Дисертації з теми "Homeless persons – family relationships"

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Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
English; Creative Writing

The present study assessed the relationship between mentally ill homeless and their companion pets and questioned if the pets acted as a barrier for them to receive shelter and other services. The study also sought to find if pets acted as a communication tool between this population and society. themselves because they are mentally vulnerable and victims of a mental disorder.

This study examines the experience of individuals who participated or did not participate in the caregiving process for a family member who died within approximately the past three years of an AIDS-related illness. The focus of this study is on the adjustment of the caregivers and non-caregivers after the death of the PWA. It was hypothesized that due to their direct involvement in the caregiving process, caregivers would differ significantly from non-caregivers on a number of measures designed to evaluate adjustment. It was hypothesized that caregivers would report better overall adjustment than non-caregivers.Participants completed the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, 1973), as well as a semi-structured interview about their experiences. A two-tailed t-test revealed no significant differences between groups. However, effect sizes computed for these variables revealed moderate to large diff ererences between caregivers and non-caregivers on the somatization and interpersonal subscales of the SCL-90. Comparisons to a standardization sample showed that caregivers differed significantly on all subscales from that standardization sample: Non-caregivers differed only on the depression and interpersonal sensitivity subscales. Analysis of the interview data revealed a significant difference in reported stress, with caregivers reporting significantly more stress during the illness of the PWA than non-caregivers. Effect sizes were computed for nine other interview categories; these suggested that caregiversreported substantially less social withdrawal, fewer feelings of guilt, fewer problems resolving issues with the PWA, substantially more physical illness, and more life affirming statements than their non-caregiver counterparts. Several other noteworthy trends that emerged in the interview portion of the study are discussed.Small sample size and pre-existing characteristics of the participants are explored as possible factors affecting the outcome of the study. More controlled studies exploring the adjustment of caregivers and non-caregivers are needed in order to better understand the possible differences that may exist between caregivers and non-caregivers in terms of adjustment after the death of their loved one from an AIDS-related illness.
Department of Psychological Science

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the attitudes of individuals who were spouses of patients with aphasia. Using modified Q-methodology, 15 spouses of fluent aphasic patients, 15 spouses of nonfluent aphasic patients and 30 matched controls completed a 70-item Q-sort constructed specifically for this study. The spouses of nonfluent aphasic patients were found to have a greater number of negative attitudes toward their spouses than were the spouses of fluent aphasic patients. The spouses of patients in both aphasia groups were found to have a greater number of negative attitudes toward their spouses than the matched controls. In addition, six factors (Compliance, Desirability, Egocentricity, Independence, Maturity, and Sociability) representative of the spouse-patient relationship were identified that incorporated the most commonly held attitudes by the spouses of patients in both aphasia groups.

The problem of this study was to better understand spouse caregivers' leisure involvement, experience, and barriers and their relationships with perceived burden. Thirty-six wife and 19 husband caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders volunteered to participate in this study, either by mailed questionnaire or interview. Respondents were primarily female, white, with an average age of 72 years. The conclusions of the study were: (a) caregivers significantly reduce both their leisure involvement; (b) self-reported health, perceived social supports, income level, use of paid help, and leisure activity patterns are major factors associated with caregivers' leisure; and (c) leisure barriers are a significant contributor to caregivers' perceived burden. Recommendations were presented for caregivers, practitioners, and future study.

O fenômeno do crack na atualidade tem despertado atenção em virtude da gravidade das consequências sociais e de saúde vivenciadas pelos usuários, que pode chegar ao extremo de causar experiências de situação de rua. Embora as pessoas vivam nas ruas por diferentes razões, os usuários de crack têm potencializadas as características vinculadas à situação de rua, podendo provocar marginalização e dificuldades de permanecer junto às famílias. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender como ocorre a trajetória de usuários de crack para a situação de rua na perspectiva de seus familiares. Estudo qualitativo que utilizou a abordagem sistêmica como referencial teórico e a narrativa como referencial metodológico. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial em Álcool e Drogas II do município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, inicialmente a partir de grupos terapêuticos de família e posteriormente por indicações dos profissionais do serviço. Participaram 11 familiares de usuários de crack escolhidos intencionalmente de acordo com critérios previamente estabelecidos. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de coleta dos dados: 1) questionário com informações socioeconômicas e demográficas dos familiares e das familias, 2) questionário com dados dos usuários, 3) genograma, 4) entrevista em profundidade com enfoque narrativo e sistêmico, a partir de uma questão disparadora e 5) diário de campo. A dinâmica das entrevistas seguiu a composição dos instrumentos de coleta de dados, sendo que todos os participantes foram entrevistados duas vezes. Após a transcrição integral da primeira entrevista, foi elaborado um relatório contendo os principais tôpicos abordados pelos sujeitos, bem como a construção de questões para aprofundamento na segunda entrevista. As narrativas produzidas por meio de ambas entrevistas foram agrupadas e transcritas em sua totalidade. Foi utilizada a análise temática indutiva e validação das categorias por juízes. Verificou-se que os familiares compreenderam a trajetória dos seus entes para a situação de rua a partir de dois momentos principais, configurando as categorias do estudo: um anterior ao processo da situação de rua, onde eles recorreram ao passado para narrar eventos sobre a história de vida dos usuários, intitulado \"No caminho das pedras\": o retorno ao passado para explicar o presente; e um posterior, onde eles narraram sobre eventos relacionados especificamente à iniciação ao uso de crack e ao processo da situação de rua, denominado de \"Há um nóia entre nós\": a compreensão familiar sobre a ocorrência da situação de rua. Conclui-se que estratégias de prevenção ao uso de drogas devem se iniciar precocemente, especialmente no sistema escolar, e que ações que levem conhecimento a respeito das drogas para o sistema familiar dos usuários de crack é uma necessidade urgente
The crack cocaine phenomenon nowadays has attracted attention due to the gravity of the social and health consequences experienced by users that can reach the extreme to lead homelessness experiences. Although people living on streets for different reasons, crack cocaine users have potentiated the characteristics linked to homelessness, which may cause marginalization and difficulties to remain with families. The aim of this research was to comprehend how happens the crack cocaine user\'s trajectories to the street situation from the families\' perspective. Qualitative study that used the systems approach as a theoretical framework and the narrative as methodological framework. The study was conducted in a Psycho-Social Care Centre for substance misuse of Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, firstly from family therapy groups and later by indications of professionals from this service. The participants were 11 families of crack users intentionally chosen according to criteria established previously. The following data collection instruments were used: 1) questionnaire with socioeconomic and demographic information of the relatives and the families, 2) questionnaire with user\'s data, 3) genogram, 4) in-depth interview with narrative and systemic focus, from a guiding question and 5) field diary. The dynamic of the interviews followed the composition of the data collection instruments, and all participants were interviewed twice. After the full transcript of the first interview, was prepared a report containing the main topics addressed by the subjects, as well as construction of questions for deepening in the second interview. The narratives produced by both interviews were grouped and transcribed fullly. Was used the inductive thematic analysis and validation of the categories by judges. Was found that the family understands the crack cocaine user\'s trajectories from two moments, configuring the categories of study: one before the process of the street situation, where they return to the past to narrate events about the life history of the users, entitled \"On the road of stones\": the return to the past to explain the present\"; and later, where they narrated about related events specifically related to the initiation to the crack cocaine use and the process of homelessness, called \"There is a nut among us\": the familiar understanding of the occurrence of the street situation. In conclusion, we belive that drug use prevention strategies should begin early, especially in the school system, and actions to take knowledge about drugs to the family system of crack cocaine users is urgent need

The problem of this study was to identify variables in the family environment that may describe depressed adolescents' families. This study was based on Adlerian theory. The Family Environment Scale (FES) was used to measure the family atmosphere. The Lifestyle Scale (LS) was used to examine the adolescent's unique system of beliefs, values, and attitudes. The Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (IE) was used to measure the extent of external control exhibited by the adolescents and their parents. The subjects of this study were 31 depressed adolescents from 2 suburban psychiatric hospitals and one of each of the adolescent's parents. The subjects were from a homogeneous socioeconomic population showing no significant variation in the demographic categories of sex, race, chronological birth order, or marital status of the parents. Scores were compared with normative data. Product moment correlations were calculated between the results of the subscales on the 3 instruments. A principal components factor analysis was performed to determine if any patterns existed.

