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1
Awasthi, Ram Prasad, and Jeffrey S. Owen. "Observed Climate Extreme in Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34262.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The climate-induced disasters are causing more than half of the total economic and human losses annually due to natural disasters and that hampers the socioeconomic development of the country. In recent decades, these climate extreme induced disasters are increasingly becoming more pronounced and devastating, is further known to be intensified due to anthropogenic warming. In this context, this study endeavors to address the research gap on the spatial and temporal variability of temperature and precipitation extremes in Nepal. Here, 26 climate extreme indices of temperature (13) and precipitation (13) as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) were calculated using RClimDex software for 90 meteorological stations. Then the statistical significance of the long-term trend of the indices was tested using the Mann-Kendall method, and true magnitude of the trend was identified utilizing Sens’ slope method for each index at each station. Overall, the hot (warm days, warm nights, summer days, tropical nights, and warm spells) and cold (cold days, cold nights, cold spells) extreme indices show significant positive and negative trends respectively. However, extreme precipitation indices also show an increasing trend, but the statistical significance and spatial coherence is low. Extreme temperatures increased more in the Mountain and Himalayan regions than the other regions. Extreme wet day precipitation events are significantly increasing in far western region, adjoining areas of mid-western and western Siwalik though Mountain regions and then again in the central and eastern Mountains and Himalayan regions.
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Kumar, Pramod, and Khushboo Sharma. "Snowfall Shift and Precipitation Variability over Sikkim Himalaya Attributed to Elevation-Dependent Warming." Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v6i4.5854.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial, rain, and snow-fed springs and lakes. Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways, and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them. This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW), snowfall shift, and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset. Furthermore, the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north. The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall. A positive advancement in snowfall trend (at a rate of 1 mm per decade) has been noticed above 4500 meters. The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns, moving from lower elevations to much higher regions. This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen (3600 m) to higher elevated areas. Moreover, the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March (JFM) to February-April (FMA). Subsequently, the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature, precipitation, and snowfall. The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall (–0.9), temperature and S/P ratio (–0.5) suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid, which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation. The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern. In the climate change scenario, a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.
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Ohsawa, M., P. H. J. Nainggolan, N. Tanaka, and C. Anwar. "Altitudinal zonation of forest vegetation on Mount Kerinci, Sumatra: with comparisons to zonation in the temperate region of east Asia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThe altitudinal zonation of forests on Mount Kerinci, Sumatra (3800 m) is described and compared with that in the temperate region of east Asia. Nine plots were selected between 1750 m in altitude and the upper limit of vegetation at 3250 m, at intervals of about 200 m in altitude. The plots are distinguished according to their main dominants, and the population structure of the dominant species is examined. The lower forests have species showing the whole range of size classes as well as solitary giants as dominants, but the upper forests lack these giants and are floristically poorer. Between 1750 m (the start of well preserved natural vegetation) and 2950 m (the forest limit) three forest zones are distinguished, and between 2950 and 3250 m a scrub zone. Upper forest zones tend to be dominated by species of the same genus or family which form important understory components of the zone below. Based on floristic comparisons with mountains of higher latitudes (i.e. Himalayas and Japan), the two lower forest zones (up to 2400 m) represent a subtropical zone, and the upper forest zone a warm-temperate zone. Climatic conditions at the forest limit on Mount Kerinci are similar to those at the latitudinal limit of warm-temperate evergreen trees; in the Himalayas the forest limit represents the latitudinal limit of the cool-temperate, and in Japan of the subarctic Altitudinal zonation patterns change with latitude, reaching their most complex on subtropical mountains where the two floristic realms, the Boreal and Palaeotropical, meet. A scheme for the pattern of vegetation zonation in east Asia is proposed.
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Pahari, Sagar, Rajeev Joshi, and Bishow Poudel. "Human-Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflict in Upper Mustang of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human-wolf conflict has been one of the major issues in the Himalayan region of Nepal. It has obstructed the sustainable management initiatives in Annapurna Conservation Area. The aim of this study is to assess the status of human-wolf conflict, conservation threats to wolf and people’s perception towards this endangered carnivore. Questionnaire survey was conducted in different wards of three rural municipalities (RM) of the Upper Mustang. Similarly, key informants were interviewed followed by several discussions with stakeholders. The results indicate “wolf’s preference for domestic livestock” as the most probable cause of depredation with IRR value 0.91. The number of victims was found highest in Lomanthang RM (ward number 2) where 90% of respondents reported to be victims. However, in terms of the loss in monetary value, Lo-Ghekar Damodarkunda RM (ward number 4) ranked highest with the loss of NRs. 55,880 (≈$479.1)/HH/year and Barhagaun Muktichhetra (ward number 3) is the least affected. Similarly, by number, mountain goat casualties (172) were highest in last 5 years, but the maximum economic loss was due to the horse depredation (NRs. 68,00,000 or $57,347.20) among sampled households. The results indicate that the negative perception of local people is the major threat to wolf. Active participation of local people in conservation and awareness program can play a vital role to reduce and mitigate the human-wolf conflict at community level.
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Han, Bangshuai, Moayad Yacoub, Aihua Li, Kirsten Nicholson, Joshua Gruver, Klaus Neumann, and Subodh Sharma. "Human Activities Increased Microplastics Contamination in the Himalaya Mountains." Hydrology 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11010004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental concern, and has been found in remote regions, including the high Himalaya mountains. However, the abundance and sources of microplastics in the region are not well documented. This research investigated the abundance, types, and potential sources of microplastics in the Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), a rural and sparsely populated region of Nepal on the southern side of the Himalaya mountains. Water samples were collected from streams and tributaries in SNP in May of 2022. The average microplastic concentration among all samples was 2.0 ± 1.7 pieces/L, similar to that of water samples collected in other high mountain areas and is in the lower range of that found in water samples across the globe. Microplastic abundance is higher in water samples collected near settlements than in streams far from human settlements, indicating the impact of human activities. The presence of microplastics in all samples, including headwaters immediately beneath glaciers, illustrates the widespread distribution of microplastics and suggests the potential for airborne sources. While the concentration of microplastics does not change dramatically from upstream tributaries to downstream rivers, the total load of microplastics increases due to higher discharge downstream. This research demonstrates the anthropogenic and air-borne influences on microplastics contamination on the southern side of the Himalayan range and contributes to filling the data gaps towards a better understanding of the global fate and transport of microplastics.
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Zhang, Jing, Xiaojuan Cheng, Peter W. Fritsch, Yirong Li, Shuda Yang, and Lu Lu. "Genetic Variation in Gaultheria nummularioides (Ericaceae: Gaultherieae) from the Sky Islands of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains." Diversity 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Species diversity is high in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, particularly at the edges characterized by deep ravines and “sky islands”. Studies focused on sky-island species are sparse and the patterns observed in response to both geographic and climatic factors are inconsistent. Here phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of Gaultheria nummularioides, a species originating in the late Pliocene with its main distribution in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, were conducted to reveal the pattern of genetic dynamics in response to physical geography, glacial fluctuations, and monsoons. We found that in this species genetic variation is higher among populations than within populations, with a significant phylogeographic boundary between the central Himalaya and the eastern Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains. We also found a high incidence of private alleles, possibly associated with strong habitat isolation. The phylogeographic pattern recovered is consistent with populations in glacial refugia that have experienced expansion after glaciation. The divergence times of most haplotypes coincide with the time of the weakening of the Asian monsoon in these regions. Models of geographic range size showed a significant decrease from the Last Interglacial through the Last Glacial Maximum to the Current, and a predicted increase from the Current to the year 2070. Our study provides insights for understanding speciation among sky islands in this region.
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Shekhar, M. S., H. Chand, S. Kumar, K. Srinivasan, and A. Ganju. "Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54 (2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe high Himalayan mountains in the north of India are important sources for generating and maintaining the climate over the entire northern belt of the Indian subcontinent. They also influence extreme weather events, such as the western disturbances over the region during winter. The work presented here describes some current trends in weather and climate over the western Himalaya and suggests some possible explanations in the context of climate change. The work also shows how the special features of Indian orography in the western Himalaya affect climate change in the long term, changing the pattern of precipitation over the region. Data analysis of different ranges of the western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and snowfall trends in the past few decades. Possible explanations for the changing climate over the western Himalaya are proposed, in terms of variations in cloudiness. The possible effects of climate change on the number of snowfall days and the occurrences of western disturbances over the western Himalaya are also analysed.
