Статті в журналах: "History of sugar"

1

V.C.P. "World Sugar History." Americas 52, no. 2 (October 1995): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500023920.

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2

Debras, Charlotte, Eloi Chazelas, Bernard Srour, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Chantal Julia, Laurent Zelek, Cédric Agaësse, et al. "Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 5 (September 16, 2020): 1267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa246.

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ABSTRACT Background Excessive sugar intake is now recognized as a key risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, evidence on the sugar–cancer link is less consistent. Experimental data suggest that sugars could play a role in cancer etiology through obesity but also through inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms and insulin resistance, even in the absence of weight gain. Objective The objective was to study the associations between total and added sugar intake and cancer risk (overall, breast, and prostate), taking into account sugar types and sources. Methods In total, 101,279 participants aged >18 y (median age, 40.8 y) from the French NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study (2009–2019) were included (median follow-up time, 5.9 y). Sugar intake was assessed using repeated and validated 24-h dietary records, designed to register participants’ usual consumption for >3500 food and beverage items. Associations between sugar intake and cancer risk were assessed by Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors). Results Total sugar intake was associated with higher overall cancer risk (n = 2503 cases; HR for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.37; Ptrend = 0.02). Breast cancer risks were increased (n = 783 cases; HRQ4vs.Q1 = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.00; Ptrend = 0.0007). Results remained significant when weight gain during follow-up was adjusted for. In addition, significant associations with cancer risk were also observed for added sugars, free sugars, sucrose, sugars from milk-based desserts, dairy products, and sugary drinks (Ptrend ≤ 0.01). Conclusions These results suggest that sugars may represent a modifiable risk factor for cancer prevention (breast in particular), contributing to the current debate on the implementation of sugar taxation, marketing regulation, and other sugar-related policies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03335644.

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3

Brett‐Crowther, M. R. "Sugar: A Bittersweet History." International Journal of Environmental Studies 67, no. 1 (February 2010): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230802124481.

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4

V.C.P. "World Sugar History Newsletter." Americas 45, no. 4 (April 1989): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500075970.

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5

Egamberdiyev, Alisher M. "SOME THOUGHTS ON THE HISTORY OF SUGAR TRADE AND CONSUMPTION IN TURAN." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-03-01.

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The article analyzes some historical data on the sale and consumption of sugar in the Turan region from ancient times to the end of the twentieth century. There is information about the consumption of sugar in Turan in the pre-Islamic period, the import of sugar from India to Turan by trade caravans, and sugar factories built during the reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids. Special attention is paid to the construction of the first sugar factories in the country and the history of sugar production during the colonial period.

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6

Efremova, E. N., A. I. Belyaev, and N. I. Petrov. "The influence of agrotechnical techniques on the accumulation of sugars in the stems of sugar sorghum in the conditions of the Lower Volga Region." New Technologies 19, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2023-19-1-91-102.

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Sugar sorghum is mainly used for green fodder, haylage and silage. The accumulation of sugars occurs throughout the growing season. The relevance of the study is to identify a high-yielding variety or hybrid of sugar sorghum containing a large amount of sugars, which are later used for the manufacture of feed. The purpose of the study: to assess the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the feed evaluation of sugar sorghum. Tasks: to consider the dynamics of the accumulation of sugars in the stems of sugar sorghum; to calculate the yield of sugar from the stems of sugar sorghum; to determine the biochemical composition and gross energy of the green mass of sugar sorghum. The experience is three-factor in four-fold repetition. The experimental fi were located in the LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” Agricultural Complex of the Ilovlinsky district. The research period is 2009...2015. The research provided for the study of the nutritional value of sugar sorghum (crude protein, fat, protein, sugar, BEV). When determining the dynamics of the accumulation of sugar sorghum, the best indicator was on the variant of the joint use of the biostimulator of growth Lignohumate and mineral fertilizer on the hybrid Slavyansk homestead. For dump tillage, the average accumulation of sugars on this hybrid varied from 5.5 to 18.4% of dry matter, for zero tillage – 6.1 to 18.65%. The amount of sugar yield was influenced by the yield and concentration of sugars in the stems. The largest content was on the hybrid Slavic household. For dump and zero tillage, the best option was against the background of the combined use of a growth biostimulator and mineral fertilizer, amounting to 11.3 and 13.3 t/ha, respectively. When further determining the biochemical composition of sorghum, the best indicators for the content of crude protein, fat, fi and ash were on the Debut variety. On the Slavic fi VS variety and the Slavic homestead hybrid, these indicators had average values. The amount of nitrogen-free extractive substances contained more on the Slavic homestead hybrid, averaging 64.9%.

