely, Beauveria bassiana, 1´109 CFU @ g l-1, Bioneem 0.3 EC (Azadirachtin) @ 1.5 ml l-1, Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 ml l-1, Vertimec 1.8 EC (Abamectin) @ 1.2 ml l-1 of water, Mechanical control (hand picking) with clean cultivation and untreated control. Results revealed that shoot infestation at pre-fruiting stage was the lowest in Bioneem 0.3 EC (4.34%) and at fruiting stage in Tracer 45 SC treated plot (7.75%) and the highest was in untreated control plot (17.94% at pre-fruiting stage and 39.46 at fruiting stage). The lowest fruit infestation by BSFB was obtained with Tracer 45 SC (8.16% n/n and 10.0% w/w) followed by B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU (23.23% n/n and 18.27% w/w) and the highest infestation was observed under untreated control plot (48.59% n/n and 32.09% w/w). Percent reduction of infested fruit by number (83.21%) and weight (68.84%) over untreated control was higher in Tracer 45 SC treated plot resulting significantly higher marketable yield. Therefore, the significant highest marketable yield (34.39 t ha-1) was harvested in the plot treated with Tracer 45 SC followed by 22.78 t ha-1 with B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU and 19.26 t ha-1 from Vertimec 1.8 EC treated plot. The highest benefit cost ratio of 3.05 was obtained from Tracer 45 SC followed by 2.93 in B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU and 2.89 with Vertimec 1.8 EC sprayed plot.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(3): 539-548, September 2017

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Reimer, Marie, Tobias Edward Hartmann, Myles Oelofse, Jakob Magid, Else K. Bünemann, and Kurt Möller. "Reliance on Biological Nitrogen Fixation Depletes Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Reserves." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 118, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10101-w.

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AbstractLimited nutrient availability is one of the major challenges in organic farming. Little is known about nutrient budgets of organic farms, the underlying factors or effects on soil fertility. We therefore assessed farm gate nutrient budgets for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) of 20 organic farms in Germany and analyzed their soil nutri-ent status. In average, the budgets showed a surplus of N (19 kg ha−1), K (5 kg ha−1), S (12 kg ha−1), and Mg (7 kg ha−1), and a deficit of P (−3 kg ha−1). There was, however, high variability between farms (e.g. standard deviation up to ± 36 kg N ha−1), which was mainly explained by different degrees of reliance on biological N fixation (BNF) as N source. When farms obtained more than 60% of their N input through BNF, they had deficits of P (mean −8 kg P ha−1) and K (mean −18 kg K ha−1). Nutrient status of most soils was within the ad-vised corridor, but for P, K and Mg, 10–15% of fields were lower and 45–63% were higher than advised. Extractable soil nutrient contents did not correlate with the nutrient budgets, inputs or outputs. Only extractable soil P increased with increasing P inputs and outputs. Fur-thermore, a decrease in extractable soil P was detected with a prolonged history of organic farming, indicating a risk of soil P mining in organic farming systems. In conclusion, the study revealed nutrient imbalances in organic farming and pointed to P and K scarcity as a major challenge for organic farms with high reliance on BNF in the long term.

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L.K. DHALIWAL, G.S. BUTTAR, P.K. KINGRA, SUKHVIR SINGH, and SUKHJEET KAUR. "Effect of mulching, row direction and spacing on microclimate and wheat yield at Ludhiana." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i1.202.

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The field experiments were conducted in rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm, Ludhiana, Punjab. Wheat variety (WH 1105) was sown in two row directions viz, east-west (E-W) and north-south (N-S) with three row spacing as S1 (15 cm), S2 (22.5 cm) and S3 (30 cm), and two mulching levels viz., Mo (No mulch) and M1 (mulch at the rate of 5t ha-1). PAR interception, canopy temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were recorded periodically during the crop season in all the treatments. The results revealed that the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 4- 5 per cent higher in E-W than N-S row direction which contributed 1.67 q ha-1 higher grain yield. Better utilization of solar radiation was observed in 15.0 cm row spacing and the canopy temperature was 0.5°C higher in unmulched crop as compared to mulched crop during both years. Straw mulching @ 5t ha-1 improved soil moisture and regulated soil temperature. Mean soil temperature was higher (1.0 ºC) under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop. The soil moisture was 4-5 per cent higher under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop which ultimately resulted in higher soil temperature during early growth stages. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded in mulched crop as compared to unmulched.

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Mora Delgado, Jairo, Rodrigo Serrano, Roberto Piñeros Varón, and Gisou Díaz. "Use of gps and gis for monitoring of cattle´s grazing on a silvipasture of Tolima (Colombia)." Revista Investigaciones Andina 20, no. 36 (March 30, 2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33132/01248146.967.

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Cattle behavior and grazing distribution is probably related to the available food, although it could also be influenced by the canopy shade, ambient temperature and access to water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction among tree cover (TC) and cattle positions (CP) when searching for food and comfort areas, under warm and hot weather, in a silvopasture system. Analyses were conducted on Pajonales farm, located in the municipality of Ambalema (lat. 4° 45’ 25.9” N; 74° 52’ 20.8” W) in Colombia, from December 2009 to January 2010. The farm has an average elevation of 300 masl. Mean precipitation is 1270 mm.year-1, and temperatura 28°C. The pasture used for this study had an area of approximately 54 ha, with topography from flat to gently sloping. TC was determined from digital orthophotos QuickBird using ArcGIS® 9.1. The paddock was segmented into a 0.25 ha grid cell lattice and all sapling canopies within grid cells and animal movement were mapped.Six cows (3 Brahman and 3 F1, Brahman x Holstein) equipped with GPS-collars (Garmin eTrex-Vista) configured to record and store position, were tracked during 60 days at 5‐min intervals. Average values indicate that cows, generally, traveled greater distances in warm period (7.4 km) and 6.1 km in the hot period. Cows prefer areas with low TC (˂ 20%) and intermediate TC (20-40%); these areas had more biomass of fodder dry matter. The study is an important contribution to understanding the dynamics of animals in search for food under grazing conditions.

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Lowen, Jeremy Paul, and Joshua W. Makepeace. "Designing a Li-N-H Based Solid Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014553mtgabs.

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All-solid-state-batteries (ASSBs) have long promised to be the next-generation of high-performance energy storage devices, with a step-change in energy density, stability and cell safety touted as potential advantages compared to conventional Li-ion battery cells.[1] The development of fast lithium-ion conductors is key to realising commercially-viable ASSBs, however significant challenges remain with the leading candidate materials. Complex metal hydrides, in particular BH4 - derived materials, have gained recent attention due to their high ambient temperature lithium ionic conductivities and good stability with lithium metal.[2] Nitrogen-based complex hydrides, such as materials within the Li-N-H system, have largely been studied as solid-state hydrogen stores. However, a key characteristic that links the impressive properties of the Li-N-H system in this application is the high Frenkel defect-based Li-ion conductivity, which facilitates the formation of amide-imide and imide-nitride-hydride antifluorite structured solid solutions.[3,4] These solid solutions represent an opportunity through careful stoichiometry control to tailor the properties of a Li-N-H based material for application as a solid electrolyte. Careful characterisation using X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements have allowed us to evaluate the structure of the solid solutions between lithium imide (Li2NH), lithium amide (LiNH2) and lithium nitride hydride (Li4NH), all dominated by a disordered anti-fluorite phase. We demonstrate the ability to tailor the conductivity of these materials between an ionic insulator and a superionic conductor by simple stoichiometry control. Lithium imide, and stoichiometries close to this compound, in particular display favourable properties as solid electrolyte materials. We herein exhibit the first demonstration of a Li-N-H material in an ASSB, with the materials displaying high lithium ion conductivities, wide electrochemical stability windows and potential for further tuning for this application. Ultimately, these results identify Li-N-H based complex hydrides as an interesting avenue of research for solid electrolyte application that is yet to be fully explored. We hope this presentation will highlight these materials and spark further development such as has been seen for oxide and sulphide based fast-ion conductors. 1) Z. Zhang, Y. Shao, B. Lotsch, Y. Hu, H. Li, J. Janek, L F. Nazar, C. Nan, J. Maier, M. Armand and L. Chen, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 1945-1976 2) A. Unemoto, M. Matsuo, and S. Orimo, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2014, 24, 2267-2279 3) W. Li, G. Wu, C. M. Araujo, R. H. Scheicher, A. Blomqvist, R. Ahuja, Z. Xiong, Y. Fengb and P. Chen, Energy Environ. Sci., 2010, 3, 1524-1530 4) J. W. Makepeace, J. M. Brittain, A. S. Manghnani, C. A. Murray, T. J. Wood and W. I. F. David, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 15091 Figure 1

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Breś, Włodzimierz, and Tomasz Trelka. "Effect of fertigation on soil pollution during greenhouse plant cultivation / Wpływ fertygacji na zanieczyszczenie gleb podczas uprawy roślin w obiektach szklarniowych." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0021.

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Abstract The aim of study was to investigate the effect of nutrient solution leakage during plant cultivation in greenhouse on soil pollution. Investigations were conducted in horticultural farms in the Wielkopolskie province (Greater Poland), specializing in soilless plant cultivation in greenhouse. In the first farm located on sandy soil tomato has been grown since its establishment (Object A). Prior to the beginning of crop culture soil samples were collected for analyses at every 0.2 m layer, to the depth of one meter. Successive samples were taken also in autumn after the completion of 1, 2, 3 and 7 culture cycles. For comparison, research was also conducted in a greenhouse located on loamy sand/sandy loam soil used for 8 years for tomato culture (Object B). In all these facilities plants in rockwool were grown and the fertigation in an open system was provided. Chemical analyzes showed the dynamics of soil properties changes and vertical distribution of cations and anions within the soil profile. Increased content of almost all nutrients and particularly of S-SO4, P, K, Zn, N-NH4, N-NO3 in the soil profile in object A and S-SO4, K, P, N-NO3 in the soli profile in object B were recorded. The results showed that the degradation rate of the soil environment as a result of open fertigation system application depends primarily on the duration of greenhouse operation. However, explicit changes in the chemical properties of soils were observed already after the first growth cycle. Smaller doses of fertilizers and water, and in consequence reduction of nutrients losses may be achieved by closed fertigation systems.

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Harahap, Irwan Saputra, Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah, and Ulil Amna. "Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon L.) dari Kota Langsa, Aceh." QUIMICA: Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan 3, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jq.v3i1.3492.

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Telah dilakukan skrining fitokimia pada daun jeruk lemon. Jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.) merupakan suatu tumbuhan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat terutama bagian buahnya. Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimianya, maka dilakukanlah uji keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder di dalam ekstrak daun jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.). Daun jeruk lemon memiliki kandungan limonen yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi anti kanker. Ekstrak daun jeruk lemon diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Setelah ekstrak kasar daun jeruk lemon diperoleh, maka diuji kandungan senyawa fitokimianya secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia yang dilakukan maka diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun jeruk lemon positif mengandung golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan tanin. Referensi : [1] A. W. Nugroho, “Konservasi Kenekaragaman Hayati Melalui Tanaman Obat Dalam Hutan di Indonesia Dengan Teknologi Farmasi: Potensi dan Tantangan,” J. Sains dan Kesehat., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 377–383, 2017. [2] P. Setyaningrum, E. D., Kartika, R., Simanjuntak, “Uji Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Daun Akasia (Acacia auriculiformkis Benth),” Pros. Semin. Nas. Kim., pp. 94–96, 2017. [3] M. Fitrah, “Identifikasi Ekstrak Daun Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata Linn) Terhadap Sel Antiproliferasi Tikus Leukemia L1210,” Jf Fik Uinam, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 99–105, 2016. [4] H. S. Indriani Y., Mulqie L., “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) dan Madu Hutan Terhadap Propionibacterium acne,” Pros. Penelit. Sivitas Akad. Unisba (Kesehatan dan Farm., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 22–30, 2015. [5] E. Ahmad, F. M. Y., Katja, D. G., Suryanto, “Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Kulit Batang Chisocheton sp.(C.DC) Harms Yang Tumbuh di Gunung Soputan Sulawesi Utara,” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 23–30, 2018. [6] W. Krisnawan, A. H., Budiono, R., Sari, D. R., Salim, “Potensi Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit dan Perasan Daging Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Lokal dan Import,” Pros. Semin. Nas., pp. 30–34, 2017. [7] P. Suja, D., G. Bupesh, N., Rajendiran, V., Mohan, P., Ramasamy, N. S.,Muthiah, A. A., Elizabeth, K., Meenakumari, K., “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Citrus Limon and Citrus Linensis Peel Extracts,” Int. J. Pharmacogn. Chinese Med., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 000108, 2017. [8] M. H. Yang, J. S. Wang, J. G. Luo, X. B. Wang, and L. Y. Kong, “Tetranortriterpenoids from Chisocheton paniculatus,” J. Nat. Prod., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 36–43, 2009, doi: 10.1021/np900485t. [9] Badan POM RI, “Pedoman Teknologi Formulasi Sediaan Berbasis Ekstrak.Volume 2. Jakarta: Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia, Deputi Bidang Pengawas Obat Tradisional, Kosmetik dan Produk Komplemen,” vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 12–16, 2013. [10] M. . T. Mayasari, U., Laoli, “Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.),” J. Ilmu Biol. dan Terap., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2018. [11] A. Tuhuloula, L. Budiyarti, and E. N. Fitriana, “Karakterisasi Pektin dengan Memanfaatkan Limbah Kulit Pisang Menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi,” Konversi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–27, 2013, doi: 10.20527/k.v2i1.123. [12] H. Halimatussakdiah, U. Amna, and P. Wahyuningsih, “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Larvicidal Activity of Edible Fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Extract against Culex,” J. Nat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 141–146, 2018, doi: 10.24815/jn.v0i0.11335. [13] P. J. Puspita, M. Safithri, and N. P. Sugiharti, “Antibacterial Activities of Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Leaf Extracts,” Curr. Biochem., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.29244/cb.5.3.1-10. [14] S. Susilawati and N. C. Chotimah, “Difference of Weight Gain in Baby Mother Given Boiled Of Papaya Fruit,” J. Kesehat., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 34–39, 2019, doi: 10.25047/j-kes.v5i1.36. [15] R. Nugrahani, Y. Andayani, and A. Hakim, “Skrining Fitokimia dari Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L) dalam Sediaan Serbuk,” J. Penelit. Pendidik. IPA, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 96–103, 2016, doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v2i1.38. [16] M. H. Kemala, D., Hendiani, I., Satari, “Uji Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Manggis (Garciani mangostana L) Terhadap Streptococcus Sanguinis ATCC 10556,” Padjajaran J. Dent. Res. Students, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2019. [17] M. Syafrida, S. Darmanti, and M. Izzati, “Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Kadar Air, Kadar Flavonoid dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun dan Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.),” Bioma Berk. Ilm. Biol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2018, doi: 10.14710/bioma.20.1.44-50. [18] S. W. Azizah, Z., zulharmita., wati, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Pre (Momordica charantia L.),” J. Farm. Higea, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 163–172, 2018. [19] N. Hidayah, “Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman (Tanin dan Saponin) dalam Mengurangi Emisi Metan Ternak Ruminansia,” J. Sain Peternak. Indones., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 89–98, 2016, doi: 10.31186/jspi.id.11.2.89-98. [20] H. Nurjannati, M., Winarsi, H., dan Dwiyanti, “Efek Lama Perkecambahan Terhadap Sifat Sensori dari Kadar Protein Terlarut Susu Kecambah Kacang Merah (Sukarah) untuk Remaja Obesitas,” J. Gipas, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 27–42, 2018. [21] Sarifudin, A., Wardatun, S., “Kajian Metode Pengeringan dan Metode Analisis Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Kadar Tanin,” J. Online Mhs. Bid. Farm., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2015. [22] S. Noer and R. D. Pratiwi, “Uji Kualitatif Fitokimia Daun Ruta Angustifola,” Fakt. Exacta, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 200–206, 2016.

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Dantas Neto, José, Rigoberto M. de Matos, Patrícia F. da Silva, Antonio S. de Lima, Carlos A. V. de Azevedo, and Luciano M. F. Saboya. "Growth and yield of cactus pear under irrigation frequencies and nitrogen fertilization." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 10 (October 2020): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n10p664-671.

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ABSTRACT Microirrigation associated with nitrogen (N) fertilization aims to meet the water and nutritional demands of cactus pear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) irrigated by microirrigation and fertilized with N. The experiment was conducted in the field at the Poço Redondo farm, Santa Luzia, PB, Brazil (6° 52’ 27’’ S and 36º 56’ 0’’ W and altitude of 299 m), between April and December 2017. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with five irrigation frequencies (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days) and two types of fertilization (soil fertilized with N and not fertilized) in the cultivar ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’, with three replicates. Different irrigation frequencies promote reduction in green biomass yield and increase in the economic water productivity when using of the cladode for propagative material. Nitrogen fertilization increased growth, green biomass yield, water productivity and economic water productivity. The greatest economic return is obtained by producing cladodes marketed for propagative material. Reducing the frequency of irrigation promotes greater water saving, increasing the irrigated area and production by using less water at high frequency.

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13

KHAN, MUJAHID, R. C. HASIJA, and NITIN TANWAR. "Optimum size and shape of plots based on data from a uniformity trial on Indian Mustard in Haryana." MAUSAM 68, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v68i1.434.

