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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

Shrestha, Jagat Kumar. "Impact of Road Cuts in Slope Stability in Hilly Regions of Nepal." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 6, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38289.

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This paper reviews the geological and engineering aspects of rural road construction in the hilly areas of Nepal. The general background in geological, climatic and geographical setting is briefly presented in reference to the five-zone Himalayan model for the Nepal Himalayas. Then, alignment selection of rural roads is discussed in the context of the five zone mountain model. The impact of road cross section design and construction on mountain slopes has been studied. The cut width is a key geometric design parameter that has a significant impact on slope stability and volume of excavation. The choice of cut width in cross-section is reviewed and appropriate cut width in cross-section is recommended in terrain slopes to minimize slope failures and volume of excavation.

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Singh, H. P. "Cenozoic plant fossils and the Himalayan orogeny." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1782.

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Selected palyno- and megafloras from the Cenozoic Era of extrapeninsular India have been examined in the orogenic context of the Himalaya. Distribution of vegetations and variation in climates are in conformity with the periodic phases of the Himalayan uplift. Continued rise of the Himalaya acted as a barrier for the flow of moisture resulting in lesser precipitation, higher snow cover and increased aridity. In response to the topographical and climatic variations a progressive change occurred in the composition of vegetations during the past 60 Ma. The ancestral tropical floras inhabited the lower slopes, whereas the temperate floras colonized the higher slopes. Altitudinal segregation of floras is clearly evident from the Mid-Miocene orogeny. Palaeocene to Mid-Pleistocene plant diversity generally varies from evergreen, semi-evergreen, dry/moist deciduous, warm temperate to temperate forest types. Migrations/immigrations and extinctions of plant taxa were largely influenced by physiographical and climatic changes. Enrichment and diversification of the Neogene Himalayan floras have also been brought in through the process of evolution. Cult-historical evidences point out that the Himalayan range continued to rise even after the advent of man.

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Singh, Pratap, K. S. Ramasastri, and Naresh Kumar. "Topographical Influence on Precipitation Distribution in Different Ranges of Western Himalayas." Hydrology Research 26, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1995): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1995.0015.

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Seasonal and annual distribution of rainfall and snowfall with elevation has been studied for outer, middle and greater Himalayan ranges of Chenab basin in the western Himalayas. Rainfall and snowfall exhibited different trends with elevation on the windward and leeward slopes of the three ranges of Himalayas. Seasonal characteristics of rainfall have shown a spill over effect on leeward side during winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons in the outer Himalayas. The role of orography in the middle Himalayas was found to be more pronounced for both rainfall and snowfall in comparison to other ranges of Himalayas. Variation of snowfall with elevation was more prominent in comparison to variation of rainfall. In the greater Himalayan range it is found that rainfall descreases exponentially with elevation and snowfall increases linearly. Rainfall becomes negligible at elevations beyond 4,000 m on the windward side of the greater Himalayan range. Efforts have also been made to explain whether variation in precipitation is due to changes in precipitation intensity or number of precipitation days or a combination of both.

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Paliwal, Mahesh, Himkar Goswami, Arunava Ray, Ashutosh Kumar Bharati, Rajesh Rai, and Manoj Khandelwal. "Stability Prediction of Residual Soil and Rock Slope Using Artificial Neural Network." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4121193.

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A sudden downward movement of the geomaterial, either composed of soil, rock, or a mixture of both, along the mountain slopes due to various natural or anthropogenic factors is known as a landslide. The Himalayan Mountain slopes are either made up of residual soil or rocks. Residual soil is formed from weathering of the bedrock and mainly occurs in gentle-to-moderate slope inclinations. In contrast, steep slopes are mostly devoid of soil cover and are primarily rocky. A stability prediction system that can analyse the slope under both the condition of the soil or rock surface is missing. In this study, artificial neural network technology has been utilised to predict the stability of jointed rock and residual soil slope of the Himalayan region. The database for the artificial neural network was obtained from numerical simulation of several residual soils and rock slope models. Nonlinear equations have been formulated by coding the artificial neural network algorithm. An android application has also been developed to predict the stability of residual soil and rock slope instantly. It was observed that the developed android app provides promising results in predicting the factor of safety and stability state of the slopes.

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Kundu, Jagadish, Kripamoy Sarkar, Ebrahim Ghaderpour, Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza, and Paolo Mazzanti. "A GIS-Based Kinematic Analysis for Jointed Rock Slope Stability: An Application to Himalayan Slopes." Land 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020402.