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7

SCAGLION, RICHARD. "Yali's Question: Sugar, Culture, and History:Yali's Question: Sugar, Culture, and History." American Anthropologist 107, no. 4 (December 2005): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.4.726.

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8

Jacoberger, Nicole A. "Sugar Rush: Sugar and Science in the British Caribbean." Britain and the World 14, no. 2 (September 2021): 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2021.0369.

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This article examines the contrasting evolution in sugar refining in Jamaica and Barbados incentivized by Mercantilist policies, changes in labor systems, and competition from foreign sugar revealing the role of Caribbean plantations as a site for experimentation from the eighteenth through mid-nineteenth century. Britain's seventeenth- and eighteenth-century protectionist policies imposed high duties on refined cane-sugar from the colonies, discouraging colonies from exporting refined sugar as opposed to raw. This system allowed Britain to retain control over trade and commerce and provided exclusive sugar sales to Caribbean sugar plantations. Barbadian planters swiftly gained immense wealth and political power until Jamaica and other islands produced competitive sugar. The Jamaica Assembly invested heavily in technological innovations intended to improve efficiency, produce competitive sugar in a market that eventually opened to foreign competition such as sugar beet, and increase profits to undercut losses from duties. They valued local knowledge, incentivizing everyone from local planters to chemists, engineers, and science enthusiasts to experiment in Jamaica and publish their findings. These publications disseminated important findings throughout Britain and its colonies, revealing the significance of the Caribbean as a site for local experimentation and knowledge.

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9

Field, Russell. "Sugar." Journal of Sport History 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.37.3.445.

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10

Smith, Karina. "‘Sugar, Sugar’: questioning the sexual division of labour on Jamaica's sugar plantations in Sistren'sThe Case of Miss Iris ArmstrongandSweet Sugar Rage." Women's History Review 22, no. 6 (December 2013): 861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2013.780847.

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11

Leach, James. "Yali's Question: Sugar, Culture, and History (review)." Contemporary Pacific 20, no. 1 (2007): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2008.0020.

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12

Lohmann, Roger Ivar. "Yali's Question: Sugar, Culture, and History (review)." Anthropological Quarterly 79, no. 4 (2006): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2006.0052.

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13

Islam, Syed Manzoorul. "Sex, sugar and slavery:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v2i1.396.

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Sugarcane plantation began in the Caribbean from the early 16th century, with the arrival of Portuguese colonizers led by Christopher Columbus who planted seed canes in Santo Domingo in 1493. With demand for sugar increasing in Europe throughout the century, sugar plantations and sugar mills were set up throughout the region. Work in the sugarcane fields was cruel and energy-sapping, and hardly any European opted for such backbreaking work. As a result, a huge number of indentured labourers had to be imported from Africa and East India. These labourers were treated as slaves and were routinely brutalized and controlled by deadly force. The history of their subjugation and control had the body at its core, since the colonizers found it easy to establish their mastery through control and defilement of the slave’s body. The torture and mutilation incapacitated the slaves from performing gender roles. But the ‘ungendered’ slaves also reverted to their biological and sexual selves and employed the power of the body and sex to mount resistance against the colonizers. The resultant violence added a further dimension to the history of colonial resistance. David Dabydeen, a Guyanese poet, picks up this volatile history of colonial sugarcane plantation in his Slave Songs, with particular emphasis on the “erotic-sadomasochistic nature of slavery and plantation life.” The fourteen poems written in Creole probe the interconnectedness of sexuality, sugarcane and the body, and trace the history of both colonial subjugation and resistance.

