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1
Tikhonova, Oxana. "The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020814-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”. However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity. The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.
2
Troebst, Stefan. "1667 – A Threshold Year? Debating the ‘Breakthrough of the Modern Age’ in Muscovite Russia." Revue de Synthèse 139, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2018): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-13900003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this article of 1995, which had been translated into Russian already in 2013, the German Historian Stefan Troebst studied the question of the « breakthrough of the modern age » in Russia, usually attributed to tsar Peter I « the Great », suspecting that the new Era had in fact begun earlier, in the XVIIth century. After a theoretical reflexion about periodization in history, and its application to the history of Russia, he demonstrates that the « threshold year » takes place in 1667, examining this theory from different points of view: state and institutions, international relations, economical policy, religion, culture and fine arts. But this modernization has also caused violent revolts and oppositions during the reign of tsar Alexis Mikhailovitch.
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Xhelilaj, Ermal, and Osman Metalla. "The Fundamental Legal Notion and Codification of the International Law of the Sea." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 9, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of the public international law of the sea is considered a legal element inseparable from the historical-legal process of the adoption and development of international law in general. Although the basic concepts of general maritime legislation are found in the customary maritime law of ancient Rome and Greece, as well as in the rules of medieval maritime codes created by Hispanic, Italian, and English city-states between the 11th and XVth centuries in Europe, the law of the sea in the contemporary sense of the term, was adopted as a result of interrelations between European states with maritime interests during the period known as the modern or post-medieval era of history. International law of the sea, as it is considered today, developed only when the necessity of the creation of independent territorial states enabled the true development of international relations in Europe. This radical change in the international system, the beginnings of which can be found in the historical developments of the Conference of Westphalia in 1648, can not be considered a separate event, but reflects a complex process characterized by a slow and silent historical development of which has progressed from the sixteenth century onwards, to the twenty-first century.
Received: 27 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 20 March 2022
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Pitts, Jennifer. "International relations and the critical history of International Law." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817726227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.
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Puchala, Donald J. "The History of the Future of International Relations." Ethics & International Affairs 8 (March 1994): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00164.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most of the significant philosophies of history, ” Pitirim Sorokin observed, and “most of the intelligible interpretations of historical events…have…appeared either in periods of serious crisis, catastrophe, and transitional disintegration, or immediately More or alter such periods.” The twentieth century has been an age of continuing crisis in world politics. In terms of lives sacrificed to political idols, our century, in almost every interpretation, has been a profound catastrophe. This century's last decade is indeed a time of transitional disintegration.
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TEOMAN, Özgür, and Cumali BOZPİNAR. "The Development of the Silk Industry in the Ottoman Bursa: An Analysis of Periodization." Gazi Akademik Bakış 15, no. 30 (June 15, 2022): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.1131125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are a limited number of studies on the periodization analysis of the historical development of a single sector in Ottoman economic history literature. This study puts forward a periodic analysis of the sector in order to reveal the economic development characteristics of the Ottoman Bursa silk industry. In the study, four turning points where the transformation took place in terms of roduction relations and conditions were determined and the periodic analysis focused on these four periods. The city of Bursa became a silk production and trade center after it came under Ottoman rule. The fluctuations in the demand level of European countries for fabrics between the second half of the XVIth century and the first quarter of the XIXth century caused the silk industry to enter an unstable process, despite maintaining its commercial importance. With the inclusion of the Ottoman country in the center-periphery relationship after 1830, the existing production relations in the sector underwent a process of transformation. The transformation aspect in this century was deindustrialization in silk weaving and increased specialization in raw silk production as a result of technological development and the sector passed to the capitalist stage, provided that it was limited to raw silk production. The last breaking point in silk sector was the transfer of raw silk tax revenues to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (Düyun-ı Umumiye Administration).
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Boland, Brian. "Keylor, The Twentieth-Century World - An International History." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 22, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.22.2.92-93.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is an excellent text for an upper-level course in international affairs. It is about national interests, the "power, prestige, and prosperity" of nations in the twentieth century. Drawing upon secondary sources, Keylor has sifted them and written a clear story about power politics. He has made a special effort to include in this new edition explanations about the economic relations among nations and a narrative of the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe with the collapse of the U.S.S.R. Recent events in the Mid-East and Yugoslavia are also included.
