Дисертації з теми "Historical building retrofit"

Améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments et limiter l'ilot de chaleur urbain est une priorité, en particulier dans les centres-villes historiques, composés de bâtiments peu isolés. Un des leviers d’action envisagés est l'isolation des parois. Cependant, la rénovation des parois anciennes rencontre de nombreux obstacles (technologiques, architecturaux, urbains). Ces parois ont notamment un comportement hygrothermique spécifique, qu’il convient de prendre en compte pour éviter l’apparition de pathologies et estimer correctement les déperditions énergétiques. Il est donc primordial d’intégrer les transferts hygrothermiques à travers les parois pour simuler efficacement le bâti ancien. Néanmoins, la plupart des modèles à l’échelle urbaine négligent les transferts hydriques à travers les parois.Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode de résolution numérique pour les transferts hygrothermiques, qui est adaptée aux différentes contraintes de la modélisation à l’échelle urbaine (résolutions spatio-temporelles, méthode numérique etc.). La validation est réalisée en deux temps : une partie numérique et une partie expérimentale. La validation numérique est effectuée par une comparaison inter-modèle, en s’appuyant sur quinze compositions de parois et trois climats. La validation expérimentale utilise les données enregistrées dans plusieurs bâtiments rénovés à partir de matériaux biosourcés et instrumentés dans le centre médiéval de la ville de Cahors.Ensuite, les transferts couplés de masse et de chaleur dans les parois sont intégrés dans le modèle de climat urbain TEB (Town Energy Balance), en utilisant la méthode développée et validée. La pertinence de cette nouvelle version de TEB pour représenter le centre-ville médiéval de Cahors est évaluée par comparaison avec des mesures in-situ. Une amélioration significative est constatée pour la simulation de l’humidité relative intérieure. L’impact des transferts d’humidité est discuté à plusieurs échelles.Finalement, la réhabilitation des parois anciennes des bâtiments du centre-ville de Cahors est étudiée à partir de plusieurs types d’isolant thermique positionnés à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur. Ces scénarios de réhabilitation sont simulés en utilisant la version modifiée de TEB incluant les transferts d’humidité à travers les parois. Leur pertinence est comparée, vis-à-vis des enjeux énergétiques, du confort intérieur et extérieur, de la conservation du patrimoine et de la durabilité des parois. Des recommandations sont formulées en fonction du type de parois
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings and mitigating the urban heat island is a priority, particularly in historical city centres, which are composed of poorly insulated buildings. One of the levers of action envisaged is wall insulation. However, the retrofit of old walls faces numerous obstacles (technological, architectural, urban). In particular, these walls have a specific hygrothermal behavior, which needs to be taken into account to avoid the appearance of pathologies and to correctly estimate energy losses. It is therefore essential to integrate hygrothermal transfers through the walls to effectively simulate old buildings. However, most urban-scale models neglect moisture transfer through walls.This thesis proposes a new numerical method for solving hygrothermal transfers, which is adapted to the various constraints of urban-scale modeling (spatio-temporal resolutions, numerical method, etc.). Validation is carried out in two steps: a numerical part and an experimental part. Numerical validation is based on an inter-model comparison, using fifteen wall compositions and three climates. Experimental validation uses data recorded in several buildings retrofitted with bio-based materials and instrumented in the medieval city centre of Cahors.Then, coupled heat and mass transfer through walls are integrated into the TEB (Town Energy Balance) urban climate model, using the developed and validated method. The suitability of this new version of TEB to represent the medieval town center of Cahors is assessed by comparison with in-situ measurement. A significant improvement is observed when simulating indoor relative humidity. The impact of moisture transfer is discussed at several scales.Finally, the retrofit of the old walls of buildings in the city center of Cahors is studied using several types of thermal insulation positioned inside or outside. These retrofitting scenarios are simulated with the modified version of TEB, including moisture transfer through the walls. Their relevance is compared with regard to energy issues, indoor and outoor comfort, heritage conservation and wall durability. Recommendations are given according to the type of wall

40% of the total energy consumed in Europe is consumed by building operation and usage (Itard, et al., 2008). In the temperate climate of central and northern Europe, a significant proportion of this consumption is attributed to building heating during the winter months. Although recent trends in European legislation favor an increase in thermal efficiency of building enclosures for new constructions, the majority of the building stock consists of buildings built to a lower standard of energy efficiency. Over 56 % of the building stock in the central and northern European countries was built before 1970, when the first building energy efficiency regulations were adopted across Europe (Itard, et al., 2008). Even if current regulations require significant energy efficiency measures (EnEV 2009 in Germany requires a maximum heating energy consumption of 50 kWh/m2a) and the trend is to increase the standards even more, a vast portion of the building stock will have been built to much lower standards. Retrofitting existing buildings represents thus a priority, if a significant reduction in energy usage for buildings is to be achieved. There is a great opportunity in tackling this problem, especially when keeping in mind the fact that most of these inefficient building require significant renovation measures, as the lifespan of their systems comes to an end The case of historic masonry buildings across Europe is especially relevant, as they pose special challenges related to the historic preservation of facades and even interiors. It is thus the aim of the present research to compile a set of principles and technologies that can be used for the thermal retrofit of historic buildings.