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GIS-based kinematic stability analysis in rock slopes is a rare practice in geological engineering despite its immense potential to delineate unstable zones in a mountainous region. In this article, we have used a GIS-based modified technique to assess the efficiency of kinematic analysis in predicting shallow landslides in the rock slopes of the Himalayan mountains on a regional scale. The limited use of this technique is primarily due to the complexities involved in its practical application. To make this technique more effective and convenient usability, we present modified methods and a new application, ‘GISMR’, that works with the aid of GIS software for the determination of kinematic susceptibility. A modified kinematic analysis method was implemented to define the stability in terms of failure susceptibility on a scale of 0 to 100 rather than a conservative result, such as failure or non-failure. We also present another functionality of the GISMR that provides optimised slope angles over a region. This functionality could aid the decision-making process when selecting a suitable location for a road path or other engineering constructions that are impacted by unstable mountain slopes. The applicability of this new method was demonstrated in a rock failure-prone region in the mountains of the Indian Himalayas. The outcomes delineate the unstable slopes in the region, which are intersected by a strategic National Highway 05 and have a long history of landslide-related hazards. It was found that 9.61% of the area is susceptible to failure. However, 2.28% is classified as a low susceptible region, and 2.58% of the area is very-low susceptible. The regions with moderately high, high, and very-high susceptibility cover 2.78%, 1.49%, and 0.46% of the whole area, respectively. The results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve and a frequency ratio method to represent the association between kinematic susceptibility and the mass movement inventory in the area. It is concluded that kinematic susceptibility has a strong relationship with landslide activity in the rock slopes of the Himalayan region.

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Chaudhary, Vipin, R. S. Tripathi, Surjeet Singh, and M. S. Raghuvanshi. "Distribution and population of Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 11 (November 26, 2017): 10886. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3336.9.11.10886-10891.

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The Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana is one of the largest rodents of cold desert habitats, found mainly between 3,500–5,200 m above the timberline. It is regarded as an ecosystem engineer and constitutes part of the diet of some globally endangered carnivores in the Trans-Himalayan region. Being one of the least studied rodents, a survey was carried out in different habitats of Leh District along the altitude gradient to assess the status and distribution of Himalayan Marmots. A total of 110 individuals of Himalayan Marmots were sighted in the surveyed stretches of Leh District with a maximum mean count of encounter of 2.71 in the Tangtse-Chushul sector. The grasslands were the most preferred habitat (41.67% activity observed), whereas, cultivation area being frequently disturbed for agricultural operation were least preferred by the marmot. Most of the population of marmot was found between 4,000–4,500 m altitude and the steep slopes (42.05%) where loose soil was available for excavation of burrows.

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Thayyen, R. J., and A. P. Dimri. "Factors controlling Slope Environmental Lapse Rate (SELR) of temperature in the monsoon and cold-arid glacio-hydrological regimes of the Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 6, 2014): 5645–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-5645-2014.

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Abstract. Moisture, temperature and precipitation interplay forced through the orographic processes sustains the Himalayan cryospheric system. However, factors controlling the Slope Environmental Lapse Rate (SELR) of temperature along the higher Himalayan mountain slopes across various glacio-hydrologic regimes remain as a key knowledge gap. Present study dwells on the orographic processes driving the moisture–temperature interplay in the monsoon and cold-arid glacio-hydrological regimes of the Himalaya. Systematic data collection at three altitudes between 2540 and 3763 m a.s.l. in the Garhwal Himalaya (hereafter called monsoon regime) and between 3500 and 5600 m a.s.l. in the Ladakh Himalaya (herefater called cold-arid regime) revealed moistrue control on temperature distribution at temporal and spatial scales. Observed daily SELR of temperature ranges between 9.0 to 1.9 °C km−1 and 17.0 to 2.8 °C km−1 in the monsoon and cold-arid regimes respectively highlighting strong regional variability. Moisture influx to the region, either from Indian summer monsoon (ISM) or from Indian winter monsoon (IWM) forced lowering of SELR. This phenophena of "monsoon lowering" of SELR is due to the release latent heat of condensation from orographically focred lifted air parcel. Seasonal response of SELR in the monsoon regime is found to be closly linked with the variations in the local lifting condensation levels (LCL). Contrary to this, cold-arid system is characterised by the extremely high values of daily SELR upto 17 °C km−1 signifying the extremely arid conditions prevailing in summer. Distinctly lower SELR devoid of monsoon lowering at higher altitude sections of monsoon and cold-arid regimes suggests sustained wetter high altitude regimes. We have proposed a SELR model for both glacio-hydrological regimes demostrating with two sections each using a derivative of the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship by deriving monthly SELR indices. It has been proposed that the manifestations of presence or absence of moisture is the single most important factor determining the temperature distribution along the higher Himalayan slopes driven by the orographic forcings. This work also suggests that the arbitary use of temperature lapse rate to extrapolate temperature to the higher Himalaya is extremely untenable.