This study was conducted in San Bernardino County, California. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding conflicts that arise between co-parents, levels of stress from conflicts, how parts negotiate, cooperate, collaborate and communicate and the types of coping skills that participants use when stressed. The purpose of this study was to examine conflicts between parents and caregivers who share the custody of their children with another parent or caregiver. This study also assessed coping skills and co-parenting resources that are available in San Bernardino County. Twenty-two participants completed the study, 19 were female and 3 were male. Most of the participants were Latino. Over 77% of participants reported having conflicts with the other parent or caregiver. Nearly 73% of participants reported high levels of stress when having conflicts with the other parent or caregiver. However, participants reported being able to negotiate, cooperate, collaborate and communicate appropriately with the other parent or caregiver. Participants reported that they used a variety of primitive, less primitive and mature coping mechanism when dealing with conflicts with the other parent or giver. The results also showed that few participants had engaged in co-parenting interventions that were provided in San Bernardino County.

This study was designed to investiate the relationship between marital satisfaction and adherence to dysfunctional beliefs concerning the marital relationship among married couples in their twenties and retired married couples 65 years of age and older. Additionally, adherence to socially desirable response sets was also measured.Marital satisfaction among older couples was significantly higher than that of younger couples (p < .001). Older men demonstrated significantly greater adherence to dysfunctional beliefs about marriage than younger men (p < .01), while these beliefs were not significantly different for older and younger women. Older couples also demonstrated significantly greater adherence to socially desirable response sets than younger couples (p < .001 for women and p < .01 for men).Increased marital satisfaction was significantly correlated with decreased adherence to dysfunctional beliefs for all subjects (p < .001 for older women and p < .01 for all others) and with greater social desirability responding for all subjects except younger women (p < .01). Level of marital satisfaction among older couples was most influenced by that of one's spouse, while the satisfaction of younger couples was most affected by one's adherence to the belief that disagreement is destructive to the marriage.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study is a Time 4 (T4) follow-up interview of ninety-three caregivers of persons who experienced a first stroke between 2 to 4 years (mean = 36 months) prior to the T4 interview. The first wave of data collection occurred within two months after the stroke. The second and third waves occurred six and twelve months, respectively, after the first interview. The caregivers were identified by the person with stroke as being the person closest to him/her who would be responsible for care after the stroke. Data were gathered at all four interviews using reliable and valid measures for depressive symptomatology (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), psychological well-being (IPWB; Berkman, 1971), and caregiver burden (Zarit, 1980). The contribution of social support to caregiver well-being was also investigated. Additional areas of investigation at T4 included coping strategies (F-Copes; McCubbin, Larsen, and Olson, 1981), caregiver adjustment, and the respondents' perception of themselves as "caregivers". The mean scores of depressive symptomatology, perceived burden, negative well-being, and positive well-being did not change significantly over the four points in time. However, the percentage of the sample having CES-D levels of 16 and above (indicating potential diagnosis of clinical depression) decreased by ten percent between T1 and T4. About ten percent of the respondents who were at risk for clinical depression at T4 reported high levels of depressive symptoms at all four interviews. Respondents who specifically thought of themselves as "caregivers" (sixty-two percent) were significantly more likely to report high levels of depressive symptoms, to experience high levels of strain and caregiver burden, and to be caring for persons who were more severely impaired by the stroke than those who did not. Caregiver characteristics contributed more to the variance in depressive symptoms and psychological well-being than did characteristics of the stroke. However, depressive symptomatology and perceived burden were significantly associated with both the functional capacity of the person with stroke and with an index of stroke severity comprised of communication impairments and negative personality/behavior changes since the stroke. The findings from this study have implications for stroke management programs, caregiver intervention planning, and health care policy.

