Статті в журналах: "Historic masonry towers"

1

Aldrebi, Ziad Ahmad. "Historical Masonry Towers: Overview, Seismic Vulnerability, Behavior During an Earthquake, Seismic Strengthening." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 6 (December 25, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2618-9283-2020-6-49-66.

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The article provides an overview of historic masonry towers such as the minarets of mosques, bell towers of churches, clock towers, leaning towers, so-called "falling towers" and ruined towers. It was considered what kind of masonry, what kind of mortars the Romans, the ancient Egyptians, the Inca and Mayan cultures in America used. Some aspects of seismic vulnerability of masonry towers were studied. The modes of destruction of thin masonry structures, mechanisms of destruction of masonry in towers are considered, the seismic behavior of historical masonry towers are considered, and one of the methods of seismic strengthening using an innovative "smart" material is presented.

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Saisi, Antonella, and Carmelo Gentile. "Investigation Strategy for Structural Assessment of Historic Towers." Infrastructures 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5120106.

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Historical masonry towers are relevant architectural heritage often in a strategic position within city centres. Their height and position require specific controls in order to define the state of preservation. The paper describes the investigation procedures developed by the authors in selected case studies. According to the timing and to the complexity of the structure, the approach requires preliminary visual inspections, geometric, crack pattern survey supplemented by historical research and stratigraphic survey. Operational modal testing evaluates the overall structural behaviour, indicating eventual local (or global) problems to study in depth by monitoring or further local tests. Emergency operations, such as controls after earthquakes, could require prompt procedures. In this case, the combination of visual inspection, geometric and damage survey with dynamic testing is a reliable procedure for structural assessment. Additional investigation increases the knowledge of local problems or gives information for further activity such as structural modelling. For instance, relevant data are the evaluation of the masonry quality or the control of the local state of stress to estimate through non-destructive or minor destructive testing in selected positions. Nevertheless, such activities require accurate projects of the investigation too, planning and localising several tests in order to solve the problems detected in the preliminary steps of the diagnosis process.

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3

Pavia, Arianna, Fabrizio Scozzese, Enrica Petrucci, and Alessandro Zona. "Seismic Upgrading of a Historical Masonry Bell Tower through an Internal Dissipative Steel Structure." Buildings 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010024.

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Masonry towers are part of a valuable architectural heritage characterizing the landscape of many historical areas. These towers are vulnerable structures that are prone to earthquake damage. Hence, the design of effective seismic upgrading interventions is an important task for preserving such architectural forms for future generations. In view of that, the objective of this study is to contribute a possible addition to the portfolio of available approaches for seismic upgrading of masonry towers. This goal was pursued by exploring an innovative structural solution that does not alter the external appearance of the tower and its static scheme under gravity loads, yet is able to increase its capacity to withstand seismic actions through added damping. Specifically, the proposed solution consists of a steel structure internal to the masonry tower that incorporates fluid viscous dampers. In order to evaluate its potentialities, a real case study was taken as a testbed structure, historic analysis as well as geometric and architectural surveys were undertaken, an initial design for the upgrading was made, and numerical simulations were performed. The obtained results, although preliminary, highlight the potentialities of the proposed structural solution for the seismic upgrading of masonry towers and might open the way to future developments and applications.

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4

Pavia, Arianna, Fabrizio Scozzese, Enrica Petrucci, and Alessandro Zona. "Seismic Upgrading of a Historical Masonry Bell Tower through an Internal Dissipative Steel Structure." Buildings 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010024.

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Masonry towers are part of a valuable architectural heritage characterizing the landscape of many historical areas. These towers are vulnerable structures that are prone to earthquake damage. Hence, the design of effective seismic upgrading interventions is an important task for preserving such architectural forms for future generations. In view of that, the objective of this study is to contribute a possible addition to the portfolio of available approaches for seismic upgrading of masonry towers. This goal was pursued by exploring an innovative structural solution that does not alter the external appearance of the tower and its static scheme under gravity loads, yet is able to increase its capacity to withstand seismic actions through added damping. Specifically, the proposed solution consists of a steel structure internal to the masonry tower that incorporates fluid viscous dampers. In order to evaluate its potentialities, a real case study was taken as a testbed structure, historic analysis as well as geometric and architectural surveys were undertaken, an initial design for the upgrading was made, and numerical simulations were performed. The obtained results, although preliminary, highlight the potentialities of the proposed structural solution for the seismic upgrading of masonry towers and might open the way to future developments and applications.

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5

Gentile, Carmelo, and Antonella Saisi. "Dynamic Testing of Masonry Towers Using the Microwave Interferometry." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.198.

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Microwave remote sensing is the most recent experimental methodology suitable to the non-contact measurement of deflections on large structures, in static or dynamic conditions. After a brief description of the radar measurement system, the paper addresses the application of microwave remote sensing in ambient vibration testing of two historic masonry towers.

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6

Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, Antonino Maria Marra, and Silvia Monchetti. "A Bayesian model updating framework for robust seismic fragility analysis of non-isolated historic masonry towers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2155 (August 19, 2019): 20190024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0024.