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14

Harreld, Donald. "ATLANTIC SUGAR AND ANTWERP'S TRADE WITH GERMANY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY." Journal of Early Modern History 7, no. 1 (2003): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006503322487386.

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AbstractOnce the Portuguese opened new Atlantic trade routes and began producing sugar on their Atlantic islands, Antwerp succeeded Venice as Europe's principal sugar market. Large numbers of Italian and German sugar refiners established themselves in Antwerp by the middle of the sixteenth century. Merchants shipped the bulk of the Atlantic sugar to the German market towns, with Cologne being the most important destination during the first half of the sixteenth century. The demand for sugar in Germany increased as the practice of taking sugar spread east setting the stage for the sugar revolution of the seventeenth century.

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15

V.C.P. "World Sugar Studies." Americas 46, no. 4 (April 1990): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500076896.

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16

Kornoukhova, G. G. "Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 3 (2022): 610–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305.

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This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’ achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’ demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established, as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.

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17

Dwi Meya, Ramadhani, and Rabani La Ode. "BERTAHAN DI TENGAH KRISIS: KESINAMBUNGAN PABRIK GULA KEBON AGUNG DI MALANG 1930an-1958." SASDAYA: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2023): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/sasdaya.v7(1).77-91.

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This study discusses the continuity of the Kebon Agung Sugar Factory from the crisis period in 1930 until it was nationalized in 1960. The economic crisis that hit Europe and the world had an impact on the collapse of most of the sugar industries in the Dutch East Indies. Kebun Agung Sugar Factory managed to survive in the midst of a global crisis that began towards the end of 1929. Throughout that period, various crises hit the world and Indonesia such as economic, social, and political crises. This research uses historical methods with the following stages; topic selection, heuristics, interpretation, data analysis, and historiography. The results showed that the Kebon Agung sugar factory was part of the history of the sugar industry in the colonial period which contributed to the increase in sugar production in the Dutch East Indies. This sugar factory was able to survive the crisis that accompanied its history because of its efficiency strategy, production reduction, and cooperation with other sugar factories in terms of utilizing pre-existing infrastructure such as no longer building railways and roads for the transportation of raw materials (sugarcane) to the factory. In the midst of the crisis and the threat of bankruptcy, the Kebon Agung Sugar Factory still survived and continued to carry out production activities until the sugar factory was nationalized in 1958. Thus, the Kebun Agung Sugar Factory also recorded its history by contributing to efforts improve the state economy.

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Dwi Meya, Ramadhani, and Rabani La Ode. "Bertahan di Tengah Krisis: Kesinambungan Pabrik Gula Kebon Agung di Malang 1930an - 1958." Sasdaya: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities 7, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/sasdaya.8933.

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This study discusses the continuity of the Kebon Agung Sugar Factory from the crisis period in 1930 until it was nationalized in 1960. The economic crisis that hit Europe and the world had an impact on the collapse of most of the sugar industries in the Dutch East Indies. Kebun Agung Sugar Factory managed to survive in the midst of a global crisis that began towards the end of 1929. Throughout that period, various crises hit the world and Indonesia such as economic, social, and political crises. This research uses historical methods with the following stages; topic selection, heuristics, interpretation, data analysis, and historiography. The results showed that the Kebon Agung sugar factory was part of the history of the sugar industry in the colonial period which contributed to the increase in sugar production in the Dutch East Indies. This sugar factory was able to survive the crisis that accompanied its history because of its efficiency strategy, production reduction, and cooperation with other sugar factories in terms of utilizing pre-existing infrastructure such as no longer building railways and roads for the transportation of raw materials (sugarcane) to the factory. In the midst of the crisis and the threat of bankruptcy, the Kebon Agung Sugar Factory still survived and continued to carry out production activities until the sugar factory was nationalized in 1958. Thus, the Kebun Agung Sugar Factory also recorded its history by contributing to efforts improve the state economy.

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19

Greene, Julie, Oscar Zanetti, Alejandro Garcia, Franklin W. Knight, and Mary Todd. "Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837-1959." Journal of American History 88, no. 4 (March 2002): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700669.