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Wangdi, Norbu, Mathias Mayer, Mani Prasad Nirola, Norbu Zangmo, Karma Orong, Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed, Andras Darabant, Robert Jandl, Georg Gratzer, and Andreas Schindlbacher. "Soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux from two mountain forests in the eastern Himalayas, Bhutan: components and controls." Biogeosciences 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-99-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The biogeochemistry of mountain forests in the Hindu Kush Himalaya range is poorly studied, although climate change is expected to disproportionally affect the region. We measured the soil CO2 efflux (Rs) at a high-elevation (3260 m) mixed forest and a lower-elevation (2460 m) broadleaf forest in Bhutan, eastern Himalayas, during 2015. Trenching was applied to estimate the contribution of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) soil respiration. The temperature (Q10) and the moisture sensitivities of Rh were determined under controlled laboratory conditions and were used to model Rh in the field. The higher-elevation mixed forest had a higher standing tree stock, reflected in higher soil C stocks and basal soil respiration. Annual Rs was similar between the two forest sites (14.5 ± 1.2 t C ha−1 for broadleaf; 12.8 ± 1.0 t C ha−1 for mixed). Modelled annual contribution of Rh was ∼ 65 % of Rs at both sites with a higher heterotrophic contribution during winter and lower contribution during the monsoon season. Rh, estimated from trenching, was in the range of modelled Rh but showed higher temporal variability. The measured temperature sensitivity of Rh was similar at the mixed and broadleaf forest sites (Q10 2.2–2.3) under intermediate soil moisture but decreased (Q10 1.5 at both sites) in dry soil. Rs closely followed the annual course of field soil temperature at both sites. Covariation between soil temperature and moisture (cold dry winters and warm wet summers) was likely the main cause for this close relationship. Under the prevailing weather conditions, a simple temperature-driven model was able to explain more than 90 % of the temporal variation in Rs. A longer time series and/or experimental climate manipulations are required to understand the effects of eventually occurring climate extremes such as monsoon failures.
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Yu, Wen-Bin, and Hong Wang. "Pollen Morphology ofPedicularissect.Cyathophora, a Group Endemic to the Eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains Region." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50, no. 2 (February 2008): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00364.x.
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Kumar, Saurav, and Vishwambhar Prasad Sati. "Depopulating Villages and Mobility of People in the Garhwal Himalaya." Migration and Diversity 2, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/md.v2i2.2855.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural out-migration is a worldwide phenomenon that is also visible in many mountainous regions, creating the impression of an abandoned landscape. In order to achieve sustainable mountain development, it is crucial to understand the various drivers and implications of out-migration in the mountains. Using both secondary and primary data on migration, this study examines different aspects of migration in the Garhwal Himalaya. Secondary data on migration were derived from a report published by the Rural Development and Migration Commission of Uttarakhand in 2018 that included migration statistics for the Garhwal region from 2011 to 2018. Primary data were collected through field surveys. Several types of migration were observed in the region, including semi-permanent migration, permanent migration, and in-migration. The study reveals that out-migration is a serious problem in the Garhwal Himalaya, as it has caused many socio-economic problems in the region. If these problems are not addressed immediately, the number of uninhabited/ghost villages in the region will increase rapidly, and the population of many villages will decline significantly. Finally, various policy measures were proposed to minimize the high rate of out-migration from the Garhwal Himalaya.
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WU, CHAO, XIN-YI LI, and CHUN-XIANG LIU. "A new species of Elimaea (Poaefoliana) Ingrisch (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from China." Zootaxa 5397, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5397.1.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One new species of leaf katydids, Elimaea (Poaefoliana) kiukiangensis sp. nov. from the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region, is described, based on recently collected material. Illustrations of mounted specimens including male genitalia, and habitat images are provided. A distribution map is also provided. The types are deposited in Insect Collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS).
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McClung, D. M. "Avalanche character and fatalities in the high mountains of Asia." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 71 (January 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract.With the exception of northern India, there are few, if any, consistent data records relating to avalanche activity in the high mountains of Asia. However, records do exist of avalanche fatalities in the region, contained in mountaineering expedition reports. In this paper, I review and analyze statistics of avalanche fatalities (both snow and ice) in the high mountains of Asia (Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, Dazu Shan) from 1895 to 2014. The data are stratified according to accident cause, geographical region (Nepal-Tibet (Xizang), Pakistan, India, China, Central Asia), mountain range, personnel (hired or expedition members) and terrain. The character of the accidents is compared with data from North America and Europe. The data show that the important risk components are the temporal and spatial exposure probabilities. It is shown that human actions and decisions govern the pattern of fatal avalanches in the high mountains of Asia.
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Saulière, Jérôme, David James Brayshaw, Brian Hoskins, and Michael Blackburn. "Further Investigation of the Impact of Idealized Continents and SST Distributions on the Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 840–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0113.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Building on previous studies of the basic ingredients of the North Atlantic storm track (examining land–sea contrast, orography, and SST), this article investigates the impact of Eurasian topography and Pacific SST anomalies on North Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks through a hierarchy of atmospheric GCM simulations using idealized boundary conditions in the Hadley Centre HadGAM1 atmospheric circulation model. The Himalaya–Tibet mountain complex is found to play a crucial role in shaping the North Pacific storm track. The northward deflection of the westerly flow around northern Tibet generates an extensive pool of very cold air in the northeastern tip of the Asian continent, which strengthens the meridional temperature gradient and favors baroclinic growth in the western Pacific. The Kuroshio SST front is also instrumental in strengthening the Pacific storm track through its impact on near-surface baroclinicity, while the warm waters around Indonesia tend to weaken it through the impact on baroclinicity of stationary Rossby waves propagating poleward from the convective heating regions. Three mechanisms by which the Atlantic storm track may be affected by changes in the boundary conditions upstream of the Rockies are discussed. In the model configuration used here, stationary Rossby waves emanating from Tibet appear to weaken the North Atlantic storm track substantially, whereas those generated over the cold waters off Peru appear to strengthen it. Changes in eddy-driven surface winds over the Pacific generally appear to modify the flow over the Rocky Mountains, leading to consistent modifications in the Atlantic storm track. The evidence for each of these mechanisms is, however, ultimately equivocal in these simulations.
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Ashraf, Arshad, and Manshad Rustam. "Monitoring Supraglacial lakes Formation and Risk of Outburst Flooding in the Himalayan Cryosphere of Pakistan." International Journal of Environment 9, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i1.27587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dramatic rise in warm temperatures in the Himalayan region has caused the formation and expansion of numerous supraglacial lakes, some of which pose a serious flood hazard for the downstream communities. In this study, we have investigated the risk of flood hazards associated with supraglacial lakes in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan ranges of Pakistan using Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) data of 2013 and field observations. Among the total of 438 supraglacial lakes, the majority were identified in the Karakoram (378) followed by the Hindu Kush range (39). The concentration of lakes was high within 3500-4000 m elevation (168) followed by 4000-4500 m elevation range (116). The lakes had shown more than a two-fold increase during the 2001-2013 period in the three mountain ranges. The increase in lake number was pronounced over valley glaciers likely due to increasing hydro-glacial activity under changing climate. Two types of supraglacial lakes were identified based on geographic characteristics, for example those rolling over glaciers surface away from the margins (called rolling supraglacial lakes ‘RSLs’) and the lakes found near the margins of glaciers mostly stationary in nature (called static supraglacial lakes ‘SSLs’). Most of the glacial lakes outburst flood (GLOF) events have been observed from SSLs in this region. However, the hydrodynamic process exaggerating the risk of GLOF from supraglacial and englacial lakes needs in-depth research for effective disaster risk reduction in this region in future.