Historic dwellings in the UK make up 20% of all homes and are amongst the most poorly performing part of the English housing stock in energy use terms, with the lowest SAP rating and highest average annual CO2 emissions. The degree to which proposals to retrofit the UK housing stock can reduce emissions depends on current energy use and CO2 emissions. Current methodology relies on national aggregated statistics to provide average energy use data; historic buildings as a subset cannot be segregated. In order to assess realistic carbon reduction potential it is vital that performance of historic dwellings is established from disaggregated data sources or with validated and stakeholder accepted models that can accurately prescribe energy use in an affordable, easy to use and transparent manner. This research attempts to begin such orthodoxy. The benchmark derived in this study suggests that historic buildings in Bath use less energy than predicted by national, regional, and local average energy use, but they are not low energy dwellings. They therefore require retrofit adaptations to reduce CO2 emissions. Procedures to assess the potential for such measures are of primary importance as some adaptations impact on both fabric and aesthetics. It is therefore imperative that the contribution such alterations make towards reducing CO2 emissions can be weighed against the change they may make to our built heritage. Using the Passive House Planning Package modelling tool, predictions of energy use were provided and validated against actual energy use. The model demonstrated accuracy in predicting energy used when incorporating a reduction factor to reflect intermittent heating patterns. The model was then used to assess the retrofit adaptation measures with a suite of measures incorporating renewable energy technology, delivering CO2 emission reductions approaching 80%. This approach can be applied beyond the UK as the model permits the use of local weather data sets. In establishing a benchmark of energy use in domestic historic dwellings, this work assists in developing suitable and effective solutions that are replicable and durable, permitting built heritage to meet UK emissions targets through the provision of empirical data to evaluate any alteration to fabric or aesthetics against the benefit of carbon savings.

This thesis has quantified that approximately 68,000 examples of timber-framed buildings, built pre-1850, survive to this day. By mapping their geographic location, it becomes apparent that they are predominantly concentrated in the East and Southeast of England, and to a lesser extent in the West Midlands and Welsh Marches, their distribution showing correlation to the historic availability of building materials, climatic conditions and socio-economic factors. As we aim to improve the energy efficiency of our historic buildings, care must be taken to minimize any negative impacts on the existing building fabric. A balance must be achieved between conservation and improved efficiency to avoid damage to their significance, character and historic fabric. Research to date has focused on the retrofit of solid masonry wall construction, with little investigation into timber-framed buildings. Although guidance on the subject exists, there is minimal academic research to validate the approaches proposed. This thesis aims to begin to address this previously under-researched area. In situ monitoring and digital simulation of five case studies allowed the analysis of current approaches to the retrofit of timber-framed properties. The results suggest that improving airtightness should be prioritised over improvements to the thermal performance of walls. It also indicates that monitoring and simulation should form part of any retrofit decision making process, to ensure the greatest improvements in performance with the minimum loss or risk to historic fabric. Concurrently, the use of interstitial hygrothermal simulation software WUFI®Pro 5.3 was used to simulate proposed replacement panel infill details. Whilst no substantial risk of biological attack has been identified, further physical testing is recommended to corroborate these findings, and simulations should be repeated for specific climates and orientations prior to their use. Together with future research, it is hoped that this thesis will begin to inform guidance that will enable these buildings that have stood for hundreds of years to survive for many more to come.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Reabilitação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