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The most obvious use of uniformity trial data is to provide information on the most suitable size and shape of plots, in which the field was planted to a single variety and harvested as small plots. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivar RH-749 was grown using uniform crop improvement practices during rabi season of 2013-14 at Research Farm of Oilseed section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana state, India, to estimate optimum plot size and shape using yield data of the 48 m × 48 m (2304 basic units) recorded separately from each basic unit of 1 m × 1 m. The variability among plots of different sizes and shapes was determined by calculating coefficient of variation. It was observed that the coefficient of variation decreases as the plot size increases in case of both the directions i.e., when plots were elongated in N-S direction (88 per cent decrease) or elongated in E-W direction (93 per cent decrease). Further it was observed that long and narrow plots elongated in E-W direction were more useful than the compact and square plots in controlling the soil heterogeneity. Based on the maximum curvature method the optimum plot size for yield trial was estimated to be 5 m2 with rectangular shape.

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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of Prosthetopine water beetles from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 1864, no. 1 (September 3, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1864.1.1.

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New species of Hydraenidae are described in the genera Prosthetops Waterhouse (1), Pterosthetops Perkins (1), Parasthetops Perkins & Balfour-Browne (13), and Mesoceration Janssens (24). New collecting locality data are given for the following species described by Perkins & Balfour-Browne (1994): Parasthetops aeneus, P. nigritus, P. spinipes, P. curidius, Mesoceration distinctum, M. rivulare, M. jucundum, M. splendorum, M. rubidum, M. fusciceps, M. languidum, M. dissonum, M. rufescens, and M. brevigranum. High resolution digital images of the holotypes of new species are presented (online version in color), and male genitalia are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for all prosthetopine species in the genera Prosthetops, Pterosthetops, Parasthetops, and Mesoceration. The following 39 new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Prosthetops gladiator (Eastern Cape Province, summit of Prentjiesberg); Pterosthetops hawequas (Western Cape Province, Hawaquas radio tower); Parasthetops benefossus(Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm), P. buunicornus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. confluentus (Eastern Cape Province, Little Karroo, Baviaanskloof N valley), P. lemniscus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. namibiensis (Namibia: Windhoek, Eros Mt.), P. pampinus (Western Cape Province, Dorps River into Prins Albert, Swartbergpas), P. parallelus (Northern Cape Province, Richtersveld, Oemsberg), P. propitius (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. retinaculus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. sebastiani (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. semiplanus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. striatus (Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Kamieskroon), P. unicornus (Eastern Cape Province, Naudes Nek, 12 miles ENE Rhodes); Mesoceration barriotum (Western Cape Province, Cape-Swartberg, Seweweekspoort Kloof), M. bicurvum (Eastern Cape Province, Wildebees River), M. bispinum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Weza, Impetyene Forest), M. compressum (Eastern Cape Province, S. coast, Dwesa forest reserve), M. concavum (Mpumalanga Province, Blyderiver Canyon), M. curvosum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umtamvuna River), M. disjunctum (Eastern Cape Province, Nature's Valley Reserve), M. drakensbergensis (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. durabilis (Western Cape Province, 2 miles SW of Citrusdal), M. granulovestum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. incarinum (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. integer (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Busheladi Stream on Lundy's Hill near Deepdale), M. littlekarroo (Western Cape Province, Little Karroo, Rus-en-vredewaterf), M. longipennis (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), M. maluti (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. natalensis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umkomaas River, where crossed by Himeville to Impendhle road), M. periscopum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. piceum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. rapidensis (Western Cape Province, S. W. Cape Mts., Hawequas SE), M. repandum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. reticulatum (Western Cape Province, Nuweberg Forest Station), M. semicarinulum (Western Cape Province, Groot Toren farm), M. tabulare (Western Cape Province, Platteklip Gorge, north face of Table Mountain), M. umbrosum (Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm).

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15

Park, Jihyeon, and Jaeyoung Lee. "Performance Prediction of Alkaline Fuel Cell Via Gradient Boosting Algorithm." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351508mtgabs.

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With the DFT theory at the forefront, non-PGM catalysts have begun to develop, and in much literature, results have shown that the performance of non-PGM catalysts is comparable to that of PGM catalysts. Jing et. al. synthesized Fe-Co dual sites on nitrogen-doped carbon for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). (FeCo)/N-C had almost equal half-wave potential to commercial Pt/C.[1] Hanguang et. al. achieved high ORR-activated Fe-N-C catalysts by tuning the doped Fe content and active sites.[2] However, if both (FeCo)/N-C and Fe-N-C were applied to PEMFC, they were not comparable to PGM catalysts unlike in the results of the half-cell test. This discrepancy means that numerous factors should be considered and optimized in a practical system like a fuel cell. Besides, it is indicated that even if the DFT theory and deep-learning combine to suggest catalysts with high performance, it may not produce as much performance in the actual fuel cell system as expected. In this respect, the combination of fuel cell systems (not catalysts) and artificial intelligence (AI) seems more reasonable. Without human judgment or intervention, machine learning sets priorities between each index by learning from many databases. Herein, we newly developed an optimization model for alkaline liquid fuel cell (Hydrazine fuel cell) using gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) which is one of machine learning algorithms. We operated fuel cells in various conditions by changing humidity of cathode, back pressure of cathode, cell temperature, stoichiometric factor (air/fuel), and concentration of the fuel. And then, we categorized and classified with the specific algorithm. Finally, we re-organized and set as a function of weight which effects on fuel cell operation. We hope that these approach will help improve fuel cell performance by controlling a number of factors without human intervention. [1] J. Wang, Z. Huang, W. Liu, C. Chang, H. Tang, Z. Li, W. Chen, C. Jia, T. Yao, S. Wei, Y. Wu, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (2017) 17281–17284. [2] H. Zhang, H.T. Chung, D.A. Cullen, S. Wagner, U.I. Kramm, K.L. More, P. Zelenay, G. Wu, Energy Environ. Sci. 12 (2019) 2548–2558.

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Murphy, A. F., R. A. Cating, A. Goyer, P. B. Hamm, and S. I. Rondon. "First Report of Natural Infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Oregon." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0497-pdn.

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Potatoes are a major crop in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington, representing an annual farm gate value of almost $750 million. Zebra chip disease (ZC), a new and economically important disease of potato, was first reported in Oregon and Washington in 2011 (1). The disease is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso, also referred to as ‘Ca. L. psyllaurous’), which is vectored by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc) (1,2). Identifying alternative hosts for Lso may facilitate management of ZC disease, which has increased potato production costs in the region. The perennial weed, bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.), is a year-round host of the potato psyllid (3) and is also a suspected host of Lso. However, little is known about the role of this weed in ZC epidemiology. Naturally occurring bittersweet nightshade plants (n = 21) were sampled at six different locations near Hermiston, Oregon, between May and October in 2012. These plants exhibited several symptoms associated with Lso, ranging from asymptomatic to slight purpling, chlorosis, or scorching of the foliage. However, S. dulcamara exhibits similar symptoms under a variety of environmental conditions (drought stress, etc.); therefore, it was difficult to identify potentially infected plants based solely on symptomology. Leaf and stem tissue (n = 21) was analyzed with high-fidelity PCR using species-specific primers for the 16S rDNA gene, CLipoF, and OI2c (2,4). Approximately 27.3% of the plants tested positive for Lso using these primers, including plants from the following locations on 16 April, 16 May, and 24 May, respectively: Hat Rock, OR (45°55.033′ N, 119°10.495′ W), Irrigon, OR (45°54.560′ N, 119°24.857′ W), and Stanfield, OR (45°46.971′ N, 119°13.203′ W). Three plants were selected for further PCR analysis with primers for the outer membrane protein gene, 1482f and 2086r (1). Amplicons obtained with both sets of PCR primers were directly sequenced. A BLAST analysis showed that the 16S rDNA gene sequence (993 to 1,000 bp) shared 99 to 100% identity with several Lso accessions, including JN848751.1 (from Washington) and JN848753.1 (from Oregon). Likewise, the outer membrane protein gene sequence (600 to 601 bp) shared 99 to 100% identity with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ accession KC768330.1 (from Honduras). All six sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KJ854199 to KJ854204). According to these findings, bittersweet nightshade may be an important annual source of Lso in the region, particularly since it serves as a host for the potato psyllid. Potato psyllids were also detected at two of the locations with infected S. dulcamara: Irrigon, OR, and Stanfield, OR. A subsample of the psyllids collected in 2012 were analyzed with PCR and Lso was detected in a sample from Stanfield, OR (5). Identifying perennial hosts of Lso promotes a better understanding of both ZC disease epidemiology and management. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Lso causing natural infections in S. dulcamara in the United States. References: (1) J. M. Crosslin et al. Plant Dis. 96:452, 2012. (2) S. Jagoueix et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 10:43, 1996. (3) A. F. Murphy et al. Am. J. Pot. Res. 90:294, 2013. (4) G. A. Secor et al. Plant Dis. 93:574, 2009. (5) K. D. Swisher et al. Am. J. Pot. Res. 90:570, 2013.

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17

Favero, S., HA Souza, and AKM Oliveira. "Coleoptera (Insecta) as forest fragmentation indicators in the Rio Negro sub-region of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 suppl 1 (April 2011): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000200008.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of two forest fragments in Rio Negro Pantanal sub-region, using coleopterans as environmental indicators. The study was carried out at Santa Emilia Farm in the Rio Negro sub-region, municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul (19º 30' 18'' S and 55° 36' 45'' W). Two sites were selected, locally denominated as "cordilheiras" (narrow and elongated strands of elevated soil), one with low degree of anthropic disturbance (CL) and the other, currently undergoing restoration process (TD). The sampling sites were determined using a GPS device. Ten pit-fall traps containing water and detergent were used for the specimens sampling, which were screened and identified. Abundance, richness, diversity and similarity were determined. Abundance was higher for CL (n = 277) than for TD (n = 251). The same was observed for the diversity indices, CL showed H' = 2.83 bit.individual-1 and TD = 2.48 bit.individual-1, confirming the interferences made for abundance. Specimens of ten families were captured in CL area and seven families in TD area, indicating higher richness in CL, when compared to TD. The linear correlation coefficient (p > 0.05) indicates that both areas are significantly different, showing similarity value of 66.7%. The data show that the structure and disturbance degree in the environment integrity influence the composition of beetles fauna, causing the increase of abundance, richness and diversity in anthropogenic environments undergoing the early stage of regeneration.

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18

Akmal, Yenina, Hikmah, Astari, and Ichtineza Halida Hardono. "Preparing for Parenthood; Parenting Training Module on six Child Development Aspect in East Jakarta." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.132.12.

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The age period of 0-8 years is the most important moment for every human being to develop all the developmental features supported by parents at home and teachers / tutors at the Early Childhood Education Institute (ECE). In parenting, six main aspects must be known and applied by each parent. Lack of education, nutritional knowledge, care and care, and aspects of clean-living habits in the family can have an impact on children's growth and development processes. This study aims to develop a module 6 aspects of child development for parental guidance. This study uses a research and development approach to test the effectiveness of the posttest design. Respondents in this study are parents who have children up to 5 years and early childhood educators. The findings show that from these six main aspects, it seems that parents and ECE tutors do not yet understand the ECE concept. In another perspective, there is still a lack of knowledge about these 6 main aspects which require training and parenting modules to develop the 6 aspects of child development. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Child Development Aspect, Parenting Training Module References: Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Asdi Mahasatya. Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., … Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3 Coore Desai, C., Reece, J. A., & Shakespeare-Pellington, S. (2017). The prevention of violence in childhood through parenting programmes: a global review. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22(February), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271952 Darling-Churchill, K. E., & Lippman, L. (2016). Early childhood social and emotional development: Advancing the field of measurement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.002 Davis, S., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Silk, J. S. (2015). Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Associations With Temperament and Parenting. Social Development, 24(3), 501–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12105 Đorđić, V., Tubić, T., & Jakšić, D. (2016). The Relationship between Physical, Motor, and Intellectual Development of Preschool Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233(May), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.114 Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Externalizing symptoms, effortful control, and intrusive parenting: A test of bidirectional longitudinal relations during early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000620 Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational Research: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York: Longman Inc. Gardner, F., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2016). Transporting Evidence-Based Parenting Programs for Child Problem Behavior (Age 3–10) Between Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 749–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134 Gilmer, C., Buchan, J. L., Letourneau, N., Bennett, C. T., Shanker, S. G., Fenwick, A., & Smith-Chant, B. (2016). Parent education interventions designed to support the transition to parenthood: A realist review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 59, 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.015 Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016a). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Guyer, A. E., Jarcho, J. M., Pérez-Edgar, K., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, E. E. (2015). Temperament and Parenting Styles in Early Childhood Differentially Influence Neural Response to Peer Evaluation in Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9973-2 Jones, D. E., Feinberg, M. E., Hostetler, M. L., Roettger, M. E., Paul, I. M., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2018). Family and Child Outcomes 2 Years After a Transition to Parenthood Intervention. Family Relations, 67(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12309 Jürges, H., Schwarz, A., Cahan, S., & Abdeen, Z. (2019). Child mental health and cognitive development: evidence from the West Bank. Empirica, 46(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09438-5 Kalland, M., Fagerlund, Å., Von Koskull, M., & Pajulo, M. (2016). Families First: The development of a new mentalization-based group intervention for first-Time parents to promote child development and family health. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 17(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146342361500016X Knauer, H. A., Ozer, E. J., Dow, W. H., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2019). Parenting quality at two developmental periods in early childhood and their association with child development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.009 Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Cyr, M., Finsaas, M. C., Orawe, J., Huang, A., Tottenham, N., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Early Childhood Parenting Predicts Late Childhood Brain Functional Connectivity During Emotion Perception and Reward Processing. Child Development, 00(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13126 Kurniah, N., Andreswari, D., & Kusumah, R. G. T. (2019). Achievement of Development on Early Childhood Based on National Education Standard. 295(ICETeP 2018), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.2991/icetep-18.2019.82 Leijten, P., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Orobio de Castro, B., van den Ban, E., & Matthys, W. (2017). Effectiveness of the Incredible Years Parenting Program for Families with Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and Ethnic Minority Backgrounds. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038823 Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029 Lucassen, N., Kok, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., … Tiemeier, H. (2015). Executive functions in early childhood: The role of maternal and paternal parenting practices. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12112 Molchanov, S. V. (2013). The Moral Development in Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, 615–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.623 Morris, A. S., & Williamson, A. C. (2019). Building early social and emotional relationships with infants and toddlers: Integrating research and practice. Building Early Social and Emotional Relationships with Infants and Toddlers: Integrating Research and Practice, 1–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7 Parhomenko, K. (2014). Diagnostic Methods of Socio – Emotional Competence in Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.142 Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008 Sheedy, A., & Gambrel, L. E. (2019). Coparenting Negotiation During the Transition to Parenthood: A Qualitative Study of Couples’ Experiences as New Parents. American Journal of Family Therapy, 47(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1586593 Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., … Wilson, M. (2015). Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Changes in Observed Parent-Child Interaction Following Early Childhood Intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.940623 Sulik, M. J., Blair, C., Mills-Koonce, R., Berry, D., & Greenberg, M. (2015). Early Parenting and the Development of Externalizing Behavior Problems: Longitudinal Mediation Through Children’s Executive Function. Child Development, 86(5), 1588–1603. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12386 Theise, R., Huang, K. Y., Kamboukos, D., Doctoroff, G. L., Dawson-McClure, S., Palamar, J. J., & Brotman, L. M. (2014). Moderators of Intervention Effects on Parenting Practices in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Early Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.833095 UNDP. (2018). Human Development Indices and Indicators. 2018 Statistical Update. United Nations Development Programme, 27(4), 123. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf%0Ahttp://www.hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf%0Ahttp://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update

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Rosero-García, Antonia del Pilar, José Manuel Mazón-Suástegui, Silvie Dumas, María Cristina Chávez-Sánchez, Araceli Avilés-Quevedo, and Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo. "Effect of Homeopathic Medicines on Intestinal Coccidia and Immune Response Cells in Spotted Rose Snapper (Lutjanus guttatus)." Homeopathy 108, no. 03 (April 18, 2019): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1681062.

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Background Homeopathy has been widely applied in freshwater species but rarely in marine fish. Farm stress destabilises host–pathogen equilibrium, favouring parasites and disease. Coccidian endoparasites cause intestinal infections and cell degeneration. Materials and Methods Naturally parasite-infested juvenile snapper Lutjanus guttatus (n = 430; weight 1.9 ± 0.01 g; length 4.9 ± 0.03 cm) specimens were distributed in group sizes of 43, in 10 fiberglass tanks (100 L) with aeration and continuous water change. Five groups in duplicate were assessed: Passival (PaV); Passival and Phosphoricum acid Similia (PaV–PhA); Passival and Silicea terra Similia (PaV–SiT); Endecto and Infecçoes (End–Inf) and a control (Ethanol) for 45 days. Feed was sprinkled with treatment (5% v/w) and dried to avoid ethanol side-effects. Statistical results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Results Intestinal coccidia were recorded histopathologically, with the least incidence attained at T45 with End–Inf treatment (p < 0.001), coinciding with the highest lymphocyte (p = 0.015) count. Fish treated with PaV–PhA recorded a higher percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.015), and those treated with PaV–PhA, PaV–SiT and End–Inf revealed a decrease in lesions, degree of alteration and change in intestine and stomach tissues (p < 0.05). The number of mucous cells in gills was greater (p < 0.001) for End–Inf (43 ± 0.58), PaV–SiT (40 ± 2.89) and PaV–PhA (39 ± 3.46) as compared respectively with T0 and control (19 ± 0.58 and 28 ± 2.31). PaV and PaV–SiT increased carbohydrate reserves in liver (28.4 ± 1.39% and 22.4 ± 0.12%, respectively) compared with T0 and control (3.4 ± 0.32 and 5.6 ± 0.66%). The highest survival rate was 97.7 ± 0.16% in fish treated with PaV and End–Inf. Conclusion Homeopathic treatments had a positive effect on fish health. Besides the accumulation of metabolic reserves in the liver, homeopathic treatment was associated with mucin increase in gills as well as raised production of lymphocytes and neutrophils in blood, which could act as macrophages against intestinal coccidia.