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Salerno, F., N. Guyennon, S. Thakuri, G. Viviano, E. Romano, E. Vuillermoz, P. Cristofanelli, et al. "Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last two decades (1994–2013)." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 5911–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-5911-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Studies on recent climate trends from the Himalayan range are limited, and even completely absent at high elevation. This contribution specifically explores the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya), analyzing the minimum, maximum, and mean temperature and precipitation time series reconstructed from seven stations located between 2660 and 5600m a.s.l. over the last twenty years (1994–2013). We complete this analysis with data from all the existing ground weather stations located on both sides of the mountain range (Koshi Basin) over the same period. Overall we observe that the main and more significant increase in temperature is concentrated outside of the monsoon period. At higher elevations minimum temperature (0.072 ± 0.011 °C a−1, p < 0.001) increased far more than maximum temperature (0.009 ± 0.012 °C a−1, p > 0.1), while mean temperature increased by 0.044 ± 0.008 °C a−1, p < 0.05. Moreover, we note a substantial precipitation weakening (9.3 ± 1.8mm a−1, p < 0.01 during the monsoon season). The annual rate of decrease at higher elevation is similar to the one at lower altitudes on the southern side of the Koshi Basin, but here the drier conditions of this remote environment make the fractional loss much more consistent (47% during the monsoon period). This study contributes to change the perspective on which climatic driver (temperature vs. precipitation) led mainly the glacier responses in the last twenty years. The main implications are the following: (1) the negative mass balances of glaciers observed in this region can be more ascribed to less accumulation due to weaker precipitation than to an increase of melting processes. (2) The melting processes have only been favored during winter and spring months and close to the glaciers terminus. (3) A decreasing of the probability of snowfall has significantly interested only the glaciers ablation zones (10%, p < 0.05), but the magnitude of this phenomenon is decidedly lower than the observed decrease of precipitation. (4) The lesser accumulation could be the cause behind the observed lower glacier flow velocity and the current stagnation condition of tongues, which in turn could have trigged melting processes under the debris glacier coverage, leading to the formation of numerous supraglacial and proglacial lakes that have characterized the region in the last decades. Without demonstrating the causes that could have led to the climate change pattern observed at high elevation, we conclude by listing the recent literature on hypotheses that accord with our observations.
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Christensen, Morten. "Phenology of ectomycorrizal fungi in subtropical evergreen Castanopsis forest." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mycota of Himalaya is poorly described and information on the ecology of ecto-mycorrhizal species in the region is very limited. Three years (2004-2006) of intensive studies of the fruitbodies in Schima-Castanopsis forest in Central Nepal have documented a high diversity of ecto-mycorrhizal fungi. Systematic information collected from five forests in the surrounding of Pokhara are analyzed to describe the phenological patterns. The species diversity of fruitbodies is highest just after the first pre-monsoon rainfall in late May to early July and by the late monsoon rain of September and early October. Similar bimodular patterns are described from areas with warm humid climate in Japan. In cold Temperate and Boreal areas in Europe and North America as well as in the mountainous areas of Nepal only one peak of the ecto-mycorrhizal fungi is found. In these areas the temperature seems to be the main agent in determining the time of fructification of the ecto-mycorrhizal fungi. In contrast studies from Subtropical Mediterranean climate in Southern Europe with winter rain found fructification in the cold season, indicating that moisture is more crucial for the fruitbody creation than temperature in subtropical areas. Key-words: Central Nepal; ecto-mycorrhiza; Himalaya; Schima-Castanopsis forest.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2904 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 8-11
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Gruber, Stephan, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, Dorothea Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, and Lin Zhao. "Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected by climate change, causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast to glaciers, permafrost is not observable spatially and therefore its presence and possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little is known about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, despite permafrost area exceeding that of glaciers in nearly all countries. Based on evidence and insight gained mostly in other permafrost areas globally, this review provides a synopsis on what is known or can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the HKH region. Given the extreme nature of the environment concerned, it is to be expected that the diversity of conditions and phenomena encountered in permafrost exceed what has previously been described and investigated. We further argue that climate change in concert with increasing development will bring about diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To better anticipate and mitigate these effects, a deepened understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways interconnecting environmental changes and human livelihoods are needed.
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Ding, Wen-Na, Richard H. Ree, Robert A. Spicer, and Yao-Wu Xing. "Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora." Science 369, no. 6503 (July 30, 2020): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4484.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. In the world’s richest temperate alpine flora, that of the Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, phylogenetic reconstructions of biome and geographic range evolution show that extant lineages emerged by the early Oligocene and diversified first in the Hengduan Mountains. By the early to middle Miocene, accelerated diversification and colonization of adjacent regions were likely driven jointly by mountain building and intensification of the Asian monsoon. The alpine flora of the Hengduan Mountains has continuously existed far longer than any other alpine flora on Earth and illustrates how modern biotas have been shaped by past geological and climatic events.
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He, Xie, Kevin S. Burgess, Xue‐Fei Yang, Antje Ahrends, Lian‐Ming Gao, and De‐Zhu Li. "Upward elevation and northwest range shifts for alpine Meconopsis species in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains region." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 7 (March 11, 2019): 4055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5034.
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Poudel, Kapil Madi, Tika Ram Poudel, Neha Shah, Sunita Bhandari, Ramakanta Sharma, Anil Timilsina, and Manab Prakash. "Ascent rate and the Lake Louise scoring system: An analysis of one year of emergency ward entries for high-altitude sickness at the Mustang district hospital, Nepal." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): e0276901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276901.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More travellers are making swift ascents to higher altitudes without sufficient acclimatization or pharmaceutical prophylaxis as road connectivity develops in the Himalayan region of Nepal. Our study connects ascent rate with prevalence and severity of acute mountain sickness (AMS) among patients admitted to the emergency ward of the Mustang district hospital in Nepal. A register-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2018 and June 2019 to explore associations of Lake Louise scores with ascent profile, sociodemographic characteristics, and comorbidities using chi-square test, t-test, and Bayesian logistic regression. Of 105 patients, incidence of AMS was 74%, of which 61%, 36%, and 3% were mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. In the Bayesian-ordered logistic model of AMS severity, ascent rate (odds ratio 3.13) and smoking (odds ratio 0.16) were significant at a 99% credible interval. Based on the model-derived counterfactual, the risk of developing moderate or severe AMS for a middle-aged, non-smoking male traveling from Pokhara to Muktinath (2978m altitude gain) in a single day is twice that of making the ascent in three days. Ascent rate was strongly associated with the likelihood of developing severe AMS among travellers with AMS symptoms visiting Mustang Hospital’s Emergency Ward.
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Xu, Jianzhong, Guangming Yu, Shichang Kang, Shugui Hou, Qianggong Zhang, Jiawen Ren, and Dahe Qin. "Sr-Nd isotope evidence for modern aeolian dust sources in mountain glaciers of western China." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn order to apportion the dust sources of mountain glaciers in western China, the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of insoluble particles were determined in snow samples collected from 13 sites. The combined plot of 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) demonstrates a distinctive geographic pattern over western China, which can be classified into three regions from north to south. Samples from the Altai mountains show the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio and the highest εNd(0) value, similar to the data of deserts in the north of China such as the Gurbantunggut desert. Samples from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Himalaya show the highest 87Sr/86Sr and lowest εNd(0) values, resembling the local and regional dust sources found in the southern TP and Himalaya-India region. Samples from the Tien Shan and northern Tibetan Plateau exhibit intermediate 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) values, similar to the data reported for the northern margin of the TP (NM_TP). However, three sampling sites, JMYZ (Jiemayangzong) located in the Himalaya and ZD (Zadang) and YL (Yulong) located in the southeast TP, presented distinctive Sr-Nd isotopic signatures typical of the NM_TP, suggesting potential long-range and high-altitude dust transport across the TP.