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Seismic assessment of existing masonry structures requires a numerical model able to both reproduce their nonlinear behaviour and account for the different sources of uncertainties; the latter have to be dealt with since the unavoidable lack of knowledge on the input parameters (material properties, geometry, boundary conditions, etc.) has a relevant effect on the reliability of the seismic response provided by the numerical approaches. The steadily increasing necessity of combining different sources of information/knowledge makes the Bayesian approach an appealing technique, not yet fully investigated for historic masonry constructions. In fact, while the Bayesian paradigm is currently employed to solve inverse problems in several sectors of the structural engineering domain, only a few studies pay attention to its effectiveness for parameter identification on historic masonry structures. This study combines a Bayesian framework with probabilistic structural analyses: starting from the Bayesian finite element model updating by using experimental data it provides the definition of robust seismic fragility curves for non-isolated masonry towers. A comparison between this method and the standard deterministic approach illustrates its benefits. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Environmental loading of heritage structures’.

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7

García-Macías, Enrique, and Filippo Ubertini. "Seismic interferometry for earthquake-induced damage identification in historic masonry towers." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 132 (October 2019): 380–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.06.037.

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8

Bartoli, G., M. Betti, L. Facchini, A. M. Marra, and S. Monchetti. "Bayesian model updating of historic masonry towers through dynamic experimental data." Procedia Engineering 199 (2017): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.267.

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9

Anzani, Anna, Luiga Binda, Alberto Carpinteri, Stefano Invernizzi, and Guiseppe Lacidogna. "A multilevel approach for the damage assessment of Historic masonry towers." Journal of Cultural Heritage 11, no. 4 (October 2010): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2009.11.008.

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10

Binda, L., C. Tiraboschi, and R. Tongini Folli. "On-site and Laboratory Investigation of Materials and Structure of a Belltower in Monza / Untersuchungen an den Werkstoffen und am Tragwerk im Labor und am Objekt am Beispiel eines Glockenturms in Monza." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2000-5446.

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Abstract After the collapse of some heavy buildings and towers in Italy and elsewhere, the hypothesis of possible continuous damage to these structures due to the dead weight and cyclic loads (wind, temperature variations, etc.) has been formulated by the authors. The long term behaviour of historic masonry has also been detected by laboratory creep and cyclic tests. The results indicate that a laboratory and on site investigation together with analytical modelling are important particularly for tall bell-towers. The application of these procedures on the Bell-Tower of the Cathedral of Monza is here reported and discussed

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11

Torelli, Giacomo, Dina D’Ayala, Michele Betti, and Gianni Bartoli. "Analytical and numerical seismic assessment of heritage masonry towers." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2019): 969–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00732-y.

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Abstract The new Italian building code, published in 2018 [MIT in NTC 2018: D.M. del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei trasporti del 17/01/2018. Aggiornamento delle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (in Italian), 2018], explicitly refers to the Italian “Guidelines for the assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk of the cultural heritage” [PCM in DPCM 2011: Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri per valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle norme tecniche per le costruzioni, G.U. n. 47 (in Italian), 2011] as a reliable source of guidance that can be employed for the vulnerability assessment of heritage buildings under seismic loads. According to these guidelines, three evaluation levels are introduced to analyse and assess the seismic capacity of historic masonry structures, namely: (1) simplified global static analyses; (2) kinematic analyses based on local collapse mechanisms, (3) detailed global analyses. Because of the complexity and the large variety of existing masonry typologies, which makes it particularly problematic to adopt a unique procedure for all existing structures, the guidelines provide different simplified analysis approaches for different structural configurations, e.g. churches, palaces, towers. Among the existing typologies of masonry structures there considered, this work aims to deepen validity, effectiveness and scope of application of the Italian guidelines with respect to heritage masonry towers. The three evaluation levels proposed by the guidelines are here compared by discussing the seismic risk assessment of a representative masonry tower: the Cugnanesi tower located in San Gimignano (Italy). The results show that global failure modes due to local stress concentrations cannot be identified if only simplified static and kinematic analyses are performed. Detailed global analyses are in fact generally needed for a reliable prediction of the seismic performance of such structures.

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12

Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, and Silvia Monchetti. "Seismic Risk Assessment of Historic Masonry Towers: Comparison of Four Case Studies." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 31, no. 5 (October 2017): 04017039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001039.

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13

Ribilotta, Elisa, Ersilia Giordano, Angela Ferrante, Francesco Clementi, and Stefano Lenci. "Tracking Modal Parameter Evolution of Different Cultural Heritage Structure Damaged by Central Italy Earthquake of 2016." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.334.

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The preliminary results of an ambient-vibration based investigation conducted on a large sample of historic masonry towers in the Marche region (Central Italy) are presented, with a focus on the belfry of Collegiata of Santa Maria in Visso (Italy). The assessment procedure includes full-scale ambient vibration testing, modal identification from ambient vibration responses, finite element modeling and dynamic-based identification of the uncertain structural parameters of the model. As the most doubtful parameters, the modulus of elasticity of the masonry is adjusted to achieve the experimental results with numerical model by simple operations.

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14

Gentile, Carmelo, and Antonella Saisi. "Assessment of Environmental Effects for Vibration-Based Damage Detection of Historic Masonry Towers." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 11, 2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05324.

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15

Gentile, C., and A. Saisi. "Ambient vibration testing of historic masonry towers for structural identification and damage assessment." Construction and Building Materials 21, no. 6 (June 2007): 1311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.007.