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Zgorzelski, Marek. "Ladakh and Zanskar." Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0002.

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Abstract The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In terms of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts – the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the internal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Trans-himalayas and Eastern Karakoram.

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Farooq, Imran, G. M. Bhat, S. K. Pandita, Rameshwar Sangra, Arjun Singh, Gulzar Hussain, Yudhbir Singh, and Ahsan-ul-Haq. "Study of slope instability on the Bhaderwah–Bani Highway, Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 68, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2019): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2019.42.

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Northwest Himalaya has witnessed lot of mass movements during the Quaternary period which have led to palaeoenvironmental degradation and deposition of erratic size sediments. These sediments have developed as fossil slides along the mountain slopes. In last few decades, the frequency of landslides has increased due to various factors such as complex geology, geotechnical properties of the rocks and anthropogenic activities. The investigation of rock slopes require geo–engineering evaluation to assess the instability of critical slopes leading to landslides particularly in the Himalayan region, where rocks are highly folded, faulted, jointed and weathered. In the present study, a total of 15 rock slopes have been selected for rapid assessment of instability condition using rock mass rating basic (RMRb), slope mass rating (SMR) and kinematics analysis techniques along Bhaderwah–Bani Highway in Jammu and Kashmir. Field surveys were conducted regarding required input data collection followed by laboratory works. The results of RMRb show two classes of rock mass, i.e., Class II–Good (86.58%) and Class III–Fair (13.42%). The SMR index classify rock slopes into different stability class results, which infers completely unstable (L4 and L14), unstable (L1, L2, L3, L8, L9, L11, L12 and L13), partially stable (L5, L6 and L7) and stable (L10 and L15) categories. The final output of kinematic analysis verify different modes of structurally controlled slope failures i.e., planar (30.72%), wedge (57.6%) and toppling (11.52%), representing all 15 sites in the study area.

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Thapa, Prem Bahadur, Bikash Phuyal, and Krishna Kumar Shrestha. "Spatial variability of slope movements in central and western Nepal Himalaya: Evaluating large-scale landslides to cut-slopes." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 65 (August 22, 2023): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v65i01.57777.

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Spatial variability of slope movements is common in the Himalayan terrain of central and western Nepal Himalaya due to the intricate topography, differential geo-environment, and frequent rainstorms. The process of mass movements in the Himalaya has been described in the past by many researchers. The spatial variability of slope movement phenomena is scale dependent and is affected by causative and triggering processes. The limited researchers delivered output to understand the scale-dependent spatial variability resulting from the causative and triggering mechanism of slope movement phenomena. This study has presented a rigorous scientific examination of the spatial variability of slope movements, focusing on large-scale landslides to cut slopes across the central and western regions of the Nepal Himalaya. To achieve this, a multidisciplinary approach was employed, encompassing geospatial analysis, remote sensing, and field investigations. High-resolution satellite imagery was utilized to identify and map slope movement features, while digital terrain analysis techniques aided in quantifying their characteristics. This approach quantitatively analyzed slope movement distribution, frequency, and characteristics in terms of various geo-environmental settings. The findings reveal diverse patterns of slope movements influenced by complex interactions between geological factors, geomorphology, triggering factors, and anthropogenic activities. Geological and geomorphological heterogeneity play roles differently in the spatial distribution of slope movements. Moreover, rainfall distribution and peak ground acceleration act similarly for the scale dependency phenomena of slope movement. The spatial variation concerning the causative and triggering variables signify the scale-dependency nature of slope movement processes. This study has provided insights into the scale dependency and spatially variable nature of slope movement events due to variations in causative and triggering mechanisms in the Nepal Himalaya.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

RASHID, FAAKIRAH. "STABILITY ANALYSIS OF HIMALAYAN SLOPES." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18785.