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20

Fernández, Susan J. "Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837-1959." Hispanic American Historical Review 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-79.4.772.

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21

Lester, David. "Suicide, Homicide, and a History of Oppression in the Caribbean Nations." Psychological Reports 77, no. 3 (December 1995): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.942.

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In 16 Caribbean nations, those with a longer history of sugar production and more power for the sugar planters tended to have lower rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide) in later times (the 1970s).

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22

Annas, Suwardi, Aswi Aswi, Muhammad Abdy, and Bobby Poerwanto. "Binary Logistic Regression Model of Stroke Patients: A Case Study of Stroke Centre Hospital in Makassar." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v6i1p161-169.

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This paper aimed to determine factors that affect significantly types of stroke for stroke patients in Dadi Stroke Center Hospital. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between the types of stroke and some covariates namely age, sex, total cholesterol, blood sugar level, and history of diseases (hypertension/stroke/diabetes mellitus). Maximum Likelihood Estimation was used to estimate parameters. Combinations of covariates were compared using goodness-of-fit measures. Comparisons were made in the context of a case study, namely stroke patients (2017-2020). The results showed that a binary logistic model combining the history of diseases and blood sugar level provided the most suitable model as it has the smallest AIC and covariates included are statistically significant. The coefficient estimation of the history of diseases variable is -0.92402 with an odds ratio value exp(-0.92402)=0.4. This means that stroke patients who have a history of diseases experience a reduction of 60% in the odds of having a hemorrhagic stroke compared to stroke patients that do not have a history of diseases. In other words, stroke patients who have a history of diseases tend to have a non-hemorrhagic stroke. Furthermore, the coefficient estimation of blood sugar level is 0.74395 with an odds ratio value exp(0.74395)=2. It means that stroke patients who do not have normal blood sugar levels tend to have a hemorrhagic stroke 2 times greater than stroke patients with normal blood sugar levels. A history of diseases and blood sugar level were factors that significantly affect the types of stroke.

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23

Son, Su-Young, Choong-Hwan Lee, and Sun-Young Lee. "Different Metabolites of the Gastric Mucosa between Patients with Current Helicobacter pylori Infection, Past Infection, and No Infection History." Biomedicines 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030556.

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) alters metabolism during the gastric carcinogenesis process. This study aimed to determine the metabolites in the gastric mucosa according to the status of the H. pylori infection. Patients who visited the outpatient clinic for a gastroscopy and H. pylori tests were included. Gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) analysis was performed using gastric biopsied specimens from the corpus. Twenty-eight discriminative metabolites were found in the gastric mucosa of 10 patients with current H. pylori infection, in 15 with past infection, and in five with no infection history. The relative abundances (RAs) of amino acids and sugars/sugar alcohols were higher in patients with no infection history than in patients with current or past infection. The current infection group showed higher RAs of organic acids and lower RAs of fatty acids and lipids compared with the other groups. The RA of inosine was highest in the past infection group. Based on GC-TOF-MS analysis findings, metabolites differed not only between the infected and non-infected patients, but also between those with and without infection history. Amino acid and sugars/sugar alcohol metabolites decreased in patients with current or past infection, whereas fatty acid and lipid metabolites decreased only during current infection.

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CAGNANI, Adriana, Andréia Moreira de Souza BARROS, Luciana Luz Araújo de SOUSA, Arlete Maria Gomes OLIVEIRA, Luciane Zanin, and Flávia Martão FLÓRIO. "Association between preference for sweet foods and dental caries." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 62, no. 1 (March 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-8637201400010000042667.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between caries prevalence and sugar preference in schoolchildren. METHODS: The sample has consisted of 96 schoolchildren of both genders and age ranging from 5 to 12, enrolled at the Maria Aparecida de Jesus Segura Rural School in Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil. The inclusions criteria were: enrolled schoolchildren; with an authorization to participate in the research, from the parents or guardians; cooperative and not having orthodontic appliances, difficulty with mouth opening and no restriction on sugar consumption. The history of caries was performed by calibrated examiners (Kappa= 0,85) according the World Health Organization criteria. The preference for sugar was assessed using a modified version of the Sweet Preference Inventory. Each schoolchild tasted five grape juice solutions, in which the sugar concentration varied from 0 to 40g/liter. The association between the variables, DMFT and dmft was dichotomized into DMFT=0 and DMFT≥1; dmft=0 e dmft ≥1 and the sugar preference as low (A, B, C, D) and high (E). RESULTS: There was no significant association between the genders as regards preference for sugar in the solutions (Fisher Exact Test, p= 0.2150), and as regards the DMFT (Chi-Square Test, p=0.2789). In both caries history situations, the majority of the children preferred a high sugar concentration (Chi-Square Test, p=0.2463). CONCLUSION: There were no association between history of caries and preference of sugar. There no was association between gender and preference for sugar.