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16

Tiberti, Simone, and Gabriele Milani. "Historic City Centers After Destructive Seismic Events, The Case of Finale Emilia During the 2012 Emilia-Romagna Earthquake: Advanced Numerical Modelling on Four Case Studies." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 1059–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711011059.

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Introduction:The recent wave of seismic shocks in Central Italy (2016) had once more disastrous consequences for the local monuments, which consisted of old masonry churches and towers. The permanent, seismic-induced damage to cultural heritage has become a serious issue that can no longer be downsized, and questions have been raised about how to satisfactorily assess the vulnerability of such heritage in advance. This paper deals with the investigations into the actual condition of a historic city center partially destroyed by the seismic sequence occurred in May 2012 in Emilia-Romagna. Namely, the case of Finale Emilia – a small to medium-sized village located at the very center of the stricken area – is considered.Methods:Three important heritage masterpieces were numerically analyzed using Finite Element meshes to deepen the knowledge of their seismic vulnerability and try to avoid similar disasters in the future. The first structure is a masonry castle known as “Castello delle Rocche”, which underwent severe damages during the seismic sequence. The second and third examples deal with the structural analysis of two towers, both collapsed due to the quakes: the Fortified Tower of the castle and the Clock Tower of the village. The last analysis is devoted to study the seismic behavior of a medium-sized masonry church (Santa Maria del Rosario), heavily damaged by the seismic sequence and whose bell tower collapsed due to the formation of a hinge at mid-height.Results and Conclusion:Numerical models were created for all the buildings involved, and a variety of advanced analyses were carried out, including nonlinear static and dynamic ones, to have a deep insight into their expected vulnerability, also finding reasonable correspondence between the numerical results and the actual state of damage observed during the surveys made in the aftermath of the seismic events.

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17

Cavalagli, Nicola, Gabriele Comanducci, Carmelo Gentile, Marco Guidobaldi, Antonella Saisi, and Filippo Ubertini. "Detecting earthquake-induced damage in historic masonry towers using continuously monitored dynamic response-only data." Procedia Engineering 199 (2017): 3416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.581.

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18

Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, Antonino Maria Marra, and Silvia Monchetti. "On the role played by the openings on the first frequency of historic masonry towers." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00662-9.

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19

Kita, Alban, Nicola Cavalagli, Ilaria Venanzi, and Filippo Ubertini. "A new method for earthquake-induced damage identification in historic masonry towers combining OMA and IDA." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 12 (July 3, 2021): 5307–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01167-0.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for rapidly addressing the earthquake-induced damage identification task in historic masonry towers. The proposed method, termed DORI, combines operational modal analysis (OMA), FE modeling, rapid surrogate modeling (SM) and non-linear Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). While OMA-based Structural Health Monitoring methods using statistical pattern recognition are known to allow the detection of small structural damages due to earthquakes, even far-field ones of moderate intensity, the combination of SM and IDA-based methods for damage localization and quantification is here proposed. The monumental bell tower of the Basilica of San Pietro located in Perugia, Italy, is considered for the validation of the method. While being continuously monitored since 2014, the bell tower experienced the main shocks of the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence and the on-site vibration-based monitoring system detected changes in global dynamic behavior after the earthquakes. In the paper, experimental vibration data (continuous and seismic records), FE models and surrogate models of the structure are used for post-earthquake damage localization and quantification exploiting an ideal subdivision of the structure into meaningful macroelements. Results of linear and non-linear numerical modeling (SM and IDA, respectively) are successfully combined to this aim and the continuous exchange of information between the physical reality (monitoring data) and the virtual models (FE models and surrogate models) effectively enforces the Digital Twin paradigm. The earthquake-induced damage identified by both data-driven and model-based strategies is finally confirmed by in-situ visual inspections.

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20

Chavez, Cano M., and R. Meli. "Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Response of a Mexican Colonial Model Temple Tested in a Shaking Table." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.683.

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With the main objective of providing basic information for calibration of analytical models and procedures for determining seismic response of historic stone masonry buildings, a shaking table testing program was undertaken at the Institute of Engineering of UNAM. A typical colonial temple was chosen as a prototype. The model was built at a 1:8 geometric scale. Increasing levels of seismic intensities were applied to the table. Main features of the measured response are compared in this paper to those computed though a nonlinear, finite element model; for the latter, a constitutive law corresponding to plain concrete was adopted for reproducing cracking and crushing of the irregular stone masonry, which could be considered as a conglomerate with low anisotropy. From the results of the analytical models, it was found that response is strongly governed by damping coefficient and tensile strength of masonry. Measured damping coefficients were found to significantly exceed those commonly used for modern structures. Observed damage patterns as well as measured response could be reproduced with a reasonable accuracy by the analytical simulation, except for some local vibrations, as those at the top of the bell towers.

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21

Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, and Andrea Vignoli. "A numerical study on seismic risk assessment of historic masonry towers: a case study in San Gimignano." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2016): 1475–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9892-9.

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Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, Antonino Maria Marra, and Silvia Monchetti. "Correction to: On the role played by the openings on the first frequency of historic masonry towers." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00674-5.