Os edifícios antigos representam até 40% do consumo total de energia do parque edificado da União Europeia. Qualquer ação com o objetivo de aumentar o desempenho térmico e energético dos edifícios antigos tem influência no consumo de energia à escala nacional. Contudo, existem dúvidas quanto à compatibilização e aplicação do conceito de “edifício com necessidades quase nulas de energia” (NZEB), disposto na diretiva EPBD 2010/31/EU, em edifícios antigos e património edificado. São levantadas questões acerca da profundidade/agressividade versus eficiência da intervenção, já que o impacte no valor patrimonial do edifício tem que ser residual ou nulo, enquanto o desempenho energético tem de aumentar significativamente. O quarteirão Pombalino do século XVIII, elemento que dá corpo ao Plano de Reconstrução de 1758 da zona baixa da cidade de Lisboa, atualmente designada de “Baixa Pombalina”, sofreu ao longo do tempo um conjunto de alterações que contribuíram para a progressiva delapidação do seu património tecnológico, tendo igualmente consequências nefastas no seu desempenho térmico e energético. Todavia, observámos que o seu desenho inicial possui características arquitetónicas e construtivas com potencial para alcançar o nível NZEB, caso seja adotada uma estratégia de reabilitação energética à escala do quarteirão, ao invés da abordagem usual por edifício ou fração singular. Assim, esta tese demonstra que uma estratégia assente em pacotes de intervenção de âmbito passivo e ativo, aplicada em dois casos de estudo [Q-H & T], reduz a necessidade e o consumo de energia primária para níveis NZEB com um impacte residual no seu valor patrimonial. Para tal, simulámos e comparámos os resultados de 35 pacotes, nos quais combinámos soluções de AVAC, AQS e aproveitamento FER local, com medidas aplicadas no corpo construído, utilizando uma metodologia Building Energy Simulation em dois Building Information Models usando o motor de simulação dinâmica EnergyPlus inserido no software Cypetherm Eplus. Os resultados mostram que um pacote de âmbito passivo otimizado reduz a necessidade energética para climatização em cerca de 56%, enquanto estratégias de ventilação noturna aumentam, aproximadamente 44%, o conforto térmico na estação quente. Na estação fria, observou-se que não é possível o aumento expressivo do conforto térmico apenas com soluções de âmbito passivo. No âmbito ativo, o pacote AVAC bomba de calor Ar-Ar/equipamento a biomassa sólida regista o consumo de energia primária mais baixo, enquanto os sistemas de aproveitamento FER se revelam fundamentais para alcançar um desempenho NZEB. Por fim, o Q-T [lado maior orientado N-S] regista melhor desempenho que o Q-H [lado maior orientado E-O] na generalidade dos parâmetros, alcançando nível NZEB em 7 pacotes versus 3 pacotes, respetivamente. Destes, apenas 3 pacotes são financeiramente viáveis, com um período de retorno do investimento inicial adicional inferior a 9 anos.
ABSTRACT: Historic and traditional buildings represent up to 40% of buildings total energy consumption on the European Union. For this reason, any steps taken to increase its performance has certainly influence on energy consumption at a national scale. However, it is uncertain how to reconcile historical buildings with the Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept stated on the EPBD directive 2010/31/EU. This subject has raised questions regarding retrofit interventions depth and efficiency, as the impact on the built heritage value has to be residual or null while energy-related improvements must be noticeable. The 18th-century Pombaline block is the key element of the 1758 Reconstruction Plan of Lisbon downtown area known today as “Baixa Pombalina” district. Over the years, these blocks experienced several interventions that contributed, not only to its heritage and functional identity loss, but also with plausible consequences regarding their thermal and energy behavior. If we consider both constructive and architectural inherent features of the Pombaline blocks first design, it shows potential to achieve NZEB level if a retrofit strategy at a block scale is adopted, instead of the usual single building or fraction approach. With this in mind, this thesis aims to show that a set of passive and active scope retrofit packages applied in two case studies [Block H & T], has a residual effect on the built heritage value as far as leads to NZEB level performance by reducing energy demand and primary energy consumption while increases thermal comfort. Therefore, we simulate and compare the results of 35 retrofit packages, combining HVAC, DWH, and solar thermal and photovoltaic systems with measures applied on the built fabric, using a “Building Energy Simulation” methodology on two “Building Information Models” using the dynamic simulation engine EnergyPlus with the interface software Cypetherm Eplus. The results show that an optimized passive scoped package reduce heating and cooling energy demands up to 56%, while nocturnal cooling strategies increase thermal comfort in summer around 44%. However, only passive solutions proved to be ineffective during wintertime. On the active side, an air-to-air heat pump/biomass HVAC system plus a thermal envelope upgrade displays the best results reducing primary energy consumption, while photovoltaic and solar thermal systems proved to have an essential role to achieve NZEB level. Finally, Block T [longer side facing N-S] display better performance than Block H [longer side facing E-W] in almost every parameters, achieving NZEB in 7 packages versus 3 packages respectively. However, only 3 packages display economic viability with payback periods inferior to 9 years.