A patient’s medical record can contain information regarding the state of health of the patient’s biological family, raising a question of whether patient privacy and patient’s relatives’ autonomy are compatible. This question has become particularly pressing in the last decades, with the incorporation of genetic technologies to medical practices. Conventionally, healthcare professionals are bound by their professional obligation to respect the confidentiality of patient’s information and, unless there are extraordinary circumstances, cannot disclose health-related data to the patient’s family. Such a limited access to information prevents blood relatives from receiving better medical care and making fully autonomous life choices. The open-access-family-history model, on the contrary, conceptualizes genetic privacy at the level of a group, providing safe and fair environment for all blood relatives to exercise their individual rights. This research examines the historical approaches to regulating human rights in health care, focusing on the emergence of the right to privacy and the conditions that lead to a confrontation between a patient and his/her family. Additionally, the research presents a comparative analysis of the legislation on genetic information established in legal systems of Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Both the historical approach and the comparative analysis reveal the issue of unbalanced protection of the rights resulting from the discrepancy between the paths science and the law have been following for a while. To fill this gap and to resolve this unnecessary conflict of rights, we propose a new definition of genetic information. This definition serves as the basis for the design of a two-tier system of electronic health records allowing each person unobstructed access to information about one’s own health. Based on our analyses and findings, we conclude that genetic privacy extends beyond the scope of individual right, and affects a wider range of individuals, that is, all biological relatives from a given genetic family. We recommend applying the open-access-family-history model to the relationships between patients, their families, and healthcare professionals treating them. This design is viable and better reflects the needs of all parties of concern. These theoretical suggestions can be gradually and smoothly implemented into healthcare systems, though we acknowledge that some details regarding its expanded application to other fields, such as clinical research, require further elaboration.
L’historial mèdic d’un pacient pot contenir informació relativa a l’estat de salut de la seva família biològica, la qual cosa planteja la qüestió de si la privacitat del pacient i l’autonomia dels seus familiars són compatibles. Aquesta qüestió s’ha tornat especialment urgent en les darreres dècades amb la incorporació de les tècniques genètiques a les pràctiques mèdiques. Habitualment, els professionals sanitaris estan subjectes a l’obligació professional de respecte a la confidencialitat de la informació del pacient. Llevat que existeixin circumstàncies extraordinàries, no poden revelar dades sobre la salut del pacient a la seva família. Aquesta limitació a l’accés a la informació impedeix que els parents consanguinis rebin una millor atenció mèdica i prenguin decisions vitals de forma totalment autònoma. En canvi, el model d’història clínica familiar d’accés obert conceptualitza la privacitat genètica a escala de grup i ofereix un entorn segur i just per a tots els parents consanguinis per tal que puguin exercir els seus drets individuals. Aquesta investigació examina els enfocaments històrics per a la regulació dels drets humans en matèria d’atenció sanitària, posant el focus en l’aparició del dret a la privacitat i les condicions que donen lloc a una confrontació entre el/la pacient i la seva família. Addicionalment, aquesta investigació presenta una anàlisi comparativa de la legislació en matèria d’informació genètica establerta als ordenaments jurídics d’Espanya, Suïssa, Regne Unit i Estats Units. Tant l’enfocament històric com l’anàlisi comparativa posen sobre la taula el problema d’una protecció desequilibrada dels drets, que resulta de la discrepància entre els diferents camins que la ciència i el dret han emprès durant un temps. Per omplir aquest buit i resoldre aquest conflicte innecessari entre drets, proposem una nova definició del terme informació genètica. Aquesta definició serveix com a base per al disseny d’un sistema de dos nivells dels historials mèdics electrònics, que permetria a qualsevol persona un accés sense obstacles a la informació relativa a la pròpia salut. Sobre la base de les nostres anàlisis i troballes, concloem que la privacitat genètica s’estén més enllà de l’àmbit del dret individual i afecta a un nombre major d’individus, és a dir, tots els parents biològics d’una família genètica determinada. Recomanem aplicar el model d’història clínica familiar d’accés obert a les relacions entre pacients, les seves famílies i els professionals sanitaris encarregats del seu tractament. Aquest disseny és viable i reflecteix millor les necessitats de totes les parts implicades. Aquestes recomanacions teòriques poden implementar-se de forma gradual i harmoniosa en els sistemes sanitaris, malgrat que reconeixem que alguns detalls relatius a la seva aplicació ampliada a d’altres camps, com ara la investigació clínica, requereixen un major aprofundiment.
El historial médico de un paciente puede contener información relativa al estado de salud de su familia biológica, lo cual plantea la cuestión de si la privacidad del paciente y la autonomía de sus familiares son compatibles. Esta cuestión se ha vuelto especialmente acuciante en las últimas décadas con la incorporación de las técnicas genéticas a las prácticas médicas. Lo habitual es que los profesionales sanitarios estén sujetos a la obligación profesional de respeto a la confidencialidad de la información del paciente. Salvo que existan circunstancias extraordinarias, no pueden revelar datos sobre la salud del paciente a su familia. Dicha limitación al acceso a la información impide que los parientes consanguíneos reciban una mejor atención médica y tomen decisiones vitales de forma completamente autónoma. En cambio, el modelo de historia clínica familiar de acceso abierto conceptualiza la privacidad genética a escala de grupo, ofreciendo un entorno seguro y justo a todos los parientes consanguíneos a fin de que puedan ejercer sus derechos individuales. Esta investigación examina los enfoques históricos para la regulación de los derechos humanos en materia de atención sanitaria, poniendo el foco en la aparición del derecho a la privacidad y las condiciones que dan lugar a una confrontación entre el/la paciente y su familia. Adicionalmente, esta investigación presenta un análisis comparativo de la legislación en materia de información genética establecida en los ordenamientos jurídicos de España, Suiza, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos. Tanto el enfoque histórico como el análisis comparativo sacan a relucir el problema de una protección desequilibrada de los derechos, que resulta de la discrepancia entre los distintos caminos emprendidos por la ciencia y el derecho durante algún tiempo. A fin de salvar esta brecha y resolver este conflicto innecesario entre derechos, proponemos una nueva definición del término información genética. Esta definición sirve como base para el diseño de un sistema de dos niveles de los historiales médicos electrónicos, que permitiría a cualquier persona un acceso sin obstáculos a la información acerca de la propia salud. Sobre la base de nuestros análisis y hallazgos, concluimos que la privacidad genética se extiende más allá del ámbito del derecho individual y afecta a un número mayor de individuos, a saber, todos los parientes biológicos de una familia genética determinada. Recomendamos aplicar el modelo de historia clínica familiar de acceso abierto a las relaciones entre pacientes, sus familias y los profesionales sanitarios encargados de su tratamiento. Este diseño es viable y refleja mejor las necesidades de todas las partes implicadas. Estas recomendaciones teóricas pueden implementarse de forma gradual y armoniosa en los sistemas sanitarios, aunque reconocemos que algunos detalles relativos a su aplicación ampliada a otros campos, como la investigación clínica, requieren una mayor profundización.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. For this, three specific research questions, namely (1) the dynamics of intergenerational solidarity, public pension systems, and happiness; (2) the association between intergenerational solidarity and happiness; and (3) the association between public pension systems and happiness, are analysed by exploiting the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analyses show that (1) the structural solidarity of older people is relatively stronger than of middle-aged people; (2) contacting is the key player in associational solidarity in later life; (3) middle-aged people supply more financial aid to their adult children than they receive from them, but the reverse applies to older people. Both middle-aged and older people actively exchange food, household items, and health-care supplies; (4) more older men receive the National Pension Scheme benefit than older women but the reverse is true for the Basic Old-Age Pension benefit; (5) the level of happiness in later life is very high but decreases as people age; (6) the number of adult children, frequency of contact, and amount of financial support are positively associated with the happiness of older people; and (7) the National Pension Scheme is positively associated with the happiness of older men while the Basic Old-Age Pension is negatively associated with the happiness of older people. The results suggest some policy implications for late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. At the individual level, increased frequency of contact, availability of the children, and the amount of financial support can enhance late-life happiness. At the governmental level, the research suggests that the gendered structure of the National Pension Scheme and means-tested structure of the Basic Old-Age Pension should be reformed.

A presente proposta dá continuidade à agenda de pesquisas que vêm sendo desenvolvidas pela autora e por outros pesquisadores vinculados ao Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências da Linguagem concernente aos fenômenos linguísticos e psíquicos envolvidos na afasia. A afasia tem como ponto de partida um problema de ordem neurológica. Seu estudo começou no campo da neurologia, cuja compreensão considerava apenas os aspectos orgânicos. Mas, a partir dos trabalhos de Freud e, em seguida, o de Jakobson, o estudo da afasia é expandido para outros campos, passando a ser considerado não somente os aspectos orgânicos como psíquicos e linguísticos. As posições desses autores norteiam a presente pesquisa. Assim, a afasia é entendida como um distúrbio no funcionamento da linguagem, que envolve fatores de ordem linguística e subjetiva. Em decorrência, o afásico sofre, em geral, de desânimo, sendo comum a depressão, o que compromete o tratamento. A relação com a família também é muito afetada, no entanto, essa relação é fundamental para o seu restabelecimento. A presente pesquisa visa a investigar a interação entre afásicos, afásicos e sua família, pertencentes ao Grupo de Convivência da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, observando as dificuldades de linguagem bem como suas repercussões nessa interação, além de analisar a circulação da palavra entre os afásicos no Grupo de Convivência; como também investigar quando dirigem e como acolhem a palavra de familiares e, finalmente, investigar incidências subjetivas advindas das dificuldades de linguagem. A metodologia deste trabalho utiliza a linha de pesquisa qualitativa, que consiste de nove estudos de casos. Tal análise permitiu identificar a qualidade da interação linguística estabelecida entre afásicos, do Grupo de Convivência da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, observando as dificuldades de linguagem e como essas dificuldades incidem sobre sua objetividade, constituindo-se como um fardo que, ao mesmo tempo, paralisa-os e isola-os como consequência da impossibilidade de exercer a linguagem. Também foi possível analisar como essas dificuldades modificam os laços dos afásicos com seus familiares
This proposal continues the research agenda beeing developed by the author and other researchers to the Group for Research in Language Sciences regarding the linguistic and psychological phenomena involved in aphasia. Aphasia is part of a neurological problem. Its study has begun in neurology field whose understanding of considered only the organic aspects. From Freud, then, by Jakobson the study of aphasia expend to other fields and it is now considered not only in its organic aspects but also psychological and linguistic. The position of theses authors guides the present research. Thus, aphasia is seen as a disturbance in the functioning of language, involving linguistic and subject factories. As a result, the aphasic one suffers from discouragement and depression, which affects the treatment. The relationship with the family also goes only greatly affected, but this relationship is critical to its reestablishment. This research aims to investigate the interaction between aphasic ones, and aphasic ones and his family, belonging to the group of living of the Catholic University of Pernambuco. The language difficulties are observed as well as its repercussions in theseinteration, besides analyzing the circulation the word among the aphasic group. Coexistence and to investigate when they drive and how welcome the word of relatives and, finally to investigate incidents stemming from subjective difficulties languages. The methodology of this work uses the line of qualitative research which consists of nine case studies. The analysis identified the linguistic quality of interaction established among aphasic ones Group Living in the Catholic University of Pernambuco, noting the difficulties of language and how those difficulties affect his objectivity on, becoming a burden, while freezes them and isolates them as a consequence of the impossibility of exercising the language. It was possible to analyze how these modify the difficulties of aphasic ones with their families