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23

Sobrinho, C. W. A. P., and A. C. Costa. "Histórico, situación y refuerzo de los campanarios de la basílica de la Penha-Recife-Brasil." Revista ALCONPAT 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v6i3.148.

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Histórico, situación y refuerzo de los campanarios de la basílica de la Penha-Recife-Brasil RESUMENEn este trabajo se presentan y discuten el histórico, situación actual, técnicas y estrategias originales empleadas en el desarrollo del diseño de refuerzo estructural de ambos campanarios de la Basílica de la Iglesia de Penha. Técnicas de reparación mal diseñadas, llevadas a cabo en 1981, junto con ausencia de mantenimiento preventivo, filtraciones e incluso el crecimiento de arbustos incrustados en la mampostería, llevaron a la inestabilidad de los campanarios de la Basílica de la Iglesia de la Penha.Palabras clave: fortalecimiento de albañilería; monumentos históricos; técnicas de refuerzo; estrategias de implementación; fibras de carbono. History, situation and reinforcement of the bell towers of the basilica of Penha-Recife-BrazilABSTRACT This paper presents and discusses the history, current situation, original techniques and strategies used in the development of structural reinforcement design of both towers of the Basilica of Penha Church. Repair techniques poorly designed, conducted in 1981, along with lack of preventive maintenance, leaks and even the growth of bushes embedded in the masonry led to the instability of the towers of the Basilica of Penha Church.Keywords: reinforcing masonry; historic monuments; reinforcement techniques; execution strategies; carbon fibers. Histórico, situação e reforço das torres sineiras da basílica da Penha-Recife-Brasil RESUMO Este artigo apresenta e discute a história, situação atual, técnicas e estratégias utilizadas no reforço estrutural desenvolvimento design original de ambas as torres da Basílica da igreja de Penha. Mal concebido técnicas de reparo, realizada em 1981, juntamente com a falta de manutenção preventiva, vazamentos e até mesmo o crescimento de arbustos embutidas na alvenaria levou à instabilidade das torres da Basílica da igreja de Penha.Palavras chave: reforço em alvenarias; monumentos históricos; técnicas de reforço; estratégias de execução; fibras de carbono.

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Diaferio, Mariella, Dora Foti, and Francesco Potenza. "Prediction of the fundamental frequencies and modal shapes of historic masonry towers by empirical equations based on experimental data." Engineering Structures 156 (February 2018): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.061.

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25

Angiolilli, Michele, Amedeo Gregori, and Marco Vailati. "Lime-Based Mortar Reinforced by Randomly Oriented Short Fibers for the Retrofitting of the Historical Masonry Structure." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163462.

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Recent seismic events prompted research to develop innovative materials for strengthening and repair of both modern and historic masonry constructions (buildings, bridges, towers) and structural components (walls, arches and vaults, pillars, and columns). Strengthening solutions based on composite materials, such as the Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) or the Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM), have been increasingly considered in the last two decades. Despite reinforcement made of short-fibers being a topic that has been studied for several years from different researchers, it is not yet fully considered for the restoration of the masonry construction. This work aims to experimentally investigate the enhancement of the mechanical properties of lime-based mortar reinforced by introducing short glass fibers in the mortar matrix with several contents and aspect ratios. Beams with dimensions of 160 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm with a central notch were tested in three-point bending configuration aiming to evaluate both the flexural strength and energy fracture of the composite material. Then, the end pieces of the broken beams were tested in Brazilian and compressive tests. All the tests were performed by a hydraulic displacement-controlled testing machine. Results highlight that the new composite material ensures excellent ductility capacity and it can be considered a promising alternative to the classic fiber-reinforcing systems.

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Mondello, A., and A. Salemi. "VERNACULAR LANGUAGE WITHIN THE TRADITIONAL BELL TOWERS: BETWEEN STAIRS, LANDINGS AND FLOORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-675-2020.

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Abstract. The monumental heritage of European historic centres is characterised by special building types that have drawn, more than others, on the vernacular language of the local traditional architecture. The traditional bell towers, even if built by a specific (but not always known) designer, often have some building elements transliterated from the construction tradition of poor and rural buildings. This language can be found in many examples from different historical periods and in faraway areas, such as Italy and Spain. The external monumentality may not correspond to a complex spatial articulation inside the towers. Instead, it is usual to find belfries in which the vertical connections and any horizontal structures are solved by wooden stairs and floors to reach the bell cell. The used materials and building techniques reveal the design simplicity but also the evidence of a lost “know-how”. Due to the nature of the materials, possible damages and lack of maintenance, many of these structures have undergone restoration or transformation works, also whit their replacement for the benefit of most modern construction systems. The research aims to underline the central importance of preventive knowledge of these traditional structures and illustrate some significant cases in Eastern Sicily, a high seismic risk area. These case studies are emblematic for the evidence of several original structures or the extreme effects of the 20th-century interventions. These last works have often compromised the historical and documentary trait of the wooden structures, introducing new vulnerabilities due to the excessive stiffening of the masonry.

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Pieraccini, Massimiliano, Devis Dei, Michele Betti, Gianni Bartoli, Grazia Tucci, and Nadia Guardini. "Dynamic identification of historic masonry towers through an expeditious and no-contact approach: Application to the “Torre del Mangia” in Siena (Italy)." Journal of Cultural Heritage 15, no. 3 (May 2014): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2013.07.006.

