Статті в журналах з теми "Higher productivity and Baumol’s diseases service"

The main trend in the development of dairy farming in the Russian Federation suggests maximising milk yield and reducing milk net cost. The economic effectiveness of industrial dairy farming is largely determined by adequate feeding, as well as effective system of measures to ensure animal health and prevent infectious and non-infectious mass diseases. The main reason for the premature retirement of highly productive cows is based on the factors typical of the intensive technologies used in dairy cattle breeding, which lead to the occurrence of metabolic diseases. It is established that the intensity of metabolism is directly linked to the high productivity of cows. With a highly concentrated, mainly silage-based type of feeding, an imbalance of nutrients is often recorded, in particular as regards the sugar/ protein ratio, leading to deep metabolic disorders and the development of immunodeficiency states. Metabolic disorders in highly productive cows occur as a result of unbalanced diets as far as protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are concerned. Acidosis, ruminitis and hepatosis are recorded in disordered cows and heifers. The service period exceeds 100 days in 70–75% of cows. Hepatosis and immunodeficiency states are often found in calves born to cows with signs of deep metabolic disorders. Metabolic disorders often remain unnoticed and become apparent only when pronounced pathological changes occur resulting in decreased productivity and ability to reproduce resistant young animals, as well as culling of animals. Metabolic diseases were recorded in 30–70% of cows examined in large dairy farms. The average lifetime productivity of high-yielding cows is (2.1 ± 0.15) lactations in Russia. The results of epidemiological investigations and laboratory testing of sera samples showed that emulsion inactivated vaccines administered to immunodeficient cattle induce higher titres of virus-specific antibodies than those in animals vaccinated with adsorbed vaccines.

During its formation and improvement, cattle acquired a number of biological and economic-useful qualities, which allowed identifying separate groups of animals with high productivity and productive longevity. One of the main criteria for cow selection for further breeding is the quantity and quality of dairy products [4]. Profitability of dairy farming largely depends on both milk yield and the reproductive ability of cows. Troubled calving and subsequent diseases and complications affect the state of the animal organism; preservation and restoration of the health of a cow after troubled calving require considerable expenses. This research was aimed at examining milk production in cows with easy and troubled calving. To achieve this goal, in the studied number of cows with easy and troubled calving, the authors analyzed the following parameters: milk yield during the first lactation, fat and protein mass fraction, the amount of milk fat and milk protein; milk productivity was also studied, depending on the age at first insemination and the duration of the service period. It has been found that milk yields in the cows with troubled calving were higher than in the cows with easy calving. The influence of the age at the first fruitful insemination on the further milk productivity has been determined: the highest yields were obtained from the cows with the age at the first fruitful insemination in the interval between 15.1 and 17.0 months. The maximum milk yields during the first lactation – 6,206 kg - were observed in the cows with relatively short service period (61 to 90 days).

ObjectivesTo examine non-communicable diseases (NCDs) multimorbidity level and its relation to households’ socioeconomic characteristics, health service use, catastrophic health expenditures and productivity loss.DesignThis study used panel data of the Indonesian Family Life Survey conducted in 2007 (Wave 4) and 2014 (Wave 5).SettingThe original sampling frame was based on 13 out of 27 provinces in 1993, representing 83% of the Indonesian population.ParticipantsWe included respondents aged 50 years and above in 2007, excluding those who did not participate in both Waves 4 and 5. The total number of participants in this study are 3678 respondents.Primary outcome measuresWe examined three main outcomes; health service use (outpatient and inpatient care), financial burden (catastrophic health expenditure) and productivity loss (labour participation, days primary activity missed, days confined in bed). We applied multilevel mixed-effects regression models to assess the associations between NCD multimorbidity and outcome variables,ResultsWomen were more likely to have NCD multimorbidity than men and the prevalence of NCD multimorbidity increased with higher socioeconomic status. NCD multimorbidity was associated with a higher number of outpatient visits (compared with those without NCD, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 4.25, 95% CI 3.33 to 5.42 for individuals with >3 NCDs) and inpatient visits (IRR 3.68, 95% CI 2.21 to 6.12 for individuals with >3 NCDs). NCD multimorbidity was also associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing catastrophic health expenditure (for >3 NCDs, adjusted OR (aOR) 1.69, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.81) and lower participation in the labour force (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.33) compared with no NCD.ConclusionsNCD multimorbidity is associated with substantial direct and indirect costs to individuals, households and the wider society. Our study highlights the importance of preparing health systems for addressing the burden of multimorbidity in low-income and middle-income countries.