This study explores the changing nature of filial piety in contemporary society in rural China. With the economic, social and political upheavals that followed the Revolution, can 'great peace under heaven' still be found for the rural Chinese family as in the traditional Confucian proverb,"make yourself useful, look after your family, look after your country, and all is peaceful under heaven"? This study explores this question, in terms not so much of financial prosperity, but of non-tangible cultural values of filial piety, changing familial and gender roles, and economic migration. In particular, it examines how macro level changes in economic, social and demographic policies have affected family life in rural China. The primary policies examined were collectivisation, the hukou registration system, marketization, and the One-Child policy. Ethnographic interviews reveal how migration has affected rural family structures beyond the usual quantifiable economic measures. Using the village of Meijia, Sichuan province, as a paradigmatic sample of family, where members have moved to work in the cities, leaving their children behind with the grandparents, the study demonstrates how migration and modernization are reshaping familial roles, changing filial expectations, reshuffling notions of care-taking, and transforming traditional views on the value of daughters and daughters-in-law. The study concludes that the choices families make around migration, child-rearing and elder-care cannot be fully explained by either an income diversification model or a survival model, but rather through notions of filial piety. Yet the concept of filial piety itself is changing, particularly in relation to gender and perceptions about the worth of daughters and the mother/ daughter-in-law relationship. Understanding these new family dynamics will be important for both policy planners and economic analysts.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to a lack of research, which, in turn, resulted in a shortage of applicable literature that focused on the experiences and socio-emotional needs of family members as carers of AIDS-patients, the researcher decided to undertake this research project. The aim of this was to investigate the experiences and socio-emotional needs of family members as AIDS care givers. To lead the research, the researcher made use of a qualitative research approach. Attention was also given to the description of HIV/AIDS, as well as the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. The impact of HIV/AIDS was also given attention, and it was done from an ecological perspective. Within the qualitative research paradigm a phenomenological, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was utilised. The boundaries for data collection were delineated to the George area. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with family members who acted as primary care givers of AIDS-patients who were recruited by means of purposive sampling and the snowball sampling technique. The data collected were analysed according to the steps for qualitative data analysis as proposed by Tesch (in Cresswell, 1994). To ensure the trustworthiness of the research findings, data verification was executed according to Guba’s model (in Krefting, 1991). The following twelve themes emanated from the process of data analysis: - Knowledge of the disease - Caring for people with AIDS - Risky behaviour - Other people’s reactions - Care givers’ feelings and reactions - Support that was received with the care giving - Effect of the care giving on the relationship between the care giver and the patient - Changes in the care givers’ life because of the care giving of AIDS patients - Experiences regarding the dying process - Needs regarding the caring of the patient - Services that are needed - Advice from the participants to other family members as AIDS care givers. The following recommendations were made based on the conclusions derived from the research findings: Information sessions by Social Workers in collaboration with the different clinics on certain days; a community based project to recruit volunteers to support family care givers on a regular basis; look at facilities, like old age homes and hospices, that can give respite for a week to three weeks; connect family care givers to support groups in the community; make use of the media to give information regarding HIV/AIDS to the broader community; a centralized food and clothes bank from which care givers can draw affordable food and clothes. An application for funding can be done at the Department of Social Development or the Department of Health. Another recommendation that is made is to investigate the possibility of a community based project that provides cleaning and washing services to family members as care givers, as well as the patients. This can even become a job creation project. Other recommendations are: to investigate an alternative form of transport that is wheelchair accessible and patient friendly; to train home based carers to help family members as AIDS care givers; to train home based carers to be of assistance with counseling of patients with regard to their medication; to train home based carers as AIDS care givers to help family members to reach out to other support services or groups; that care givers should be careful about expectations of other people and that they should be confident enough to verbalize their expectations; that Social Workers should investigate if the family member, as AIDS care giver, as well as the patient, gets the necessary support on all levels of the ecological perspective, and if not, he/she must look at ancillary sources and mobilize it to give support to the family care giver as well as to the patient; that professionals need to keep in mind the advice the participants was given to other family members as care givers when they are working with these families. A recommendation was also made to do a follow-up research on the same topic in the White, Indian and Black communities and especially that further emphasis should be placed on their needs, as participation by this population groups were scarce or could not be obtained at all.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Weens ‘n gebrek aan navorsing, en gevolglik ook aan literatuur rakende die belewenisse en sosio-emosionele behoeftes van familielede as primêre VIGS-versorgers, het die navorser besluit om hierdie navorsingsprojek te onderneem. Die doel hiermee was om die belewenisse en sosio-emosionele behoeftes van familielede as primêre VIGS-versorgers te verken en te beskryf. Om die navorsing te rig, is ‘n kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering vir die doel gebruik. Aandag is ook gegee aan die beskrywing en voorkoms van MIV/VIGS, asook die voorkoming en behandeling van MIV/VIGS. Die impak van MIV/VIGS is ook breedvoerig bespreek en is dit vanuit ‘n ekologiese perspektief gedoen. Binne die kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is daar van ‘n fenomenologiese, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele navorsingsontwerp gebruik gemaak. Die grense vir data-insameling het binne die George-area geval. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met familielede wat as primêre VIGS-versorgers optree, en wat deur middel van ‘n doelgerigte steekproeftrekking en die sneeubaltegniek vir deelname aan die navorsing gewerf is. Die ingesamelde data is ontleed aan die hand van die agt stappe van kwalitatiewe data-ontleding van Tesch soos uiteengesit in Creswell (1994). Guba se model soos dit in Krefting (1991:214-221) uiteengesit is, is gebruik om die vertrouenswaardigheid van die navorsingsdata te verifieer. Twaalf temas het na aanleiding van die prosesse van data-ontleding na vore gekom, naamlik: - Kennis van die siektetoestand - Versorging van VIGS-lyers - Risiko-gedrag - Ander mense se reaksie - Versorger se gevoelens en reaksies - Ondersteuning wat ontvang is met die versorging - Effek van pasiënt se versorging op die verhouding tussen versorger en pasiënt - Verandering van versorger se lewe as gevolg van die versorging van die VIGS-lyer - Belewenisse ten op sigte van die sterwensproses - Behoeftes ten opsigte van die versorging van die pasiënt - Dienste wat benodig word - Raad deur deelnemers aan ander familielede as VIGS-versorgers. Voortspruitend uit die navorsingsbevindinge, is tot sekere gevolgtrekkings gekom waaruit die volgende aanbevelings gemaak is: dat inligtingsessies deur maatskaplike werkers in samewerking met die verskillende klinieke op sekere dae gehou sal word; dat ‘n gemeenskapsprojek van stapel gestuur word om vrywilligers te werf wat op ‘n gereelde basis aan VIGS-versorgers ondersteuning bied; dat daar gekyk word na respite by ouetehuise of ‘n hospice vir ‘n tydperk van ongeveer drie weke om aan versorgers ‘n ruskans te gee; dat versorgers betrek word by ondersteuningsgroepe in die gemeenskap; dat die media gebruik word om inligting oor VIGS aan die breë gemeenskap deur te gee; dat aandag gegee word aan ‘n gesentraliseerde voedsel- en klerebank waarvandaan versorgers voorraad kan onttrek. Aansoek vir befondsing kan gedoen word by Departement Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling of Departement Gesondheid. Verdere aanbevelings wat gemaak kan word, is: dat ‘n gemeenskapsprojek van stapel gestuur word om skoonmaakdienste en hulp met wasgoed was tot die beskikking van die VIGS-versorger te stel wat selfs as ‘n werkskeppingsprojek begin kan word; dat ‘n alternatiewe vorm van vervoer wat deur die familielid en pasiënt benut kan word, en wat geskik is vir pasiënt vervoer, ondersoek sal word; dat opleiding van tuisversorgers as hulp vir familielede as VIGS-versorgers aandag sal kry; dat opleiding van tuisversorgers om behulpsaam te wees met berading van pasiënte rakende hulle medikasie dringende aandag sal geniet; dat familielede as VIGS-versorgers uitreik na ander ondersteuningsbronne vir hulp; dat versorgers versigtig sal wees ten opsigte van verwagtinge van ander, maar dat hulle ook vrymoedigheid sal neem om hulle verwagtinge te verbaliseer; dat die maatskaplike werker sal ondersoek instel of die familielid as primêre VIGS-versorger, sowel as die pasiënt, vanuit al die vlakke van die ekologiese perspektief die nodige ondersteuning geniet, en indien nie, moet daar gekyk word na hulpbronne en dit moet gemobiliseer word ten einde hierdie noodsaaklike ondersteuning te bied; dat die raad wat deur die deelnemers aan die navorsing aan ander familielede as VIGS-versorgers voorsien is, in gedagte gehou sal word wanneer met hierdie families gewerk word. ‘n Aanbeveling is ook gemaak dat opvolg navorsing oor dieselfde onderwerp gedoen word onder die Wit, Indiër en Swart gemeenskappe, en dat veral klem gelê word op hulle behoeftes, aangesien deelname vanuit hierdie bevolkingsgroepe skraal was, of glad nie bekom kon word nie.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo compreender o funcionamento das famílias com crianças acometidas pela obesidade na instalação e manutenção da doença, na perspectiva dos pais. Nesta circunstância, foram considerados os sentimentos e dificuldades expressos pelas mães frente à obesidade dos filhos; estratégias utilizadas para enfrentar o problema e indicadores no contexto familiar que pudessem estar contribuindo para a manutenção do quadro de obesidade infantil. O trabalho está dividido em três artigos, sendo um teórico e dois empíricos. O primeiro apresenta um breve histórico da necessidade humana de alimentação que mostrou as mudanças ocorridas que culminaram na proliferação da obesidade e, nesse cenário, as transformações que a família enfrenta para adaptar-se ao meio permeado de tantas ofertas e constantes modificações, em articulação com a Teoria Sistêmica. O segundo artigo identifica no contexto familiar à luz da Teoria Sistêmica, os indicadores da dinâmica familiar que podem estar contribuindo para a instalação e a manutenção da obesidade na infância. O terceiro artigo considera elementos presentes na história familiar das crianças com obesidade, os sentimentos expressos pelas famílias e as consequências físicas e psíquicas da evolução da doença. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa levando em consideração a experiência dos participantes em relação ao tema. Foram entrevistadas seis mães e uma avó de crianças, na faixa etária entre 8 a 10 anos incompletos, que se encontravam em atendimento no ambulatório de Obesidade Infantil do Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), na cidade do Recife. Utilizamos uma entrevista com roteiro previamente estabelecido e, posteriormente, os resultados foram discutidos com base na análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicaram que todos os membros do sistema estão implicados na instalação da obesidade, através da rejeição materna, compensada por superproteção alimentar, conflitos conjugais, interferência das avós na alimentação dos netos, o que demonstra confusão na hierarquia. As dificuldades de intercâmbio com o meio demonstraram que as famílias consomem alimentos com alto teor de gordura; a falta de coesão acerca das normas alimentares e de limites à criança são elementos que podem estar contribuindo para a manutenção da obesidade na infância
This dissertation aims to understand the functioning of families with children affected by obesity in the installation and maintenance of the disease from the perspective of parents. In this circumstance, we considered the feelings expressed by mothers and difficulties facing the obesity of children, strategies used to address the problem in the family context and indicators that could be contributing to the maintenance of the obese children. The work is divided in three articles, one theoretical and two empirical. The first presents a brief history of the human need to feed that showed the changes that led to the proliferation of obesity and, in this scenario, the changes that the family faces in adapting to the environment permeated with so many offers and constant changes, in conjunction with Systemic Theory. The second article identifies the family context under the light of the Systemic Theory, indicators of family dynamics that may be contributing to the installation and maintenance of obesity in childhood. The third article considers elements in the family history of children with obesity, the sentiments expressed by the families and the physical and psychological consequences of disease progression. The research is qualitative in nature, taking into account the experience of participating in the issue. Six mothers were interviewed and a grandmother of children, aged between 8-10 years old, who were in the outpatient clinic of Childhood Obesity Institute of Medicine Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP) in the city of Recife. We used an interview with previously established questions, and subsequently the results were discussed based on thematic content analysis. The results indicated that all members of the system are involved in the installation of obesity, through the maternal rejection, overprotection offset by food, marital conflicts, and interference from the grandparents in the feeding of grandchildren, which shows confusion in the hierarchy. The difficulties of exchange with the environment showed that families consume of food with high contents of fat, lack of cohesion about food standards and limits are the child elements that may be contributing to the maintenance of childhood obesity