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Dal Cin, Alessandra. "Structural Diagnosis of a Historic Tower Hit by Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.344.

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The paper presents a critical analysis of the structural response and the level of damage of a historic tower of Santo Stefano of Sessanio that was hit by the main L Aquila earthquake of April 2009. A FE model was constructed to simulate the structural behaviour during the seismic event. The presence of a reinforced concrete slab in the upper part of the tower probably cause a different dynamic behavior compared with the lower masonry circular walls. Have also been investigated boundary conditions at the base, the different mechanical property of masonry and the contribution of the stiffness of the wooden floors.

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Mason, James A. "Strengthening of a Historic Unreinforced Masonry Church Tower." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 13, no. 1 (February 2008): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2008)13:1(31).

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30

Saisi, Antonella, and Carmelo Gentile. "Post-earthquake diagnostic investigation of a historic masonry tower." Journal of Cultural Heritage 16, no. 4 (July 2015): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.002.

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31

Priester, Ann. "Bell Towers and Building Workshops in Medieval Rome." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 52, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990786.

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Thirty-five medieval bell towers, along with dozens of churches such as S. Clemente, S. Crisogono, S. Maria in Trastevere, and S. Lorenzo fuori le mura, survive as testimony to a boom in ecclesiastical construction in Rome during the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. This article focuses on these bell towers, using computer database analysis of their architectural and decorative features to investigate the nature of building workshops in medieval Rome. A comparison of a number of variable features among the bell towers, such as masonry techniques, cornices, and decorative details, uncovered patterns of similarities and differences which may be attributed to workshop practices. Four distinct groups of bell towers are identified on the basis of these features, which I suggest are evidence of the existence of four workshops of brick masons active in bell tower construction in Rome between the early twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. Finally, the article addresses the question of specialization within medieval Rome's building industry and the circumstances behind a rapid decline around 1200 in bell tower building and the fate of the workshops that built them. I observe that by the early thirteenth century, certain prestigious architectural commissions, such as the cloisters at the Lateran and S. Paolo f.l.m., were not given to workshops of brick masons, but to marble workers.

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32

Aldreghetti, Ivano, Silvia Ientile, and Salvatore Russo. "Influence of Very Old Masonry in the Seismic Damage of an Historic Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.1156.

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This paper examines the causes and the collapse of an historic masonry tower, underlining the influence of material's resistance and in particular its state of conservation. NDT tests such as sonic test on masonry evaluates wave propagation's speed through the surface layers to investigate the state of material and stratification. A FE model has been used to determine dynamic parameter of the structure, and to make a comparison than effective damages. The investigation face the relation between the material and the structural seismic response of the tower.

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33

Saisi, Antonella, Carmelo Gentile, Marco Guidobaldi, and Man Xu. "Dynamic Monitoring and Seismic Response of a Historic Masonry Tower." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.55.

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After the Italian earthquakes of May 2012, an extensive research program had been performed to assess the state of preservation of the tallest historic tower in Mantua, Italy. Subsequently, a continuous dynamic monitoring system was installed in the tower, with seismic and structural health monitoring purposes. After a brief description of the investigated tower and its state of preservation, the paper summarizes some results of the long-term dynamic monitoring.

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34

Rucka, Magdalena, Jacek Lachowicz, and Monika Zielińska. "GPR investigation of the strengthening system of a historic masonry tower." Journal of Applied Geophysics 131 (August 2016): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.05.014.

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35

Boscato, Giosuè, Alessandra Dal Cin, and Salvatore Russo. "Collapse Mechanisms due to Earthquake in the Structural Typologies of Historic Constructions: The Case of Mirandola." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.59.

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During the seismic event of May 2012 in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy), several cultural heritage structures collapsed or were severely damaged. This paper gives a description of the damage/collapse mechanisms observed on some of these buildings. The Church of Gesù, the City Hall and the tower of the Cathedral in Mirandola (MO) were analyzed. In particular, this article focuses on the behavior analysis of a church, a palace and a bell-tower, mainly masonry construction, that are the most widespread types of protected monuments proposed in the Italian code as simplified models for the verifications on the entire cultural heritage of a prior assessment of the seismic risk. The survey permitted to detect the most significant damage, mainly related to the cracks of the masonry and to understand the different collapse mechanisms.

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Aldreghetti, Ivano, Daniele Baraldi, Giosuè Boscato, Antonella Cecchi, Lorenzo Massaria, Milorad Pavlovic, Emanuele Reccia, and Italo Tofani. "Multi-Leaf Masonry Walls with Full, Damaged and Consolidated Infill: Experimental and Numerical Analyses." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.488.

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Multi-leaf masonry walls constitute the construction typology most widely adopted in historic buildings. This aspect, together with the intrinsic structural complexity, heterogeneity and irregularity, directs the present research towards a topic not yet sufficiently investigated by the research community of architects and civil engineers. In this paper, the case of multi-leaf masonry wall has been investigated, and with the aim of reproducing historical buildings structural elements, three different typologies of multi-leaf masonry walls have been considered: (i) full infill, (ii) damaged infill, (iii) consolidated infill. A comparative analysis has been performed and results of experimental tests have been compared with numerical ones obtained by means of Finite Element (FE) models.