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Agensky, Jonathan C. "Recognizing religion: Politics, history, and the “long 19th century”." European Journal of International Relations 23, no. 4 (January 12, 2017): 729–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066116681428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analyses of religion and international politics routinely concern the persistence of religion as a critical element in world affairs. However, they tend to neglect the constitutive interconnections between religion and political life. Consequently, religion is treated as exceptional to mainstream politics. In response, recent works focus on the relational dimensions of religion and international politics. This article advances an “entangled history” approach that emphasizes the constitutive, relational, and historical dimensions of religion — as a practice, discursive formation, and analytical category. It argues that these public dimensions of religion share their conditions of possibility and intelligibility in a political order that crystallized over the long 19th century. The neglect of this period has enabled International Relations to treat religion with a sense of closure at odds with the realities of religious political behavior and how it is understood. Refocusing on religion’s historical entanglements recovers the concept as a means of explaining international relations by “recognizing” how it is constituted as a category of social life. Beyond questions of the religious and political, this article speaks to renewed debates about the role of history in International Relations, proposing entanglement as a productive framing for international politics more generally.
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Barbakadze, Sophio. "Concept of Terrorism in International Relations." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2009.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Terrorism is already recognized as a main threat to the international system in the XXI century, rightly compared with the Cold War problem in the 20th century. After the notorious 9/11 events, the issue of terrorism has prevailed over such serious problems as proliferation, organized crime, etc. Thus study of terrorism is increasingly becoming one of the most challenging activities. Terrorism is an extremely complicated phenomenon, making its study quite difficult. The scholars need to count with a variety of details, often leading them to confusion. Thus a number of directions for study of terrorism had been singled out, including definition of the concept itself; history of terrorism; theoretical explanation of terrorism; and finally-the various forms of terrorism.
10
Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
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FAUCHER, CHARLOTTE. "Cultural Diplomacy and International Cultural Relations in Twentieth-Century Europe." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a 2004 review essay on transnational history published in the pages of this journal, Akira Iriye discussed the ‘internationalisation of scholarship’ and concluded that ‘historians easily cross oceans and traverse national boundaries’. The books under review here offer a striking example of this internationalisation, not only in their geographical remit but equally in the transnational interests and collaboration of their authors. Three of them are edited volumes – which, in their showcasing of different approaches, methodologies and topics, are particularly suited to addressing the hybrid nature of cultural diplomacy. Their rich variety of case studies reveals the interplay of micro and macro history, as well as the complex relations between local, national and transnational, as well as between governmental and non-governmental historical actors. The fourth volume is a jointly authored work by François Chaubet and Laurent Martin that presents a synthetic approach to cultural exchange, the relations between culture and policy and cultural globalisation. Together these recent books represent the evolution of a cultural approach to diplomatic history and international relations, epitomised by an interest in ‘soft power’ and closely shaped by the development of transnational history, entangled history (histoire croisée) and the study of cultural transfers. As such, they allow a more cumulative consideration of the roles and meanings of cultural diplomacy in twentieth-century Europe.
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Sorescu, Andrei Dan. "National History as a History of Compacts." East Central Europe 45, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04501004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims to show that concepts originating in the vocabulary of international relations were crucial to the rhetoric of nation-building in mid-nineteenth-century Europe. A close examination of the Romanian context elucidates in a more general way historical actors’ reflections and critiques of this conceptual vocabulary as well as the permeable nature of the (inter)national in the given historical context. The article explores two conceptual pairs: jus Gentium versus jus publicum Europaeum, and sovereignty versus suzerainty. In the process, it shows how Romanian nation- and state-builders became scholars of international relations. This they did in an effort to demonstrate the historically grounded sovereignty of the Romanian Principalities, in a manner compatible with the prevailing norms of the law of nations. The emphasis on a contractual relationship with the Ottoman Empire allowed for the assertion of national agency, both in the past and in the present. Increasingly focused on the imperfect translatability of concepts forged by the Western historical experience, pamphleteers of all stripes ultimately came to jettison the supposedly feudal, anachronistic vocabulary of suzerainty, militating for the inclusion of the Principalities as full parties in European public law. Thus, the article elucidates some significant conceptual tensions in the development of mid-nineteenth-century nationalism, simultaneously contributing to a growing body of scholarship on the intellectual history of international relations.