The need for a family therapeutic counselling programme in the management of HIV/AIDS was established by the researcher in 2001 (den Hollander 2001). The focus of this study was to develop the training programme model in family therapeutic counselling for church leaders and lay counsellors. This was accomplished using a variety of samples and research instruments, by firstly exploring the issues and problems facing people and families living with HIV/AIDS and then how best churches could respond as faith-based community organizations. At a theoretical level, this study sought to compare the paradigms of contextual and narrative family therapy with the theory and practice of social work and practical narrative theology, in order to integrate these paradigms into an incorporated response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The main research methodology was the Intervention Research Model as adapted from De Vos (2001). This model consists of six phases, consisting of problem analysis and project planning, information gathering and synthesis, design, early development and pilot testing, evaluation and advanced development, and dissemination of the training model. During the analysis phase an extensive literature research, as well as several field studies, both quantitative and qualitative were conducted. During the development phase, three pilot studies were designed and performed, in attempt to accommodate the context specific problems of different families and communities. The results of these two phases indicated a need for pastoral training in family therapeutic counselling, specifically in the areas of mental health, trauma and bereavement and child participation. Importantly, the need to intervene meaningfully to alleviate structural problems such as poverty and food insecurity were clearly indicated, with the study recommendation being for active networking across all stakeholders so that therapeutic counselling may work in tandem with these community based efforts. Recommendations in respect of offering such training are to provide a comprehensive structure of training, supervision and counselling practice.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