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There is a large number of destabilized slopes in the Himalayan region mainly due to geological environment which is complex and having active tectonics present in the area. There is also deformation and metamorphism in the varied lithology of area which results in a rugged topography. The instability in the slopes is also being accelerated by the activities resulting from various ongoing construction and tunneling processes for the development in the region. There has been huge economic losses and a serious number of mishaps, which is endangering the Himalayan ecosystem due to various landslide related problems. The Himalayan region experiences frequent landslides along the national highways and mountain roads particularly the sections where there is debris slope. Factor of safety for each of the slopes under construction has been determined using numerical analysis first and then GEOSTUDIO correspondingly. In order to increase the stability of slope in the most efficient stabilization and ground improvement techniques have been proposed. It is very important that in the various vulnerable sections of the Himalayas slope stability assessment should be carried out. The site under consideration is Razdan Pass which is a high mountain pass at 3557m above the sea level. It is located in the Gurez valley of Jammu and Kashmir which is the highest point which connects Bandipora with Gurez. The road over the pass is winding and is called Bandipora-Gurez Highway. With NHPC Kishanganga Hydro Power Project Bandipore Jammu & Kashmir being in the vicinity and a new tunnel Razdan Pass Tunnel in the construction phase it becomes very important that stability of this slope is being assessed, for in many places over hundreds of meters the road is unprotected by the guardrails. Numerous tunnels have been constructed between 2007 and 2018 and also 37m tall concrete- face rock fill dam has been constructed during the construction of Kishanganga Hydro Power Project which adds to the already unstable slope which is snow covered for almost 6 months a year. Stability analysis of slopes using numerical analysis GEOSTUDIO is aimed at knowing about the factors that can potentially trigger a slope movement, understanding why a slope failure has occurred and, as well as the prevention of starting of such movement, at least slow it down or arrest it completely through mitigation countermeasures.

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Dorji, Karma Dema [Verfasser], and Rupert [Gutachter] Bäumler. "Soils as proxies of environmental fluctuations at the southern slopes of the Bhutan Himalayas / Karma Dema Dorji. Gutachter: Rupert Bäumler." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/111015450X/34.

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Книги з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

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Частини книг з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

Pradhan, S. P., V. Vishal, and T. N. Singh. "Study of Slopes Along River Teesta in Darjeeling Himalayan Region." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1, 517–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09300-0_97.

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Siddique, Tariq, Mohammed Sazid, Manoj Khandelwal, Harsh Varshney, and Sayem Irshad. "Application of Slope Mass Rating and Kinematic Analysis Along Road Cut Slopes in the Himalayan Terrain." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 697–708. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9770-8_47.

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Vishal, V., S. P. Pradhan, and T. N. Singh. "Analysis of Stability of Slopes in Himalayan Terrane Along National Highway: 109, India." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1, 511–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09300-0_96.

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Panigrahi, R. K. "Slope Management for Himalayan Landslides." In Fifth World Congress on Disaster Management: Volume V, 497–500. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342090-52.

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Jana, Amalesh, Mithresh Pushpan, Arindam Dey, S. Sreedeep, and A. Murali Krishna. "Static and Dynamic Slope Stability Assessment of a Himalayan Rock Slope." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 231–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0368-5_25.

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Chatterjee, Kaustav, and Arindam Dey. "Stochastic Analysis of Rockfall Along a Himalayan Slope." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 651–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6466-0_60.

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Lenka, Saroj Kumar, Soumya Darshan Panda, Debi Prasanna Kanungo, and R. Anbalagan. "Slope Mass Assessment of Road Cut Rock Slopes Along Karnprayag to Narainbagarh Highway in Garhwal Himalayas, India." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 407–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53483-1_48.

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Joseph, Tarun, Mukunda Dev Behera, P. Tripathi, and Bikash Ranjan Parida. "Effect of Terrain Slope in Canopy Height Estimate Using LiDAR Data." In Handbook of Himalayan Ecosystems and Sustainability, Volume 1, 103–17. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003268383-8.

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Pandit, Koushik, Mahendra Singh, and Jagdish Prasad Sahoo. "Seismic Stability Evaluation of an Indian Himalayan Slope: A Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 519–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5669-9_42.

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Asthana, B. N., and Deepak Khare. "Hill Slope Stabilization at Dam and Power Projects in Himalayas." In Recent Advances in Dam Engineering, 239–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32278-6_11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "HIMALAYAN SLOPES"

Tarun, Singh, and K. S. Rao. "Kinematic stability analysis of multi-faced rock slopes in the Himalayas." In Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rare-16.2016.44.

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Koushik, Pandit, Sarkar Shantanu, Samanta Manojit, and Sharma Mahesh. "Stability analysis and design of slope reinforcement techniques for a Himalayan landslide." In Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rare-16.2016.16.