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Szarejko, Andrew A. "Bringing (inter)national history into ‘Introduction to International Relations’." Learning and Teaching 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2021.140306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many introductory courses in International Relations (IR) dedicate some portion of the class to international history. Such class segments often focus on great-power politics of the twentieth century and related academic debates. In this essay, I argue that these international history segments can better engage students by broadening the histories instructors present and by drawing on especially salient histories such as those of the country in which the course is being taught. To elaborate on how one might do this, I discuss how US-based courses could productively examine the country’s rise to great-power status. I outline three reasons to bring this topic into US-based introductory IR courses, and I draw on personal experience to provide a detailed description of the ways one can do so.
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Noordzij, Aart. "Personen, grenzen en politieke eenheden in de veertiende eeuw." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 127, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 579–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2014.4.noor.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Personal agency, borders and political units in the fourteenth century. The duchy of Guelders and the history of international relationsTheories that offer a historicized account of international relations often consider the late middle ages as a period of fundamental change. Territorial political units, geographically defined borders, and distinctions between internal and external gradually developed and became increasingly important. As a result international relations were not only governed by competition between individual lords, by feudal networks, or by imperial and papal universalism, but also by the agency of newly developing geopolitical units, such as kingdoms, territories, towns, and local lordships. On the basis of the Guelders War of Succession (1371-1379) this paper offers a snapshot of this process of transition, demonstrating the dense and composite nature of international relations during the fourteenth century in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Piatakov, A. N. "The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-97-107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.
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CHITADZE, Nika. "Modern System of International Relations and Role of the USA." Journal in Humanities 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v10i1.429.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe whole twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century has been unique in modern history; for three centuries the structure ofinternational politics remained multipolar, in the twentieth century it has changed three times. Multipolar at the outset, it became bipolar after theSecond World War, unipolar with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and as the new millennium dawns it is gradually becoming multipolar oncemore. In this regard, by the presenting of the comparative analysis of the different international systems in the world, it is important to determinethe role and place of the USA within the modern international system.Keywords: Bipolarity, International System, Multipolarity, Unipolarity, USA, World Order
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Hall, Ian. "History, Christianity and diplomacy: Sir Herbert Butterfield and international relations." Review of International Studies 28, no. 4 (October 2002): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502007192.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sir Herbert Butterfield, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge (1955–68), Regius Professor of History (1963–68), and author of The Whig Interpretation of History (1931), was one of the leading historians of the twentieth century. A diplomatic historian and student of modern historiography, Butterfield was deeply concerned too with contemporary international relations, wrote much on the subject and, in 1958, created the ‘British Committee on the Theory of International Politics’. Drawing upon published and unpublished material, this article seeks to sketch an outline of Butterfield's career and thought, to examine his approach to international relations, and to reconsider his reputation in the field.
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BELL, DUNCAN S. A. "EMPIRE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN VICTORIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT." Historical Journal 49, no. 1 (February 24, 2006): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05005133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay surveys recent scholarly work on the political theory of empire and international relations in Britain during the long nineteenth century. It traces the dominant themes and arguments to be found, points to some interpretative and methodological weaknesses, and highlights a number of topics that remain to be explored in detail. I focus on the following: the relationship between liberalism and empire and, in particular, the role played by the idea of civilization in circumscribing liberal claims to universality; the nature and evolution of international law, and the key role that jurisprudential thought played in shaping conceptions of civilization and setting the bounds of legitimacy for imperialism; the vexed relationship between the history of imperial thought and cultural/political history; and the important, though frequently marginalized, role of the colonial empire in the Victorian imperial imagination. Finally, I suggest that areas that remain to be explored in depth include non-liberal visions of international affairs; the role of theology in shaping conceptions of global order; and the balance between the United States, Europe, and the various (and very different) elements of the empire.