碩士
國防醫學院
護理研究所
99
Abstract Aims. This study aims to analyze the change in family relationship, before and after hospitalization, of people who attempt to commit suicide. Background. In Taiwan, people who commit suicide without hospitalization will be watched and receive aftercare after leaving the emergency room. However, the inpatients who do accept hospitalization will not be watched or receive any further aftercare after leaving the hospital. If the inpatients, who had attempted to commit suicide, can’t acquire follow-up health care from professionals, it is very likely that they will attempt to commit suicide again. Methods.This study adopts the phenomenology approach and judgment sampling method was applied to gather cases in one medical center and one public psychiatric hospital in northern Taiwan. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were implemented in thirteen participants from November 2009 to May 2010. Results. My research findings can be summarized as follows. First of all, the family relationship of suicide attempted inpatients, before being hospitalized, can be classified into three types: conflicts, alienation, and separation. Secondly, the family relationship of these inpatients, after being discharged from the hospital, can be grouped into four categories: to refuse, to tolerate and accept, to care and support, and not to mend relationship. Thirdly, the factors that resulted in change of suicide attempted patients are significantly related to the strength to change one’s self, family support, and social support. Conclusion. This study points out that family support provides the important elements of recovery to people who had attempted to commit suicide. Thus, this study suggests that while taking care of suicide attempted patients we also need to establish family support in order to help them move towards a new life. Keywords: Suicidal Attempt, Phenomenology, Family Relationship

According to the Ministry of Health (1996:26), the most common chronic/terminal illnesses were cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, cancer, mental disorders, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and asthma. Long term treatment and care and the growing incidence of these conditions necessitated the introduction of home-based care (HBC). Consequently, family care givers play a major role in the provision of care to chronically/terminally ill patients and professional health care providers adopt a supervisory role. This study examined the quality of home care services provided in Botswana. The availability and accessibility of home-based care services and resources have a direct bearing on the quality of home-based care delivery system. The researcher used systems theory was used as the conceptual framework for this study. The study aimed to • determine the accessibility and availability of home-based care services in Molepolole East • investigate what the perspectives and experiences of family care givers, patients and professional health care providers of Botswana home-based care are • determine the roles of professionals health care providers, patients, and family care givers and their relationships in the context of home- based care • identify the needs of chronically/terminally ill patents and family care givers • determine the type of support given to family care givers and patients by professional health care providers and make recommendations for the improvement of home-based care • develop a model to prepare family care givers The research design combined quantitative and qualitative research methods. A sample of convenience was used to obtain information from patients' family care givers and professional health care providers. Interviews and questionnaires were used. A proposed care giving preparedness model is presented to meet needs of the family care givers. The study found that family care givers needs are neither known nor catered for by the professional health care provider. The family care givers were not adequately prepared before adopting the care-giving role. It is recommended that • The proposed preparedness care giving training model is considered for training of patients and family care givers before discharge and during HBC. • Increase patients and family care givers decision-making
Health Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

South Africa has a dearth of deaf appropriate assistive resources – giving rise to deaf adolescents leaving school early and poor adult outcomes. These factors are negatively influenced by the interaction of other elements such as the inadequate cultural and social nurturing and lack of support. Approached from a bio-ecological model, to pro-actively address the support needed by deaf and hard-of-hearing persons to empower them to develop the capacity to withstand the challenges they have to endure, to stand up to and resist the negative ideas about what they are capable of. In this study, major risk factors were identified as communication deprivation and unpreparedness of parents to raise a deaf child appropriately where mediating factors were identified as social-emotional competence and deaf teaching assistants at South African Schools for the Deaf. The main findings of this study were that the need for early training of parents, access to Sign Language, deaf role models and social-emotional training in SA schools for the Deaf are proposed pathways to well-being.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