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Alford, D., and R. Armstrong. "The role of glaciers in stream flow from the Nepal Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-469-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Recent concerns related to the potential impacts of the retreat of Himalayan glaciers on the hydrology of rivers originating in the catchment basins of the Himalaya have been accompanied by few analyses describing the role of glaciers in the hydrologic regime of these mountains. This is, at least in part, a result of the relative inaccessibility of the glaciers of the Himalaya, at altitudes generally between 4000–7000 m, and the extreme logistical difficulties of: 1) reaching the glaciers, and 2) conducting meaningful research once they have been reached. It is apparent that an alternative to traditional "Alpine" glaciology is required in the mountains of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. The objectives of the study discussed here have been to develop methodologies that will begin to quantify the role of complete glacier systems in the hydrologic regime of the Nepal Himalaya, and to develop estimates of the potential impact of a continued retreat of these glacier, based on the use of disaggregated low-altitude data bases, topography derived from satellite imagery, and simple process models of water and energy exchange in mountain regions. While the extent of mesoscale variability has not been established by studies to date, it is clear that the dominant control on the hydrologic regime of the tributaries to the Ganges Basin from the eastern Himalaya is the interaction between the summer monsoon and the 8000 m of topographic relief represented by the Himalayan wall. All the available evidence indicates that the gradient of specific runoff with altitude resulting from this interaction is moderately to strongly curvilinear, with maximum runoff occurring at mid-altitudes, and minima at the altitudinal extremes. At the upper minimum of this gradient, Himalayan glaciers exist in what has been characterized as an "arctic desert". The methodologies developed for this study involve the relationship between area-altitude distributions of catchment basins and glaciers, based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM3) data and water and energy exchange gradients. Based on these methodologies, it is estimated that the contribution of glacier annual melt water to annual stream flow into the Ganges Basin from the glacierized catchments of the Nepal Himalaya represents approximately 4% of the total annual stream flow volume of the rivers of Nepal, and thus, is a minor component of the annual flow of the Ganges River. The models developed for this study indicate that neither stream flow timing nor volume of the rivers flowing into the Ganges Basin from Nepal will be affected materially by a continued retreat of the glaciers of the Nepal Himalaya.
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Liu, Hai-rui, Qing-bo Gao, Fa-qi Zhang, Gulzar Khan, and Shi-long Chen. "Westwards and northwards dispersal ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae) from the Hengduan Mountains region based on chloroplast DNA phylogeography." PeerJ 6 (May 11, 2018): e4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4748.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The varying topography and environment that resulted from paleoorogeny and climate fluctuations of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) areas had a considerable impact on the evolution of biota during the Quaternary. To understand the phylogeographic pattern and historical dynamics ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae), we sequenced three chloroplast DNA fragments (rbcL-accD,rps15-ycf1, andtrnH-psbA) from 238 individuals representing 20 populations. Nineteen haplotypes (H1–H19) were identified based on 23 single-site mutations and eight indels. Most haplotypes were restricted to a single population or neighboring populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that variations among populations were much higher than that within populations for the overall gene pool, as well as for the East Himalayan group (EH group) and the North Hengduan group (NHM group), but not for the Hengduan Mountains group (HM group). Ecoregions representing relatively high genetic diversity or high frequencies of private haplotypes were discovered, suggesting that this alpine herbaceous plant underwent enhanced allopatric divergence in isolated and fragmented locations during the Quaternary glaciations. The current phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanummight be due to heterogeneous habitats and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Based on the phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanumpopulations, the phylogenetic relationship of identified haplotypes and palaeodistributional reconstruction, we postulated both westwards and northwards expansion from the HM group for this species. The westwards dispersal corridor could be long, narrow mountain areas and/or the Yarlung Zangbo Valley, while the northwards movement path could be south–north oriented mountains and low-elevation valleys.
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Salerno, F., N. Guyennon, S. Thakuri, G. Viviano, E. Romano, E. Vuillermoz, P. Cristofanelli, et al. "Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last 2 decades (1994–2013)." Cryosphere 9, no. 3 (June 17, 2015): 1229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1229-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Studies on recent climate trends from the Himalayan range are limited, and even completely absent at high elevation (> 5000 m a.s.l.). This study specifically explores the southern slopes of Mt. Everest, analyzing the time series of temperature and precipitation reconstructed from seven stations located between 2660 and 5600 m a.s.l. during 1994–2013, complemented with the data from all existing ground weather stations located on both sides of the mountain range (Koshi Basin) over the same period. Overall we find that the main and most significant increase in temperature is concentrated outside of the monsoon period. Above 5000 m a.s.l. the increasing trend in the time series of minimum temperature (+0.072 °C yr−1) is much stronger than of maximum temperature (+0.009 °C yr−1), while the mean temperature increased by +0.044 °C yr−1. Moreover, we note a substantial liquid precipitation weakening (−9.3 mm yr−1) during the monsoon season. The annual rate of decrease in precipitation at higher elevations is similar to the one at lower elevations on the southern side of the Koshi Basin, but the drier conditions of this remote environment make the fractional loss much more consistent (−47% during the monsoon period). Our results challenge the assumptions on whether temperature or precipitation is the main driver of recent glacier mass changes in the region. The main implications are the following: (1) the negative mass balances of glaciers observed in this region can be more ascribed to a decrease in accumulation (snowfall) than to an increase in surface melting; (2) the melting has only been favoured during winter and spring months and close to the glaciers terminus; (3) a decrease in the probability of snowfall (−10%) has made a significant impact only at glacier ablation zone, but the magnitude of this decrease is distinctly lower than the observed decrease in precipitation; (4) the decrease in accumulation could have caused the observed decrease in glacier flow velocity and the current stagnation of glacier termini, which in turn could have produced more melting under the debris glacier cover, leading to the formation of numerous supraglacial and proglacial lakes that have characterized the region in the last decades.
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Gamble, Ruth. "How dams climb mountains: China and India’s state-making hydropower contest in the Eastern-Himalaya watershed." Thesis Eleven 150, no. 1 (February 2019): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619826204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dam rush in the upper-Brahmaputra River basin and local, minority resistance to it are the result of complex geopolitical and parochial causes. India and China’s competing claims for sovereignty over the watershed depend upon British and Qing Dynasty imperial precedents respectively. And the two nation-states have extended and enhanced their predecessors’ claims on the area by continuing to erase local sovereignty, enclose the commons, and extract natural resources on a large scale. Historically, the upper basin’s terrain forestalled the thorough integration of this region into both nation-states, but recent technological and economic advances have enabled the two states and their agents to dramatically transformed these landscapes. Many of their projects have perpetuated the interventionist hydrological regimes that India and China also inherited from their imperial forebears. Nevertheless, as with their definition of their borders, neither state has highlighted this historical contingency. Instead, both governments have consistently presented their hydropower projects as shining examples of necessary and benevolent development. Their economy-focused, monolithic development paradigms have, not coincidently, also enabled the systemic side-lining of non-majority cultures, religions and histories. The combination of this cultural exclusion and the nation-states’ late integration of this peripheral region has laid the ground for conflict with local groups over the dam rush. Local identities and experiences have evolved around complex religious, cultural and trade networks, many of which were heavily influenced by the now-defunct Tibetan polity, rather than via modern Chinese and Indian nationalist discourses of development. The dam clashes highlight both the basin’s complex cultural matrixes and the ambiguous relationship Asia’s two most populous nation-states have with their respective imperial pasts. And as the situation remains unresolved, the watershed is an ecological catastrophe in waiting.
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Siwakoti, Mohan, and Jhamak B. Karki. "Conservation status of Ramsar sites of Nepal Tarai: an overview." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nepal houses only inland freshwater wetlands, ranging from floodplains of snow-melt-fed cold Himalayan rivers, warm rivers originating in the mid hills, high altitudinal glacial lakes to hot springs, ponds, ox-bow lakes, marshes and swamps. These wetlands support several endemic and globally threatened species of flora and fauna. Besides, wetland sites have significant recreational, religio-cultural and spiritual values. There are over 240 wetland sites in Nepal, of which 163 are in the Terai (plain lowland). Wetlands found in Tarai are comparatively more inventoried than the wetlands of mountains and the Himalayan regions of the country. The Terai region (below 300 m) covers about 14% of the country's total area, where half of Nepal's total populations exist. About 11% population of the country is wetland dependent; majority of them are living in the Terai region. The country has nine Ramsar sites, of which, four are in the Tarai region. Among them, two sites (Koshi Tappu wetland, and Beeshazar and associated lakes) lie inside the protected areas and two sites (Ghodaghodi Lake area and Jagadishpur Reservoir) are distributed outside the protected areas. The Koshi Tappu wetland lies along the floodplains of the Sapta Koshi River in the eastern Tarai within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. It is the first Ramsar site in Nepal. Beeshazar and associated lakes lies in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park along the inner Tarai of Central Nepal. The Ghodaghodi Lake Area (2500 ha) lies in the far western Nepal, and comprises about 14 large and small ox-bow lakes/ponds with associated marshes, swamps, river/streams, springs, seasonal marshy grasslands and human made wetlands, out of them, Ghodaghodi Lake (138 ha) is the largest natural lake in the Nepal's Tarai. The lake system falls between the Bardia National Park and the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of the country and the surrounding forest functions as an important corridor for the movement of wildlife between these as well as the Tarai and the northern Siwalik hills. Similarly, the Jagadishpur Reservoir (225 ha) which lies in Central Nepal's Tarai is the largest man-made wetland in Nepal for irrigation purpose. It is an important site for migratory and resident birds. In this paper we highlight the status, threats, conservation issues and management practices of these Ramsar sites lying in Nepal Tarai. Key-words: Ghodaghodi Lake; Jagdishpur Reservoir; Nepal Tarai; outside protected area; wetlands.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 76-84
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Zhang, Xin, Gao Chen, Yong-peng Ma, Jia Ge, and Wei-bang Sun. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Buddleja crispa Bentham in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region revealed by AFLP." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 58 (February 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.10.015.