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37

Gentile, Carmelo, and Antonella Saisi. "FE Modeling of a Historic Masonry Tower and Vibration-Based Systematic Model Tuning." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.435.

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The paper presents and discusses the procedure developed for the calibration of the struc¬tural FE model of a Bell-Tower, within a wide investigation program aimed to support the preserva¬tion and restoration actions. Ambient vibrations induced by wind, micro-tremors and swinging of bells were recorded and the identified modal parameters, together with geometric and crack pattern survey were used to calibrate a 3D F.E. of the tower.

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38

García-Macías, Enrique, Alban Kita, and Filippo Ubertini. "Synergistic application of operational modal analysis and ambient noise deconvolution interferometry for structural and damage identification in historic masonry structures: three case studies of Italian architectural heritage." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 1250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719881450.

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Conservation techniques within the framework of structural health monitoring, particularly through dynamic measurements and operational modal analysis, are becoming popular for condition-based maintenance and decision-making in historic structures. Nonetheless, while effective for giving insight into the overall behaviour of structures, these techniques may fail at detecting local damages with limited effects on the modal features of the system. In this regard, the analysis of propagating waves throughout the structure poses an attractive alternative for data-driven damage identification. Specifically, some encouraging results have been reported on the application of seismic interferometry to reinforced concrete structures, albeit the number of works concerning ambient vibrations is far scarce, and practically nonexistent in the realm of historic structures. In this light, this article explores the synergistic application of operational modal analysis and ambient noise deconvolution interferometry for the structural identification of historic structures through three different case studies, namely the Sciri Tower in Perugia, the Consoli Palace in Gubbio and the bell-tower of the Basilica of San Pietro in Perugia. The first case study represents a typical example of a masonry tower inserted into a building aggregate, while the second one constitutes a particular case of a monumental masonry palace. The presented results and discussion cover diverse aspects of the identification of wave velocities, signal processing strategies, effects of dispersion and robustness of the identification. Finally, the case study of the bell-tower of the Basilica of San Pietro illustrates the application of operational modal analysis and deconvolution interferometry for damage identification. To do so, two different ambient vibration tests conducted before and after the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence are studied. The results show concentrated reductions in the wave velocities in the area of the belfry, which demonstrates that deconvolution interferometry constitutes a complementary technique to operational modal analysis for damage localization and, to some extent, damage quantification.

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39

Crevello, Gina, Irene Matteini, and Paul Noyce. "A novel approach to in-depth façade assessments: Improved corrosion test methods for embedded steel framing in historic masonry clad buildings." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928907002.

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Corrosion of structural steel frames and associated steel assemblies within ‘vintage’ buildings circa 1880s to 1930s pose a health and safety risk to the public in major urban centers. The projecting masonry elements pose a particular concern when the underlying steel assemblies and anchorage begin to corrode. Failed masonry has fallen from buildings, leading to death in worst case scenarios. While some signs of masonry cracking or displacement are usually visible prior to failure, the level of degradation of the embedded steel is not. With the equipment available to test these unforeseen conditions, methodologies need to be shifted to understand unobservable conditions to assist in condition state ratings of embedded steel. In many cities, building owners are being faced with large expenditures to strip and replace terra cotta or stone elements where the underlying steel is in fair condition. This paper will discuss the field-testing programs where a building elevations' masonry clad, steel assemblies (outriggers, anchorage and cross bracing) were evaluated for corrosion. The testing program assessed various steel components which either projected from the structure or were embedded at great depth with a bespoke, in-depth advanced testing program geared towards the development of condition state ratings for the façade elements.

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40

Combey, Andy, Diego E. Mercerat, Philippe Gueguen, Mickaël Langlais, and Laurence Audin. "Postseismic Survey of a Historic Masonry Tower and Monitoring of Its Dynamic Behavior in the Aftermath of Le Teil Earthquake (Ardèche, France)." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 1101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210258.

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ABSTRACT On 11 November 2019, an Mw 4.9 earthquake struck the middle Rhône valley (South-East France) producing moderate to severe damage in the town of Le Teil and its surroundings. This unexpected event stressed the vulnerability of the French cultural built heritage to a moderate seismic hazard. Commonly applied to modern civil engineering structures, passive seismic methods are still lacking on historic constructions to understand properly the different factors driving their dynamic behavior. In this article, the results of a two-month seismic monitoring survey carried out shortly after the Le Teil mainshock in a historic masonry tower are presented and discussed. Located only 5 km south of the epicenter, the Gate Tower of Viviers (eleventh century) was instrumented with four highly sensitive seismic nodes. Ambient vibrations, as well as aftershocks and quarry blasts from the nearby Le Teil quarry, were recorded and used in the analysis. Through vibration-based analysis, the article addresses three relevant aspects of the dynamic response of ancient masonry structures. We discuss first the differences in the building’s response induced by the three reported types of vibrations, focusing on the particular signal characteristics of shallow aftershocks and quarry blasts. Then, we apply the Random Decrement Technique (RDT) to track the dynamic behavior variations over two months and to discuss the role of the environmental conditions in the slight fluctuations of the structural modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping coefficients) of unreinforced masonry structures. We also show evidence of the nonlinear elastic behavior under both weak seismic and atmospheric loadings. The correlation between the presence of heterogeneities in the construction materials and the nonlinear threshold supports the relevance of such types of monitoring surveys as a valuable tool for future modeling works and conservation efforts.