精神分裂症（簡稱精分）是一種常見且嚴重的精神疾病，它對患者及其家人的生活有著毀滅性的影響。在西方國家，研究者已經對精分患者子女的經歷研究了許多年，得出的結論在政府以及社會工作者幫助這些家庭時起到重要的參考作用。然而，在中國這個問題被忽視了，目前針對這個群體的、學術規範的研究還沒有在中國大陸展開。鑒於中西巨大的社會和文化差異，我們不可以照搬西方學者的研究成果。為了填補這方面的知識空缺，我們在上海展開了對精神分裂症患者子女經歷的質化研究。
本文的資料來自八個家庭的成員對於相關經驗的敘述。我們從三個層面來探究這些青少年的特殊經歷，包括他們對家長的經歷、他們從患病與健康家長處感受到的養育模式、以及他們所經歷的擴展家庭和社會的支持。
我們的研究發現包括：1）青少年對家長疾病的適應經歷了三個階段：漠然、焦慮、消極應對。2）患病家長大多對孩子溫暖有餘、管教不足。健康家長對孩子的管教很大程度上取決於家庭經濟情況。當經濟情況惡劣時他們往往忽視孩子的成長需求3）支援系統作用缺失。
基於以上發現，本文提煉出三個主題：在惡劣成長環境中掙扎、消極應對、缺乏支持。我們提倡為這些家庭提供社會服務。
Schizophrenia is a serious and common mental illness which has devastating effects on those affected by schizophrenia, as well as family members including their offspring. In western countries, the topic about the experience of offspring living with a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia has been studied for many years. The outcomes are useful references to the government and social workers in helping these families. However, this topic has been neglected in the Chinese context. A well-designed qualitative study has never been carried out in mainland China. The result from western researcher cannot be used in China due to the vast differences in society and culture. To fill in the gap, a qualitative research was carried out in Shanghai to study children’s experience of parental schizophrenia.
This paper is based on the narratives elicited from eight families, including the parents diagnosed with schizophrenia, the adolescent children, and sometimes other family members. We studied the experience of this special group of adolescents, which contains the experience of their parent’s mental illness, the parenting from both the parent diagnosed with schizophrenia and the healthy parent, as well as the support from extended family and the society.
Our findings include: 1) Adolescents’ attitude towards parental schizophrenia can be divided into three phases: indifference, anxiety, and finally passive coping. The help they can provide for their parents with schizophrenia is very limited in most cases. 2) The parenting they received from the parents with schizophrenia is generally perceived as with high level of warmth and low level of demandingness. The healthy parents may or may not provide enough discipline to the adolescents depending on the families’ economic status. They would fail to focus on the need of the growing children when the economic pressure is high. 3) The supportive network failed to provide enough help to the growing adolescents.
Three themes are proposed based on the findings, namely struggling in poor growing environment, passive coping, and helplessness. We advocate for the development of social work services for these families.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Du, Juan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-302).
Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1 --- : Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Rationale of the study --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Schizophrenia in China --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Social stigma and discourse on mental illness --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Great challenges for a family with a member with schizophrenia --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Limited mental health service available to these families --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Cultural influences in Chinese society --- p.14
Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives and research questions --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Research questions --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Research objectives --- p.19
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the research --- p.20
Chapter Chapter 2 --- : Literature Review --- p.21
Chapter 2.1 --- Schizophrenia --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Different perspectives on schizophrenia --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Treatment and Recovery of schizophrenia --- p.33
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Schizophrenia’s influence on social functioning --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Schizophrenia’s influence on parenting --- p.39
Chapter 2.2 --- Developing adolescents --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Different perspectives on adolescents --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Offspring with parental psychiatric disorder --- p.53
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Supportive network of adolescents --- p.60
Chapter 2.3 --- The roles of social work in mental health facilities --- p.61
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Condition of mental health social work in Shanghai --- p.62
Chapter 2.3.2 --- The roles of social workers in other areas --- p.63
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Social workers serving families with parental schizophrenia --- p.69
Chapter 2.4 --- Knowledge gap in existed literature --- p.70
Chapter Chapter 3 --- : Research Methodology --- p.72
Chapter 3.1 --- Paradigmatic Considerations --- p.72
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Social constructionism --- p.74
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Proposed Theoretical Framework --- p.77
Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.79
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Research Site --- p.80
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sampling --- p.81
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data collection --- p.86
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.89
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Ethical issues and trustworthiness --- p.91
Chapter 3.3 --- Strengths and Limitations of this Study --- p.96
Chapter Chapter 4 --- : Background Information of the Research Participants --- p.98
Chapter 4.1 --- General Information --- p.98
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Personal information of adolescents --- p.99
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Personal Information of parent diagnosed with schizophrenia --- p.101
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Background Information of participant families --- p.105
Chapter 4.2 --- Family stories --- p.111
Chapter 4.3 --- Conditions of the parent with schizophrenia --- p.126
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Competent youths in the past --- p.126
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experience of schizophrenia --- p.127
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Self-blaming for offspring’s current situation --- p.139
Chapter 4.4 --- The adolescents --- p.141
Chapter 4.4.1 --- School Achievement --- p.141
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Peers --- p.146
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.150
Chapter Chapter 5 --- : Experience of parental schizophrenia --- p.152
Chapter 5.1 --- Discovery of parental schizophrenia --- p.152
Chapter 5.2 --- Experience relevant to parental schizophrenia --- p.155
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Symptoms --- p.155
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Deterioration of parent’s daily functioning --- p.157
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Parents’ hospitalization --- p.161
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Social stigma attached to schizophrenia --- p.166
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Parent’s concealment of schizophrenia --- p.168
Chapter 5.3 --- Knowledge of schizophrenia --- p.170
Chapter 5.4 --- Reaction after knowing parental schizophrenia --- p.174
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Indifference --- p.174
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Concern and curiosity --- p.175
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Passive attitude --- p.179
Chapter 5.5 --- Coping with parental schizophrenia --- p.182
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Support and help from the children to the parents with schizophrenia --- p.182
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Selective concealment of parental schizophrenia --- p.185
Chapter Chapter 6 --- : Experience of parenting from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.189
Chapter 6.1 --- Less parental demandingness from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.189
Chapter 6.1.1 --- Less discipline --- p.190
Chapter 6.1.2 --- Low pressure on study --- p.191
Chapter 6.1.3 --- Low expectation for future career --- p.192
Chapter 6.2 --- More parental warmth from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.195
Chapter Chapter 7 --- : Supporting Network --- p.197
Chapter 7.1 --- Interaction between adolescent children with healthy parents --- p.197
Chapter 7.1.1 --- The condition of the healthy parents --- p.198
Chapter 7.1.2 --- The parenting style of the healthy parents --- p.203
Chapter 7.2 --- Support from extended family --- p.207
Chapter 7.3 --- Support from the society --- p.214
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Teaching VS. Support --- p.214
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Little support from school --- p.216
Chapter Chapter 8 --- : Discussion --- p.219
Chapter 8.1 --- Parenting style of both parents --- p.219
Chapter 8.1.1 --- Indulgent parenting of the parent diagnosed with schizophrenia --- p.219
Chapter 8.1.2 --- The parenting style of the healthy parent --- p.222
Chapter 8.1.3 --- The influence of the parenting on the developing children --- p.225
Chapter 8.2 --- Three stages after knowing parental schizophrenia --- p.227
Chapter 8.3 --- Themes --- p.233
Chapter 8.3.1 --- Struggle in poor family environment --- p.233
Chapter 8.3.2 --- Passive coping --- p.239
Chapter 8.3.3 --- Helplessness --- p.241
Chapter 8.4 --- Reflection on theoretical framework --- p.244
Chapter 8.5 --- Implications for practice --- p.247
Chapter 8.6 --- Implications for theory and research --- p.255
Chapter 8.6.1 --- Similarities and differences compared with literature --- p.255
Chapter 8.6.2 --- Directions for future research --- p.257
List of tables and figures
Chapter Table 1 Length of interviews --- p.89
Chapter Table 2 Condition of adolescents --- p.99
Chapter Table 3 Personal information of the parents with schizophrenia --- p.101
Chapter Table 4 Symptoms and hospitalization --- p.102
Chapter Table 5 Medication --- p.104
Chapter Table 6 General family background --- p.105
Chapter Table 7 Family social economic status --- p.108
Chapter Table 8 Possible interventions --- p.250
Chapter Figure 1 Proposed theoretical framework --- p.77
Chapter Figure 2 Revised theoretical framework --- p.245
Chapter Appendices --- p.259
Chapter Appendix 1: Interview Guide (Chinese version) --- p.259
Chapter Appendix 2: Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.262
Bibliography --- p.264

The escalating number of people infected by HIV and AIDS poses a challenge to current resources both at the hospital and household level. Community/Home based care is a viable option in response to the scourge of HIV/AIDS to compliment secondary and tertiary care as well as providing support to affected families in coping with the stress of caring for their terminally ill family members. This study explored the effectiveness of the implementation of Community/Home based care services by focusing on three sites at Bushbuckridge i.e. Cunningmore, Maviljan and Hluvukani. Findings revealed that family members were satisfied to have community caregivers entering their homes to provide care and support to their AIDS ill family members. Significant barriers were highlighted by families and community caregivers that hinder effective implementation of the programme, for instance, cultural sensitivity. The study proffered recommendations on how to deal with these issues.
SOCIAL WORK
MA(SS) (SOCIAL WORK)

Text in Afrikaans
Summaries in Afrikaans and English
Vigs is 'n "sluipende moordenaar "_ Dit toon geen respek vir kultuur, status,ouderdom of geslag nie. Vigs veroorsaak 'n onnnatuurlike dood wat vriende en familie bedreig en vervreem, lank na die dood van die vigsslagoffer. Die navorsingsdoel van hierdie studie was om riglyne daar te stel vir die psigoterapeutiese hantering van die vigslyer en sy gesin. Die navorsing het getoon dat 'n stigma en skuldgevoelens rondom die vigslyer en sy gesin ontstaan het, en dat hulle direk verantwoordelik gehou word vir die siekte bloot omdat hulle betrokke is by mekaar. 'n Vraelys wat aspekte (soos dit uit die literatuurstudie geblyk het) inkorporeer, is opgestel en aan die vigslyer en sy gesin gegee om te voltooi. Van die belangrikste elemente wat na vore gekom het, is die vrees vir die onbekende, die stigma verbonde aan die siekte en die pad wat die siekte loop ten opsigte van naiwiteit en valse gerugte ten opsigte van die siekte. 'n Verdere hoofstuk fokus op die literatuur om die hoofaspekte van die probleem vas le stel, en sodoende riglyne vir 'n terapieprogram daar te stel om die vrese te onderskep en die familie te help om die siekte beter te begryp_ Die doel is om die samelewing te laat begryp dat vigs nie 'n kulturele of "klas" siekte is nie, maar dat dit alle lae van die samelewing kan tref. 'n Afdeling is gewy aan 'n wye verskeidenheid terapeutiese tegnieke wat geimplimenteer kan word tydens hulpverlening aan die vigslyer en sy gesinslede. Verder verskaf hierdie studie ook riglyne om ondersteuning en hulp aan die vigslyer en sy gesin te bied, om sodoende hulle selfkonsep te verbeter.
Aids is a "stalking killer''. It has no respect for culture, breeding, age or sex. It is an unnatural death which offends and alienates many friends and family, even after the victim has died. A questionnaire incorporating important aspects of the cause and effect of aids was compiled and given to the aids sufferers and family to complete. From the responses it was clearly evident that the fears of the unknown, the stigma attached to the victim's close associates and family, was a problem, and the route course of incredible naive and false rumours. A chapter of the research focused on literature to establish what was the major aspects of the problem expressed by the media. Guidelines were provided whereby therapy could address and allay these fears to assist the family to better understand the illness and it's effects. This chapter has in mind to provide the Psychologist with guidelines to provide therapy to both the victim and the family in this regard. This study confirms that the survivors are the actual victims.
Educational studies
M.Ed. (Voorligting)