Cotton is an essential commercial crop. Unfortunately, this crop is affected by many pests and diseases, which can cause considerable loss in yield. Climate has a strong correlation with the occurrence of pests and diseases in crops. Currently, weather forecasting services are available to the farmers, which help with weather-based planning of farm operations. Still, weather-based pest and disease forewarning services are not available to all the farmers. Unfortunately, cotton cultivation consumes about one-third of total pesticide consumption, which increases the cost of production apart from polluting the environment. An information and communication technology (ICT) based intelligent pest and disease forewarning system for cotton is an innovative system for providing forewarning on pests and diseases. It aims at improving farm productivity through better crop management. In this paper, the proposed method aims to predict the occurrence of pests and diseases based on microclimatic parameters. This pest and disease forewarning information and appropriate crop management practices will be disseminated to the farmers using electronic media through short message service (SMS), the Internet, etc. In this way, both livelihood security and environmental security are achieved. The proposed model shows a higher optimal performance then the two related works in terms of the average root mean square error rate, average accuracy rate, average percentage error rate, and prediction accuracy.

This study estimated the economic burden of people with brain disability in Korea during 2008-2011 using nationally representative data and was conducted to use the results as an evidence for determining the resources allocation of people with brain disability. We used a prevalence-based approach to estimate the economic burden, classified by direct costs (medical costs and nonmedical costs) and indirect costs (productivity loss of morbidity and premature death). Data from the National Health Insurance Service, the National Disability Registry, the National survey on persons with disabilities, the Korea National Statistical Office’s records of causes of death, and the Labor Statistics were used to calculate direct and indirect costs. The treated prevalence of brain disability increased from 0.26% (2008) to 0.35% (2011). Total economic burden of brain-related diseases was US$1.88 billion in 2008 and increased to US$2.90 billion in 2011, with a 54% rate of increase. The economic burden of all diseases, which was 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than that of brain-related diseases, accounted for US$2.61 billion in 2008 and US$3.62 billion in 2011, increasing by 39%. Owing to the growing occurrence of brain disability, the annual prevalence and related costs are increasing. Health management programs are necessary to reduce the economic burden of brain disability in Korea.

This study aims to determine the level of development and strategies for rural development based on industrial plants. This study uses primary and secondary data in the form of village potential data, supporting facilities, population numbers, accessibility, service facilities, institutions, disasters, and infectious diseases. Rural development based on industrial plants in Takalar District is spread in most rural areas. Industry with leading commodity of sugar cane is expected to be the spearhead of village development. However, based on BPS data, there was a decrease in sugar cane productivity during 2012–2016. The result of the analysis shows that the level of rural development based on industrial plants in North Polombangkeng district was higher than that South Polombangkeng district. It can be seen from the result of the scoring analysis which shows that two villages namely Palleko village and Massamaturu village, each weights 75 and 74, are located in North Polombangkeng district. This study recommends that in balancing the level of village development based on sugarcane plants, the local government and private sector should improve infrastructure and human resources as a whole.

The health care access rate can highly contribute to society’s living quality, and further influence the general labor productivity and economic growth of a country. However, the health expenditure per person in Australia is very high and not able to decrease immediately, which can gradually impact the proportion of people visiting health care services. Thus, it is important to reveal other important factors influencing health care utilization and seek solutions via the results. This study aimed to reveal the factors associated with the healthcare service utilization in Australia. We first hypothesized that insurance coverage will be the factor with the most contribution. The data, collected from the health survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1978-1978, were analyzed via regression model and exploratory data analysis. Model comparison was also performed to receive a more accurate conclusion. The overall results showed that factors influencing health conditions, such as higher age, diseases affecting daily activities appeared to have the greatest relevance with utilization rate. Insurance is also a significant factor, but has a lower contribution compared to the health-related ones. The results can act as an important indicator in introducing policies in health care system and enhance citizen’s health conditions.