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41

Michette, Martin, Heather Viles, Constantina Vlachou, and Ian Angus. "In Situ, Non-Destructive Testing for Evaluating the Role of Pointing Mortar in Preventive Conservation Strategies. A Case-Study on Reigate Stone at the Wardrobe Tower, Tower of London." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040345.

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The correct choice of pointing mortar is considered crucial to the conservation of historic masonry. A proliferation of cement and eminently hydraulic lime mortars since the late 19th century has accelerated the deterioration of built cultural heritage in many parts of the world. Whilst the use of softer, lime-based mortars in stone conservation is now common practice, their role in the overall conservation strategy of highly vulnerable building stones such as Reigate Stone requires assessment. In this paper non-destructive testing (NDT) is used across a two-year period to investigate the impact of different pointing mortar types in situ. NDT data on surface hardness and moisture are interpreted at different scales to assess moisture regulation of Reigate Stone masonry at the Wardrobe Tower, a ruined structure at the Tower of London, following repointing carried out in Spring 2017. Joints repointed using a hydraulic lime mortar (NHL3.5) are shown to regulate moisture in adjacent Reigate Stone blocks less well than those repointed using a lime putty mortar. However, despite an initially inappropriate recipe, older hydraulic lime mortars are in some instances shown to perform similarly to the lime putty mortar, suggesting that NHL can weather sympathetically. The results also indicate that, whilst pointing mortar type does play a role in the moisture regulation of individual stones, its effect is outweighed by both properties of the stone itself, such as strength and past decay, and by wider micro-contextual factors, such as exposure or adjacent topography. Findings from the Wardrobe Tower indicate that pointing mortar only plays a part in overall moisture regulation; to enable its effective functioning and minimise the need for repeated interventions, it may be necessary to take additional protective measures to mitigate moisture ingress, such as water run-off and channelling following heavy rainfall. The overall implication is that in vulnerable historic masonry such as Reigate Stone, sustainable conservation strategies must incorporate a broad appraisal of, and tailored response to, specific decay mechanisms. With careful calibration across repeated survey campaigns, data collected in situ using NDT can inform the role of pointing mortar within such strategies.

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42

APETREI, Cristian Nicolae. "Elitele medievale româneşti la ele acasă. Locuinţa nobiliară în secolele XIV-XVI/Romanian Elites at Home. The Nobiliary Dwelling House, 14th-16th Centuries." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 19 (June 8, 2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2020.01.

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Using the statistical method, this paper identifies a type of medieval dwellings common to the social elites (princes, boyars, high clergy, and urban patricians) in the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th to the 16th centuries. Built of wood, masonry or in a mixed system, the house combines a cellar partially raised above the ground level and a high ground floor, resulting in a structure with a tower-like appearance. Its origins can be traced back to medieval Hungary, whence it was brought and imposed by the Romanian and German elites who emigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th century. The author considers that its adoption by the Romanian medieval elites resulted as a compromise between the elites’ need to assert their social prestige, the relatively low construction costs of this type of dwellings and the practical needs of everyday life.

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43

Rosina, E., E. Romoli, A. Pili, and M. Suma. "LESSON LEARNED ON MONITORING CULTURAL HERITAGE AT RISK UNDER CLIMATE CHANGES: STRATEGY, TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1017-2019.

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Abstract. Rising damp is a recurrent cause of damage, and the climatic changes are going towards the increase of humidity (quantity and spreading distribution) in the historic masonry: at 40/50° latitudes, at continental/Mediterranean climatic conditions, the alternance of dry seasons and almost monsoon seasons dramatically affects the distribution of rising damp in porous materials, as well as the water content. Monitoring the presence and distribution of the water is useful to support the choice of the most appropriate intervention, reducing the risk to apply not effective and expensive products and preventing an oversize intervention.The evaluation of the increase of rising damp is a critical issue for preventing the damages, because the presence of the water can sharply, naturally decrease in the dry seasons, as well as rapidly increases one month or more after the beginning of heavy and constant rain.The study cases will show the interaction between climate changes and the inadequacy of the present plant for collecting and drain rain in archaeological areas and historic buildings and as well as the nearby infrastructures that should prevent stagnant rain close to the bottom of the masonry.

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44

Milani, Gabriele, and Antonio Tralli. "Recent Developments in F.E. Analysis of FRP Reinforced Masonry Vaults: Case Studies in Italy." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.389.