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25

Giusti-Cordero, Juan A. "Labour, Ecology and History in a Puerto Rican Plantation Region: “Classic” Rural Proletarians Revisited." International Review of Social History 41, S4 (December 1996): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114270.

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The sugar workers of large-scale capitalist plantations in the Caribbean are familiar figures in social history. As portrayed in Sidney Mintz's landmark research in southern Puerto Rico, sugar workers are manifest rural proletarians: landless wage labourers exploited by “land-and-factory combines”. In Mintz's studies, Puerto Rican sugar workers became the classic case of modern rural proletarians. Such rural proletarians are the dichotomous opposite of peasants: hence given rural populations are either peasants or rural proletarians.

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Wade, Michael C., and John B. Rehder. "Delta Sugar: Louisiana's Vanishing Plantation Landscape." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 3 (August 2001): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070078.

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LINCOLN, DAVID. "Flies in the Sugar Bowl: The Natal Sugar Industry Employees' Union in its Heyday, 1940–1954." South African Historical Journal 29, no. 1 (November 1993): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582479308671768.

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Anh, Than The, Le Ngoc Anh, Pham Thi Hieu, and Ho Thi Thu Giang. "Effects of Diet Composition on the Life-History Traits of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 1628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2022.5.4.02.

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Nutrient acquisition at the larval stage has significant impacts on the development, body weight, and fecundity of fruit flies. In this study, we examined the effects of diet composition on the life-history traits of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). We reared the flies on four larval diets, namely three artificial diets, which had the main ingredients of sugar, brewer’s yeast, and preservatives; and one fruit-based diet, which had the main contents of ground guava, brewer’s yeast, and preservatives. The three artificial diets had varied yeast-to-sugar ratios (Y:S) of 5:1 in the protein-rich diet, 1.67:1 in the standard diet, and 1:3 in the sugar-rich diet. Differences in development time, pupal weight, adult weight, and fecundity of B. dorsalis were investigated. It was found that the development times of fruit flies on the protein-rich and fruit-based diets were shorter than those on the sugar-rich and standard diets. Pupae and adults in the fruit-based and standard diets were heavier than those from the protein-rich and sugar-rich diets. There was a strong effect of diet on the per-day fecundity whereby the flies in the fruit-based diet had the highest per-day fecundity, while the lowest per-day fecundity was in the sugar-rich diet. The per-day fecundity of the fruit flies on the standard and sugar-rich diets increased gradually from day 1 to day 15, while it decreased in the protein-rich and fruit-based diets.

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Waters, Wendy. "Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837-1959 (review)." Technology and Culture 41, no. 1 (2000): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2000.0044.

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30

Pandit, Alka, and Ramesh Maheshwari. "Life-history ofNeurospora intermedia in a sugar cane field." Journal of Biosciences 21, no. 1 (March 1996): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02716813.

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31

Swain, Nigel. "A History of Hungary. Peter F. Sugar , Peter Hanak." Journal of Modern History 67, no. 1 (March 1995): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245081.

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32

Trimpler, Kerrin, Nicol Stockfisch, and Bernward Märländer. "Efficiency in sugar beet cultivation related to field history." European Journal of Agronomy 91 (November 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.08.007.

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33

Teulon, D. A. J., T. C. Leskey, and E. A. Cameron. "Pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) life history and population dynamics in sugar maple in Pennsylvania." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 1 (February 1998): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041584.