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Akimkanova, Kunduz. "HISTORY OF SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETION." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article provides a brief overview of the history of simultaneous interpretation, a method of instant interpretation of oral speech from one language to another in real- time. Since its inception at the beginning of the 20th century, associated with the need for international communication at events such as conferences and trials, the abstract outlines the evolution of this translation method in the context of technology development and international relations. It is noted that with the development of computer technology at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, simultaneous translation has become more accurate and efficient with the use of specialized programs and equipment. The influence and significance of this method in the modern world are analyzed, emphasizing its key role in ensuring successful intercultural communication.
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Brown, Chris. "Political Thought, International Relations theory and International Political Theory: an interpretation." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relationship between political theory, including the history of political thought, and International Relations theory, including the history of international thought, has been, and to some extent remains, complex and troubled. On both sides of the Atlantic, the mid-twentieth century founders of International Relations as an academic discipline drew extensively on the canon of political thought, but approached the subject in an uncritical way, while political philosophers largely disdained the international as a focus. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of the ‘justice industry’ based on critiques of Rawls’ A Theory of Justice and a consequent recovering of the past history of cosmopolitan and communitarian thought. A new discourse emerged in this period – International Political Theory – bridging the gap between political thought and international relations and stimulating a far more creative and scholarly approach to the history of international thought. However, in a social science environment dominated by the methods of economics, that is, formal theory and quantification, the new discourse of International Political Theory occupies a niche rather than existing at the centre of the discipline.
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Wohlforth, William C. "Anarchy Is What Explains the History of International Relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations 64, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-1-64-7-18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the major events of the two previous centuries of international relations through main concepts of political realism. The author argues that in order to understand the present dilemmas and challenges of international politics, we need to know the past. Every current major global problem has historical antecedents. History from the late 19th century constitutes the empirical foundation of much theoretical scholarship on international politics. The breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the outbreak of the devastating global conflagration of World War I are the events that sparked the modern study of international relations. The great war of 1914 to 1918 underlined the tragic wastefulness of the institution of war. It caused scholars to confront one of the most enduring puzzles of the study of international relations, why humans continue to resort to this self-destructive method of conflict resolution? The article shows that the main explanation is the anarchical system of international relations. It produces security dilemma, incentives to free ride and uncertainty of intentions among great powers making war a rational tool to secure their national interests.
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Hall, Ian. "The history of international thought and International Relations theory: from context to interpretation." International Relations 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past two decades, historians of international thought have markedly improved our understanding of the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) and its wider intellectual history. During that period, ‘contextualism’ has become a leading approach in the field, as it has been for half a century in the history of political thought. This article argues that while the application of contextualism in IR has improved our understanding of its disciplinary history, its assumptions about the proper relationship between historians and theorists threaten to marginalise the history of international thought within IR. It argues that unless the inherent weaknesses in contextualism are recognised, the progress made in the field will go unrecognised by a discipline that sees little reason to engage with its history. It suggests that historians of international thought adopt an extensively modified version of contextualism that would allow them to rebuild bridges back into IR, especially IR theory.
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Booth, Ken. "International Relations: The Story So Far." International Relations 33, no. 2 (June 2019): 358–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117819851261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
‘The Story So Far’ is the conclusion of the first centenary Special Issue of the journal International Relations. The issue marks 100 years since the birth of the academic discipline of International Relations (IR), whose institutional moment was the endowment establishing the Department of International Politics at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, at the end of 1918, and its subsequent opening in April 1919. The collection of articles marking this unique event consists of reflections by a group of leading scholars on themes of continuity and change at the international level of world politics in that century. The present article considers these reflections in the context of problematising our attempts to understand the long history and complex dynamics of international relations.
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Black, J. "International Relations in the Eighteenth Century: Britain and Poland Compared." Diplomacy & Statecraft 13, no. 2 (June 2002): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714000315.
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Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Russia's Twentieth Century in History and Historiography." Australian Journal of Politics & History 46, no. 3 (September 2000): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00103.