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Gajda, A. M., B. Przewłoka, and K. Gawryjołek. "Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied." International Agrophysics 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0078-7.

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Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate changes in soil quality associated with the tillage system applied with chosen parameters of soil biological properties. The long-term field experiments were located at a private farm in Rogów (Zamooeć region, E Poland) on a silt soil and at the Experimental Station in Laskowice (Wrocław region, S-W Poland) on a sandy loam soil. Soil samples were collected from 0-15 and 15-30 cm layers. Winter wheat was grown under traditional, reduced and no-tillage systems. The analyses included estimations of microbial biomass C and N content, microbial respiration rate, activity of dehydrogenase and arylsulfatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. After eight years the effects of tillage on both soils were clearly noticed. In general, the less disturbing tillage systems enhanced the increase of soil biological activity by 15-40%, on average, than conventional tillage system. The significant correlations between microbial biomass, and/or enzyme activities with total organic C content indicate that concentration of organic C in soil environment plays an extremely important role in enhancing the stabilization and activity of soil microorganisms, and protection of an extracellular enzymes. The studied parameters of soil biological activity showed their sensitivity to tillage applied and may be considered as an useful indicators of soil quality in monitoring all conditions alter soil environment.

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Khan, Mujahid, Ramesh Chander Hasija, Des Raj Aneja, and Manish Kumar Sharma. "A uniformity trial on Indian mustard for determination of optimum size and shape of blocks." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1005.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum block size with the shape for field research experiments. A uniform crop of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) variety RH-749 was raised during 2013-14 rabi season over an area of 48m Ã— 48m (2304 basic units) at Research Farm of Oilseed section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. The harvesting of crop was done in small units each of size lm Ã— lm (1m2). The blocks of sizes 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 plots with various shapes, for different plot sizes were considered. The coefficient of variation (CV) decreased from 10.66 to 3.89 with the increase in block size from 4 to 24 , indicating that as the block size increased, homogeneity within the block also increases and the blocks elongated in E-W direction were more effective in reducing error variation than those elongated in N-S direction. It was also observed that C.V. without blocking (20.04) was much higher in comparison with the C.V. with blocking (3.89), thus indicating that blocking was beneficial in reducing error variation. The 24 plot blocks were found to be most efficient with 12m Ã— 2m block shape. Rectangular blocks are also advisable either when the experimenter does not have any idea about the fertility pattern of the experimental area or when border effects are large.

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Hoepting, C. A., and M. F. Fuchs. "First Report of Iris yellow spot virus Infecting Onion in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0254-pdn.

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Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus; family Bunyaviridae) is an economically important pathogen of onion. It is vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) and causes widespread disease of onion in all major onion growing states in the western United States (1). In the eastern United States, IYSV was first reported in Georgia in 2004 (4) and then in New York in 2006 (2). In mid-July of 2010, symptomatic onion (Allium cepa) plants (cv. Candy) were found in New Holland, Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County on a small, diversified commercial farm (40.06°N, 76.06°W). Bleached, elongated lesions with tapered ends occurred on middle-aged leaves on approximately 30% of the 13,760 plants in an area approximately one tenth of an acre. Leaf tissue from five symptomatic plants tested positive for IYSV in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with IYSV-specific serological reagents from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN). A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was used to verify the presence of IYSV in a subset of symptomatic leaf samples that reacted to IYSV antibodies in DAS-ELISA. Primers specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IYSV (5′-ACTCACCAATGTCTTCAAC-3′ and 5′-GGCTTCCTCTGGTAAGTGC-3′) were used to characterize a 402-bp fragment (3). The resulting amplicons were ligated in TOPO TA cloning vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and two clones of each isolate were sequenced in both directions. Sequence analysis showed a consensus sequence for the partial N gene of the five IYSV isolates from Pennsylvania (GenBank Accession No. JQ952568) and an 87 to 100% nucleotide sequence identity with other IYSV N gene sequences that are available in GenBank. The highest nucleotide sequence identity (100%) was with an IYSV isolate from Texas (GenBank Accession No. DQ658242) and the lowest was with an isolate from India (GenBank Accession No. EU310291). To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infection of onion in Pennsylvania. This finding confirms further spread of the virus within North America. Further study is warranted to determine the impact of IYSV on the Pennsylvania onion industry and to determine viable management strategies, if necessary. References: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 88:446, 2004 (2) C. A. Hoepting et al. Plant Dis. 91:327, 2007 (3) C. L. Hsu et al. Plant Dis. 95:735-743. (4) S. W. Mullis et al. Plant Dis. 88: 1285, 2004.

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Gruneberg, Ulrike, Rüdiger Neef, Xiuling Li, Eunice H. Y. Chan, Ravindra B. Chalamalasetty, Erich A. Nigg, and Francis A. Barr. "KIF14 and citron kinase act together to promote efficient cytokinesis." Journal of Cell Biology 172, no. 3 (January 23, 2006): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200511061.

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Multiple mitotic kinesins and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) act in concert to direct cytokinesis (Glotzer, M. 2005. Science. 307:1735–1739). In anaphase cells, many of these proteins associate with an antiparallel array of microtubules termed the central spindle. The MAP and microtubule-bundling protein PRC1 (protein-regulating cytokinesis 1) is one of the key molecules required for the integrity of this structure (Jiang, W., G. Jimenez, N.J. Wells, T.J. Hope, G.M. Wahl, T. Hunter, and R. Fukunaga. 1998. Mol. Cell. 2:877–885; Mollinari, C., J.P. Kleman, W. Jiang, G. Schoehn, T. Hunter, and R.L. Margolis. 2002. J. Cell Biol. 157:1175–1186). In this study, we identify an interaction between endogenous PRC1 and the previously uncharacterized kinesin KIF14 as well as other mitotic kinesins (MKlp1/CHO1, MKlp2, and KIF4) with known functions in cytokinesis (Hill, E., M. Clarke, and F.A. Barr. 2000. EMBO J. 19:5711–5719; Matuliene, J., and R. Kuriyama. 2002. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:1832–1845; Kurasawa, Y., W.C. Earnshaw, Y. Mochizuki, N. Dohmae, and K. Todokoro. 2004. EMBO J. 23:3237–3248). We find that KIF14 targets to the central spindle via its interaction with PRC1 and has an essential function in cytokinesis. In KIF14-depleted cells, citron kinase but not other components of the central spindle and cleavage furrow fail to localize. Furthermore, the localization of KIF14 and citron kinase to the central spindle and midbody is codependent, and they form a complex depending on the activation state of citron kinase. Contrary to a previous study (Di Cunto, F., S. Imarisio, E. Hirsch, V. Broccoli, A. Bulfone, A. Migheli, C. Atzori, E. Turco, R. Triolo, G.P. Dotto, et al. 2000. Neuron. 28:115–127), we find a general requirement for citron kinase in human cell division. Together, these findings identify a novel pathway required for efficient cytokinesis.

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Albeck, Gustav. "N. F. S. Grundtvig: Blik på poesiens historie og Bernhard Severin Ingemann. Udg. af Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen." Grundtvig-Studier 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v38i1.15973.

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N . F. S. Grundtvig: View of the History of Poetry and Bernhard Severin Ingemann. MS in the Grundtvig Archives, Fasc. 179, 1, from 1822.Edited by Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen. Museum Tusculanum, Copenhagen 1985.Reviewed by Gustav AlbeckThis is a manuscript that deserves to have been edited and published before now. The poet’s son, Svend Grundtvig, did the preparatory work but never got his edition published. The cover of the present edition depicts W. E. Parry’s two ships in the polar darkness during his attempt to discover the North-West Passage in 1819-20. The reviewer informs us that in the manuscript Grundtvig describes the development of poetry as an unbroken chain of voyages of discovery, in which the contemporary, unsolved problem of the North-West Passage appears as a recurrent metaphor in various contexts.The editor, the excellent Grundtvig scholar, Dr. Lundgreen-Nielsen, has supplied a compact and scholarly preface and a commentary that is almost too thorough. Yet it must be admitted that the text requires both empathy and notes. It is not easy tofollow the poet’s image-filled presentation. It has previously been employed by Fr. R.nning in a little piece on Grundtvig as an aesthete (1883) and in the anthology Towards a Characterisation of N . F. S. Grundtvig (1915). Dr AlfHenriques has advanced some important reflections on this in his doctorate Shakespeare and Denmark (1941), as has Dr Helge Toldberg in his doctorate Grundtvig’s Symbolism (1950). Most recently Helge Grell has made use of some of the views expressed therein in his book The Creative Word and the Figurative Word (1980).The text is an interesting link in the development of Grundtvig’s view of the nature and mission of poetry. It does not tell us much about the poet Ingemann, even though it is evident from the manuscript that his name was the original title; comment on him fills a mere eight of the manuscript’s forty pages. In a kind of epilogue Grundtvig himself recognises that the essay assumes a knowledge of “the poetry and achievements of the strangest peoples” and the ability to “gather what they know”, an art which is far from common. But it is the hope of both editor and reviewer that it will find a varied group of readers.The introduction offers an outline of Grundtvig as an aesthete, a full and stimulating contribution to a work that is still waiting to be written. It does demand, however, “a systematic publication of the posthumous papers concerned with aesthetic matters,” and “a special Grundtvig dictionary”: two wishes that the reviewer shares with the editor. But there are other areas where Professor Albeck disagrees with, and is critical of, Dr Lundgreen-Nielsen.For example, the reviewer does not believe the essays were written with foreigners in mind. In his epilogue Grundtvig writes that here he “had strangers in mind” (nb. the Danish word fremmed means both ‘strange’ and ‘foreign’). The question is, What does he mean by ‘strangers’? Both the content and the language point to him addressing a domestic audience, but one that is distanced from him. He presupposes an acquaintance with the Danish language and history as well as a love of Denmark that could scarcely be expected of any but his compatriots. It is possible that originally he did have a foreign audience in mind, but changes his direction. Professor Albeck imagines that Grundtvig has originally thought of a Danish periodical (or possibly the Danish newspaper LatestPictures of Copenhagen, where he has found one of the essay’s main images, the North-West Passage). The title suggests that Grundtvig’s primary interest has been to introduce his poet-friend Ingemann to a wider public, but that the introduction to this has swollen out of all proportion into a strongly subjective survey of the history of poetry in the world.

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Estep, L. K., M. Zala, N. P. Anderson, K. E. Sackett, M. Flowers, B. A. McDonald, and C. C. Mundt. "First Report of Resistance to QoI Fungicides in North American Populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, Causal Agent of Septoria Tritici Blotch of Wheat." Plant Disease 97, no. 11 (November 2013): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0486-pdn.

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The G143A mutation in cytb (cytochrome b gene) is associated with high levels of resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI or strobilurin) fungicides that disrupt electron transport during cellular respiration (1). The G143A mutation in Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms: Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici), the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch of wheat (Triticum aestivum), was first reported in Europe in 2001 (1). Although Z. tritici has a global distribution (3), G143A mutants of Z. tritici have not been reported outside of Europe. We used PCR-RFLP (4) to estimate the frequencies of G143A mutants in Z. tritici populations at two locations in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon: the Hyslop Crop Science Field Research Laboratory (Hyslop Farm, HF), Benton County (44°37′52.85″ N, 123°11′55.19″ W) and research plots planted in a commercial wheat field in Washington County (45°33′58.53″ N, 123°00′11.78″ W) (North Valley Farm, NVF). Isolates originated from flag leaf collections from two cultivars (‘Bobtail’ and ‘Tubbs 06’) made in April and June of 2012 from plants in a replicated fungicide-treatment experiment, with isolates collected from both sprayed and unsprayed plots. Sixteen of the 169 isolates (9.5%) from HF possessed the G143A mutation (7 of 132 isolates from plots not receiving a QoI fungicide and 9 of 37 isolates collected from plots receiving two applications of the QoI azoxystrobin). One hundred forty six of the 175 isolates (83.4%) from NVF were G143A mutants (101 of 129 isolates from plots receiving no QoI fungicide and 45 of 46 isolates from plots receiving two applications of azoxystrobin). Results of phenotypic assays of a subset of 10 isolates from each location (5 mutants, 5 wild types from each location; 20 isolates altogether) supported a high level of resistance to azoxystrobin only in the G143A mutants. All 10 G143A mutants developed colonies after 8 days of growth on YMA plates amended with SHAM (2) and 1 ppm or 10 ppm azoxystrobin, with nine and eight G143A mutant isolates developing colonies on plates amended with 1 ppm and 10 ppm azoxystrobin, respectively. None of the wild-type isolates developed colonies on plates amended with SHAM and 1 ppm azoxystrobin, nor on plates amended with SHAM and 10 ppm azoxystrobin. All 20 isolates developed colonies on YMA plates lacking azoxystrobin, and treatments produced identical results across three replicates. These results are consistent with findings of higher levels of azoxystrobin resistance in G143A mutants compared to wild types in European populations (1). Isolates from HF and NVF differ in their previous exposure to QoI fungicides. The majority of the wheat area at HF is planted to breeding plots that are not sprayed with fungicide. Plots at NVF were planted in a commercial wheat field in a county where most wheat fields were treated with two to three applications of strobilurins each year over the past 4 years. Future monitoring for G143A mutants of Z. tritici throughout its range in North America will be necessary to assess whether strobilurin resistance will spread via wind-dispersal of ascospores or emerge de novo in treated fields. In Europe, stobilurins were first applied to wheat in 1996. G143A mutants of Z. tritici emerged de novo several times (4) and were widespread by 2007. References: (1) B. A. Fraaje et al. Phytopathology 95:933, 2005. (2) J. A. LaMondia. Tob. Sci. 49:1, 2012. (3) E. S. Orton et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 12:413, 2011. (4) S. F. F. Torriani et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:155, 2008.

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Abdelghafour, Mohamed M., Ágota Deák, Tamás Kiss, Mária Budai-Szűcs, Gábor Katona, Rita Ambrus, Bálint Lőrinczi, et al. "Self-Assembling Injectable Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Delivery of Antimuscular Atrophy Drug Tilorone." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122723.

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A two-component injectable hydrogel was suitably prepared for the encapsulation and prolonged release of tilorone which is an antimuscular atrophy drug. The rapid (7–45 s, depending on the polymer concentration) in situ solidifications of the hydrogel were evoked by the evolving Schiff-base bonds between the aldehyde groups of modified PVA (4-formyl benzoate PVA, PVA-CHO, 5.9 mol% functionalization degree) and the amino groups of 3-mercaptopropionate chitosan (CHIT-SH). The successful modification of the initial polymers was confirmed by both FTIR and NMR measurements; moreover, a new peak appeared in the FTIR spectrum of the 10% w/v PVA-CHO/CHIT-SH hydrogel at 1647 cm−1, indicating the formation of a Schiff base (–CH=N–) and confirming the interaction between the NH2 groups of CHIT–SH and the CHO groups of PVA-CHO for the formation of the dynamic hydrogel. The reaction between the NH2 and CHO groups of the modified biopolymers resulted in a significant increase in the hydrogel’s viscosity which was more than one thousand times greater (9800 mPa·s) than that of the used polymer solutions, which have a viscosity of only 4.6 and 5.8 mPa·s, respectively. Furthermore, the initial chitosan was modified with mercaptopropionic acid (thiol content = 201.85 ± 12 µmol/g) to increase the mucoadhesive properties of the hydrogel. The thiolated chitosan showed a significant increase (~600 mN/mm) in adhesion to the pig intestinal membrane compared to the initial one (~300 mN/mm). The in vitro release of tilorone from the hydrogel was controlled with the crosslinking density/concentration of the hydrogel; the 10% w/v PVA-CHO/CHIT-SH hydrogel had the slowest releasing (21.7 h−1/2) rate, while the 2% w/v PVA-CHO/CHIT-SH hydrogel had the fastest releasing rate (34.6 h−1/2). Due to the characteristics of these hydrogels, their future uses include tissue regeneration scaffolds, wound dressings for skin injuries, and injectable or in situ forming drug delivery systems. Eventually, we hope that the developed hydrogel will be useful in the local treatment of muscle atrophy, such as laryngotracheal atrophy.

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Bruton, B. D., and M. E. Miller. "Occurrence of Vine Decline Diseases of Melons in Honduras." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (June 1997): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.696c.

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A survey of vine decline diseases of melons (Cucumis melo L.) was conducted on three geographically separate farms (12 fields) in the area of San Lorenzo, Honduras, during the spring of 1996. Symptoms were typical of the vine declines in that the leaves began yellowing and collapsing in the crown just prior to harvest and the decline radiated outward. Crown lesions, typical of many of the vine declines, were observed infrequently. Most plants exhibited no crown lesion. Roots exhibited brown lesions and root corking, and were generally lacking root hairs, although the roots were not macerated. Fruit were small sized, low in sugars, and sunburned. Isolations were made from the crown area, primary root, and secondary roots of affected plants by excising 3- to 5-mm pieces and surface sterilizing for 30 to 60 s with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four tissue pieces from each plant part were placed on 2.0% water agar plus 0.1 g of streptomycin sulfate per liter and their identity maintained. Plates were examined for fungal growth daily for 5 days and hyphal tips from all colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar and Synthetischer nährstoffärmer agar (2) to allow for sporulation. Rhizoctonia solani Kühn was the predominant fungus isolated from affected plants in several fields, with an incidence as high as 75%. A Pythium sp. was isolated from primary and secondary roots of 50% of the plants on the Santa Rosa farm. Vines exhibiting tan to light brown crown lesions either on one side of the vine or encompassing the crown, but without gumming, always produced colonies of Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenweb. emend. W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hans. was isolated from roots of more than 30% of the plants, although this is not unusually high. Crown lesions typical of charcoal rot were observed in some fields, with Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich being isolated from 65% of the plants in one field. Charcoal rot was a minor problem in all fields but one. Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm was not isolated from any of the plants. A Stagonospora-like fungus, which has been demonstrated recently as a potential contributor to vine decline (1), was isolated on 17% of the plants from five fields on the Embarcadero Farm. Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker was isolated infrequently in one field on the Santa Rosa Farm. This is the first report of M. cannonballus and a Stagonospora-like fungus in Honduras. References: (1) M. E. Miller et al. Phytopathology 86:S3, 1996. (2) H. I. Nirenberg. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land Forstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlem. 169:1, 1976.