Повний текст джерела
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Maharjan, Sanjay Singh, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Textural and mineralogical maturities and provenance of sands from the Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi, central Nepal." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33408.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi in the Central Nepal flows across fold-thrust belts of the Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, and the Sub-Himalaya, and is located in sub-tropical to humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Higher Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas, a high mountain and hilly region give way the long high-gradient, the Budhi Gandaki Nadi in the northern region. At the southern region within the Sub-Himalayas, having a wide Dun Valley, gives way the long low-gradient Narayani Nadi. Sands from Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi were obtained and analysed for textural maturity and compositional maturity. The textural analyses consisted of determining roundness and sphere city of quartz grains for shape, and determining size of sand for matrix percent and various statistical measures including sorting. The analysis indicates that the textural maturity of the majority of sands lies in sub mature category though few textural inversions are also remarkable. Sands from upstream to downstream stretches of the main stem river show depositional processes by graded suspension in highly turbulent (saltation) current to fluvial tractive current, as confirmed from the C-M patterns.
The compositional variation includes quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, mica, etc. The quartz grain percent slightly increases from the mountains to the lower relief areas. The percent feldspar decreases rapidly whereas the percent rock fragment decreases gradually along the downstream transport of sediment. The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi sands range from sublitharenite to lithic arenite composition in QFL diagram, and are remarkably poorer in feldspar compared to rock fragment. Among the rock fragments, the high-grade metamorphic rock fragmentsare dominant in the upstream stretch of the main stem Narayani Nadi stretch while the sedimentary lithics are remarkable in the downstream stretch. The QFL plots also show that the studied sands belong to recycled orogeny provenance and agree with the current tectonic setting of the Himalayas. Mineralogically, the sands (MMI=100%–203%) are not as matured as the normal sands. MMI fluctuates along downstream distance due to mixing of sediments from the major tributaries at various places along the main stem river.
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Maharjan, Sanjay Singh, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Textural and mineralogical maturities and provenance of sands from the Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi, central Nepal." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33408.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi in the Central Nepal flows across fold-thrust belts of the Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, and the Sub-Himalaya, and is located in sub-tropical to humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Higher Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas, a high mountain and hilly region give way the long high-gradient, the Budhi Gandaki Nadi in the northern region. At the southern region within the Sub-Himalayas, having a wide Dun Valley, gives way the long low-gradient Narayani Nadi. Sands from Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi were obtained and analysed for textural maturity and compositional maturity. The textural analyses consisted of determining roundness and sphere city of quartz grains for shape, and determining size of sand for matrix percent and various statistical measures including sorting. The analysis indicates that the textural maturity of the majority of sands lies in sub mature category though few textural inversions are also remarkable. Sands from upstream to downstream stretches of the main stem river show depositional processes by graded suspension in highly turbulent (saltation) current to fluvial tractive current, as confirmed from the C-M patterns.
The compositional variation includes quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, mica, etc. The quartz grain percent slightly increases from the mountains to the lower relief areas. The percent feldspar decreases rapidly whereas the percent rock fragment decreases gradually along the downstream transport of sediment. The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi sands range from sublitharenite to lithic arenite composition in QFL diagram, and are remarkably poorer in feldspar compared to rock fragment. Among the rock fragments, the high-grade metamorphic rock fragmentsare dominant in the upstream stretch of the main stem Narayani Nadi stretch while the sedimentary lithics are remarkable in the downstream stretch. The QFL plots also show that the studied sands belong to recycled orogeny provenance and agree with the current tectonic setting of the Himalayas. Mineralogically, the sands (MMI=100%–203%) are not as matured as the normal sands. MMI fluctuates along downstream distance due to mixing of sediments from the major tributaries at various places along the main stem river.
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Dunham, C. K., J. P. O’Donnell, G. W. Stuart, A. M. Brisbourne, S. Rost, T. A. Jordan, A. A. Nyblade, D. A. Wiens, and R. C. Aster. "A joint inversion of receiver function and Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion data to estimate crustal structure in West Antarctica." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 1644–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY We determine crustal shear wave velocity structure and crustal thickness at recently deployed seismic stations across West Antarctica, using a joint inversion of receiver functions and fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion. The stations are from both the UK Antarctic Network (UKANET) and Polar Earth Observing Network/Antarctic Network (POLENET/ANET). The former include, for the first time, four stations along the spine of the Antarctic Peninsula, three in the Ellsworth Land and five stations in the vicinity of the Pine Island Rift. Within the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) we model a crustal thickness range of 18–28 km, and show that the thinnest crust (∼18 km) is in the vicinity of the Byrd Subglacial Basin and Bentley Subglacial Trench. In these regions we also find the highest ratio of fast (Vs = 4.0–4.3 km s–1, likely mafic) lower crust to felsic/intermediate upper crust. The thickest mafic lower crust we model is in Ellsworth Land, a critical area for constraining the eastern limits of the WARS. Although we find thinner crust in this region (∼30 km) than in the neighbouring Antarctic Peninsula and Haag-Ellsworth Whitmore block (HEW), the Ellsworth Land crust has not undergone as much extension as the central WARS. This suggests that the WARS does not link with the Weddell Sea Rift System through Ellsworth Land, and instead has progressed during its formation towards the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Sea Embayments. We also find that the thin WARS crust extends towards the Pine Island Rift, suggesting that the boundary between the WARS and the Thurston Island block lies in this region, ∼200 km north of its previously accepted position. The thickest crust (38–40 km) we model in this study is in the Ellsworth Mountain section of the HEW block. We find thinner crust (30–33 km) in the Whitmore Mountains and Haag Nunatak sectors of the HEW, consistent with the composite nature of the block. In the Antarctic Peninsula we find a crustal thickness range of 30–38 km and a likely dominantly felsic/intermediate crustal composition. By forward modelling high frequency receiver functions we also assess if any thick, low velocity subglacial sediment accumulations are present, and find a 0.1–0.8-km-thick layer at 10 stations within the WARS, Thurston Island and Ellsworth Land. We suggest that these units of subglacial sediment could provide a source region for the soft basal till layers found beneath numerous outlet glaciers, and may act to accelerate ice flow.
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Namgail, Tsewang, Sipke E. van Wieren, and Herbert H. T. Prins. "Distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Large-scale distribution and diversity patterns of mammalian herbivores, especially less charismatic species in alpine environments remain little understood. We studied distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh to see if the distributions of less prominent and smaller herbivores can be determined from those of larger and more prominent herbivores like ungulates. Using a similarity index, we assessed shared distributions of species in 20×20 km2grid-cells in an area of about 80,000 km2. We used the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) to classify mammalian herbivores into groups with similar distributions. We then used the G-test of independence to look for statistical significance of the groups obtained. We identified six groups of mammalian herbivores with distributions more similar than expected at random. The largest group was composed of nine species whereas the other large group comprised six species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), used to relate the groups with environmental features, showed that the largest group occurred in higher and flatter areas, while the other large group occurred in lower and steeper areas. Large herbivores like ungulates can be used as surrogate for less prominent small herbivores while identifying areas for latter’s protection in the inaccessible mountainous regions of the Trans-Himalaya.