Изучили репродуктивные функции коров в зависимости от молочной продуктивности и количества лактаций путем регулярных гинекологических обследований, а так же причины и характер нарушений. Установлено, что нарушения воспроизводительной функции коров увеличиваются с ростом молочной продуктивности, максимально осложняясь у 43 коров 6 и более лактаций, а продолжительность сервиспериода достигает 145 дней при средних значениях индекса осеменения 3,2. У коров по 1 и 2 лактации частота репродуктивных осложнений составляет в среднем 21. Анализ материалов исследований по состоянию репродуктивной активности обследованных коров чернопестрой породы в условиях Республики Башкортостан показывает, что основной причиной снижения плодовитости является наличие гипофункции яичников, которая может составлять до 37,1, кист 15,2 в высокопродуктивных стадах и 34,5 персистентных желтых тел в низкопродуктивных. Применение комплекса биорегуляторов позволяет получать достаточно высокие показатели прихода коров в охоту от 74 до 91 животных от общего их числа. Наибольшие значения показателя плодотворного осеменения (до 75) были установлены у коров по 3 и 4 лактациям. Обследование выявило, что увеличение молочной продуктивности приводит к увеличению нарушений воспроизводительной функции. По нашим данным, в высокопродуктивных стадах диагностировано гинекологически больных коров в 2,1 раз больше, чем в низкопродуктивных.Reproductive functions of cows depending on milk productivity and the number of lactation periods, as well as the reasons of reproductive impairments, were studied using regular gynecological examinations. It was found that reproductive function impairment in cows is increased with the growth of milk productivity with the complication reaching maximum in 43 of cows for 6 and more lactation, and the length of the service period amounts to 145 days with the average value of insemination index being equal to 3.2. During lactation periods up to 1 and 2 the average frequency of reproductive impairment in cows is 21. The analysis of research materials concerning reproductive activity of examined cows of blackandwhite breed in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan shows that the main reason of decrease in breeding performance lies in the presence of ovary hypofunction which can amount to 37.1, cysts 15.2 in highly productive herds, and 34.5 of persistent yellow bodies in those with low productivity. The use of bioregulator complexes allows achieving rather high values of cows coming in heat from 74 to 91 of animals from the total quantity. The highest values of successful insemination (up to 75) were registered in cows during lactation periods 3 and 4. Examination found that improvement of milk productivity leads to the increase in reproductive function impairment rate. According to our information, the number of cows with gynecological diseases in highly productive herds was higher than in those with low productivity by 2.1 times.

As a result of research and production experience in the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the effect of three-time administration of the drug «Selenopiran» at a dose of 300 mg during the dry season on the ease of calving, milk productivity and reproductive functions of cows was studied. For this purpose, two groups of cows (n=10) were selected: an experimental group and a control group. Starting from the confirmation of 6-month pregnancy, 25% oil solution of the drug «Selenopiran» at a dose of 30 ml was administered three times at intervals of 5–6 days to animals of the experimental group. 14 days after last injection from experimental and control animals were taken blood samples for haematological study determined the red blood indices: the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, white blood: white blood cell count and leukocyte formula, and lysozime and bactericidal activity of blood serum. Further, the animals were monitored both during calving and postpartum period, and during subsequent artificial insemination and lactation, the duration of independent and manual separation of the afterbirth, the frequency of occurrence, form, duration of the course and outcome of specific diseases of the postpartum period (endometritis and early mastitis) were recorded. Fruitful insemination was determined based on the results of rectal studies. Based on these observations, the main indicators of herd reproduction were calculated, i.e. the insemination index (the number of inseminations per 36 fruitful), the duration of the period and the interbody period. As a result, the service period in the experimental group decreased by 113,7% relative to the control animals (178,2 days versus 2,3), the insemination index also improved in the experimental group – 3,8, against 1,6 in the control group. The average daily milk yield in the experimental group is 2,9 kg higher, and the live weight of calves at birth is XNUMX kg. A comparative analysis of hematological parameters of experimental and control cows obtained a higher level of markers of nonspecific immunity in the experimental group. Consequently, along with relatively rapid recovery of reproductive organs and shortening of the service period, the cows of the experimental group also had higher indicators of non-specific resistance compared to the cows of the control group.

It has been claimed that artificial intelligence (AI) has transformative potential for the healthcare sector by enabling increased productivity and creative methods of delivering healthcare services. Recently, there has been a major shift to artificial intelligence by businesses, government, and private sectors in general and the health sector in particular. Many studies have proven that artificial intelligence is contributing greatly to the health sector by discovering diseases and determining the best treatments for patients. Dentistry requires new innovative methods that serve both the patient and the service provider in obtaining the best and appropriate medical services. Artificial intelligence has the ability to develop the field of dentistry through early diagnosis and prediction of dental implant cases. This research develops a set of four machine learning algorithms to predict when a patient might need dental implants. These models are the Bayesian network, random forest, AdaBoost algorithm, and improved AdaBoost algorithm. This work shows that the developed algorithms can predict when a patient needs dental implants. Also, we believe that this proposal will advise managers and decision-makers in targeting patients with particular diagnoses. Analysis of the obtained results indicates good performance of the developed machine learning. As a result of this research, we note that the proposed improved AdaBoost algorithm increases the level of prediction accuracy and gives significantly higher performance than the other studied methods with the accuracy for the improved AdaBoost algorithm reaching 91.7%.