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Pinto, Alexandrede S., Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Maria Regina S. S. da Silva, Keith W. Kisselle, Michel Brossard, Ricardo Kruger, Richard G. Zepp, and Roger A. Burke. "Effects of Different Treatments of Pasture Restoration on Soil Trace Gas Emissions in the Cerrados of Central Brazil." Earth Interactions 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei146.1.

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Abstract Planted pastures (mainly Brachiaria spp) are the most extensive land use in the cerrado (savannas of central Brazil) with an area of approximately 50 × 106 ha. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of pasture restoration on the N dynamics (net N mineralization/nitrification, available inorganic N and soil N oxide gas fluxes—NO and N2O), C dynamics (CO2 fluxes and microbial biomass carbon), and diversity of the soil bacterial community using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. Sampling was done monthly on a farm in Planaltina, Goiás, Brazil (15°13′S, 47°42′W) from November 2001 to April 2002. Three areas of cerradão (dense cerrado) were converted to pasture (Brachiaria brizantha) in 1991, and after 8 years degradation was evident with the decreasing plant biomass production. Methods to restore these pastures were investigated for their sustainability, principally their effects on trace gas emissions. The pastures have been managed since 1999 as follows: 1) fertilized plot (N = 60 kg ha−1 yr−1, P = 12 kg ha−1 yr−1); 2) grass–legume plot, Brachiaria associated with a legume (Stylosanthes guianensis) with addition of P (12 kg ha−1 yr−1); and 3) a traditional plot without management. A fourth area of cerradão was converted to pasture in 1999 and was not managed (young pasture). Ammonium was the predominant inorganic N form in the soils (∼76 mg N kg−1) for all treatments throughout the study. In December 2001 a reduction in average soil N-NH4+ was observed (∼30 mg N kg−1) compared to November 2001, probably related to plant demand. All plots had high variability of soil N gases emissions, but during the wet season, the NO and N2O soil fluxes were near zero. The results of the water addition experiment made during the dry season (September 2002) indicated that the transition of dry to wet season is an important period for the production of N gases in the fertilized pasture and in the young pasture. Soil CO2 fluxes also increased after the water addition and the grass–legume plot had the highest increase in soil respiration (from ∼2 to 8.3 μmol m−2 s−1). The lowest values of soil respiration and microbial biomass carbon (∼320 mg C kg−1 soil) tended to be observed in the young pasture, because the superficial layer of the soil (0–10 cm) was removed during the conversion to pasture. Trace gas emissions measured after the water addition experiment corresponded to rapid changes in the soil bacterial community. The young pasture sample showed the lowest level of similarity in relation to the others, indicating that the bacterial community is also influenced by the time since conversion. This study indicates that the restoration technique of including Stylosanthes guianensis with B. brizantha increases plant productivity without the peaks of N oxide gas emissions that are often associated with the use of N fertilizers. Additionally, the soil bacterial community structure may be restored to one similar to that of native cerrado grasslands, suggesting that this restoration method may beneficially affect bacterially mediated processes.

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Moerdisuroso, Indro. "Reading Children's Drawings Through Analysis of Three Metafunctions." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.161.13.

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For researchers, early childhood educators, and art educators, the contribution of this article is to expand meaning in drawing activities. Perspective in reading pictures using visual culture theory, especially visual grammar. This study aims to share knowledge and experiences in reading early childhood pictures from different perspectives. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach through visual material data collection techniques and analysis of three metafunctions. The objects of research are three pictures of children aged 7-8 years, namely the works of winners of the I-III children's painting competition held by PP-IPTEK TMII in 2018. Aspects of the representation structure, interaction system, and composition of each image are analyzed. The research findings conclude that the ideational function of the three images shows a narrative structure of representation and raises the discourse of resistance to the actual situation. The interpersonal function of the three images places the image maker in the real world and as an object of display impersonally. The textual functions of the three images position social life on other planets as a reflection of hope for real social life.Keywords: children's drawings, visual culture, visual system, three metafunctions References: Butler, S., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (1995). The Effect of Drawing on Memory Performance in Young Children. Developmental Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.4.597 Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (Fifth edition). Pearson. de Lautour, N. (2020). The Visual Arts and Children’s Thinking and Theorising in Early Childhood. Www.Elp.Co. Nz/Articles, 13. Driessnack, M., & Furukawa, R. (2012). Arts-based data collection techniques used in child research. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 17(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00304.x Elliot W, E., & D. Day, M. (2004). Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education (1st Edition). Routledge. Everts, H., & Withers, R. (2006). A Practitioner Survey of Interactive Drawing Therapy as Used in New Zealand. 16. Freedman, K. J., & Stuhr, P. L. (2004). Curriculum Change for the 21st Century: Visual Culture in Art Education. Funch, B. S. (1996). The aesthetic experience as a transcendent phenomenon. Nordisk Psykologi, 48(4), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291463.1996.11863884 Gernhardt, A., Rübeling, H., & Keller, H. (2013). “This Is My Family”: Differences in Children’s Family Drawings Across Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 1166–1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113478658 Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting Education in “Educational” Apps: Lessons from the Science of Learning. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615569721 Hwang, G.-J., Lai, C.-L., & Wang, S.-Y. (2015). Seamless flipped learning: A mobile technology-enhanced flipped classroom with effective learning strategies. Journal of Computers in Education, 2(4), 449–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-015-0043-0 Jolley, R. P. (2009). Children and Pictures: Drawing and Understanding. Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QpGS9s9zqMoC Kellogg, R. (1973). Misunderstanding Children’s Art. Art Education, 26(6), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.1973.11652137 Knight, L. (2008). Communication and Transformation through Collaboration: Rethinking Drawing Activities in Early Childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 9(4), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2008.9.4.306 Kress, G. R., van Leeuwen, T., & Van Leeuwen, D. H. S. S. T. (1996). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vh07i06q-9AC Kucirkova, N. (2017). IRPD—A framework for guiding design-based research for iPad apps. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(2), 598–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12389 Lowenfeld, V. (1949). Creative and Mental Growth. Macmillan. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x7tRAQAAMAAJ Mamur, N. (2012). The Effect of Modern Visual Culture on Children’s Drawings. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.651 Moerdisuroso, I. (2017). Social Semiotics and Visual Grammar: A Contemporary Approach to Visual Text Research. International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies, 1(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v1i1.1574 Nielsen, A. M. (2012). Forskeres arbejde med oplevelser af børns tegninger som forskningsmetode [The researcher’s work with children’s experiences of drawing as a research method]. Psyke & Logos. Papadakis, S., & Kalogianakis, M. (2020). A Research Synthesis of the Real Value of Self-Proclaimed Mobile Educational Applications for Young Children. In Mobile Learning Applications in Early Childhood Education (pp. 1–19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1486-3.ch001 Quaglia, R., Longobardi, C., Iotti, N. O., & Prino, L. E. (2015). A new theory on children’s drawings: Analyzing the role of emotion and movement in graphical development. Infant Behavior and Development, 39, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.009 Santrock, J. W. (2011). Educational Psychology. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=M8S4kgEACAAJ Vygotski, L. S. (2004). Imagination and Creativity in Childhood. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology, 42(1), 7–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10610405.2004.11059210

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Simbolon, Reni Aisyah, Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah, and Ulil Amna. "Uji Kandungan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder pada Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L var. Pomifera) dari Kota Langsa, Aceh." QUIMICA: Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jq.v3i1.3493.

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Tumbuhan jambu biji (Psidium guajava L var. pomifera) adalah salah satu tanaman obat-obatan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat khususnya di Indonesia. Tumbuhan yang termasuk ke dalam famili Myrtaceae tersebut memiliki khasiat sebagai antidiare, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat dalam daun jambu biji merah (Psidium guajava L. Var. Pomifera). Berdasarkan pengujian fitokimia yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa daun kering positif mengandung senyawa steroid, saponin, fenol, dan tanin. Sedangkan pada daun segar positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, steroid, saponin, fenol, dan tanin. Referensi : [1] S. S. H. Aponno V. J., Yamlean Y. V. P., “Uji Efektivitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn) terhadap Penyembuhan Luka yang Terinfeksi Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus pada Kelinci (Orytolagus cuniculus),” PHARMACON, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 279–286, 2014, doi: 10.35799/pha.3.2014.5400. [2] R. Rachmaniar, H. Kartamihardja, and Merry, “Pemanfaatan Buah Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava Linn.) Sebagai Antioksidan Dalam Bentuk Granul Effervescent,” JSTFI Indones. J. Pharm. Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–20, 2016. [3] Z. S. Desiyana S. L., Husni A. M., “Uji Efektivitas Sedian Gel Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava Linn) terhadap Penyenmbuhan Luka Terbuka pada Mencit (Mus musculus).,” J. Nat., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 23–32, 2016. [4] Rabbiyah F., “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) terhadap Pengikatan Trombosit pada Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue,” J. Major., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 91–96, 2015. [5] T. Handayani, Witjaksono, and K. U. Nugraheni, “Induksi Tetraploid Pada Tanaman Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) secara In Vitro,” J. Biol. Indones., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 271–278, 2017, doi: 10.47349/jbi/13022017/271. [6] Y. Tampubolon R. T., “Pengaruh Formulasi Terhadap Sifat Fisik, Kimia, dan Organoleptik Effervescent Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava var. Pomifera).,” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 27–37, 2017. [7] S. A. Ariyani A. M. D., Santoso I. S., “Analisa Profitalitas Usaha Tani Jambu Biji Getas Merah di Kabupaten Kendal,” Acromedia, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 10–18, 2017. [8] I. S. W. Atmaja, Ismail Saleh, R. Eviyati, and D. Budirokhman, “Kajian Aplikasi Pupuk Kandang dan Pupuk Npk Terhadap Kualitas dan Mutu Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) Kultivar Getas pada Musim Kemarau,” J. Agrovigor, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111–117, 2016. [9] C. Dhyan, S. H. Sumarlan, and B. Susilo, “Pengaruh Pelapisan Lilin Lebah dan Suhu Penyimpanan Terhadap Kualitas Buah Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.),” J. Bioproses Komod. Trop., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 79–90, 2014. [10] W. N. Gunawan R., Susanto H. W., “Pengaruh Lama Pemanasan dan Konsentrasi Maizena terhadap Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Lempok Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium Guajava L.),” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2018. [11] D. N. Maria and E. Zubaidah, “Pembuatan Velva Jambu Biji Merah Probiotik (Lactobacillus Acidophilus) Kajian Persentase Penambahan Sukrosa dan CMC,” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 18–28, 2014. [12] W. R. Andriani, “Efektivitas Mengkonsumsi Jus Apel Dibandingkan dengan Mengkonsumsi Jus Jambu Biji terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Halitosis,” AcTion Aceh Nutr. J., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 164–171, 2018. [13] F. Nadifah, S. Fatimah, and L. Susanti, “Pengaruh Infusa Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro,” J. Heal., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 65–68, 2015, doi: 10.30590/vol2-no2-p65-68. [14] I. B. Wicaksono and M. Ulfah, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dan Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrihidrazil),” Inov. Tek. Kim., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 44–48, 2017. [15] I. Hartati, S. Nurfaizin, Suwardiyono, and L. Kurniasari, “Ekstraksi Gelombang Mikro Terpenoid Daun Surian (Toona sureni Merr),” Inov. Tek. Kim., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 98–103, 2016. [16] A. U. Mulyanto S., Sumardianto, “Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava) terhadap Daya Simpan Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis niloticus) pada Suhu Dingin,” J. Pengolah. dan Bioteknol. Has. Perikan., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1–7, 2018. [17] H. Setiawan, L. B. Utami, and M. Zulfikar, “Serbuk Daun Jambu Biji Memperbaiki Performans Pertumbuhan dan Morfologi Duodenum Ayam Jawa Super,” J. Vet., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 554–562, 2018. [18] H. Halimatussakdiah, U. Amna, and P. Wahyuningsih, “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Larvicidal Activity of Edible Fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Extract against Culex,” J. Nat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 141–146, 2018, doi: 10.24815/jn.v0i0.11335. [19] R. Ningrum, E. Purwanti, and Sukarsono, “Identifikasi Senyawa Alkaloid dari Batang Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Sebagai Bahan Ajar Biologi Untuk SMA Kelas X,” J. Pendidik. Biol. Indinesia, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 231–236, 2016. [20] A. R. Nasrudin., Wahyono., Mustofa., Saridarti, “Isolasi Senyawa dari Kulit Akar Sengugun (Elerdenrum serratum L. Moon),” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 332–337, 2017. [21] N. Hidayah, “Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman (Tanin dan Saponin) dalam Mengurangi Emisi Metan Ternak Ruminansia,” J. Sain Peternak. Indones., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 89–98, 2016, doi: 10.31186/jspi.id.11.2.89-98. [22] Z. D. Novitasari, E. A. dan Putri, “Isolasi dan Identifikasi Saponin Saponin Pada Ekstrak Daun Mahkota Dewa Dengan Metode Maserasi,” J. Sains, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 10–13, 2016. [23] B. Bintoro, A., Ibrahim, M.A., Situmeang, “Analisis Dan Identifikasi Senyawa Saponin dari Daun Sidara (Zhizipus Mauritania L.),” J. Itekimia, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 84–93, 2017. [24] . Y., H. Purnamaningsih, A. Nururrozi, and S. Indarjulianto, “Saponin : Dampak terhadap Ternak (Ulasan),” J. Peternak. Sriwij., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 79–90, 2017, doi: 10.33230/jps.6.2.2017.5083.

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Jat, Rakesh Kumar, Pankajkumar C. Joshi, Piyush Verma, Mohan Lal Jat, and Vishal R. Wankhade. "Influence of different organic sources of nutrients on growth and flowering behaviour of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2455.

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A field experiment on the influence of different organic sources of nutrients on growth and flowering behaviour of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa was conducted at College Farm, College of Horticulture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Jagudan, District-Mehsana in Gujarat, India during Mrig bahar (June-January) 2017-18 and 2018-19. The present investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications consisting of twenty-two treatments with four different organic manures viz., farmyard manure, vermicompost, poultry manure and neem cake as a source of nitrogen and recommended dose of manure and fertilizers based on plant age with or without biofertilizers (Azotobacter, PSB & KMB) and biopesticides (Trichoderma viride and Paecilomyces lilacinus). The results based on pooled data revealed that a maximum number of hermaphrodite flowers (85.17) and incomplete flowers (96.50) up to two months after treatment application, fruit set (69.45 %) along with minimum fruit drop (13.18 %) and days taken for marketable picking (168.83) were significantly (@5%) noted under treatment 100 % RDN through poultry manure + 50 ml PSB + 25 ml KMB + 5 g Trichoderma viride + 5 ml Paecilomyces lilacinus. However, significantly (@5%) highest incremental primary growth parameters viz., plant height (0.60 m), plant spread (E-W: 0.41 m and N-S: 0.43 m) and stem girth (1.47 cm) after two months of treatment application were observed under treatment 100 % RDN through vermicompost + 50 ml PSB + 25 ml KMB + 5 g Trichoderma viride + 5 ml Paecilomyces lilacinus. Thus, the organic sources viz., vermicompost and poultry manure with biofertilizers and biopesticides would be very helpful for enhancing vegetative growth and flowering behaviour of the pomegranate.

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Ojeda, David. "A bronze portrait of a slave child from a presumed villa near Medellín (Lusitania)." Journal of Roman Archaeology 31 (2018): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759418001344.

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A bronze portrait of a child (figs. 1-4) belonging to the category of “small format” portraits is preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Badajoz (inv. no. 4471). It was found in 1970 in excavations conducted by J. M. Peralta y Sosa on a farm in the Vega del Ortiga, an area east of Medellín in the territory between that town and Don Benito (Lusitania), some 35 km from Mérida (Augusta Emerita). In the excavated area of 40 m2 (fig. 5) were two cisterns and a rectangular well, at the bottom of which was the bronze portrait. The N cistern measured 3.8 x 1.25 m. Attached to its E side was a rectangular (80 x 60 cm) well. A channel in the centre of the S wall of the well was connected to a square (3.45 x 2.9 m) cistern. From its W wall a drain leads into a channel towards the Ortiga river, which flows by some 50 m away. On the E side of the excavation area were two identical column bases which could have belonged to a peristyle. One is a square (90 x 80 cm) block preserving traces of a column shaft 65 cm in diameter, while the other, 3 m to the north, retains the beginning of the shaft. From this point a wall (45 cm thick) faced with stucco starts to head north. The pottery found during the excavation included Arretine, South Gaulish and thin-walled wares belonging to the first quarter of the 1st c. A.D. The site appears to have been part of a Roman villa.

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Dharmawati, I. Gusti Agung Ayu, Nur Habibah, I. Gusti Agung Ayu Putu Swastini, and Heri Setiyo Bekti. "Antibacterial Potential of Spondias pinnata (L.f) kurz Leaf Ethanol Extract against Streptococcus mutans Bacterial Growth." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2502.