N/A

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
97
It’s most important part that how to maintain the original features on restoration in the process of conserving and protecting cultural assets, the value of monuments and historical buildings increase along with the years increase, but its structure safety situation just opposite, decrease with the years increase. How to adopt suitable reinforcement on walls related with structure safety tight is dispensable to monuments and cultural assets preservation on principle which doesn’t affects the features. The basic estimated formula is expand according to the cracked path developed by scholar recently, The structure program SAP 2000 V9.03 is used for numerical study, the prediction of retrofit device is simulated by simplifying for pure tension diagonals, which neglect the contribution of compression diagonals, the emphatic conclusion to be as follows after carrying out the experiments： 1. Brick arch failure mode：Cracks are separated into shear and flexural cracks, the shear and flexural crack of un-reinforced brick arch occur in arch angle 63o respectively and at the bottom of 3rd brick walls on both sides of opening. 2. The error of ultimate load prediction of un-reinforced brick arch： brick arch will be simplified to portal frame are used to preliminary estimation, in-plane stiffness which only provides from vertical frame, the average error between -20~20%；Structure program are used to simulate brick arch with shell elements analyzed, the average error between -15%~10%. 3. The error of ultimate load prediction after retrofitting：the error of structure program and preliminary estimation are between respectively 35~80% and 25~40%, the reason of error results from the slight deformation between the fixed beam relation with brick arch and reaction force base. 4. The impact of ultimate load after retrofitting：the ultimate load from cyclically loaded tests decrease by 12%, monotonically loaded tests increase by 20%, although it doesn’t increase in cyclically loaded tests, it enhances ductility of overall walls and avoids non-repairable cracks occurred as the view of retrofitted effectiveness. The results of in-plane loading test shows that the story drift angle of yield point is 3.8/1000, visible crack is 2.2/1000,it could succeed the function of warning point if adjusting the yield point before the drift angle 2.2/1000 with further improvement of low-yield steel afterward.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
97
In Taiwan, brick walls are commonly constructed in historic buildings as the primary structural system. In addition to material degradation and ageing, the lack of out-of-plane flexural strength often makes brick walls extremely vulnerable during earthquake. In this study rehabilitation techniques for seismis retrofit of brick constructed buildings used in both foreign and loccal examples are introduced. For verification purpose, a case study on the structural retrofit plans of the Taipei Camphor Factor is presented to demonstrate the applicability of different rehabilitation schemes.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
96
Abstract The experiences of the post-earthquake retrofit for the historic buildings damaged in 921 Earthquake were diversified and valuable for conservation designer and researcher to learn. However, so far investigation of this subject has not been conducted in Taiwan. Thus in this thesis, a questionnaire survey is designed and executed for understanding the response of the post-earthquake retrofit. The response includes space using、architecture scenery 、construction quality and general impressions, which obtained from conservation experts 、culture managers and user. These responses provide useful reference information about repair and reservation for designer and engineer. 　　The main results of the study maybe summarized as following： 1、 Conservation experts evaluate the post-earthquake retrofit the usually focus at strengthening effect and engineering quality. According to the response of the conservation experts , further improving for the construction quality need to be cared, especially for the surface 、fixed unit and work by the design specification. Besides, in order to avoid improper design, it is also necessary to consider the strengthening component about color、material、style、location and strengthening effect in the plan stage. 2、 In general, users evaluate the post-earthquake retrofit concentrate at the outer appearance and architecture scenery. And most of the users prefer the methods of strengthening component which not appeared outside. The reason is these method would not influence the condition of using space 、maintain components and architecture scenery. Besides, more than half of the users consider that setting up the billboard to provide the information of the strengthening methods adopted is necessary. 3、 According to the response comparison, the culture managers and the users give the post-earthquake retrofit higher point than conservation experts. The differences come from the culture managers and the users evaluating the retrofit from the point of general appearance of the historic buildings. On the other side, the evaluation of conservation experts considering the stage of plan and construction process. From this study it shows that how to improve the difference between conservation expert and user is also a subject that worth designer and engineer to work with in the field of conservation of the ancient monuments and historic buildings.