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Singh, Amrita, Rakesh K. Ranjan, and Uttam Lal. "Snow Cover Area Changes in the Changme Khangpu Basin during 2002-2019, North Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Climate Change 7, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Himalayan region is characterised by snow-covered mountains and glacierised basins which directly or indirectly regulates many large to small rivers downstream. To simulate and forecast stream-flow in these glacierised basins, an accurate snow cover area (SCA) estimation is of utmost importance. The present study assesses the snow cover dynamics (monthly, annual and seasonal) in the Changme Khangpu Basin (CKB) for almost two decades, from 2002 to 2019. The spatial and temporal variations in the SCA have been estimated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) 8-day maximum composite snow cover products from Terra (MOD10A2). Further, the SCA change has been compared with a remotely sensed meteorological parameter like temperature. The result shows a decreasing trend in annual mean SCA of the basin in the last two decades and an increase in seasonal mean SCA in the ablation period (May, June, July, August and September), whereas a decrease in seasonal mean SCA in accumulation period has been observed. The seasonal change in SCA will help in estimating the availability of water in the region for the people residing downward in the valley.
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Wu, Zhonghai, Patrick J. Barosh, Guanghao Ha, Xin Yao, Yongqiang Xu, and Jie Liu. "Damage induced by the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake in the Tibetan border region of China and increased post-seismic hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-873-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during 2–8 May 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two towns on the Nepal border, resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings, seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring 856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground fissures, many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did great damage to the buildings, roads, and bridges in the region. Most of the effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N-trending rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal faults. And, the damage is not related to the faulting of N-trending rifts but rather is distributed along the intensity of Nepal earthquake. Areas weakened by the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Another main characteristic of damage is the recurrence of the old landslide and rockfalls. In addition, there is an increased seismic hazard along active N-trending grabens in southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and reconstruction after the earthquake.
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Pacholski, Jan. "Was man vom Grenzgebiet Riesengebirge erwartet und was womöglich überraschen kann." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
THE OBVIOUS AND NOT SO OBVIOUS BORDERS IN THE GIANT MOUNTAINSStretching over ca 36 km, the Giant Mountains Krkonoše/Karkonosze range is a naturalborder between Silesia and Bohemia, today between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, i.e. when the highest range of the Sudetes separated two provinces of the Kingdom of Bohemia, its role as border mountains was notas important, although it was precisely a border dispute between Bohemian Harrach and Silesian Schaffgotsch lords of these lands that increased interest in the region, laying the foundations, in a way, for the development of tourism in the future. Side effects of the border dispute included St. Lawrence Chapel on Śnieżka and spread of the popularity of the source of the Elbe, i.e. sites that have remained the most frequently visited spots in these mountains to this day. Around the mid-18th century, when, as a result of wars, most Silesia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, the Giant Mountains border grew in importance. From that moment the highest range of the Sudetes would separate lands ruled by two different dynasties — the Austro-Bohemian Habsburgs and the Prussian Hohenzollerns, with two different and hostile religions — Catholic and Lutheran. Having become more significant, the border began to appear in literary works, from Enlightenment period travel accounts to popular novels. The author of the present article discusses literary images of this border, using several selected examples.
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Pacholski, Jan. "O oczywistych i nieoczywistych granicach karkonoskich." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
THE OBVIOUS AND NOT SO OBVIOUS BORDERS IN THE GIANT MOUNTAINSStretching over ca 36 km, the Giant Mountains Krkonoše/Karkonosze range is a naturalborder between Silesia and Bohemia, today between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, i.e. when the highest range of the Sudetes separated two provinces of the Kingdom of Bohemia, its role as border mountains was notas important, although it was precisely a border dispute between Bohemian Harrach and Silesian Schaffgotsch lords of these lands that increased interest in the region, laying the foundations, in a way, for the development of tourism in the future. Side effects of the border dispute included St. Lawrence Chapel on Śnieżka and spread of the popularity of the source of the Elbe, i.e. sites that have remained the most frequently visited spots in these mountains to this day. Around the mid-18th century, when, as a result of wars, most Silesia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, the Giant Mountains border grew in importance. From that moment the highest range of the Sudetes would separate lands ruled by two different dynasties — the Austro-Bohemian Habsburgs and the Prussian Hohenzollerns, with two different and hostile religions — Catholic and Lutheran. Having become more significant, the border began to appear in literary works, from Enlightenment period travel accounts to popular novels. The author of the present article discusses literary images of this border, using several selected examples.
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Zaman Dar, Qamar UZ, Pu Renhai, Zulqarnain Sajid, Mubashir Mehmood, Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Jehangir Khan, and Tajjamal Latif. "The Provenance and Tectonic Settings of the Greywacke Member of the Late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation Lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan: Evidence from Geochemistry and Petrography." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 3505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5012-04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The petrographic and geochemical analysis of the greywacke horizon of the late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation from the Hazara Mountains has been investigated to determine the provenance, tectonic settings and weathering history of the sediments. The Late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation is a thick sedimentary sequence comprising of greywacke, shale, argillites, siltstone, and limestone. The greywackes are characterized by fine to medium-grained, moderately sorted and sub-angular to sub-rounded framework grains. They are rich in quartz, lithic fragments and clay minerals. The petrographic investigation of the greywackes categorized them as feldspathic greywacke in the QFR diagram. The quartz content is higher in sandstone and may reach to 70%, which indicates a weathered felsic source. Chemical Index of Alteration values of greywacke suggests that the source region has experienced highly weathering conditions with a warm and moist climate. Various geochemical interpretations, elemental ratios like Th/Sc, La/Sc,Th/Cr, and positive Eu anomalies indicate that the greywackes of the Hazara formation derived from a felsic source and were deposited within an active continental margin tectonic settings. The main source area of the sediments of the greywackes was located to south to southeast, which may possibly be the Aravali orogeny, central Indian craton and Bundelkhand craton. Finally, the geochemical data of the major elements point to a felsic igneous provenance for the greywacke.
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Ashraf, Arshad, and Ghani Akbar. "Addressing Climate Change Risks Influencing Cryosphere-Fed Kuhl Irrigation System in the Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan." International Journal of Environment 9, no. 2 (November 4, 2020): 184–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cryosphere-fed kuhl irrigation system forms a major lifeline for agriculture and livelihood development in the Himalayan region. The system is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts like glacier retreat, glacial lake outburst floods, snow avalanches and landslides especially in the upper Indus Basin (UIB). It is necessary to conduct reassessment of climate change impacts and find coping strategies for sustainable agriculture development in this mountainous region. In the present study, risks of glacier depletion , lakes outburst flood, snow avalanche and landslide hazards impacting cryosphere-fed kuhl irrigation system in 10 river basins of the UIB of Pakistan were analyzed using multi-hazard indexing approach. High risk of glacier depletion was observed in the Astore and Swat river basins likely because of the combined effect of reduced snow precipitation and rising warm temperatures in these basins. The risk of expansion in aggregate lake area was high in the Indus sub-basin, moderate in the five basins (i.e., Hunza, Shigar, Shyok, Shingo and Astore), while it was low in the four basins (i.e., Swat, Chitral, Gilgit and Jhelum). More than 2% areas of Hunza and Shigar basins in the Karakoram range exhibited high risk of snow avalanche and landslide (SAL) hazard, while moderate SAL hazard was found in >40% areas of Chitral, Gilgit, Hunza and Shigar river basins. An effective early warning mechanism and provision of adequate resources for preparedness are essential to cope with negative impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in this region in future.
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Ram, Harsha. "The Sonnet and the Mukhambazi: Genre Wars on the Edges of the Russian Empire." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 5 (October 2007): 1548–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.5.1548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Genres travel in multiple directions. This article maps the evolution and movement of two lyric genres in Georgia, a small nation situated south of the Caucasus mountains, between Russia, Turkey, and Iran. The mukhambazi arose from a polyglot urban culture rooted in Near Eastern traditions of bardic performance and festivity, while the sonnet was imported around the time of the Russian Revolution as a marker of European modernization. The brief coexistence of these two genres allows for a reexamination of the foundational opposition between East and West. Moving beyond the familiar dichotomy of tradition and modernity, this essay explores the texts and debates of more than a century, reconstructing the discrepant cosmopolitanisms and multiple modernities that typified the Caucasus region. In doing so, it seeks both to make available a literary archive unknown to American readers and to contribute to ongoing debates on the relations between the local, the national, and the imperial as cultural formations.