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AbstractThe pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Uzel) was sampled for four years in a small sugar mapleAcer saccharumplantation in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The life cycle ofT. inconsequenswas univoltine with the main period of emergence and flight from late March to mid May. Adults, eggs, and first and second instar larvae were associated with sugar maple budburst and early leaf development from late April to late May. Larval drop occurred from mid to late May. Mature second instar larvae, propupae, pupae and adults spent from June to March in the ground; development from larva to adult occurred between September and November. From March to May most (usually >90%) thrips adults and larvae sampled wereT. inconsequens.NoT. inconsequensmales were found. In soil samples taken in spring, summer and autumnT. inconsequenswere found to a depth of 50 cm but over 87% were in the top 20 cm. Almost noT. inconsequenswere found in the litter layer. Large variations inT. inconsequensadult emergence and larval drop were recorded. The most important contributing factors in fluctuations ofT. inconsequenspopulations were the length of sugar maple budburst, the degree of synchrony between thrips emergence and sugar maple budburst, and the occurence of sugar maple flowering.

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34

Shepherd, Verene A. "Livestock and Sugar: Aspects of Jamaica's Agricultural Development from the Late Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century." Historical Journal 34, no. 3 (September 1991): 627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00017520.

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The study of the agricultural history of Jamaica, particularly after the seventeenth century when England seized the island from Spain, has traditionally been dominated by investigations of the sugar industry. Recently a few scholars have deviated from this path to examine in varying degrees of detail, agrarian activities which did not represent the standard eighteenth-century West Indian route to wealth. Foremost among this growing body of literature are articles and papers on the livestock industry (and livestock farmers), arguably the most lucrative of the non-sugar economic activities in rural Jamaica, perhaps until the advent of coffee later in the eighteenth century. Intended as a contribution to the historiography of non-staple agricultural production in colonial Jamaica, this article traces the early establishment and expansion of the important livestock or ‘pen-keeping’ industry. But the history of pens must also be located within the context of the dominant sugar economy; for during the period of slavery, pens were largely dependent on the sugar estate to provide markets for their outputs. Indeed pens expanded as a result of the growth of the sugar industry and, therefore, the importance of the livestock industry in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Jamaica is best appreciated by examining its economic links with the estates.

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35

Gaidai, Olga. "Representatives of the sugar industry of the Russian Empire at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900." History of science and technology 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-1-150-170.

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Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Participation in the World's Fair was not the first experience of this kind of activity for sugar growers in the Russian Empire. Most of them were members of the Kyiv branch of the Russian Technical Society, which in turn took the most active part in the work of blighty and international industrial exhibitions, receiving high awards. The main sugar enterprises were concentrated on the territory of modern Ukraine in the possession of several large companies owned by Tereshchenko, Kharitonenko, Khanenko, Brodskyi, Simirenko, Yakhnenko and others. The Russian sugar industry occupied a prominent place at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900, as its share in world sugar production was 17%, and the area of beet crops, it was ahead of all other countries (in 1900 sugar beets were sown 548,796 hectares). The exposition testified to this powerful development of the industry. At the World's Fair in 1900, Russia's sugar industry was housed in the Palace of Agriculture and was represented in the pavilions by well-known sugar firms, such as the Department of Land (Timashiv Beet Sugar and Refinery), I. H. Kharitonenko and his son; brothers Lazar and Lev Izrailevich Brodskyi; O. N. Tereshchenko, heirs of F. A. Tereshchenko; the Tereshchenko brothers, the Botkin brothers (Novo-Tavolzhanskyi sugar factory); joint-stock companies of sugar and refineries: “Constance”, “Germanov”, “Gmina Lyshowiche”; E. A. Balasheva (Mariinskyi Sugar Plant of Kyiv Province), H. H. Balakhovski (Mariinskyi beet-sugar and refineries of the Kursk province). A characteristic feature of the sugar industry was that they mainly represented family businesses based on strong family ties, ethno-cultural and religious values. In addition, they intertwined the functions of owners and managers. Thus, the author tries to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts.