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1. Laksemi DAAS. Biological activity of Spondias pinnata: A review. Indones J Biomed Sci. 2019;13(2):88–93. 2. Badoni A, Bisht C. Importance and Problems in Natural Regeneration of Spondias pinnata. Rep Opin. 2009;1(5):12–3. 3. Hazra B, Biswas S, Mandal N. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008;8:1–10. 4. Savitri, Ariantari, Dwija. Potensi Antituberkulosis Ekstrak. J Farm Udayana [Internet]. 2013;2(3). Available from: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jfu/article/view/7385/5639 5. Wulansari, N.T. & Armayanti LY. Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Cem-cem (Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi. J Media Sains. 2018;2(2):59–63. 6. Sudirga S. Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan sebagai Obat Tradisional di Desa Trunyan Kecamatan Kintamani kabupaten Bangli. E J Bumi Lestari [Internet]. 2012;4(2):7–18. Available from: http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/blje/article/view/2379 7. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. Jakarta; 2018. 111–112 p. 8. Forssten SD, Björklund M, Ouwehand AC. Streptococcus mutans, caries and simulation models. Nutrients. 2010;2(3):290–8. 9. Pan X, Chen F, Wu T, Tang H, Zhao Z. The acid, bile tolerance and antimicrobial property of Lactobacillus acidophilus NIT. Food Control [Internet]. 2009;20(6):598–602. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.08.019 10. Asnani A, Rahayu WP, Jenie BSL, Yuliana ND. Aktivitas Antibakteri Dan Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Daun Kedondong Hutan. Vol. 28, Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. 2017. p. 169–79. 11. Gupta VK, Roy A, Nigam VK, Mukherjee K. Antimicrobial activity of spondias pinnata resin. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(16):1656–61. 12. Jain P. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Spondias pinnata Kurz. Leaves\. European J Med Plants. 2014;4(2):183–95. 13. Das J, Mannan A, Rahman MM, Dinar MAM, Uddin ME, Khan IN, et al. Chloroform and ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata and its different pharmacological activity like- antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial potential and phytochemical screening through in-vitro method. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci [Internet]. 2011;2(4):1805–12. Available from: http://www.ijrpbsonline.com/files/RC38.pdf%0Ahttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123074681 14. Adamczak A, Ożarowski M, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial activity of some flavonoids and organic acids widely distributed in plants. J Clin Med. 2020;9(1). 15. Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Vol. 18, Phytochemistry Reviews. 2019. 241–272 p. 16. Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Nabavi SF, et al. Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity. Microbiol Res [Internet]. 2016; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.003 17. Xie Y, Yang W, Tang F, Chen X, Ren L. Antibacterial Activities of Flavonoids: Structure-Activity Relationship and Mechanism. Curr Med Chem. 2014;22(1):132–49. 18. Dianawati N, Setyarini W, Widjiastuti I, Ridwan RD, Kuntaman K. The distribution of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in children with dental caries severity level. Dent J (Majalah Kedokt Gigi). 2020;53(1):36. 19. Friedman JY. The Role of Streptococcus Mutans in the Formation of Dental Caries: An Ecological Perspective. Sci J Lander Coll Arts Sci. 2011;5(1):40–6. 20. Sogandi S, Nilasari P. Identifikasi Senyawa Aktif Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dan Potensinya sebagai Inhibitor Karies Gigi. J Kefarmasian Indones. 2019;9(2):73–81. 21. Suhendar U, Fathurrahman M, Sogandi S. Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Methanol Extract from Kasturi Mango Fruit (Mangifera casturi) on Caries-Causing Bacterium Streptococcus mutans. J Kim Sains dan Apl. 2019;22(6):235–41.

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Souad MAHDI, Rachid AZZI, and Farid Boucif LAHFA. "Antioxidant Activity and Hemolytic Effect of Hydro-methanolic Extract and its Phenolic Enriched Fractions From Leaves and Stems of Salvia officinalis L. from Algeria." Journal of Natural Product Research and Applications 1, no. 02 (December 3, 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/jnpra.v1i02.12.

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This study aimed to assess an in vitro antioxidant and hemolytic activities of crude hydromethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from leaves and stems of Salvia officinalis L. Extract and fractions prepared by maceration from S. officinalis were determined for their phytochemical composition and their contents in total phenolic and flavonoid. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity. Hemolysis assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the studied samples. Crude extract and fractions from S. officinalis contain different secondary metabolites and considerable contents of phenolic and flavonoids. They exhibit high antioxidant activity and low hemolytic effect. However, ethyl acetate fraction is characterized by the highest total phenolic (362.75 ± 0.07 µg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid (263.27 ± 0.1 µg CE/mg DE) contents. Furthermore, this fraction shows the best antioxidant activity tested by DPPH, FRAP and TAC assays. The antiradical activity of ethyl acetate fraction against DPPH (IC50 = 208.51 ± 5.77 μg/mL) is close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 206.43 ± 4.16 μg/mL). It exhibits a powerful activity to reduce iron (EC50 = 250 ± 0.001 μg/mL) and the best total antioxidant capacity (817.33 ± 0.06 μg/mL). It reveals the lowest hemolysis rate of 3.77 ± 0.02% with 200 mg/mL of fraction, after one hour of incubation. The obtained results suggest that crude extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from Salvia officinalis L. are considered efficient natural antioxidants and safe for human erythrocytes. REFERENCES: Andrei, M., Cadmiel, M., Simone, C., Marcello, L., Marina, S., & Gianina, C. (2018).Determination of phenolic compounds in different species of salvia from Romania(Salvia transsylvanica, Salvia glutinosa, Salvia officinalis) and their biologicalactivities. Acta Medica Marisiensis, 64, 14.Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosie-Phytochimie-Plantes médicinales, 3ème édition, Tec &Doc. Lavoisier: Paris.Burci, L.M., da Silva, C.B., Rondon, J.N., da Silva, L.M., de Andrade, S.F., Miguel, O.G., deFátima Gaspari Dias, J., & Miguel, M.D. (2019). Acute and subacute (28 days) toxicity,hemolytic and cytotoxic effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts. ToxicologyReports, 6, 1304–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.006Cheng, K., Dong, W., Long, Y., Zhao, J., Hu, R., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, K. (2019). Evaluation ofthe impact of different drying methods on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,and in vitro digestion of green coffee beans. Food science and nutrition, 7(3), 1084–1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.948Dandlen, A.S., Sofia Lima, A., Marta Mendes, D., Graça Miguel, M., Leonor Faleiro, M.,João Sousa, M., Pedro Luis, G., Barroso José, G., & Cristina Figueiredo, A. (2010).Antioxidant activity of six Portuguese thyme species essential oils. Flavour andfragrance journal, 25(3), 150–155. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ffj .1972.Duletić-Laušević, S., Alimpić Aradski, A., Ţivković, J., Gligorijević, N., Šavikin, K.,Radulović, S., Ćoćić, D., & Marin, P.D. (2019). Evaluation of bioactivities andphenolic composition of extracts of Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) collected inMontenegro. Botanica Serbica, 43(1), 47–58.https://doi.org/10.2298/BOTSERB1901047D.El khoudri, N., Baali, A., & Amor, H. (2016). Maternal morbidity and the use of medicinalherbs in the city of Marrakech, Morrocco. Indian journal of traditional knowledge,15(1), 79–85.Farzaneh, V., & Carvalho, I.S. (2015). A review of the health benefits potentials of herbalplant infusions and their mechanism of actions. Industrial Crops and Products, 65,247–258. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.057Garcia, C.S.C., Menti, C., Lambert, A.P.F., Barcellos, T., Moura, S., Calloni, C., Branco,C.S., Salvador, M., Roesch-Ely, M., & Henriques, J.A.P. (2016). Pharmacologicalperspectives from Brazilian Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae): antioxidant, and antitumorin mammalian cells. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 88(1), 281–292.https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520150344. Gessner, D.K., Ringseis, R., Eder, K. (2017). Potential of plant polyphenols to combatoxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals. Journal of AnimalPhysiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(4), 605–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12579.Giacometti, J., Bursa´c Kovaˇcevi´c, D., Putnik, P., Gabri´c, D., Biluši´c, T., & Kreši´c, G.(2018). Extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils from mediterranean herbsby conventional and green innovative techniques. Food Research International, 113,245–262.Harborne, J. (1998). Phytochemical Methods. In: A Guide to Modern Techniques of PlantAnalysis, 3rd ed, 203–234. Chapman and Hall Thomson Science, UK.Henneberg, R., Otuki, M.F., Furman, A.E.F., Hermann, P., Nascimento, A.J., & Leonart,M.S.S. (2013). Protective effect of flavonoid against reactive oxygen speciesproduction in sickle cell anemia patients treated with hydroxy urea. Revista Brasileirade Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 35(1), 52–55. https://doi.org/10.5581/1516-8484.20130015.Jasicka-Mislak, I., Poliwoda, A., Petecka, M., Buslovych, O., Shlyapnikov, V.A., &Wieczorek, P.P. (2018). Antioxidant phenolic compounds in Salvia officinalis L. andSalvia sclarea L. Ecological Chemistry Engineering S., 25(1), 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0009Kaliora, A.C., Kogiannou, D.A.A., Kefalas, P., Papassideri, I.S., & Kalogeropoulos, N.(2014). Phenolic profiles and antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities of Greekherbal infusions; Balancing delight and chemoprevention? Food Chemestry, 142, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.056.Karagözler, A.A., Erdag, B., Emec, Ç.Y., & Uygunet, D.A. (2008). Antioxidant activity andproline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata. Food chemestry, 111, 400–407.Korkmaz, M., Karakuş, S., Özçelik, H., & Selvi, S. (2016). An ethnobotanical study onmedicinal plants in Erzincan, Turkey. Indian journal of traditional knowledge, 15(2),192–202. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/33967.Kumar, S., Yadav, A., Yadav, M., & Yadav, J.P. (2017). Effect of climate change onphytochemical diversity, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aloevera (L.). Burm.f. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2385-3Li, H.B., Cheng, K.W., Wong, C.C., Fan, K.W., Chen, F., & Jiang, Y. (2007). Evaluation ofantioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fraction of selectedmicroalgae. Food Chemistry, 102(3), 771–776.Martins, T.F., Palomino, O.M., Álvarez-Cilleros, D., Martín, M.A., Ramos, S., & Goya, L.(2020). Cocoa Flavanols Protect Human Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress. PlantFoods for Human Nutrition, 75(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00807-1. Phuse, S.S., & Khan, Z.H. (2018). Assessment of hemolytic effect of Cassia flower extractson human RBCs. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 8(6-s), 18–20.https://doi.org/10.22270/JDDT.V8I6-S.2169.Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidantcapacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific applicationto the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemestry, 269, 337–341.https://doi.org/10.1006/ABIO.1999.4019.Rguez, S., Msaada, K., Hammami, M., Daami-Remadi, M., Chayeb, I., Ksouri, R., &Hamrouni‐Sellami, I. (2019). Diurnal variation of the chemical composition and itsrepercussion on the biological activity polyphenolics of Salvia officinalis aerial parts.International Journal of Plant Science and Horticulture, 1(1), 07–21.https://doi.org/10.36811/ijpsh.2019.110002.Saba, A., Suhayla, M.K., & Raheem, Z.H. (2019). Study the Antioxidant Activity of Sage(Salvia Officinalis) Leaves Extract. Indian Journal of Public Health Research &Development, 10(3), 556. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00557.6.Venkatesan, T., Choi, Y. W., & Kim, Y. K. (2019). Impact of Different Extraction Solventson Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract.BioMed Research International, 2019, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3520675.Yashaswini, S., Fagan, J., & Schaefer, J. (2019). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, cultivationand medicinal properties of Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal ofPharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 3139–3148.Zheng, S., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Chang, W., Xu, Y., & Lin, F. (2019). Prediction of HemolyticToxicity for Saponins by Machine-Learning Methods. Chemical Research inToxicology, 32, 1014–1026. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00347.Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contentsin mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry,64(4), 555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146 (98)00102-2.

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35

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2007): 271–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002485.

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Sally Price & Richard Price; Romare Bearden: The Caribbean Dimension (J. Michael Dash)J. Lorand Matory; Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé (Stephan Palmié)Dianne M. Stewart; Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience (Betty Wood)Toyin Falola & Matt D. Childs (eds.); The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Kim D. Butler)Silvio Torres-Saillant; An Intellectual History of the Caribbean (Anthony P. Maingot)J.H. Elliott; Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Elizabeth Mancke & Carole Shammmmas (eds.); The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Peter A. Coclanis)Adam Hochschild; Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Cassssandra Pybus)Walter Johnson (ed.); The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (Gregory E. O’Malley)P.C. Emmer; The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500-1850 (Victor Enthoven)Philip Beidler & Gary Taylor (eds.); Writing Race Across the Atlantic World, Medieval to Modern (Eric Kimball)Felix Driver & Luciana Martins (eds.); Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (Peter Redfield)Elizabeth A. Bohls & Ian Duncan (eds.); Travel Writing, 1700-1830: An Anthology (Carl Thompson)Alison Donnell; Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature: Critical Moments in Anglophone Literary History (Sue N. Greene)Luís Madureira; Cannibal Modernities: Postcoloniality and the Avant-garde in Caribbean and Brazilian Literature (Lúcia Sá)Zilkia Janer; Puerto Rican Nation-Building Literature: Impossible Romance (Jossianna Arroyo)Sherrie L. Baver & Barbara Deutsch Lynch (eds.); Beyond Sun and Sand: Caribbean Environmentalisms (Rivke Jaffe)Joyce Moore Turner, with the assistance of W. Burghardt Turner; Caribbean Crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance (Gert Oostindie)Lisa D. McGill; Constructing Black Selves: Caribbean American Narratives and the Second Generation (Mary Chamberlain)Mark Q. Sawyer; Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba (Alejandra Bronfman)Franklin W. Knight & Teresita Martínez-Vergne (eds.); Contemporary Caribbean Cultures and Societies in a Global Context (R. Charles Price)Luis A. Figueroa; Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Astrid Cubano Iguina)Rosa E. Carrasquillo; Our Landless Patria: Marginal Citizenship and Race in Caguas, Puerto Rico, 1880-1910 (Ileana M. Rodriguez-Silva) Michael Largey; Vodou Nation: Haitian Art Music and Cultural Nationalism (Julian Gerstin)Donna P. Hope; Inna di Dancehall: Popular Culture and the Politics of Identity in Jamaica (Daniel Neely)Gloria Wekker; The Politics of Passion: Women’s Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora (W. van Wetering)Claire Lefebvre; Issues in the Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages (Salikoko S. Mufwene)

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36

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2008): 271–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002485.

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Анотація:

Sally Price & Richard Price; Romare Bearden: The Caribbean Dimension (J. Michael Dash)J. Lorand Matory; Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé (Stephan Palmié)Dianne M. Stewart; Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience (Betty Wood)Toyin Falola & Matt D. Childs (eds.); The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Kim D. Butler)Silvio Torres-Saillant; An Intellectual History of the Caribbean (Anthony P. Maingot)J.H. Elliott; Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Elizabeth Mancke & Carole Shammmmas (eds.); The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Peter A. Coclanis)Adam Hochschild; Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Cassssandra Pybus)Walter Johnson (ed.); The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (Gregory E. O’Malley)P.C. Emmer; The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500-1850 (Victor Enthoven)Philip Beidler & Gary Taylor (eds.); Writing Race Across the Atlantic World, Medieval to Modern (Eric Kimball)Felix Driver & Luciana Martins (eds.); Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (Peter Redfield)Elizabeth A. Bohls & Ian Duncan (eds.); Travel Writing, 1700-1830: An Anthology (Carl Thompson)Alison Donnell; Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature: Critical Moments in Anglophone Literary History (Sue N. Greene)Luís Madureira; Cannibal Modernities: Postcoloniality and the Avant-garde in Caribbean and Brazilian Literature (Lúcia Sá)Zilkia Janer; Puerto Rican Nation-Building Literature: Impossible Romance (Jossianna Arroyo)Sherrie L. Baver & Barbara Deutsch Lynch (eds.); Beyond Sun and Sand: Caribbean Environmentalisms (Rivke Jaffe)Joyce Moore Turner, with the assistance of W. Burghardt Turner; Caribbean Crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance (Gert Oostindie)Lisa D. McGill; Constructing Black Selves: Caribbean American Narratives and the Second Generation (Mary Chamberlain)Mark Q. Sawyer; Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba (Alejandra Bronfman)Franklin W. Knight & Teresita Martínez-Vergne (eds.); Contemporary Caribbean Cultures and Societies in a Global Context (R. Charles Price)Luis A. Figueroa; Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Astrid Cubano Iguina)Rosa E. Carrasquillo; Our Landless Patria: Marginal Citizenship and Race in Caguas, Puerto Rico, 1880-1910 (Ileana M. Rodriguez-Silva) Michael Largey; Vodou Nation: Haitian Art Music and Cultural Nationalism (Julian Gerstin)Donna P. Hope; Inna di Dancehall: Popular Culture and the Politics of Identity in Jamaica (Daniel Neely)Gloria Wekker; The Politics of Passion: Women’s Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora (W. van Wetering)Claire Lefebvre; Issues in the Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages (Salikoko S. Mufwene)

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37

Behrendt, A., V. Wulfmeyer, E. Hammann, S. K. Muppa, and S. Pal. "Profiles of second- to third-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations in the convective boundary layer: first measurements with Rotational Raman Lidar." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 21 (November 21, 2014): 29019–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-29019-2014.