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Hoxey, Andrew, Michael H. Taylor, and Clay Campbell. "GEOSPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF REGIONAL-SCALE CHANNEL-SLOPE VARIATION ALONG THE HIMALAYAN RANGE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-281518.

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Tiwari, Gaurav, and Madhavi Latha Gali. "Reliability Analysis of a Himalayan Rock Slope Considering Uncertainty in Post Peak Strength Parameters." In Geo-Risk 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480717.017.

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Dey, Sumon, and Swarup Das. "Assessment of Slope Instability in Darjeeling Himalayan Region: Comparative Evaluation of Bi-Variate Statistical Methodologies." In 2022 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering (AIDE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aide57180.2022.10060013.

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Li, Yingkui, Yixin Chen, Gengnian Liu, Mei Zhang, and Zhijiu Cui. "TIMING AND EXTENT OF LATE QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS ON THE NORTHERN SLOPES OF MT. SHISHAPANGMA, MONSOONAL HIMALAYAS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-300837.

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Lu, Chen. "Spatial distributing characteristics of land use in the southern slope of mid-Himalaya Mountains." In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, edited by Thomas J. Jackson, Jing Ming Chen, Peng Gong, and Shunlin Liang. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2077211.

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Orr, Elizabeth, Lewis Owen, and Marc W. Caffee. "PERIGLACIAL LANDSCAPE CHANGE OF THE UPPER BHAGIRATHI CATCHMENT, NW HIMALAYA: CONSTRAINING BEDROCK SLOPE EROSION RATES USING 10BE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-315808.

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R. M, Pooja Raj. "Building Design Techniques to Withstand Landslides." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/nmur9181/ngcesi23p61.

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Landslides are among the many natural disasters causing massive destructions and loss of lives across the globe. India has a high degree of vulnerability towards the occurrence of Landslides. Landslides and avalanches are among the major hydro-geological hazards that affect large parts of India. Around 15% of the country’s region is prone to landslides. The Himalayas of Northwest and Northeast India and the Western Ghats are two regions of high vulnerability. Some major recent incidents are Kerala (2018), Himachal Pradesh (2018), Uttarakhand (2018), Tamenglong-Manipur (2018), and Kalikhola, Manipur (June 2017). Landslides are a natural phenomenon, but it involves many human activities which lead to the mass movement of landmass. In recent times we find the causes of landslides increasing day by day and the primary cause is deforestation. To survive, one needs to keep a check on these human activities. Landslides can result in enormous casualties and huge economic losses in mountainous regions. In order to mitigate landslide hazard effectively, new methodologies are required to develop and a better understanding of landslide hazard are required. To reduce future risks, it is important that a lot of attention is paid to the structural design of the buildings. This paper is aimed to propose some techniques and materials to resist landslides that allow the local communities to continue living on landslide prone slopes without causing damage to buildings.

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Singh, Ankit, Tarun Singh, and K. S. Rao. "Comparative Study of Machine Learning Vs. BIS Approach for Landslide Hazard Zonation in Kashmir Himalayas, India." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0917.

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ABSTRACT Presently slope stability analysis and landslide hazard monitoring are the most challenging tasks in mountainous regions like the Himalayas. These events which were earlier considered as a process of attaining equilibrium in the topographic surface of the earth by nature, with the increase in population and onset of industrial revolution in the past few decades, changed the scenario of this natural phenomenon and transformed it into a disaster. The main reason for this is the utilization of inaccessible terrains for engineering mega projects and urbanization. Today, landslides are considered as the worst natural disasters and have become the objects of mass destruction and thereby new approaches for landslide study are being constantly developed with time to understand this natural phenomenon as much as possible. Witnessing the severity of this disaster in India and globally; this study is aimed to study landslide hazard in the domain of landslide susceptibility mapping and hazard zonation. This approach makes use of different instability causing parameters prevalent in the area to demarcate the region into different probable hazard zones. The resulting maps thus prepared are called Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ). For the study, a sub-part of Karewa Basin is selected as an area of study in Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Two different methods, the established Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) method and the new machine learning based classification method using decision tree classification algorithm, are selected for the study of landslide hazard in the area. The resulting maps from both methods are analyzed and validated using the landslide inventory data. The results from both the methods are also used to perform a comparative analysis to examine which method yields better results. It is concluded that machine learning based methods, provided accurate training dataset can yield better results than the traditional methods which require a makeover to incorporate more data, made available with the advancement of technology.

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