Text in English
The discovery that anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is important for human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) prevention has increased interest in factors that influence adherence to HIV treatment. Studies have shown that non-adherence to ART results in drug resistance, morbidity and person-to-person HIV transmission. For persons defaulting on or living risky sexual lives, becoming adherent is a life-saving behavioural change, both for themselves and for their sexual partners. HIV/AIDS programmes are trying different innovations to enhance behavioural outcomes of people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study sought to determine the value of support group participation and based on the findings, to develop an evidence-based model for revitalising caregiver social support competencies. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a cross-sectional descriptive design was used to compare PLHIV who participate in support group activities with those who do not, in terms of their behavioural outcomes. Multistage probability sampling was used to select study respondents. Data was collected using a selfadministered questionnaire from 1,676 respondents between February and May 2014. Data was analysed using STATA. Data analysis shows that 47% of respondents had once (ever) participated in support group activities while 53% had never. PLHIV who participated in support group activities differed from those who did not in terms of HIV-related stigma (p=<0.001), positive HIV status disclosure (p=0.005), ART adherence (p=0.021), and sexual risk behaviours (p=0.045). PLHIV who participated in support group activities were more likely to have less internal HIV-related stigma, disclose their positive HIV status, adhere to ART and live less risky sexual lives. The two study groups were not different in terms of perceived social support (p=0.28) and external stigma (p=0.250). More PLHIV obtained social support from health workers (66%) and family members (36%) than from PLHIV support groups (16%). The researcher concludes that participating in support group activities positively impacts on behavioural outcomes of PLHIV, but PLHIV support groups are not the only sources of social support. In the second phase, a model for revitalising PLHIV caregiver social support competencies was developed as a recommendation for assuring PLHIV access to holistic care and support.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Orientação: Joana Maria Barreto Ramos de Almeida Cabral
Nos dias de hoje continuam a existir pessoas a viver em condições de carência quer material, quer afetiva, condições que são adversas ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial de um serhumano. Desta forma, o presente estudo pretendeu explorar a perceção sobre a rede de suporte e relacional das pessoas em situação de sem-abrigo, procurando explorar a história das relações desde a infância até às relações atuais. Na amostra deste estudo três dos participantes estão em situação de sem-abrigo, sendo que um encontra-se fora desta condição, mas em situação económica e de habitação precárias. Os participantes têm idades compreendidas entre os 30 e os 50 anos. Administrou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada adaptada do guião da entrevista de McAdams (1995), The Life Story Interview, focando alguns tópicos do guião (resumo e fases da história, momentos importantes, desafios, futuros possíveis). Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se o NVivo 11 software e posteriormente a análise temática. Os resultados deste estudo apontaram para a importância das relações sociais, quer como causa quer como a solução desta condição. A população em situação de sem-abrigo valoriza, principalmente, a relação com os técnicos e voluntários de rua que tentam combater o isolamento.
Nowadays, there are still people living in conditions of both material and affective deficiencies, conditions that are adverse to the biopsychosocial development of a human being. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the perception about the support and relational network of homeless people, seeking to explore the history of relationships from childhood to current relationships. In the sample of this study, three of the participants are homeless, and one is out of this condition, but in a precarious economic and housing situation. Participants are between the ages of 30 and 50. There was a semi-structured interview adapted from McAdams' 1995 interview, The Life Story Interview, focusing on some topics in the script (summary and phases of the story, important moments, challenges, possible futures). For the analysis of the data the NVivo 11 software was used and later the thematic analysis. The results of this study pointed to the importance of social relations, both as a cause and as a solution to this condition. The homeless population values, in particular, the relationship with technicians and street volunteers who try to combat isolation.

At last, we found some basic characteristics in Chinese kinship. Couple and child-parent are still the pivots in present urban China. Filial piety is undergoing many changes. For adult children, parents are important in instrumental supports. And siblings are hardly regarded as expected supporters.
For urban Chinese, close-kin playa prominent role in all the support networks. Close-kin include adult children, parents, and siblings. Additionally, supportive roles of different kin are diffused. Spouse and adult children are the most prominent source of support for dealing with both instrumental and emotional problems. In particular, their emotional supports are more significantly beneficial to people's mental health. Parents are the important instrumental supporters, rather than in emotional aspects. Siblings are sitable for contact, but they are not the expected supporters. Extended kin relations are insignificant in any of support dimensions.
It is widely recognized that social relationships have powerful effects on mental health. This empirical study aims at examining this theory among urban Chinese. Based on the dataset of "social networks and mental health in Beijing in 2000", the focus of this research is how depression of the residents in Beijing is related to their kinship (especially, close-kin) networks and supports. The network structural characters include "network size", "frequency of contact", and "residence distance". The functional elements of support include instrumental support and emotional support. CES-D (The Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale) is used to measure depression.
The major findings in theoretical dimension are: (1) Social supports have main effects, namely social supports are helpful to mental health regardless of stressors people might experience. (2) Some kinds of kinship networks have direct and indirect effects (mediated by kinship supports) on depression. This result also partially confirms "the support argument", which suggests that the social networks enhance the likelihood of accessing support which in turn provides the protective function against distress.
孫薇薇.
Adviser: Rance Pui Leng Lee.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-10, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-212).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Sun Weiwei.

A quantitative approach was used to investigate the stigmatization of HIV positive clients in the Leribe District of Lesotho. The study population included 5200 HIV positive patients who enrolled for ARV in government clinics. A randomly selected sample of 520 clients responded through a questionnaire and interviews. The statistical package (STATA version 9) was used to analyze data. The objectives of the study were to explore the type and level of stigmatization of HIV-positive clients and to describe ways in which health workers in the PHC can reduce the stigmatization of HIV-positive clients at the clinics. The findings revealed that types of stigmatization included separation, isolation, labeling and discrimination. Ways to reduce the stigma within a community based primary health care facility included educating people living with HIV on how to protect themselves from multiple infection, providing effective counselling to clients and families maintaining confidentiality, and using change strategies to change attitudes of health care providers. The integration of HIV-related activities is a strong recommendation and the importance of the consistent availability of ARV treatment was emphasized.
Public Health
M.A. (Public Health)

HIV/Aids is a worldwide pandemic and as South Africans we are at the epicentre of this global health crisis. The harrowing statistics are useful as a means to quantify a horrific situation; however, what these facts do not do is provide connection amidst the uncertainty surrounding the disease. This research aims to bridge the disconnection and break the silence that weaves a net around the illness and those infected by it. This is done by deconstructing one man’s story of his journey with HIV; by looking at his personal epistemology; and by contextualising his story within his family and within the society in which he lives, South Africa. Finally, it is my reflections and interpretations that form the bridge between a construct of HIV/Aids and a life lived with the disease.
Psychology
M. A. (Clinical Psychology)