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Miller, Francesca. "The International Relations of Women of the Americas 1890-1928." Americas 43, no. 2 (October 1986): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is perhaps no area of historical literature where women—other than monarchs and Mata Haris—have been less visible than in the literature of international relations. Yet women of the western world were active at the international level by the last half of the nineteenth century, and in numbers commensurate to those of their male counterparts. The record of their organization, deliberations, tactics, correspondence, public statements and delegations to designated representatives of their governments adds a new dimension to the history of international relations.
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ZOLLMANN, JAKOB. "African International Legal Histories – International Law in Africa: Perspectives and Possibilities." Leiden Journal of International Law 31, no. 4 (September 19, 2018): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000468.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractHitherto, the ‘African part’ of the history of international law has often been limited to the (critical engagement with) ‘the acquisition of Africa’ since the 1880s and questions of ‘state succession’ and international borders following independence starting in the 1950s. In this historical narrative, the dominance of colonialism is evident. It seems that ‘Africa’ as a narrative concept in international legal history remains tied to abstract contrasts such as ‘foreign domination’ versus ‘independence’, or ‘exploitation’ versus ‘development’. However, if twenty-first century writings about ‘international law in Africa’ and its histories remain shaped by this perspective, historians may lose sight of issues, questions, or ideas formed in historical Africa that do not fit into this preconceived dichotomous matrix. After discussing methodological challenges, this article asks for other ‘contacts’, other arenas of ‘internationality’ and international law in Africa’s pre-colonial past. These contacts reach back very far in history. Three arenas are mentioned: the Red Sea area and Ethiopian-Arab relations; the Indian Ocean rim; and finally, the case of nineteenth-century Ethiopia.
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Ukolova, V. I. "School of History." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-79-86.
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The current international processes and events, world politics at the beginning of the 21 century have once again clearly demonstrated that their meaning often emerges through the historical context without which the understanding of what is happening is hardly possible. Rector of MGIMO A.V. Torkunov in his talk on International relations as an educational discipline remarked that "as for sciences the basis of professionalism is mathematical skills and competencies, for international relations such a basis is history". Historical disciplines are taught at MGIMO from the very start of education process. MGIMO is one of the leading centers of research in the fields of history, political sciences and humanities. Here, in different years academics E.V. Tarle, L.N. Ivanov, V.G. Trukhanovskiy, A.L. Narochnitskiy and other prominent scholars and historians taught. Historical School of MGIMO has united important areas of historical science: the history of political processes in the twentieth century, modern history, the history of international relations and diplomacy, historical regional studies and cultural studies, oriental, philosophy and theory of history. The best traditions of the MGIMO historical school incorporated by its founders, make the foundation of its development at present. In 1992, the Department of MGIMO world and national history was established. The principle innovation was the combination of two components - historical education and historical science. This made it possible to present the story of Russia as an important part of the world history, opened up prospects for the implementation of comparative history, the synthesis of specific historical approaches and generalized global vision of civilization and human development. The historical school has realised a number of research projects, including "Alexander Nevsky" and the multi-volume "Great Victory", the work continues on a research project "Russia in the Modern World", and on a project "Synchronous History", etc.
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Alexander, Martin S., and Huw Dylan. "A Century of Intelligence (1909–2009): International Perspectives." Intelligence and National Security 28, no. 3 (June 2013): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2013.789633.
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Collins, Martin. "Making the Pacific, Making Japanese-U.S. Relations." Pacific Historical Review 88, no. 4 (2019): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.4.511.
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This special issue of Pacific Historical Review, “Making the Pacific, Making Japanese-U.S. Relations: Science and Technology as Historical Agents in the Twentieth Century,” is guest edited by Martin Collins and Teasel Muir-Harmony. The special issue gives prominence to science and technology as sources of agency inextricably bound to the modern project—and thus bound to another expression of the modern, the nation state and its interrelation with other states. In the modern context, scientific and technical knowledge, practices, and things are fundamental to composing more robust historical accounts, including accounts of the nation state. This interpretive frame is vital in understanding the Japan-U.S. relationship in the twentieth century and the critical role of the Pacific Ocean therein. The special issue includes a preface from Marc S. Rodriguez, this introduction by Martin Collins, and articles by Daqing Yang on wireless telegraphy, Chihyung Jeon on postwar trans-Pacific air flight, Teasel Muir-Harmony on the U.S. spaceflight display at the 1970 Osaka World Exposition, and Colin Garvey on the international race to develop artificial intelligence.