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Abstract. The rotational Raman lidar of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH) measures atmospheric temperature profiles during daytime with high resolution (10 s, 109 m). The data contain low noise errors even in daytime due to the use of strong UV laser light (355 nm, 10 W, 50 Hz) and a very efficient interference-filter-based polychromator. In this paper, we present the first profiling of the second- to forth-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations as well as of skewness and kurtosis in the convective boundary layer (CBL) including the interfacial layer (IL). The results demonstrate that the UHOH RRL resolves the vertical structure of these moments. The data set which is used for this case study was collected in western Germany (50°53'50.56′′ N, 6°27'50.39′′ E, 110 m a.s.l.) within one hour around local noon on 24 April 2013 during the Intensive Observations Period (IOP) 6 of the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE), which is embedded in the German project HD(CP)2 (High-Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction). First, we investigated profiles of the noise variance and compared it with estimates of the statistical temperature measurement uncertainty Δ T based on Poisson statistics. The agreement confirms that photon count numbers obtained from extrapolated analog signal intensities provide a lower estimate of the statistical errors. The total statistical uncertainty of a 20 min temperature measurement is lower than 0.1 K up to 1050 m a.g.l. at noontime; even for single 10 s temperature profiles, it is smaller than 1 K up to 1000 m a.g.l.. Then we confirmed by autocovariance and spectral analyses of the atmospheric temperature fluctuations that a temporal resolution of 10 s was sufficient to resolve the turbulence down to the inertial subrange. This is also indicated by the profile of the integral scale of the temperature fluctuations, which was in the range of 40 to 120 s in the CBL. Analyzing then profiles of the second-, third-, and forth-order moments, we found the largest values of all moments in the IL around the mean top of the CBL which was located at 1230 m a.g.l. The maximum of the variance profile in the IL was 0.40 K2 with 0.06 and 0.08 K2 for the sampling error and noise error, respectively. The third-order moment was not significantly different from zero inside the CBL but showed a negative peak in the IL with a minimum of −0.72 K3 and values of 0.06 and 0.14 K3 for the sampling and noise errors, respectively. The forth-order moment and kurtosis values throughout the CBL were quasi-normal.

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Machado, A. C. Z., O. F. Dorigo, A. Boss, and P. Tironi. "First Report of Meloidogyne javanica Parasitizing Duboisia sp. in Paraná State, Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 12 (December 2014): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-14-0649-pdn.

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Duboisia sp. is a small tree belonging to the family Solanaceae originating from the rainforest areas of the eastern coast of Australia. Dried leaves are used for the extraction of pharmaceutical alkaloids, making this a commercially viable crop. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has been reported parasitizing Duboisia myoporoides (5); however, no information of other root-knot nematode species associated with this plant was found. Duboisia sp. is cultivated at Solana Farm, near Arapongas (23°25′08″ S, 51°25′26″ W), Paraná State, Brazil. During the renovation of a production field in this municipality, galled roots were observed on plants and samples were submitted to the Nematology Laboratory at Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, on December 2013. Plants did not exhibit any above-ground symptoms. The specimens were identified through perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of 20 adult females extracted from dissected roots (2,3) and morphometrics of 10 second-stage juveniles extracted from roots using the blender-sieving method (1). Morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for M. javanica (4). Females had rounded perineal patterns with low, trapezoid shape dorsal arch, striae smooth interrupted by a pair of incisures on both sides, corresponding to lateral fields, clearly demarcated from striae by more or less parallel lines, tail whorl often distinct (4). The juvenile mean body length was 459.9 ± 28.7 μm and tail length averaged 51.6 ± 5.1 μm, with 10 to 16 μm long hyaline region and finely rounded tail tip (4). Results from the esterase electrophoresis were typical of M. javanica (2) with the J3 (Rm = 1.0, 1.3, and 1.4) phenotype being obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica on Duboisia sp. in Brazil. This finding has great importance for Brazilian production since this nematode may damage plants, reduce yields, and control of this nematode on Duboisia sp. is difficult (5). Additional work is necessary in order to elucidate the losses caused by M. javanica on Duboisia sp. References: (1) J. I. Bonetti and S. Ferraz. Fitopatol. Bras. 6:533, 1981. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) K. M. Hartman and J. N. Sasser. Page 115 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume II Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (4) D. J. Hunt and Z. A. Handoo. Page 55 in: Root-Knot Nematodes. R. N. Perry et al., eds. CABI International, Wallingford, UK, 2010. (5) A. M. Mello et al. Nematol. Bras. 22(2):12, 1998.

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de Izquierdo, Vinicius Souza, Fernanda Lopes, Bernardo Silva Da Menezes, Edgard Gonçalves Malaguez, Marcio Nunes Corrêa, Philipe Moriel, Cassio Cassal Brauner, and Eduardo Schmitt. "PSVI-1 Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine on Reproduction and Body Temperature of Nelore Cows in hot and Humid Environments." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.638.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the body temperature and conception rate of Nelore cows exposed to high temperature and humidity index (THI) values. This study was realized on a commercial beef farm located in the north of Brazil (5º 31’ 39” S, 48º 49’ 18” W). At d-31, 31 days before the FTAI protocol, a total of 563 lactating multiparous Nelore cows were divided into two treatments, with three blocks each, the control group (CG) and methionine group (MG). Both groups were kept on tropical pastures and received a mineral supplement. The MG Group was supplemented with 3g RPM/100g during 77 days, and the expected mineral supplement intake of both groups was 100g/cow/day. Between d0 and d9 of the FTAI protocol, a subset of groups of cows (n=142) remained with a data logger attached to the progesterone device, to monitor intravaginal temperature (IT) every 30 min. During the period that the cows remained with the dataloggers the minimum, average, and maximum THI were 72.76, 78.02, and 83.28, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis was realized 35 days after the artificial insemination and the conception rate was calculated as the number of pregnant cows/inseminated cows. Data were analyzed using the JMP GLIMMIX procedure. RPM supplementation did not affect the conception rate (CG = 64.36% vs. MG = 58.19%, P >0.05). Intravaginal temperature from day 1 to day 8, between 0630 and 2030 h and between 2200 and 0100 h were lower (P≤0.05) for MG in comparison with CG. The average and the maximum IT were, respectively, 38.94ºC, 40.88ºC for MG and 39.02ºC, and 41.38ºC for CG. In conclusion, the supplementation of rumen-protected methionine reduced the internal body temperature in Nelore cows submitted to high THI environments, during the hottest hours of the day, but does not affect the conception rate.

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Chen, W., and W. J. Swart. "Fusarium oxysporum and F. sambucinum Associated with Root Rot of Amaranthus hybridus in South Africa." Plant Disease 84, no. 1 (January 2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.101b.

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Amaranthus hybridus has been identified as an important alternative vegetable crop with potential for increased commercial production in South Africa (1). In summer 1999, severe losses occurred in a large plot of 2-month-old A. hybridus plants on an experimental farm near Bloemfontein, South Africa. More than 90% of the plants were severely stunted, with chlorotic foliage that was wilted in most cases. Root rot was present in all symptomatic plants and was clearly visible as an amber to brown discoloration of tap and secondary roots; in severe cases, white mycelium was clearly visible on diseased root tissue. Isolations from symptomatic roots were made on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate. Isolates (N = 121) were recovered from diseased roots (n = 89). The two most frequently isolated fungi were transferred to carnation leaf agar and identified as Fusarium oxysporum (n = 90, 74%) and F. sambucinum (n = 29, 24%). Pathogenicity tests with one isolate of each species were performed in the greenhouse on 1-month-old potted A. hybridus seedlings (10 plants per treatment). A single hyphal tip of each isolate was transferred to PDA and incubated at 25°C for 7 days in the dark. Five 4-mm-diameter mycelial plugs were taken and placed directly on the taproot of each plant, halfway along the length and ≈30 mm below the soil surface. Control plants were treated with uncolonized PDA plugs. Seedlings inoculated with either fungus exhibited wilting within 7 days; stunting, chlorosis (pale green to yellow), and root necrosis after 2 weeks; and mortality after 4 weeks. Inoculated plants were removed from pots after 3 weeks, roots were washed free of potting soil, and necrotic lesion length was measured. Necrosis and discoloration of root tissue were similar to those observed in field plants. The mean length of tissue necrosis induced by the fungi was 22.5 and 34.8 mm for F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum, respectively. F. sambucinum, thus, was more pathogenic than F. oxysporum despite being recovered significantly less often from field plants. Control plants inoculated with noninfested PDA plugs remained healthy. The presence of both pathogens was confirmed by reisolation from artificially inoculated taproots of all plants. No Fusarium spp. were recovered from the 10 control treatments. F. oxysporum has been reported on diseased red root pigweed (A. retroflexus) in the United States (2), but this is the first report of both F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum as causal agents of root rot in A. hybridus. These pathogens, therefore, must be considered a potential threat to commercial production of A. hybridus in South Africa and elsewhere. References: (1) W. J. Swart et al. S. Afr. J. Sci. 93:22, 1997. (2) R. M. Harveson and C. M. Rush. Plant Dis. 81:85, 1997.

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Kutter, Maximilian, Annika Hilgert, Wiebke Hagemeier, Andreas Rosin, Thorsten Gerdes, and Christina Roth. "Metal Fluoride Particles to Enhance Durability of Composite Membranes at MT-PEM Fuel Cell Operating Temperatures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351522mtgabs.

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Fuel cells, as a local, emission-free and versatile system, promise to overcome our dependence on fossil fuels.[1] Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most promising technologies among the various kinds of existing fuel cells and offer an attractive alternative for automotive and stationary energy applications. Especially PEMFCs operating at an increased temperature range (MT-PEM) offer an enhanced performance. Operating temperatures between 100 – 130 °C lead to better reaction kinetics, higher tolerance to fuel impurities and to an improved heat, water and power management of the system.[2] However, some issues regarding durability and performance, such as low proton conductivity of PFSA-based membranes, higher membrane degradation and lower long-term stability at increased temperatures, are still unsolved.[3] In previous works we have shown that various metal fluorides implemented into perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA)-membranes have a positive impact on performance and mechanical stability at operating temperatures above 100 °C.[4] In this work, we describe the modification of lithium fluoride nanoparticles, their influence on membrane durability in single cell tests at enhanced PEMFC operating temperatures and the morphology of the composite membranes, at different temperatures and degree of hydration, by in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The lithium fluoride modified membrane showed increased cell performance under both standard and harsher cell conditions as well as in various long-term stability tests, such as accelerated OCV tests, load cycles and on-off cycles.One explanation for the performance boost, in addition to the increased mechanical stability of the membrane, would be an increased water uptake and storage capability, especially at low humidity levels during cell operation. We assume that the nanoparticles adsorb water molecules by hydrogen bond formation, which leads to an enhanced proton conductivity even at high temperatures. To confirm this assumption, we applied in-situ SAXS to analyze the water uptake of the modified membranes at various relative humidity and temperatures to understand the structural changes. In addition, we hope to connect different nanoparticle shapes to their influence on water uptake and retention. [1] I. Staffell, D. Scamman, A. Velazquez Abad, P. Balcombe, P. E. Dodds, P. Ekins, N. Shah, K. R. Ward, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 463–491. [2] R. E. Rosli, A. B. Sulong, W. R. W. Daud, M. A. Zulkifley, T. Husaini, M. I. Rosli, E. H. Majlan, M. A. Haque, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 9293–9314. [3] L. Mazzapioda, S. Panero, M. A. Navarra, Polymers 2019, 11, 914. [4] A. Moszczynska, H. Wolf, M. A. Willert-Porada, Patent WO/2009/014930, 2009.

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Sukanadi, I. Made. "DAMPAK EKSISTENSI MOTIF BATIK WALANG JATI KENCONO TERHADAP PENINGKATAN EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL PENGRAJIN BATIK DI GUNUNGKIDUL." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 11, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i2.39026.

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This research aims to answer the problem of the impact of the existence of the Walang Jati Kencono batik motif on the social and economic changes of the community and batik craftsmen of Gunungkidul Regency. The existence of regulation from the Regional Government of Gunung Kidul Regency regarding the use of batik uniforms for elementary, junior high, and high school / vocational schools has strengthened the existence of batik products and the sustainability of batik production by batik craftsmen in Gunungkidul. This research uses the qualitative descriptive method. The data collection method uses observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Data validation by triangulation and data analysis used the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and creating conclusions. The results of this study explain that: (1) The existence of the Walang Jati Kencono batik motif, which has been designated as a school uniform in Gunungkidul Regency, has a very impact on social changes in the batik craftsmen, which increases and as the economy improves. (2) The policy of the Gunungkidul Regency government through the Regent's Regulation that raises the Walang Jati Kencono batik motif as a school uniform in the Gunungkidul area strongly supports economic progress and the existence of batik craftsmen in Gunungkidul. (3) The skills of batik makers in Gunungkidul as batik producers can meet the needs of the local market both from the official, school, and tourism sectors.Keywords: batik, walang jati kencono, gunungkidul. AbstrakPenelitian ini memiliki tujuan menjawab permasalahan dampak eksistensi motif batik Walang Jati Kencono terhadap perubahan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat dan pengrajin batik Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Adanya peraturan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Gunung Kidul tentang penggunaan seragam batik bagi sekolah SD, SMP, SMA/SMK telah memperkuat eksistensi produk batik hasil dan keberlangsungan produksi batik oleh pengrajin batik di Gunungkidul. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Validasi data dengan triangulasi dan analisis data menggunakan tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa: (1) Eksistensi motif batik Walang Jati Kencono yang telah ditetapkan sebagai seragam sekolah di Kabupaten Gunungkidul sangat memberikan dampak terhadap perubahan sosial jumlah pengrajin batik yang meningkat dan seiring dengan peningkatan ekonomi. (2) Kebijakan pemerintah Kabupaten Gunungkidul melalui Peraturan Bupati yang mengangkat batik motif Walang Jati Kencono sebagai seragam sekolah di wilayah Gunungkidul sangat mendukung kemajuan ekonomi dan eksistensi pengrajin batik di Gunungkidul. (3) Keterampilan para pembatik di Gunungkidul sebagai produsen batik mampu memenuhi kebutuhan pasar lokal baik dari sektor dinas, sekolah, dan pariwisata.Kata Kunci:batik, walang jati kencono, gunungkidul. Author :I Made Sukanadi : Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta References :Amidjaja, N. T. (1966). Batik. Jakarta: Djambatan.BAPPEDA, B. (2018). Informasi Pembangunan Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Informasi BAPPEDA, Gunungkidul Yogyakarta: BAPPEDA.Bolaffi, G., & Raffaele, B. (2003). Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: Sage Publications.Dharsono, D. (2016). Kreasi Artistik Perjumpaan Tradisi Modern Dalam Paradigma Kekaryaan Seni. Karanganyar: Citra Seni Lembaga Pengkajian dan Konservasi Budaya Nusantara.Erawati, N. V., & Kahono, S. (2010). Keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan belalang dan kerabatnya (Orthoptera) pada dua ekosistem pegunungan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, 7(2), 100-100.Erniwati, E. (2017). Pola Aktivitas dan Keanekaragaman Belalang (Insecta: Orthoptera) di Taman Naasional Gunung Ciremai, Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 5(3).Gustami, S. P. (2008). Nukilan Seni Ornamen Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Kriya Fakultas Seni Rupa Institut Seni Indonesia, Arindo.Hadiwijiono, H. (2001). Sari Sejarah Filsafat Barat 2. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.Helmiati, H., Misgiya, M., Atmojo, W. T., & Silaban, B. (2020). Eksperimen Pewarnaan Batik Dengan Bahan Alami Buah Naga (Hylocereus Undatus). Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 9(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v9i1.16973.Langsing, M. K. (1974). Art, Artist, and Art Education. New York: Mc Graww-Hill Book Company.Mpapa, B. L. (2016). Analisis kesuburan tanah tempat tumbuh pohon jati (Tectona grandis L.) pada ketinggian yang berbeda. Jurnal Agrista, 20(3), 135-139.Natanegara, E. A., & Djaya, D. (2015). Batik Indonesia. In Yayasan Batik Indonesia: Harapan Prima Printing.Nasution, S, and Kaelan, K. (2005). Buku Penuntun Membuat Tesis, Skripsi, Disertasi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.Pebriyeni, E. (2019). Perkembangan Fungsi Seni Kerajinan Tenun Songket Silungkang. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 8(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v8i1.13585.Rahayu, S. (2017). Ensiklopedia Keanekaragaman Belalang (Acrididae) Taman Hutan Raya Bunder Gunungkidul Sebagai Sumber Belajar Biologi. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi UIN Sunan Kalijaga.Sembiring, S. B., & Guntur. (2018). Fungsi Topeng Tembut-Tembut Desa Seberaya Kecamatan Tiga Panah Kabupaten Karo. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 07(01).Supriono, P. (2016). Ensiklopedia The Heritage of Batik Identitas Pemersatu Kebanggaan Bangsa karya Supriono. Andi Yogyakarta.Turner, V. W. (1982). From Ritual to Theatre (the human seriousness of play). New York: PAJ Publications.Wansaka, A., Hidayah, H. N., & Bakhittah, H. A. (2019). Kampung Batik Manding Siberkreasi sebagai Model Pelestarian Pendidikan Karakter. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia, 2(2), 122-140.Wardoyo, S., Wulandari, T., Guntur, Dharsono, & Zularnain. (2021). Penciptaan Selendang Batik Sri Kuncoro Khas Budaya Samin Margomulyo Bojonegoro. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 10(November).Williams, R. (1989). Resources of Hope : Culture, Democracy, Socialism. R. Gable (ed): Verso.Wulandari, T. (2021). Eksistensi Batik Encim Dalam Arena Produksi Kultural Di Pekalongan. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 10(1), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v10i1.25255.

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Suwito, S., and Akhmad Faruq Hamdani. "DEVELOPING STUDENTS LEARNING ATTRIBUTES THROUGH COLLABORATIVE LEARNING BASED ON FLIPPED CLASSROOM." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i1.8938.