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Ai, Hong-Lian, Hong Wang, De-Zhu Li, and Jun-Bo Yang. "Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellite loci from Incarvillea mairei (Bignoniaceae), an endemic species to the Himalaya-Hengduan mountains region." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 5 (February 11, 2009): 1613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-9808-1.
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Singh, Jaydeep, Narendra Singh, Narendra Ojha, Amit Sharma, Andrea Pozzer, Nadimpally Kiran Kumar, Kunjukrishnapillai Rajeev, Sachin S. Gunthe, and V. Rao Kotamarthi. "Effects of spatial resolution on WRF v3.8.1 simulated meteorology over the central Himalaya." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 1427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1427-2021.
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Abstract. The sensitive ecosystem of the central Himalayan (CH) region, which is experiencing enhanced stress from anthropogenic forcing, requires adequate atmospheric observations and an improved representation of the Himalaya in the models. However, the accuracy of atmospheric models remains limited in this region due to highly complex mountainous topography. This article delineates the effects of spatial resolution on the modeled meteorology and dynamics over the CH by utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model extensively evaluated against the Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) observations during the summer monsoon. The WRF simulation is performed over a domain (d01) encompassing northern India at 15 km × 15 km resolution and two nests (d02 at 5 km × 5 km and d03 at 1 km × 1 km) centered over the CH, with boundary conditions from the respective parent domains. WRF simulations reveal higher variability in meteorology, e.g., relative humidity (RH = 70.3 %–96.1 %) and wind speed (WS = 1.1–4.2 m s−1), compared to the ERA-Interim reanalysis (RH = 80.0 %–85.0 %, WS = 1.2–2.3 m s−1) over northern India owing to the higher resolution. WRF-simulated temporal evolution of meteorological variables is found to agree with balloon-borne measurements, with stronger correlations aloft (r = 0.44–0.92) than those in the lower troposphere (r = 0.18–0.48). The model overestimates temperature (warm bias by 2.8 ∘C) and underestimates RH (dry bias by 6.4 %) at the surface in d01. Model results show a significant improvement in d03 (P = 827.6 hPa, T = 19.8 ∘C, RH = 92.3 %), closer to the GVAX observations (P = 801.4 hPa, T = 19.5 ∘C, RH = 94.7 %). Interpolating the output from the coarser domains (d01, d02) to the altitude of the station reduces the biases in pressure and temperature; however, it suppresses the diurnal variations, highlighting the importance of well-resolved terrain (d03). Temporal variations in near-surface P, T, and RH are also reproduced by WRF in d03 to an extent (r>0.5). A sensitivity simulation incorporating the feedback from the nested domain demonstrates the improvement in simulated P, T, and RH over the CH. Our study shows that the WRF model setup at finer spatial resolution can significantly reduce the biases in simulated meteorology, and such an improved representation of the CH can be adopted through domain feedback into regional-scale simulations. Interestingly, WRF simulates a dominant easterly wind component at 1 km × 1 km resolution (d03), which is missing in the coarse simulations; however, the frequency of southeasterlies remains underestimated. The model simulation implementing a high-resolution (3 s) topography input (SRTM) improved the prediction of wind directions; nevertheless, further improvements are required to better reproduce the observed local-scale dynamics over the CH.
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Zhou, Yushan, Xin Li, Donghai Zheng, Xiaolong Zhang, Yingzheng Wang, Shanshan Ren, and Yanlong Guo. "Decadal Changes in Glacier Area, Surface Elevation and Mass Balance for 2000–2020 in the Eastern Tanggula Mountains Using Optical Images and TanDEM-X Radar Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030506.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The response of lake-terminating glaciers to climate change is complex, and their rapid changes are often closely linked to glacial-lake outburst floods. However, the eastern Tanggula Mountains, which are the only area where lake-terminating glaciers are found within the Tibetan Plateau, have received little attention to date. In this study, to address this gap, we generated updated glacier boundaries and estimated the interdecadal area changes for 2000–2020 based on the interpretation of Landsat-5/8 and Sentinel-2 images. In addition, based on the method of digital elevation model (DEM) differencing, we quantified the changes in glacier thickness and mass balance using TanDEM-X radar data and SRTM DEM over almost the same periods. The final results show that the glaciers in the eastern Tanggula Mountains, as a whole, have experienced accelerated area shrinkage (with a rate of area loss increasing from −0.34 ± 0.83 km2 a−1 to −0.93 ± 0.81 km2 a−1 for 2000–2013 and 2013–2020, respectively) and accelerated ice thinning (changing from −0.19 ± 0.05 m a−1 and −0.53 ± 0.08 m a−1 for 2000−2012 and 2012–2020, respectively). Furthermore, the region-wide glacier mass balance was −0.16 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1 and −0.45 ± 0.07 m w.e. a−1 for these two sub-periods, corresponding to a 1.8 times acceleration of mass loss rate. The average mass balance during 2000–2020 was −0.23 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1, which is equivalent to a rate of mass loss of −0.04 Gt a−1. More specifically, within the region, the lake-terminating glaciers have exhibited more significant acceleration of area loss and mass loss, compared to the land-terminating glaciers. However, interestingly, the average thinning rate of the lake-terminating glaciers is always lower than that of the land-terminating glaciers over all study periods, which is in contrast with previous findings in other high mountain areas (e.g., the Himalaya Mountains). Field study and proglacial lakes monitoring suggest that the local topography plays a vital role in the evolution of the glacial lakes in this region, which further affects the glacier changes. Furthermore, the present status of the glacier changes in this region can be attributed to the long-term increase in air temperature. Our findings provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of glacier changes across the eastern Tanggula Mountains and will help to improve the understanding of the heterogeneous response of glaciers to climate change.
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Aytberov, Temur, and Shahban Khapizov. "Pro-Qajar Elements in Dagestan (Early 19th Century)." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIt is known that the Qajars had their supporters in Dagestan during the Russo-Persian Wars in the early 19th century. This fact is well documented in Persian chronicles and royal decrees (firmāns), as well as in the materials from the Russian archives. However, the number of historical documents originating from the region itself is drastically few. This paper presents three letters in Arabic, without dates, but definitely from the same period, illustrating the political situation of the time in the mountains of Dagestan and the geographical extent of the Qajar influence in the area. The letters were discovered recently in the Archives of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences in Makhachkala. The English translation is accompanied by the facsimile reproduction of the original texts, and commentaries.
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Samtleben, Nadja, Aleš Kuchař, Petr Šácha, Petr Pišoft, and Christoph Jacobi. "Mutual Interference of Local Gravity Wave Forcings in the Stratosphere." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111249.
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Gravity wave (GW) breaking and associated GW drag is not uniformly distributed among latitudes and longitudes. In particular, regions of enhanced GW breaking, so-called GW hotspots, have been identified, major Northern Hemisphere examples being located above the Rocky Mountains, the Himalayas and the East Asian region. These hotspots influence the middle atmosphere circulation both individually and in combination. Their interference is here examined by performing simulations including (i) the respective single GW hotspots, (ii) two GW hotspots, and (iii) all three GW hotspots with a simplified global circulation model. The combined GW hotspots lead to a modification of the polar vortex in connection with a zonal mean flow decrease and an increase of the temperature at higher latitudes. The different combinations of GW hotspots mainly prevent the stationary planetary wave (SPW) 1 from propagating upward at midlatitudes leading to a decrease in energy and momentum transfer in the middle atmosphere caused by breaking SPW 1, and in turn to an acceleration of the zonal mean flow at lower latitudes. In contrast, the GW hotspot above the Rocky Mountains alone causes an increase in SPW 1 amplitude and Eliassen–Palm flux (EP flux), inducing enhanced negative EP divergence, decelerating the zonal mean flow at higher latitudes. Consequently, none of the combinations of different GW hotspots is comparable to the impact of the Rocky Mountains GW hotspot alone. The reason is that the GW hotspots mostly interfere nonlinearly. Depending on the longitudinal distance between two GW hotspots, the interference between the combined Rocky Mountains and East Asian GW hotspots is more additive than the interference between the combined Rocky Mountains and Himalaya GW hotspots. While the Rocky Mountains and the East Asian GW hotspots are longitudinally displaced by 105°, the Rocky Mountains are shifted by 170° to the Himalayas. Moreover, while the East Asian and the Himalayas are located side by side, the interference between these GW hotspots is the most nonlinear because they are latitudinally displaced by 20°. In general, the SPW activity, e.g., represented in SPW amplitudes, EP flux or Plumb flux, is strongly reduced, when the GW hotspots are interacting with each other. Thus, the interfering GW hotspots mostly have a destructive effect on SPW propagation and generation.