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Aim of the present paper is the analysis of a series of existing masonry cross vaults exhibiting meaningful structural deterioration and diffused crack patterns, by means of an advanced non-linear and limit analysis software. The approach utilized is a non-standard and non-commercial one and bases both for the non-linear and limit analysis procedure on a FE discretization of the domain by means of rigid infinitely resistant wedges, where all the non-linearity is concentrated on interfaces between adjoining elements [1-3]. When dealing with the non-linear code, a sequential quadratic programming scheme is used at each iteration in order to deal with the deterioration of mechanical properties of interfaces, provided that the actual non-linear behavior is approximated by means of a linear piecewise constant function. Some real case studies of historic buildings in Italy are discussed. The first case study is represented by the structural analysis of a series of existing masonry cross vaults constituting the roof system of the ground floor of the former Caserma Lorenzini (ex Convent of S. Lorenzo) in Lucca, Italy, at the moment subjected to a wide restoration intervention within the so called Piuss project. The second is represented by the cross vaults of a 12th century masonry sighting tower damaged by the 20th may 2012 Emilia earthquake. This medieval tower, called Torre Fornasini, is located in the municipality of Poggio Renatico, about 10 km from Ferrara.

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45

López González, C., and P. Germes Valls. "3D SCANNING METHODOLOGY: BELL TOWER OF SANTA MARÍA DE DAROCA’S CHURCH (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-373-2020.

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Abstract. Santa María’s Church finds its origins in a medieval mosque located in the city of Daroca, whose historical centre was declared a Historic-Artistic Complex (1968) and, at present, it is considered an "Asset of Cultural Interest". The bell tower is the only remnant of the Islamic mosque that is preserved. In the 14th century, the Mudejar tower was covered with ashlar masonry and increased in height. The conjunction of successive stages of construction, with the different construction systems and materials used in each period, as well as the different architectural styles that can be contemplated in this tower, convert it into a unique and complex exemplary work. However, despite being a bell tower of great heritage value, there is no rigorous planimetry available of any kind allowing its in-depth study. Due to its complexity and diversity of materials, it has required the use of the 3D laser scanning technology. The shortage of space and light made it necessary to carefully plan the sequential stationing process and the results have been very satisfactory. The scanning has allowed detection of the tower’s inclination with great precision and has facilitated the visualization of the meeting point of both Arabesque and Christian remnants. It has also been proven that the bell tower’s inclination is not uniform throughout the height of the closing wall, but is slightly straightened from the Christian period. This communication describes the process followed to perform the scanning and subsequent manipulation of point clouds, presenting the results obtained.

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46

de Silva, Filomena, Dimitris Pitilakis, Francesca Ceroni, Stefania Sica, and Francesco Silvestri. "Experimental and numerical dynamic identification of a historic masonry bell tower accounting for different types of interaction." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 109 (June 2018): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.03.012.

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47

Tatton-Brown, Tim. "Westminster Abbey: Archaeological Recording at the West End of the Church." Antiquaries Journal 75 (September 1995): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500073005.

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Recent recording work on the masonry of the West Front of Westminster Abbey is here described. The later medieval documentary evidence for the rebuilding of the western half of the nave (in the fourteenth, fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries) is also re-assessed and a new architectural history for the whole of the west end of the Abbey church is proposed. It is also suggested that the core of the lower fifty feet of the western towers dates from the twelfth century, and that the western porch and lower windows in the tower were added in about 1340.

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48

Marrongelli, Gabriele, Rafaelle Finotti, Carmelo Gentile, and Flavio Barbosa. "An artificial intelligence strategy to detect damage from response measurements: application on an ancient tower." MATEC Web of Conferences 211 (2018): 21002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821121002.

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Automated modal identification procedures are attracting the interest of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) community as those techniques are capable of continuously providing information which are useful to timely assess the health state of a structure. Within this context, the paper presents the development and application of a vibration-based novelty detection strategy using automatically identified resonant frequencies and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach. The SVM is a popular technique for forming decision boundaries that separate data into two or more classes without any prior assumptions on the propriety of the data. The developed procedure is exemplified using frequency data collected during the continuous dynamic monitoring of a historic masonry tower that underwent slight permanent variation of the natural frequencies after the occurrence of a far-field earthquake. The obtained results highlight the capability of the novelty strategy to reveal slight damage and to detect anomalies in the structural behaviour.

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49

Venanzi, Ilaria, Alban Kita, Nicola Cavalagli, Laura Ierimonti, and Filippo Ubertini. "Earthquake-induced damage localization in an historic masonry tower through long-term dynamic monitoring and FE model calibration." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 5 (January 3, 2020): 2247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00780-4.

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50

Trešnjo, Faris, Mustafa Humo, Filippo Casarin, and Naida Ademović. "Experimental Investigations and Seismic Assessment of a Historical Stone Minaret in Mostar." Buildings 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020536.

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Minarets, tall structures, connected or not to the mosque attract attention due to their specific architectural features. Vulnerability to seismic damage has been witnessed throughout history on tall and slender structures after earthquake ground motions. In that respect, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the dynamic characteristics and resilience of historical stone minarets. This paper aims to provide the results of an on-site dynamic investigation of a stone minaret in Mostar and deliver its seismic assessment. The minaret is part of the Tabačica mosque built at the turn of the 16th and 17th century in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The on-site investigation comprised dynamic identification of the minaret by ambient vibration testing and qualitative estimation of the masonry wall by sonic pulse velocity testing. Besides the modal analysis a time-history analysis was performed by using the Applied Element Method (AEM), considered an appropriate tool for assessing the behavior of historic masonry structures. A good match is found between the first natural frequency obtained by the on-site investigation and the modal analysis which is a solid basis for further seismic assessment of the minaret as a slender tower-like structure. The concentration of stresses is observed at the transition zones.

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