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Educators and education practitioners should be able to respond educational shift by modify paradigm of learning in the classroom. The problem that frequently emerge were the lack of conceptual and practical understanding, experience sharing among the students, as well as spirit of collaboration in learning. The purpose of the study was to build and develop students’ learning character through collaborative learning based on flipped class. The study was done in the framework of lesson study, using three steps (plan, do, and see). The technical steps included socialization, identifying problem, designing learning process, implementation, evaluation and reflection, and follow up. The result showed that collaborative learning based on flipped classroom was effective in developing the spirit of cooperation, honesty, discipline, and openness as it prioritized on the ability to cooperate with the others. There were some obstacles regarding time and class size in conducting lesson study. Keywords: Collaborative Learning, Flipped Classroom, Learning Attributes. References Agustian, A. G. (2007). Rahasia Sukses Membangun Kecerdasan Emosi Dan Spiritual: ESQ. Jakarta: Arga. Karlsson, G., and Sverker J. (2016). “The Flipped Classroom : A Model for Active Student Learning.” : 127–36. Markuszewska, Iwona, Minna, T., and Josep V. S. (2018). “New Ways To Learn Geography – Challenges Of The 21 St Century.” Quaestiones Geographicae 37(1): 37–45. Nofrion, and Bayu, W. (2018). “learning activities in higher order thinking skill ( hots ) oriented learning context.” 3(2): 122–30. Ozdamli, Fezile, and Gulsum, A. (2016). “Educational Technology : Current Issues.” 8(2): 98–105. Pavanelli, R. (2018). “The Flipped Classroom : A Mixed Methods Study of Academic Performance and Student Perception in EAP Writing Context 4205 Bonaventure Blvd.” 5(2): 16–26. Ragg, Mark, and James, P. (2017). “Competency-Based Blended Learning : Flipping Professional Practice Classes to Enhance Competence Development Mark Ragg Eastern Michigan University , United States of America James Piers Hope College , United States of America.” IAFOR Journal of Education 5: 47–66. Stoltman, J. P. (2012). “Perspective on Geographical Education in the 21 St Century.” : 17–24. Suharwati, Sri, I.I., Sumarmi, and Ruja, I. N. (2016). “Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Resource Based Learning terhadap Minat dan Hasil Belajar Geografi Siswa SMA.” Jurnal Pendidikan 1(2): 74–79. Zubaidah, S. (2017). “Lesson Study Sebagai Salah Satu Model Pengembangan.” Makalah Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Nasional dengan Tema Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru melalui Kegiatan Lesson Study (April 2010). Zuchdi, D. (2009). Pendidikan Karakter. ed. UNY Press. Yogyakarta. Copyright (c) 2018 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 62, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 51–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002046.

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-Brenda Plummer, Carol S. Holzberg, Minorities and power in a black society: the Jewish community of Jamaica. Maryland: The North-South Publishing Company, Inc., 1987. xxx + 259 pp.-Scott Guggenheim, Nina S. de Friedemann ,De sol a sol: genesis, transformacion, y presencia de los negros en Colombia. Bogota: Planeta Columbiana Editorial, 1986. 47 1pp., Jaime Arocha (eds)-Brian L. Moore, Mary Noel Menezes, Scenes from the history of the Portuguese in Guyana. London: Sister M.N. Menezes, RSM, 1986. vii + 175 PP.-Charles Rutheiser, Brian L. Moore, Race, power, and social segmentation in colonial society: Guyana after slavery 1838-1891. New York; Gordon and Breach, 1987. 310 pp.-Thomas Fiehrer, Virginia R. Dominguez, White by definition: social classification in Creole Louisiana. Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1986. xviii + 325 pp.-Kenneth Lunn, Brian D. Jacobs, Black politics and urban crisis in Britain. Cambridge, London, New Rochelle, Melbourne and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1986. vii + 227 pp.-Brian D. Jacobs, Kenneth Lunn, Race and labour in twentieth-cenruty Britain, London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., 1985. 186 pp.-Kenneth M. Bilby, Dick Hebdige, Cut 'n' mix: culture, identity and Caribbean Music. New York: Metheun and Co. Ltd, 1987. 177 pp.-Riva Berleant-Schiller, Robert Dirks, The black saturnalia: conflict and its ritual expression on British West Indian slave plantations. Gainesville, Fl.: University of Florida Press, Monographs in Social Sciences No. 72. xvii + 228.-Marilyn Silverman, James Howe, The Kuna gathering: contemporary village politics in Panama. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1986. xvi + 326 pp.-Paget Henry, Evelyne Huber Stephens ,Democratic socialism in Jamaica: the political movement and social transformation in dependent capitalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985. xx + 423 pp., John D. Stephens (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Scott B. Macdonald, Trinidad and Tobago: democracy and development in the Caribbean. New York, Connecticut, London: Praeger Publishers, 1986. ix + 213 pp.-Brian L. Moore, Kempe Ronald Hope, Guyana: politics and development in an emergent socialist state. Oakville, New York, London: Mosaic Press, 1985, 136 pp.-Roland I. Perusse, Richard J. Bloomfield, Puerto Rico: the search for a national policy. Boulder and London: Westview Press, Westview Special Studies on Latin America and the Caribbean, 1985. x + 192 pp.-Charles Gilman, Manfred Gorlach ,Focus on the Caribbean. 1986. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins., John A. Holm (eds)-Viranjini Munasinghe, EPICA, The Caribbean: survival, struggle and sovereignty. Washington, EPICA (Ecumenical Program for Interamerican Communication and Action), 1985.-B.W. Higman, Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and power: the place of sugar in modern history. New York: Elisabeth Sifton Books, Viking Penguin Inc., 1985. xxx + 274 pp.

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Behrendt, A., V. Wulfmeyer, E. Hammann, S. K. Muppa, and S. Pal. "Profiles of second- to fourth-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations in the convective boundary layer: first measurements with rotational Raman lidar." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 10 (May 20, 2015): 5485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5485-2015.

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Abstract. The rotational Raman lidar (RRL) of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH) measures atmospheric temperature profiles with high resolution (10 s, 109 m). The data contain low-noise errors even in daytime due to the use of strong UV laser light (355 nm, 10 W, 50 Hz) and a very efficient interference-filter-based polychromator. In this paper, the first profiling of the second- to fourth-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations is presented. Furthermore, skewness profiles and kurtosis profiles in the convective planetary boundary layer (CBL) including the interfacial layer (IL) are discussed. The results demonstrate that the UHOH RRL resolves the vertical structure of these moments. The data set which is used for this case study was collected in western Germany (50°53'50.56'' N, 6°27'50.39'' E; 110 m a.s.l.) on 24 April 2013 during the Intensive Observations Period (IOP) 6 of the HD(CP)2 (High-Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction) Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE). We used the data between 11:00 and 12:00 UTC corresponding to 1 h around local noon (the highest position of the Sun was at 11:33 UTC). First, we investigated profiles of the total noise error of the temperature measurements and compared them with estimates of the temperature measurement uncertainty due to shot noise derived with Poisson statistics. The comparison confirms that the major contribution to the total statistical uncertainty of the temperature measurements originates from shot noise. The total statistical uncertainty of a 20 min temperature measurement is lower than 0.1 K up to 1050 m a.g.l. (above ground level) at noontime; even for single 10 s temperature profiles, it is smaller than 1 K up to 1020 m a.g.l. Autocovariance and spectral analyses of the atmospheric temperature fluctuations confirm that a temporal resolution of 10 s was sufficient to resolve the turbulence down to the inertial subrange. This is also indicated by the integral scale of the temperature fluctuations which had a mean value of about 80 s in the CBL with a tendency to decrease to smaller values towards the CBL top. Analyses of profiles of the second-, third-, and fourth-order moments show that all moments had peak values in the IL around the mean top of the CBL which was located at 1230 m a.g.l. The maximum of the variance profile in the IL was 0.39 K2 with 0.07 and 0.11 K2 for the sampling error and noise error, respectively. The third-order moment (TOM) was not significantly different from zero in the CBL but showed a negative peak in the IL with a minimum of −0.93 K3 and values of 0.05 and 0.16 K3 for the sampling and noise errors, respectively. The fourth-order moment (FOM) and kurtosis values throughout the CBL were not significantly different to those of a Gaussian distribution. Both showed also maxima in the IL but these were not statistically significant taking the measurement uncertainties into account. We conclude that these measurements permit the validation of large eddy simulation results and the direct investigation of turbulence parameterizations with respect to temperature.

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Khadijah, Arlina, Miftahul Jannah Addaudy, and Maisarah. "The Effect of Edutainment Learning Model on Early Childhood Socio-emotional Development." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 15, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.152.01.

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The idea of edutainment began to become the interest of early childhood educators to make the learning process more holistic, including knowledge about how the brain works, memory, motivation, self-image, emotions, learning styles, and other learning strategies. This study aims to analyse and compare the effect of edutainment and group learning on the socio-emotional development of early childhood. This research method uses a quasi-experimental design with data collection techniques derived from the results of the pre-test and post-test on 20 children. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in the influence of edutainment learning with the control group on the social-emotional development of early childhood. Although both groups affect the socio-emotional development, edutainment learning has a better effect than the control group. For further research, it is recommended to create various types of edutainments learning to improve various aspects of children development. Keywords: Early Childhood, Edutainment Learning Model, Socio-emotional Development References: Afrianti, N. (2018). Permainan Tradisional, Alternatif Media Pengembangan Kompetensi Sosial-Emosi Anak Usia Dini [Traditional Games, Alternative Media for Early Childhood Social-Emotional Competence Development]. Cakrawala Dini: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.17509/cd.v5i1.10405 Alwaely, S. A., Yousif, N. B. A., & Mikhaylov, A. (2021). Emotional development in preschoolers and socialization. Early Child Development and Care, 191(16), 2484–2493. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1717480 Andri Oza, & Zaman, B. (2016). Edutainment dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Mudarrisa: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.18326/mdr.v8i1.117-144 Aubert, A., Molina, S., Schubert, T., & Vidu, A. (2017). Learning and inclusivity via Interactive Groups in early childhood education and care in the Hope school, Spain. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 13, 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2017.03.002 Breaux, R. P., Harvey, E. A., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2016). The Role of Parent Psychopathology in Emotion Socialization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 731–743. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0062-3 Capurso, M., & Ragni, B. (2016). Bridge Over Troubled Water: Perspective Connections between Coping and Play in Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01953 Cheng, Y.-J., & Ray, D. C. (2016). Child-Centered Group Play Therapy: Impact on Social-Emotional Assets of Kindergarten Children. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 41(3), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2016.1197350 Chilingaryan, K., & Zvereva, E. (2020). Edutainment As a New Tool for Development. JAEDU- International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 16, 9. Chiu, M. M., & Chow, B. W. Y. (2011). Classroom Discipline Across Forty-One Countries: School, Economic, and Cultural Differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(3), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381115 Chung, K. K. H., Lam, C. B., & Liew, J. (2020). Studying Children’s Social-Emotional Development in School and at Home through a Cultural Lens. Early Education and Development, 31(6), 927–929. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1782860 Crescenzi-Lanna, L., & Grané-Oró, M. (2016). An Analysis of the Interaction Design of the Best Educational Apps for Children Aged Zero to Eight = Análisis del diseño interactivo de las mejores apps educativas para niños de ceroa ocho años. Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (Fifth edition). Pearson. Dandashi, A., Karkar, A. G., Saad, S., Barhoumi, Z., Al-Jaam, J., & El Saddik, A. (2015). Enhancing the Cognitive and Learning Skills of Children with Intellectual Disability through Physical Activity and Edutainment Games. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(6), 165165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/165165 Denham, S. A. (2006). Social-Emotional Competence as Support for School Readiness: What Is It and How Do We Assess It? Early Education and Development, 17(1), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4 Eurenius, E., Richter Sundberg, L., Vaezghasemi, M., Silfverdal, S.-A., Ivarsson, A., & Lindkvist, M. (2019). Social-emotional problems among three-year-olds differ based on the child’s gender and custody arrangement. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 108(6), 1087–1095. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14668 Goldschmidt, T., & Pedro, A. (2019). Early childhood socio-emotional development indicators: Pre-school teachers’ perceptions. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 29(5), 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2019.1665887 Guran, A.-M., Cojocar, G. S., & Dioşan, L. S. (2020). Developing smart edutainment for preschoolers: A multidisciplinary approach. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSOFT International Workshop on Education through Advanced Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3412453.3423197 Halle, T. G., & Darling-Churchill, K. E. (2016). Review of measures of social and emotional development. Measuring Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood, 45, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.003 Hamada, M., & Tsubaki, M. (2021). Relationship Analysis between Children Interests and Their Positive Emotions for Mobile Libraries’ Community Development in a Tsunami Area. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 31. Heller, S. S., Rice, J., Boothe, A., Sidell, M., Vaughn, K., Keyes, A., & Nagle, G. (2012). Social-Emotional Development, School Readiness, Teacher–Child Interactions, and Classroom Environment. Early Education & Development, 23(6), 919–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.626387 Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting Education in “Educational” Apps: Lessons from the Science of Learning. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615569721 Hurlock, E. B. (2001). Developmental Psychology. McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DiovBU8zMA4C Maitner, A. T., Mackie, D. M., Pauketat, J. V. T., & Smith, E. R. (2017). The Impact of Culture and Identity on Emotional Reactions to Insults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(6), 892–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117701194 Marcelo, A. K., & Yates, T. M. (2014). Prospective relations among pre-schoolers’ play, coping, and adjustment as moderated by stressful events. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.01.001 McClelland, M. M., & Cameron, C. E. (2011). Self-regulation and academic achievement in elementary school children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(133), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.302 Mohd Yusof, A., Daniel, E. G. S., Low, W. Y., & Ab. Aziz, K. (2014). Teachers’ perception of mobile edutainment for special needs learners: The Malaysian case. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), 1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.885595 Mok, M. M. C. (2019). Social and emotional learning. Educational Psychology, 39(9), 1115–1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1654195 Munirah. (2018). Urgensi Pengembangan Sosial dan Emosional Anak Usia Dini. Irfani, 14(1), 19–27. Nasser, I., Miller-Idriss, C., & Alwani, A. (2019). Reconceptualizing Education Transformation in Muslim Societies: The Human Development Approach. The Journal of Education in Muslim Societies, 1(1), 3–25. JSTOR. Nikolayev, M., Reich, S. M., Muskat, T., Tadjbakhsh, N., & Callaghan, M. N. (2021). Review of feedback in edutainment games for preschoolers in the USA. Journal of Children and Media, 15(3), 358–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1815227 Nurmalitasari, F. (2015). Perkembangan Sosial Emosi Pada Anak Usia Prasekolah. Psikologi UGM, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.10567 Okan, Z. (2003). Edutainment: Is learning at risk? Br. J. Educ. Technol., 34, 255–264. Pojani, D., & Rocco, R. (2020). Edutainment: Role-Playing versus Serious Gaming in Planning Education. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 0739456X2090225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20902251 Protassova, E. (2021). Emotional development in the educational preschool programs of Soviet and Post-Soviet Times. Russian Journal of Communication, 13(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409419.2021.1884338 Purwanto, S. (2019). Unsur Pembelajaran Edutainment dalam Quantum Learning. Al-Fikri: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Pendidikan Islam, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30659/jspi.v2i2.5149 Ren, L., Knoche, L. L., & Edwards, C. P. (2016). The Relation between Chinese Preschoolers’ Social-Emotional Competence and Preacademic Skills. Early Education and Development, 27(7), 875–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1151719 Rose-Krasnor, L. (1997). The Nature of Social Competence: A Theoretical Review. Social Development, 6, 111–135. Rusydi, N. A. (2018). Pengaruh Penerapan Metode Edutainment Dalam Pembelajaran Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPS Murid SD Kartika XX-1. Dikdas Matappa: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.31100/dikdas.v1i2.281 Shodiqin, R. (2016). Pembelajaran Berbasis Edutainment [Edutainment-Based Learning]. Jurnal Al-Maqayis, 4(1). https://doi.org/doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/jams.v4i1.792 Sprung, M., Münch, H. M., Harris, P. L., Ebesutani, C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Children’s emotion understanding: A meta-analysis of training studies. Developmental Review, 37, 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.05.001 Sutherland, S., Stuhr, P. T., Ressler, J., Smith, C., & Wiggin, A. (2019). A Model for Group Processing in Cooperative Learning. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 90(3), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2019.1559676 Vygotski, L. S. (2012). Thought and Language. MIT Press. Watanabe, N., Denham, S. A., Jones, N. M., Kobayashi, T., Bassett, H. H., & Ferrier, D. E. (2019). Working Toward Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Affect Knowledge Test in Japanese Pre-schoolers. SAGE Open, 9(2), 2158244019846688. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019846688 Young, E. L., Moulton, S. E., & Julian, A. (2021). Integrating social-emotional-behavioural screening with early warning indicators in a high school setting. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 65(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2021.1898319

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Eka, Eka Pratiwi, Nurbiana Dhieni, and Asep Supena. "Early Discipline Behavior: Read aloud Story with Big Book Media." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.142.10.