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TAN, SHAOLIN, QINGLI FU, ZHIQIONG MO, YANAN SUN, YI FANG, and BOYUN YANG. "Triplostegia alpina (Caprifoliaceae): a new species from Southwest China." Phytotaxa 640, no. 3 (March 12, 2024): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.640.3.6.
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The species delimitation of Triplostegia has been controversy and traditionally includes two species: T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora. These two taxa differs in some morphological characters on leaves, size of corollas, and achene involucel apex. A recent study proposed to merge these two species into a single taxon, T. glandulifera, while the phylogenetic and morphological evidence suggests that this genus consists of three distinct species, including an undescribed species that is distributed in the Hengduan Mountains Region and east Himalaya. Following the phylogenetic and morphological thesis, the authors describe and illustrate this new species: Triplostegia alpina. This taxon is characterized by a brown main taproot with fine roots and one to three more slender white glabrous lateral taproots, petiolate and serrated leaves, corollas 1.1–2.2 mm, achene involucel apex in purple and slightly hooked, which are distinctive from its two congeners. The study highlight the diagnostic role of taproot, leaf, corolla, and achene involucel in delimiting Triplostegia species.
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Taft, Linda, and Laila Kühle. "Glacier Changes between 1976 and 2015 in the Source Area of the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River, Myanmar." Water 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar is one of the largest rivers in Southeast Asia. It is predominantly fed by monsoonal precipitation and, to a lower extent, by meltwater from glaciers located in the Himalaya mountains. Information about the glaciers in its headwater region and glacier changes is scarce. Glaciers, in general, are highly important for the hydrological system and are contributing to river flow, therefore playing a key role in water availability, especially in catchments with (semi-) arid downstream areas as is in parts of Myanmar. This study investigated 130 glaciers in the Ayeyarwady headwaters by analyzing satellite images from Landsat missions between 1976 and 2015. The results of the glacier area and volume change analyses indicate that the glaciers are experiencing unprecedented losses. Over the 39 years, the glaciers lost up to 54.3 ± 7.64% of their area and 60.09 ± 1.56% of their mass and volume. The highest losses occurred in the period 2002–2015, which corresponds to increasing global and local warming. This development will probably have a strong influence on the glaciers’ storage function and will affect the local river runoff in the headwater region.
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Singh, Sreoshi, S. M. Tanvir Hassan, Masooma Hassan, and Neha Bharti. "Urbanisation and water insecurity in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Insights from Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan." Water Policy 22, S1 (February 12, 2019): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.215.
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Abstract This paper reviews the interlinkages of critical state of water resources, supply systems, rapid urbanisation and demand regime, aggravated by tourism leading to increasing water insecurity in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH). Urban centres in the HKH have been defined based on different criteria, but mountain-specific criteria are lacking. In the mountains, small settlements such as district headquarters perform a large number of functions, typical of an urban centre. However, they are not formally classified as urban centres because they do not meet the census-defined nationally set criteria of the respective country. Nonetheless, water insecurity is a reality, attributed to: (i) water governance issues; (ii) inappropriate urban planning, failing, and to some extent, unable to account for the floating population, such as tourists; and (iii) the scourge of climate change which could worsen the situation further. Short-term coping strategies to meeting water demands often involve unsustainable solutions, such as groundwater extraction, with long-term repercussions. However, long-term strategies for water sustainability by the governments have been beneficial while others are yet to show success. Initiatives by civil society and governments along similar lines in other countries could lead to a water-secure future for the fragile urban centres of the HKH region.
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Tamang, Roshan, Vallanattu James Jins, Sailendra Dewan, Shivaji Chaudhry, Seema Rawat, and Bhoj Kumar Acharya. "Ecological niche modelling of two water-dependant birds informs the conservation needs of riverine ecosystems outside protected area network in the Eastern Himalaya, India." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): e0294056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Common species often play vital roles in ecosystem functions and processes. Globally, conservation strategies are mostly focused on threatened species and rarely explored the potential of using common species as indicators of critical ecosystems. The Himalayan mountains have unique riverine ecosystems harbouring high diversity of specialist river birds. Ecological niche modelling provides effective tools to predict suitable habitats of a species and identify habitats for conservation. We used two common water-dependent bird species, Blue Whistling Thrush and White-capped Water Redstart as indicators of riverine ecosystems within the Sikkim Himalayan region and predicted their suitable habitats using an ensemble modelling approach. We selected six predictor variables for the final model including three bioclimatic and three topographic variables. For both species, bioclimatic variables such as mean annual temperature and precipitation were the most important factors compared to topographic variables. At least 70 percent of the most suitable habitats are distributed below 2000 m elevation alongside major drainages. Also, most of their potential habitats are distributed outside the protected area networks in the region. This habitat suitability pattern may be applied to other sympatric species in the region. Since major water bodies in Sikkim are largely affected by developmental activities and climate change, these riverine birds might face threats of losing suitable habitats. We recommend a dynamic approach to evaluate the habitat quality of riverine birds, especially outside protected area networks in the region to plan conservation strategies. This approach will ensure habitat conservation of many water-dependent birds and other taxa associated with the riverine ecosystems of the Eastern Himalaya.
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KHOPERIA, Nika. "The Daylamite Involvement in the Lazic War (541-562)." Historia i Świat 11 (August 28, 2022): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.10.
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In the Late Antiquity, the Caucasus region had become a battle ground for the Byzantines and the Sasanians. The conflict between the two great empires escalated in the 6th century, when both sides overcame internal conflicts and pursued active foreign policies. The Lazic War (541-562 CE), fought on the territory of modern western Georgia, then the Lazic Kingdom, was one of the most important conflicts of the Late Antiquity and an integral part of the unremitting wars of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. The conflict witnessed both sides employing combatant populations residing within the borders of their empires. Among them were the Daylamites, a kin-group from the rugged mountains of northern Iran, just south of the Caspian Sea who had long served as mercenaries for various powers. This article discusses the combat culture, tactics, equipment, and role of the Daylamites in the Sasanian military campaigns in the Caucasus in the 6th century CE.
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Mustafa, Ayman Balla, and Asim Faraz. "Camel Systems and Pastoralists’ Lifestyle in Semi-Deserts and Mountains: Constraints and Challenges." Pastures & Pastoralism 01 (April 9, 2023): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/pp0106.
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Camels are vital to the daily life of all desert dwellers, especially Bedouins, for whom they form a source of food, a means of transportation and recreation. To appreciate the unique contribution that Arabian camels make towards the community life and the history of the desert lands, in this paper, the pastoral production systems observed across three major regions - Butana, Kordofan and Darfur - are discussed. The field survey based study was conducted from August 2011 to May 2014 using structured interview method to determine the limitations and challenges faced by camel pastoral community in main camel production regions of Sudan. The results revealed that the average of calving interval was 30 months; male camel is rutting for 3 months during rainy season. She-camel gives birth to 6-8 calves throughout the life. The average milk yield was 3 liters per day with the lactation period extended to more than 10 months. The calf is weaned for 10 months or more. Social prestige and continuity of traditional heritage are the major reasons for keeping animals rather than economic revenue. However, it was found that the security issues are limiting camel breeding practices and pastoralists’ movement in the semi-desert and mountain regions. Internal conflicts between farmers and pastoralists that often develop into tribal wars also affected pastoral production systems. Such constraints in addition to the lack of government support and favorable policies present major challenges to camel pastoral system in the region.
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Pacholski, Jan. "Od relacji z wypraw do przewodnika — początki karkonoskich poradników dla podróżnych na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (August 1, 2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.3.
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From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.