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Поліщук, О. О. "International relations in 21 century: the place and role Ukraine." Grani 22, no. 9-10 (December 13, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171989.
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The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war,the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations areanalyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditionsof hybrid war development by a country-aggressor are considered.Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized,which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, asweal as on the all the processes that take place in them.Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appearopposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a worldpolitical arena. This problem puts further European and world safety under a threat.«Cold war» became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries throughintensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons.This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequentlyit is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences ofthis destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessityof fight and development of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of its avoidance to hybrid warin the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine asa constituent of «cold war», new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of thepersonal touches of «cold war» in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and its specificlines in international relations.
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Sallai, János, and Mátyás Szabolcs. "Finnish-Hungarian International Law Enforcement Cooperation between the Two World Wars." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 53, no. 1 (July 25, 2023): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2023.4.
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As a result of the Industrial Revolution and civic development, the cultural, economic, and professional relationship between states grew steadily. These were based on common interests and historical, friendly relations. At the same time, crime has become international. One reason for this is that criminals, fearing prosecution, tried to hide in neighbouring states. The most effective action against this was international law enforcement cooperation. Collaborations began in the late 19th century when international criminal congresses were organized. As a result, international law enforcement relations between the countries have deepened, and professional relations have developed. The establishment of Hungarian-Finnish police relations was facilitated by the historical friendship between the two countries, the linguistic kinship, and the fact that, although in different ways, the police of both countries had almost similar tasks and problems.
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LIRĂ, Corina-Andreea. "FEMINISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-10.
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From a theoretical point of view, for many decades the discipline of International Relations was dominated by the triad of realism, which remained the overwhelmingly dominant theoretical approach. It was not until 1980 that other political approaches began to gain some momentum. International relations is one of the last areas to accept feminism. This has contributed greatly to its use in almost all areas of research. Compared to other disciplines, the feminist aspect in international relations appeared much later. Feminism is a series of movements aimed at defending equal opportunities for women in the different areas of politics, social rights and other aspects of society. Feminist approaches to international relations became widespread in the late 20th century, and these approaches called for women’s experiences to be ignored from studies of international relations theory. Feminists who study international relations have argued that gender issues apply to international relations. Women succeed through their ambition, diplomacy and oratory to excel in the leadership area, which is the main premise for women to lead fully, dynamically but also in an original way. Throughout history, women have gone through several stages that have finally brought her to the position where the male elite give respect, love and attention to women throughout society. This paper fully demonstrates the vitality and continued viability of feminist projects in a variety of forms and contexts, assesses the challenges facing feminism and strongly advocates its continued relevance to contemporary global politics. The main objective of this paper is to present the importance of feminism today and its role as a paradigm in international relations.
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Xu, Zhu, and Ye Lin. "Relations between Russia and Pakistan in the 21st century: dynamics and prospects." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 8-1 (August 1, 2023): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202308statyi20.
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The article examines the relations between Russia and Pakistan in the 21st century. The article notes that cooperation between Russia and Pakistan is carried out both in a bilateral format and within the framework of international organizations and multilateral structures.
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Kunkel, Söenke. "Science Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: Introduction." Journal of Contemporary History 56, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220094211006762.
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Setting the stage for the special forum, this introduction points to the centrality of science diplomacy activities within many current foreign policy concepts around the world. It also points to the lack of historical perspective within many current academic debates about science diplomacy. Suggesting the value of such a perspective, the introduction then draws attention to a number of fruitful contributions that histories of science diplomacy may make to contemporary history. These include: a better understanding of how entanglements between science, foreign policy, and international relations evolved over the twentieth century; a refined understanding of the workings of foreign relations and diplomacy that sheds light on the role of science as an arena of foreign relations; new insights into the Cold War; a globalizing of perspectives in the writing of contemporary history; a new international focus on widely under-researched actors like universities, science movements, science organizations, and science academies; a focus on new themes that range from global environmental problems to issues like cultural heritage. The remainder of the introduction then delineates some of the shared assumptions and findings of the essays and then briefly introduces each contribution to the special section.