碩士
中國文化大學
建築及都市設計學系
99
The street house in Di-Hwa Street of Taipei city needs structure retrofit because destruction by natural disasters and improper use of man-made let the seismic resistance ability not enough. In this study we proposed more results and recommendations by analysis in different materials and different retrofit methods of two-stories-single-building. This research concentrated in single and 2 to 6 attached house; 1 to 3 stories; three types of construction material are Soil Brick、 Stone Brick and Clay Brick wall, implemented with H-shape steel frame、viscous damper、steel bracing、concrete wing wall for structural strengthening，to get five types of seismic response(vibration period、story shear force、roof displacement、drift angle、acceleration) and seismic resistant ability which compilation of relevant research data into reference design chart. The result suggest that attention to the control of displacement on seismic resistant and the best retrofit method for single building is implemented viscous damper、for 2 attached house is implemented viscous damper，but for 3〜6 attached house, we only compare with original and H-shape steel frame，the displacement reduce 20%〜48% by H-shape steel frame retrofit methods. Keywords: seismic response, seismic resistant

Earthquakes, such as the ones capable of affecting the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, can have a devastating effect on the environment that people live and work in. The purpose of this thesis is to examine methods of dealing with the hazards and problems created by existing, often historically significant, unreinforced buildings in earthquake-prone areas. Gaining an understanding of the complexity of this problem and the issues involved in establishing hazard mitigation policies gives insight into the policy-making process. The research indicates that a number of internal and external factors affect the formulation, adoption, and implementation of hazard mitigation policies. Despite limited awareness of the problem, low political salience of the issue, and limited resources in most communities, there are many steps that can be taken that will reduce the public's exposure to the risks created by unreinforced buildings and strengthen historically significant buildings that hold value, socially, economically, and culturally. Establishing more extensive mitigative measures, such as implementing a seismic retrofit policy, requires a decision-making process that must involve the people who live and work within that community. Each community, through a process of consultation with the stakeholders, needs to decide if it is in their interest to pursue hazard mitigation strategies to reduce the seismic risk. There is a need to integrate hazard mitigation strategies into the daily decision-making process of politicians and planners. The thesis concludes with some points for stakeholders to consider in designing policy to reduce the earthquake hazard that all the communities in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia face.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
94
In Taiwan , for a long period the preservation of historic building is strictly limited to the Cultural Heritage Preservation Law that using original skill , original materials are required . So , up to now , in Taiwan , the basic data related to the structural behavior of masonry wall for ancient monument or historic building are still not established . The conservation designer or architect often fail to take proper measures to retrofit the historic building and improve the earthquake resistanec of the building . 　For this investigation , there are total 7 specimens designed , 5 specimens using cement mortar and 2 specimens using cement-lime mortar . The main purpose of this study is to know failure mechanism , ultimate strength and ultimate displacement of various specimen under in-plane cyclic loading . Based upon the experiment , the basic data of the brick wall , including strengthening or not , different carbon fiber width , different mortar properties and strengthing prior to or post damage , will be provided . 　From the test , following results are observed： 1. For unstrengthening cement-lime specimens during test , the stiffness and ultimate load are lower than that of unstrengthening cement specimens .However , unstrengthening cement specimens have better energy dissipation . 2. The strengthening specimens have visible change in failure mechanism and great improvement in ultimate load , ultimate displacement and energy dissipation ,especially the strengthed cement-lime specimens . 3. The specimens that strengthened with wider carbon fiber 25cm in width has better improvement in number of loading cycle and energy disspation than that of the specimen strengthened with carbon fiber in the width of 15cm . 4. For specimens which strengthened prior to and post damage are different about the change of failure mechanism and the energy dissipation of each loading cycle .The stiffness of specimens strengthened post damage are higher than thoat of specimens strengthened prior to damage , but having less energy dissipation .