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36

Meurs, Mieke, and Jorge F. Perez-Lopez. "The Economics of Cuban Sugar." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (February 1993): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517681.

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37

Meurs, Mieke. "The Economics of Cuban Sugar." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-73.1.184.

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38

Lieu, Elizabeth L., Neil Kelekar, Pratibha Bhalla, and Jiyeon Kim. "Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer." Metabolites 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080479.

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History suggests that tasteful properties of sugar have been domesticated as far back as 8000 BCE. With origins in New Guinea, the cultivation of sugar quickly spread over centuries of conquest and trade. The product, which quickly integrated into common foods and onto kitchen tables, is sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose dimers. While sugar is commonly associated with flavor, there is a myriad of biochemical properties that explain how sugars as biological molecules function in physiological contexts. Substantial research and reviews have been done on the role of glucose in disease. This review aims to describe the role of its isomers, fructose and mannose, in the context of inborn errors of metabolism and other metabolic diseases, such as cancer. While structurally similar, fructose and mannose give rise to very differing biochemical properties and understanding these differences will guide the development of more effective therapies for metabolic disease. We will discuss pathophysiology linked to perturbations in fructose and mannose metabolism, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of the diseases.

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39

Phan, Anh Dao Thi, Maral Seidi Damyeh, Saleha Akter, Mridusmita Chaliha, Michael E. Netzel, Daniel Cozzolino, and Yasmina Sultanbawa. "Effects of Fruit Maturity on Physicochemical Properties, Sugar Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Harvested Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana)." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07819.

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Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), belonging to the family Combretaceae, is endemic to Australia and has a long history of traditional medicinal applications and food cuisine by the Australian Indigenous people. This study investigated the effects of maturity stages on the morphology, physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids (TSS), total acid content (TAC), and pH), soluble sugar profile and antioxidant capacity of Kakadu plum (KP) fruits that were wild harvested from different trees and classified into four different maturity stages (immature to mature). TSS and TAC were determined by standard assays/procedures, main sugars by UHPLC–MS/MS and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity) by spectrophotometry. The results showed that soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) ranging from 1.3 to 17.7% dry weight (DW), TSS (17.0–52.7% DW) and TAC (1.3–6.7% DW) increased with maturity. However, antioxidant capacity (TPC in the range of 7.4–21.9% DW and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity from 22 to 76% inhibition at the extract concentration of 20 g·L−1) did not follow the same trend as the one observed for soluble sugars, TSS and TAC. These differences were associated with the tree-to-tree variability as a consequence of the wild harvest condition. This study provides important information to both the KP industry and Indigenous enterprises regarding the selection of the appropriate maturity stage to harvest KP fruit to target for different markets (e.g., low-sugar vs. high-sugar fruit).

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40

Phan, Anh Dao Thi, Maral Seidi Damyeh, Saleha Akter, Mridusmita Chaliha, Michael E. Netzel, Daniel Cozzolino, and Yasmina Sultanbawa. "Effects of Fruit Maturity on Physicochemical Properties, Sugar Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Harvested Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana)." Proceedings 68, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021068019.

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: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), belonging to the family Combretaceae, is endemic to Australia and has a long history of traditional medicinal applications and food cuisine by the Australian Indigenous people. This study investigated the effects of maturity stages on the morphology, physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids (TSS), total acid content (TAC), and pH), soluble sugar profile and antioxidant capacity of Kakadu plum (KP) fruits that were wild harvested from different trees and classified into four different maturity stages (immature to mature). TSS and TAC were determined by standard assays/procedures, main sugars by UHPLC–MS/MS and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity) by spectrophotometry. The results showed that soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) ranging from 1.3 to 17.7% dry weight (DW), TSS (17.0–52.7% DW) and TAC (1.3–6.7% DW) increased with maturity. However, antioxidant capacity (TPC in the range of 7.4–21.9% DW and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity from 22 to 76% inhibition at the extract concentration of 20 g·L−1) did not follow the same trend as the one observed for soluble sugars, TSS and TAC. These differences were associated with the tree-to-tree variability as a consequence of the wild harvest condition. This study provides important information to both the KP industry and Indigenous enterprises regarding the selection of the appropriate maturity stage to harvest KP fruit to target for different markets (e.g., low-sugar vs. high-sugar fruit).