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Buchanan, Elizabeth. "History of International Relations and Russian foreign policy in the 20th century, volume I." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 1105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa122.
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Belton, Roshunda L. ":History and International Relations: From the Ancient World to the 21st Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj4802114.
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Legvold, Robert, and Robert Service. "A History of Twentieth-Century Russia." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 3 (1998): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20048933.
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MAFTEI, Jana, and Anișoara POPA. "Cultural Diplomacy in the 21st Century in the European Context." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 19 (June 8, 2021): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2020.10.
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The fundamental role of culture in the development of international relations is undeniable, cultural diplomacy being an important component of public diplomacy. In this article we aim to analyse the influence of cultural diplomacy on the foreign policy of states in the general context of a constantly changing world. We will highlight the importance that the European Union attaches to the valorisation of the cultural diversity, the intercultural dialogue, the remarkable potential of culture for its foreign relations and we will explore the main trends in the development of cultural diplomacy. For the development of the paper, we used as research methods the analysis of the problems generated by the mentioned subject, with reference to the doctrinal points of view expressed in treatises and specialized works, documentary research, interpretation of legal norms in the field.
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Agarin, Timofey. "NATO–Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century." Ethnopolitics 7, no. 4 (November 2008): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449050802460939.
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Barile, Davide. "History and the International Order in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right." Owl of Minerva 51, no. 1 (2020): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/owl202061530.
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For a long time, the sections of the Philosophy of Right dedicated to the relations among states have been neglected by contemporary International Relations theories. However, especially since the end of the Cold War, this discipline has finally reconsidered Hegel’s theory, in particular by stressing two aspects: the thesis of an ”end of history” implied in it; and, more generally, the primacy of the state in international politics. This paper suggests a different interpretation. It argues that, in order to really understand Hegel’s theory of international relations, it is necessary to consider how it is related to the momentous changes that occurred in the wake of the French Revolution and to previous philosophical developments in the Age of Enlightenment. Indeed, the convergence of these two aspects in his own philosophy of history should suggest that, according to Hegel, by the early nineteenth century international politics had finally entered a new era in which states would still interact as the foremost actors, but would be bound nonetheless by an unprecedented awareness of their historical character.
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Donovan, William. "Avenues for Research in Eighteenth-Century Portuguese Overseas History." Itinerario 13, no. 2 (July 1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004356.
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Early modern Luso-Brazilian history is in a rut; and nowhere is that rut more evident than for the period between the late seventeenth century and the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the period of the Brazilian gold rush. The mineral strikes made a profound impact on Portugal's society and economy: in both what changed and what remained the same. Yet surprisingly, this era remains one of the least studied periods in Portuguese history. There is not, for example, even a modern biography of Dom Joao V, whose forty-five-year reign encompassed the gold rush's most glittering moments. In what follows I will argue that several widespread perceptions of the lack of sources for early modern Luso-Brazilian history are incorrect and in need of substantial revision; and further that some traditional explanations of eighteenth-century economic history have been based on inadequate research more dependent upon ideology than sound scholarship.
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Kuehl, Jerry. "Visual history traduced: A century of compilation films." Journal of War & Culture Studies 1, no. 1 (August 28, 2007): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jwcs.1.1.31_0.
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d’Aspremont, Jean. "Turntablism in the History of International Law." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 2-3 (October 21, 2020): 472–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340142.
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Abstract This article uses the metaphor of turntablism to shed light on the confinement of international lawyers’ engagement with history to the terms, vocabularies, and categories of the very historical narratives they seek to evaluate, disrupt, or displace. For the sake of this article, turntablism is understood here as the art of creating new music and sound effects by using one or several turntables on which a record is placed. This article argues that twenty-first century international lawyers engaging with the history of international law are talented turntablists in that the many historiographical works of international lawyers produced since the so-called ‘historical turn’ have remained confined to the very terms, categories, and vocabularies of the histories whose creation they have been discoursing and theorising. This article ultimately shows that turntablism is not the inevitable fate of international lawyers engaging with history, and that a radical historical critique is possible and should be promoted.