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Disciplinary behavior increases children's responsibility and self-control skills by encouraging mental, emotional and social growth. This behavior is also related to school readiness and future academic achievement. This study aims to look at read aloud with the media of large books in improving disciplinary behavior during early childhood. Participants were 20 children aged 5-6 years. By using qualitative methods as a classroom action research, data collection was carried out by observation, field notes, and documentation. The results of pre-cycle data showed that the discipline behavior of children increased to 42.6%. In the first cycle of intervention learning with ledger media, the percentage of children's discipline behavior increased to 67.05%, and in the second cycle, it increased again to 80.05%. Field notes found an increase in disciplinary behavior because children liked the media which was not like books in general. However, another key to successful behavior of the big book media story. Another important finding is the teacher's ability to tell stories to students or read books in a style that fascinates children. The hope of this intervention is that children can express ideas, insights, and be able to apply disciplinary behavior in their environment. Keywords: Early Discipline Behavior, Read aloud, Big Book Media References Aksoy, P. (2020). The challenging behaviors faced by the preschool teachers in their classrooms, and the strategies and discipline approaches used against these behaviors: The sample of United States. Participatory Educational Research, 7(3), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.20.36.7.3 Anderson, K. L., Weimer, M., & Fuhs, M. W. (2020). Teacher fidelity to Conscious Discipline and children’s executive function skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.08.003 Andriana, E., Syachruroji, A., Alamsyah, T. P., & Sumirat, F. (2017). Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia Natural Science Big Book With Baduy Local Wisdom Base. 6(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.8674 Aulina, C. N. (2013). Penanaman Disiplin Pada Anak Usia Dini. PEDAGOGIA: Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v2i1.45 Bailey, B. A. (2015). Introduction to conscious discipline Conscious discipline: Building resilient classrooms (J. Ruffo (ed.)). Loving Guidance, Inc. Brown, E. (1970). The Bases of Reading Acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.2307/747048 Clark, S. K., & Andreasen, L. (2014). Examining Sixth Grade Students’ Reading Attitudes and Perceptions of Teacher Read Aloud: Are All Students on the Same Page? Literacy Research and Instruction, 53(2), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2013.870262 Colville-hall, S., & Oconnor, B. (2006). Using Big Books: A Standards-Based Instructional Approach for Foreign Language Teacher CandidatesinaPreK-12 Program. Foreign Language Annals, 39(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02901.x Davis, J. R. (2017). From Discipline to Dynamic Pedagogy: A Re-conceptualization of Classroom Management. Berkeley Review of Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.5070/b86110024 Eagle, S. (2012). Computers & Education Learning in the early years : Social interactions around picturebooks , puzzles and digital technologies. Computers & Education, 59(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.013 Farrant, B. M., & Zubrick, S. R. (2012). Early vocabulary development: The importance of joint attention and parent-child book reading. First Language, 32(3), 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723711422626 Galini, R., & Kostas, K. (2014). Practices of Early Childhood Teachers in Greece for Managing Behavior Problems: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 784–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.321 Ho, J., Grieshaber, S. J., & Walsh, K. (2017). Discipline and rules in four Hong Kong kindergarten classrooms : a qualitative case study. International Journal of Early Years Education, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1316242 Hoffman, L. L., Hutchinson, C. J., & Reiss, E. (2005). Training teachers in classroom management: Evidence of positive effects on the behavior of difficult children. In The Journal of the Southeastern Regional Association of Teacher Educators (Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 36–43). Iraklis, G. (2020). Classroom (in) discipline: behaviour management practices of Greek early childhood educators. Education 3-13, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1817966 Kalb, G., & van Ours, J. C. (2014). Reading to young children: A head-start in life? Economics of Education Review, 40, 1–24. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.01.002 Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.). Deakin University Press. Ledger, S., & Merga, M. K. (2018). Reading aloud: Children’s attitudes toward being read to at home and at school. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(3), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n3.8 Longstreth, S., Brady, S., & Kay, A. (2015). Discipline Policies in Early Childhood Care and Education Programs : Building an Infrastructure for Social and Academic Success Discipline Policies in Early Childhood Care and Education Programs : Building an Infrastructure. Early Education and Development, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.647608 Mahayanti, N. W. S., Padmadewi, N. N., & Wijayanti, L. P. A. (2017). Coping With Big Classes: Effect of Big Book in Fourth Grade Students Reading Comprehension. International Journal of Language and Literature, 1(4), 203. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v1i4.12583 Martha Efirlin, Fadillah, M. (2012). Penanaman Perilaku Disiplin Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Primanda Untan Pontianak. Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1–10. Merga, Margaret K. (2017). Becoming a reader: Significant social influences on avid book readers. School Library Research, 20(Liu 2004). Merga, Margaret Kristin. (2015). “She knows what I like”: Student-generated best-practice statements for encouraging recreational book reading in adolescents. Australian Journal of Education, 59(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944114565115 Merga, Margaret Kristin. (2017). Interactive reading opportunities beyond the early years: What educators need to consider. Australian Journal of Education, 61(3), 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944117727749 Milles;, M. B., & Huberman, M. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis. Sage Publications. Moberly, D. A., Waddle, J. L., & Duff, R. E. (2014). Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education The use of rewards and punishment in early childhood classrooms The use of rewards and punishment in early childhood classrooms. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1090102050250410 Mol, S. E., & Bus, A. G. (2011). To Read or Not to Read: A Meta-Analysis of Print Exposure From Infancy to Early Adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 137(2), 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021890 Pegg, L. A., & Bartelheim, F. J. (2011). Effects of daily read-alouds on students’ sustained silent reading. Current Issues in Education, 14(2), 1–8. Penno, J. F., Wilkinson, I. A. G., & Moore, D. W. (2002). Vocabulary acquisition from teacher explanation and repeated listening to stories: Do they overcome the Matthew effect? Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.23 Septyaningrum, A., & Mas’udah. (2015). Pengaruh metode bercerita berbasis dongeng terhadap kedisiplinan anak. Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan, 1–5. Swanson, E., Vaughn, S., Wanzek, J., Petscher, Y., Heckert, J., Cavanaugh, C., Kraft, G., & Tackett, K. (2011). A synthesis of read-aloud interventions on early reading outcomes among preschool through third graders at risk for reading difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(3), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219410378444 Turan, F., & Ulutas, I. (2016). Using storybooks as a character education tools. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 169–176. Turuini Ernawati, Rasdi Eko Siswoyo, Wahyu Hardyanto, T. J. R. (2018). Local- Wisdom-Based Character Education Management In Early Childhood Education. The Journal Of Educational Development. Westbrook, J., Sutherland, J., Oakhill, J., & Sullivan, S. (2019). ‘Just reading’: the impact of a faster pace of reading narratives on the comprehension of poorer adolescent readers in English classrooms. Literacy, 53(2), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12141 Yılmaz, S., Temiz, Z., & Karaarslan Semiz, G. (2020). Children’s understanding of human–nature interaction after a folk storytelling session. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 19(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2018.1517062 Zachos, D. T., Delaveridou, A., & Gkontzou, A. (2016). Teachers and School “Discipline” in Greece: A Case Study. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v7i1.p8-19

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Berner, D. K., C. A. Cavin, M. B. McMahon, and I. Loumbourdis. "First Report of Anthracnose of Salsola tragus Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Greece." Plant Disease 90, no. 7 (July 2006): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0971b.

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In early October of 2005, dying Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle, tumbleweed), family Chenopodiaceae, plants were found along the Aegean Sea at Kryopigi Beach, Greece (40°02′29″N, 23°29′02″E, elevation 0 m). All of the 30 to 40 plants in the area were diseased and approximately 80% were dead or dying. All plants were relatively large (approximately 1 m tall × 0.5 m diameter), and living portions of diseased plants were flowering. Dying plants had irregular, necrotic lesions extending the length of the stems. Leaves of these plants were also necrotic. Lesions on stems and leaves were dark brown and usually coalesced. Diseased stem pieces were taken to the European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA, ARS at the American Farm School in Thessaloniki, Greece. There, diseased stem pieces were surface disinfested for 15 min with 0.5% NaOCl and placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Numerous, waxy subepidermal acervuli with black setae were observed in all lesions after 2 to 3 days. Conidiophores were simple, short, and erect. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, ovoid to oblong, falcate to straight, 12.9 to 18.0 × 2.8 to 5.5 μm (mode 16.1 × 4.5 μm). These characters conformed to the description of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. (2). Conidia were placed on modified potato carrot agar and axenic cultures from these isolations were sent to the quarantine facility of the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Fort Detrick, MD for testing. On the basis of DNA sequences, two variants within S. tragus have been described in California and named “Type A” and “Type B” (1). Conidia were harvested from 14-day-old cultures grown on 20% V8 juice agar, and healthy stems and leaves of 18 30-day-old plants of S. tragus Type A and 10 Type B plants were spray inoculated with an aqueous conidial suspension (1.0 × 106 conidia/ml plus 0.1% non-ionic surfactant). Three control plants of each type were sprayed with water and surfactant only. Plants were placed in an environmental chamber (18 h of dew in darkness at 25°C). After 1 day, all plants were transferred to a greenhouse (20 to 25°C, 30 to 50% relative humidity, and natural light augmented with 12-h light periods with 500-W sodium vapor lights). Lesions developed on stems of inoculated Type A plants after 5 days. After 14 days, all inoculated Type A plants were dead. Lesions on Type B plants were small and localized; all plants were diseased but no plants died. No symptoms occurred on control plants. C. gloeosporioides was reisolated 14 to 21 days after inoculation from stem pieces of all inoculated plants of both types of S. tragus. This isolate of C. gloeosporioides is a destructive pathogen on S. tragus Type A and is a potential candidate for biological control of this weed in the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides on S. tragus in Greece. A voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD (BPI 871126). Nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2) were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. DQ344621) and exactly matched sequences of the teleomorph, Glomerella cingulata. References: (1) F. Ryan and D. Ayres. Can. J. Bot. 78:59, 2000. (2) B. C. Sutton. Page 15 in: Colletotrichum Biology, Pathology and Control. J. A. Bailey and M. J. Jeger, eds. CAB International Mycological Institute, Wallingford, UK, 1992.

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Dewi, Melina Surya, and Yufiarti. "Play-based Learning Activities for Creativity in Children's Dance Movements." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.151.06.

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Play-based learning activities are important programs throughout the world of children's education. Through play, children learn creatively and constructively. This study aims to solve the problem of creativity in early-childhood dance movements with the hope that there will be an increase in aspects of fluency, flexibility and elaboration through play activities related to educational dance. This action research uses an action research method which is carried out in three cycles. The subjects in this study were 19 children aged 5-6 years in Kindergarten in Central Jakarta. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, field notes, video documentation and photos. The findings show every child's creativity in dance movements can be improved through playing activities. Increased creativity in dance movements occurs in the aspects of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. Another important finding, there is an increase in the optimal ability of dance creativity in the third cycle of this action research. The implication from this research is that play activities suitable for learning creative dance in early childhood must be designed as a program that emphasizes aspects of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. Keywords: Early Childhood, Creativity in dance movements, Play based learning activities References: Bläsing, B., Calvo-Merino, B., Cross, E. S., Jola, C., Honisch, J., & Stevens, C. J. (2012). Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance. Acta Psychologica, 139(2), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005 Brehm, M. A., & McNett, L. (2007). Creative dance for learning: The kinesthetic link. McGraw-Hill. Chatoupis, C. (2013). Young children’s divergent movement ability: A study revisited. Early Child Development and Care, 183(1), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.655728 Cheng, V. M. Y. (2010). Tensions and dilemmas of teachers in creativity reform in a Chinese context. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5(3), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2010.09.005 Cheung, R. H. P. (2012). Teaching for creativity: Examining the beliefs of early childhood teachers and their influence on teaching practices. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37(3), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911203700307 Cleland, F. E., & Gallahue, D. L. (1993). Young Children’s Divergent Movement Ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(2), 535–544. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.535 Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (2009). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 (3rd ed.). National Association for the Education of Young Children. Craft, A. (2000). Creativity across the primary curriculum: Framing and developing practice. Routledge. Craft, Anna. (2005). Creativity in Schools: Tensions and Dilemmas. Routledge. Cropley, A. (2001). Creativity in education & learning: A guide for teachers and educators. Kogan Page. Doherty, J., & Bailey, R. (2002). Supporting Physical Development and Physical Education in the Early Years (1st edition). Open University Press. Eckhoff, A. (2011). Creativity in the Early Childhood Classroom: Perspectives of Preservice Teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 32(3), 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2011.594486 Garaigordobil, M., & Berrueco, L. (2011). Effects of a Play Program on Creative Thinking of Preschool Children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.9 Gilbert, A. G. (2019). Brain-compatible dance education (Second Edition). Human Kinetics, Inc. Hoffmann, J. D., & Russ, S. W. (2016). Fostering pretend play skills and creativity in elementary school girls: A group play intervention. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000039 Hoffmann, J., & Russ, S. (2012). Pretend play, creativity, and emotion regulation in children. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026299 Hui, A. N. N., Chow, B. W. Y., Chan, A. Y. T., Chui, B. H. T., & Sam, C. T. (2015). Creativity in Hong Kong classrooms: Transition from a seriously formal pedagogy to informally playful learning. Education 3-13, 43(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2015.1020652 Jeffrey, B. (2006). Creative teaching and learning: Towards a common discourse and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(3), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640600866015 Karaca, N. H., Uzun, H., & Metin, Ş. (2020). The relationship between the motor creativity and peer play behaviors of preschool children and the factors affecting this relationship. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100716 Karpati, F. J., Giacosa, C., Foster, N. E. V., Penhune, V. B., & Hyde, K. L. (2016). Sensorimotor integration is enhanced in dancers and musicians. Experimental Brain Research, 234(3), 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4524-1 Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond Big and Little: The Four C Model of Creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013688 Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-67-2 Kuhn, J.-T., & Holling, H. (2009). Exploring the nature of divergent thinking: A multilevel analysis. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2009.06.004 Lai Keun, L., & Hunt, P. (2006). Creative dance: Singapore children’s creative thinking and problem‐solving responses. Research in Dance Education, 7(1), 35–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14617890600610661 Leff, S. S., Costigan, T., & Power, T. J. (2004). Using participatory research to develop a playground-based prevention program. Journal of School Psychology, 42(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2003.08.005 Lobo, Y. B., & Winsler, A. (2006). The Effects of a Creative Dance and Movement Program on the Social Competence of Head Start Preschoolers. Social Development, 15(3), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00353.x Lucas, B. (2001). Creative teaching, teaching creativity and creative learning (A. Craft, B. Jeffrey&M. Leibling (Eds),). Continuum. Marinšek, M., & Denac, O. (2020). The Effects of an Integrated Programme on Developing Fundamental Movement Skills and Rhythmic Abilities in Early Childhood. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(6), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01042-8 Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. Pürgstaller, E. (2021). Assessment of Creativity in Dance in Children: Development and Validation of a Test Instrument. Creativity Research Journal, 33(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1817694 Repp, B. H., & Su, Y.-H. (2013). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of recent research (2006–2012). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(3), 403–452. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0371-2 Rudowicz, E., & Hui, A. (2000). Hong Kong Chinese People’s View of Creativity. 16. Runco, M. A. (2003). Education for Creative Potential. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830308598 Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent Thinking as an Indicator of Creative Potential. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.652929 Saracho, O. (2002). Young Children’s Creativity and Pretend Play. Early Child Development and Care, 172(5), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430214553 Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2000). Friendship as a moderating factor in the pathway between early harsh home environment and later victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.646 Steinberg, C., & Steinberg, F. (2016). Importance of students’ views and the role of self-esteem in lessons of creative dance in physical education. Research in Dance Education, 17(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2016.1208646 Stinson, S. W. (1993). Testing Creativity of Dance Students in the Peoples Republic of China. Dance Research Journal, 25(1), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0149767700008056 Tsompanaki, E. (2019). The Effect of Creative Movement-Dance on the Development of Basic Motor Skills of Pre-School Children. Review of European Studies, 11(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n2p29

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Vaghasia, Mital, and N. D. Polara. "Effect of Plant Growth Retardants on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat.) cv. IIHR-6." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v3i2.414.

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The present experiment was conducted on chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cv. IIHR-6 at Jambu Vadi Farm, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh during winter season of 2013-14 under South Saurashtra agro climatic condition. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept with two time of spray viz., spray at 30 days after transplanting (S1) and spray at 60 days after transplanting (S2) and six treatment of plant growth retardants viz., MH 500 @ mg l-1 (P1), MH 700 @ mg l-1 (P2), CCC @ 2000 mg l-1 (P3), CCC @ 2500 mg l-1 (P4), PCB @ 0.4 ml l-1 (P5), PCB @ 0.5 ml l-1 (P6) were sprayed including control (P7). The effect of different time of sprays and plant growth retardants on growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum cv. ‘IIHR-6’ were found significant. The vigorous growth in terms of plant height at 90 DAT (52.65 cm) and at the time of final harvest (63.34 cm) was noticed the highest in control (P7) treatment while, the number of branches per plant at 90 DAT (28.80) and at the time of final harvest 34.89), plant spread in N - S (52.15 cm and 60.78 cm) and E - W direction (53.25 and 62.45 cm) at 90 DAT and at time of final harvest, respectively; fresh weight of plant (317.55 g) and dry weight of plant (35.87 g) recorded maximum under plant receiving MH @ 700 mg l-1 (P2). Consequently, these plants produced early flowers (70.94 days), took minimum days for 50 per cent flowering (101.16 days) with maximum flowering span (46.36 days), flower diameter (6.33 cm), shelf life (5.00 days) of flower as well as vase life (9.05 days) of flower. The yield of flowers (13.43 t ha -1) also produced maximum in these treatment. Interaction between different time of spray and plant growth retardants was found to be non significant in case of growth, flowering and yield of flowers, except diameters of flower. Economics of chrysanthemum indicated that the plant sprayed at 30 days after transplanting (S1) and treated with MH @ 700 mg l-1 (P2) found most remunerative as they gave highest net returns (Rs. 208980) with maximum Benefit Cost Ratio (1:4.50). It can be concluded that the foliar application of MH @ 700 mg l-1 at 30 days after transplanting proved superior in terms of growth, flowering, flower yield and more economical as compared to all other growth retardants treatments.

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