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41

Ferguson, John L., and Evalena Berry. "Sugar Loaf Springs: Heber's Elegant Watering Place." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 44, no. 4 (1985): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027743.

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42

Bogue, Allan G., and John Mack Faragher. "Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie." Western Historical Quarterly 18, no. 4 (October 1987): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969369.

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43

Weiss, Holger, Laura Hollsten, and Stefan Norrgård. "Cotton and Salt: Swedish Colonial Aspirations and the Transformation of Saint Barthélemy in the Eighteenth Century." Environment and History 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15254461646422.

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The environmental history of the Caribbean has been strongly associated with the consequences of sugar cane agriculture and extreme weather phenomena. Consequently, other aspects of environmental change at play in the Caribbean region have remained less known. However, islands such as Anguilla, Barbuda, and Saint Barthélemy had no or very few sugar plantations. The fact that non-sugar producing islands had to find other ways of supporting themselves shaped their environmental history in ways that differed from that of the sugar islands. These alternative environmental histories deserve to be highlighted when presenting the historiography of the Caribbean. In this article, the island of Saint Barthélemy serves as a case study of an island where sugar cane agriculture was absent and tropical storms and hurricanes were of lesser consequence. In outlining the environmental history of Saint Barthélemy during the first decades of Swedish colonial rule, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the article shows that the Swedish takeover resulted in environmental changes. Sweden’s ambitions and expectations concerning the improvement of the island were initially high and much effort was put into the development of the economy. The rationale for the Swedish plans was to exploit the few and scarce resources of the island, but it was the harbour that became the most successful endeavour.

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44

Ingersoll, Thomas N., and John B. Rehder. "Delta Sugar: Louisiana's Vanishing Plantation Landscape." Journal of American History 88, no. 1 (June 2001): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2674955.

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45

Wilde, Mark, and Sidney W. Mintz. "Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History." Technology and Culture 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105494.

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46

Roxborough, Ian, and Sidney W. Mintz. "Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History." Man 21, no. 3 (September 1986): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803144.

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47

Chomsky, Aviva. "Labour, environmental history and sugar cane in Cuba and Brazil." Social History 38, no. 4 (November 2013): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2013.843273.

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48

Stein, Stanley J., and Sidney W. Mintz. "Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History." American Historical Review 91, no. 2 (April 1986): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858145.

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49

Ross, Clark G., and Sidney W. Mintz. "Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History." Ethnohistory 34, no. 1 (1987): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482268.

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50

Jackson, Stephen M. "Population dynamics and life history of the mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis, and the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps, in north Queensland." Wildlife Research 27, no. 1 (2000): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98044.

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Mahogany gliders, Petaurus gracilis, and sugar gliders, Petaurus breviceps, were trapped in an area of open woodland in north Queensland between 1994 and 1996 to examine their population ecology and life history. This study area contained two smaller areas, one consisting of continuous habitat and the other an area of fragmented habitat adjacent to the continuous habitat. Within the continuous area, the mahogany glider had an average density of 0.24 ha–1 whereas the sugar glider had an average density of 0.27 ha–1. In contrast, the density of mahogany gliders in the fragmented habitat averaged only 0.16 ha–1 whereas the density of sugar gliders was higher, at 0.46 ha–1. Both the mahogany glider and the sugar glider showed sexual dimorphism in their weight, head length and head width. The average body weight of both species fluctuated throughout the year with no consistent pattern. The mahogany glider showed a distinct breeding season, with births being recorded between April and October, whereas the sugar glider showed no pattern, with births being recorded during all months except February and April. During the study, all adult females of both species were observed to have bred, with an average litter size of 1.55 and a natality rate of 2.09 for the mahogany glider, and an average litter size of 1.83 and a natality rate of 2.14 for the sugar glider. The sugar glider was able to raise two litters of young within a single year whereas a second litter was raised by the mahogany glider only if the first litter was lost.

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