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Schumacher, Frank. "Legalist empire: international law and American foreign relations in the early twentieth century." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 15, no. 4 (September 28, 2017): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14794012.2017.1384681.
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Dhondt, Frederik. "La représentation du droit dans la communauté des diplomates européens des « Trente Heureuses » (1713–1740)." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 81, no. 3-4 (April 8, 2013): 595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08134p11.
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Diplomatic representation in the community of the European diplomacy of the ‘Trente heureuses’ (1713–1740). – The study of Ancien Régime public international law compels researchers to broaden the traditional scope of legal history (treaties and doctrine). A broader understanding of normativity in international relations, inspired by sociology, cultural or international relations history leads to an analysis of diplomatic behaviour. Practice is of paramount importance to grasp the working of implicit principles, expressed in correspondence and legal memoranda. The three decades following the Peace of Utrecht (1713) illustrate how state consent-based international organisation operated in the 18th century, separate from doctrinal concepts. French and British archival material and existing prosopographic literature sketch a map of the European arena. Treaty interpretation and legal reasoning were the backbone of international relations. Consequently, jurists were more than apologists, and fulfilled an indispensable role in an interactional system.
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KALMAN, JULIE. "COMPETITIVE IMPERIALISM IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDITERRANEAN." Historical Journal 63, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 1160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x20000096.
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AbstractHistorians of empire are well aware of the importance of finding moments and spaces of connectedness between empires. The question of how to do so meaningfully remains open. This article brings to light a significant moment of imperial connectedness, through imperial contest. It tells the story of the humiliating expulsion of the British consul John Falcon from the strategic Mediterranean port of Algiers, during the Napoleonic wars. Both France and Britain sought to establish an informal imperial presence in the regency of Algiers, for access to the grain that both needed – France for its southern regions and armies, and Britain for the supply of its Mediterranean base in Gibraltar. The consuls of both powers were obliged to deal with a Jewish trading house that acted as middleman, both in trade and in diplomatic relations in the regency: the House of Bacri and Busnach. As the two powers competed, and sought to shut one another out, they attributed failures and frustrations to this trading house. Through French and British perceptions of Falcon's expulsion, and both powers’ understanding of the role of the trading house in events, this article offers a picture of imperial connection, bringing together middlemen, diplomacy, and international relations.
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Paquette, Gabriel. "Anglo-Portuguese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Informal Empire, Arbitration, and the Durability of an Asymmetrical Alliance*." English Historical Review 135, no. 575 (August 2020): 836–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceaa195.
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Abstract This article examines Anglo-Portuguese relations in the middle of the nineteenth century, particularly conflicts over territorial claims in West and East Africa. It examines how these conflicts were de-escalated and why they did not tear asunder the long-standing, if asymmetrical, alliance between Britain and Portugal. After briefly surveying Anglo-Portuguese relations in the early modern period and in the first half of the nineteenth century, the article focuses on the way that conflicts were resolved through third-party arbitration between the 1850s and 1870s. Drawing on archival research in Portugal and Britain, the article contributes to the rich historiographies on informal empire, the partition of Africa, and the emergence of international law in the context of imperial conflict and collaboration.
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Rengger, Nicholas. "Reading Charles Beitz: twenty-five years of Political Theory and International Relations." Review of International Studies 31, no. 2 (April 2005): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210505006509.
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The last thirty years has seen the growth – or, as I should prefer to say, rebirth – of a field of inquiry that for much of the twentieth century was quiescent. That field would now routinely be called international political theory, in part to distinguish it from both political theory in general and International Relations (IR) theory in general, though of course, there are overlaps with both. Roughly speaking that field consists in ethical, historical and philosophical reflection on the manner and matter of international politics. There is a rich body of such inquiries in intellectual history (and not just in Europe) but for a variety of historical and intellectual reasons such inquiries had fallen out of fashion by the late nineteenth century. This situation was reinforced by the simultaneous evolution of the individual disciplines of political science and IR, and in particular by the rise of methodological and epistemological claims in both largely inimical to those earlier sorts of inquiry. Thus, as the story is widely told, ‘political theory’ and ‘IR’, as academic inquiries, followed largely independent paths for most of the twentieth century.
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O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.
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