Historic buildings, and the artefacts that are usually kept within these buildings, are a living representation of the past and it is essential to ensure that future generations have access to this heritage. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to determine the conditions that the buildings are in and, if needs be, to make the required changes in order to preserve our cultural heritage. In addition, the foreseen changes of the indoor climate caused by climate change can endanger the preservation of these artefacts, since they are prone to various types of decay depending on the existing indoor conditions. One way of counteracting these changes, is the application of passive retrofit measures. However, the guideline was that retrofit measures were hardly ever used in cultural heritage because they could cause the building to lose its authenticity. Nowadays, more and more cases of historic buildings are subject to this type of measures. Indeed, these measures can lead to positive outcomes, such as decreasing the energy consumption of the buildings or mitigating the effects of climate change, but the welfare of the cultural heritage must be ensured before these measured can be applied. Hence, the main aim of this thesis is to determine the potential of passive retrofit measures in mitigating the negative effects of climate change in the indoor climate of historic buildings, whilst accounting for the artefacts’ preservation requirements. For this reason, the indoor climate of a 13th century church in Lisbon was used to develop and validate a whole-building hygrothermal model. Then, the model was run using future weather files to determine the future indoor conditions, which were then assessed using a risk-based analysis and an adaptive thermal comfort model. Finally, the effects of the passive retrofit measures in the building’s energy consumption, the artefacts’ conservation metrics and the occupants’ thermal comfort were assessed. The future weather files were developed based on the methodology described in standard EN 15927-4 and in Skartveit and Olseth model, which divides the global radiation into its direct and diffuse components. In addition, a methodology that aims to make large-sized hygrothermal studies more time-efficient is also presented. This methodology was based in the studies developed in this thesis. It was shown that the conditions for the preservation of artefacts that are housed in historic buildings will worsen, especially in Mediterranean climates when compared to humid Continental and Oceanic climates. The tested retrofit measures can mitigate, up to a certain extent, the negative effects imposed by climate change in terms of artefacts’ conservation requirements. However, the Mediterranean climates do not have the same margin as the other tested climates. In addition, it was also shown that there is a positive outcome of implementing these measures in terms of energy saving potential. These savings will even be higher if these measures are combined with a more adequate relative humidity and temperature setpoint strategy.
Os edifícios históricos, e os artefactos que geralmente são guardados no interior destes edifícios, são uma representação viva do passado e é fundamental garantir que as gerações futuras também têm acesso ao património cultural. Para isso, é necessário determinar as condições interiores destes edifícios e, se necessário, aplicar as alterações necessárias de forma a promover a preservação do património. Além disso, as mudanças expectáveis dos climas internos causadas pelas alterações climáticas podem pôr em risco a preservação destes artefactos, uma vez que estes são propensos a vários tipos de deterioração consoante as condições internas. Uma forma de combater as mudanças expectáveis do clima interior deste tipo de edifico é a aplicação de medidas de reabilitação passivas. No entanto, era prática comum a sua aplicação em edifícios históricos ser muito restrita, uma vez que podiam provocar a perda de autenticidade destes edifícios. Actualmente é cada vez mais usual a aplicação destas medidas, que podem ter resultados bastante positivos, como a diminuição do consumo de energia dos edifícios ou a mitigação dos efeitos das alterações climáticas. No entanto, é necessário garantir que o património não sofre danos com a sua aplicação. O principal objectivo desta tese é determinar o potencial de mitigação dos efeitos negativos impostos pelas alterações climáticas no clima interior de edifícios históricos através do recurso a medidas de reabilitação passivas, tendo em conta os requisitos de preservação dos artefactos. Por este motivo, o clima interno de uma igreja do século XIII em Lisboa foi utilizado para desenvolver e validar um modelo higrotérmico. Numa fase subsequente o modelo foi corrido para ficheiros climáticos futuros de forma a determinar as condições internas futuras, que foram avaliadas recorrendo a uma análise de risco e a um modelo de conforto térmico adaptável. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito das medidas de reabilitação passivas no consumo de energia do edifício, nas métricas de conservação dos artefactos e no conforto térmico dos ocupantes do edifício. Os ficheiros climáticos futuros foram construídos com base na metodologia descrita na norma EN 15927-4 e no modelo Skartveit and Olseth, que permite subdividir a radiação global na componente directa e difusa. É também apresentada uma metodologia que visa tornar os estudos higrotérmicos com inúmeros casos mais eficiente em termos temporais. Esta metodologia baseou-se estudos desenvolvidos nesta tese de doutoramento. Ficou demonstrado que as condições de preservação de artefactos guardados no interior de edifícios históricos vão piorar, especialmente em climas mediterrâneos quando comparados com climas húmidos continentais e oceânicos. As medidas de reabilitação passivas testadas podem mitigar, até certo ponto, os efeitos negativos provocados pelas alterações climáticas em termos de conservação de artefactos. No entanto, os climas mediterrâneos não têm a mesma margem que os outros climas testados. Além disso, também foi demonstrado que a implementação destas medidas apresenta um resultado positivo em termos de poupança energética. No entanto, esta poupança será ainda maior se estas medidas forem combinadas com uma estratégia de controlo de temperatura e humidade relativa mais adequada.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
文化資產維護系碩士班
93
Due to long term natural and man-made destructions, many historical sites and architect buildings are facing serious or even diminishing problems. If appropriate and urgent measures are not soon provided to maintenance or renovation of these ancient or historical architectures, many will soon be lost in our life forever, irreversibly. Ancient architecture and/ or historical buildings is a witness and footprint of our history, they represent our culture and identify, they also created and helped to develop our nationality, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, These buildings in the mean time also help nurture our sense, believeness and passion of our life, and reflect the social and economical backgrounds of the correspondent historical periods. Since there are specific and sometimes unique features for most of the historical buildings or architects, for renovation or maintenance. Specific protectional and restrictional measures are needed, unlike many policies or means for maintaining the buildings of our current time, i.e., based only on the safety consideration. This is especially true for historical architectures made from bricks, in this case, maintenance or important of the building often change the appearance of the building, in fact, creating problems for long term maintenance. There are many different approaches in providing maintenance or enhancement for historical buildings or architects. Each measure may have their own applications, however, if used inappropriately, some of the renovation measures can often damage the highly valuable structures and appearances of the brick-built buildings, resulting in great loss of these valuable historical heritages. Therefore, this study, as an approach to renovate historical old buildings, is designed to evaluate an experimental system, by inserting an stainless steel wire network into the cement sealer space of the brick wall buildings, This building-reenhancement method is created to facilitate a reversible approach, and is also aimed to not disturb or destroy the building’s three dimensional domains and the structural systems. For this experimental research project, we have also employed steel wires with different sizes in diameter for evaluation and comparison of the most optional supporting systems for structural maintenance, in terms of both inward and outward behaviors of test brick walls. Experimental results showed that for the steel wire-uninserted test wall samples (control), regardless of using a “shear” or “flexural” test, they experienced a drastic breaking, cracking or fast fragmentation and there was no alarm time for this activity. However, for test wall samples that were inserted with steel wires, even the test wall broke, but it would not get broken into species or fragments, In fact, for some of the enhancement-treated samples, even after they got broken, they were able to continuously support the increase of structural weight. With these experimental results obtained, we can therefore prove that the current wall-enhancement designs could effectively absorb a lot of shock ware energies when dramatically hitten by outside stress or shock forces.

碩士
中國文化大學
建築及都市計畫研究所
98
The article aims to explore street houses with different structures and materials on Di-Hua Street, Taipei with the best retrofit method available for the house allocations with various numbers. For structure materials, three various types of wall bodies, namely brick wall, adobe masonry wall and masonry are taken into consideration to conduct a assessment comparison of seismic resistance and retrofit efficiency. The assessment for eismic capacity is operated by using ETABS program to analyze earthquake response of buildings separately after and before retrofit. After investigation and experimentation,two-story building street combinations with various numbers are established. The steel framework retrofit way frequently seen on Di-Hua Street are used to simulate some earthquake response data like experimental models and analyze acceleration, maximum displacement, floor relative damping angles, building cycle and floor shear for compiling and comparison. Research results show different seismic resistances with various structures and materials corresponding buildings of various numbers and retrofit places with the reference available for the Di-Hua Street retrofit project.