Agriculture production is directly dependent on climate change and weather. Possible changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are expected to significantly impact crop growth and ultimately we lose our crop productivity and indirectly affect the sustainable food availability issue. The overall impact of climate change on worldwide food production is considered to be low to moderate with successful adaptation and adequate irrigation. Climate change has a serious impact on the availability of various resources on the earth especially water, which sustains life on this planet. The global food security situation and outlook remains delicately imbalanced amid surplus food production and the prevalence of hunger, due to the complex interplay of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at various human and institutional scales. Weather aberration poses complex challenges in terms of increased variability and risk for food producers and the energy and water sectors. Changes in the biosphere, biodiversity and natural resources are adversely affecting human health and quality of life. Throughout the 21st century, India is projected to experience warming above global level. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers. Longevity of heat waves across India has extended in recent years with warmer night temperatures and hotter days, and this trend is expected to continue. Strategic research priorities are outlined for a range of sectors that underpin global food security, including: agriculture, ecosystem services from agriculture, climate change, international trade, water management solutions, the water-energy-food security nexus, service delivery to smallholders and women farmers, and better governance models and regional priority setting. There is a need to look beyond agriculture and invest in affordable and suitable farm technologies if the problem of food insecurity is to be addressed in a sustainable manner. Introduction Globally, agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. This vulnerability is relatively higher in India in view of the large population depending on agriculture and poor coping capabilities of small and marginal farmers. Impacts of climate change pose a serious threat to food security. “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). This definition gives rise to four dimensions of food security: availability of food, accessibility (economically and physically), utilization (the way it is used and assimilated by the human body) and stability of these three dimensions. According to the United Nations, in 2015, there are still 836 million people in the world living in extreme poverty (less than USD1.25/day) (UN, 2015). And according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), at least 70 percent of the very poor live in rural areas, most of them depending partly (or completely) on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people, and in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa these small farms produce about 80 percent of the food consumed. Climate change threatens to reverse the progress made so far in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. As highlighted by the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), climate change augments and intensifies risks to food security for the most vulnerable countries and populations. Few of the major risks induced by climate change, as identified by IPCC have direct consequences for food security (IPCC, 2007). These are mainly to loss of rural livelihoods and income, loss of marine and coastal ecosystems, livelihoods loss of terrestrial and inland water ecosystems and food insecurity (breakdown of food systems). Rural farmers, whose livelihood depends on the use of natural resources, are likely to bear the brunt of adverse impacts. Most of the crop simulation model runs and experiments under elevated temperature and carbon dioxide indicate that by 2030, a 3-7% decline in the yield of principal cereal crops like rice and wheat is likely in India by adoption of current production technologies. Global warming impacts growth, reproduction and yields of food and horticulture crops, increases crop water requirement, causes more soil erosion, increases thermal stress on animals leading to decreased milk yields and change the distribution and breeding season of fisheries. Fast changing climatic conditions, shrinking land, water and other natural resources with rapid growing population around the globe has put many challenges before us (Mukherjee, 2014). Food is going to be second most challenging issue for mankind in time to come. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers (Christensen et al., 2007). Climate change is posing a great threat to agriculture and food security in India and it's subcontinent. Water is the most critical agricultural input in India, as 55% of the total cultivated areas do not have irrigation facilities. Currently we are able to secure food supplies under these varying conditions. Under the threat of climate variability, our food grain production system becomes quite comfortable and easily accessible for local people. India's food grain production is estimated to rise 2 per cent in 2020-21 crop years to an all-time high of 303.34 million tonnes on better output of rice, wheat, pulse and coarse cereals amid good monsoon rains last year. In the 2019-20 crop year, the country's food grain output (comprising wheat, rice, pulses and coarse cereals) stood at a record 297.5 million tonnes (MT). Releasing the second advance estimates for 2020-21 crop year, the agriculture ministry said foodgrain production is projected at a record 303.34 MT. As per the data, rice production is pegged at record 120.32 MT as against 118.87 MT in the previous year. Wheat production is estimated to rise to a record 109.24 MT in 2020-21 from 107.86 MT in the previous year, while output of coarse cereals is likely to increase to 49.36 MT from 47.75 MT. Pulses output is seen at 24.42 MT, up from 23.03 MT in 2019-20 crop year. In the non-foodgrain category, the production of oilseeds is estimated at 37.31 MT in 2020-21 as against 33.22 MT in the previous year. Sugarcane production is pegged at 397.66 MT from 370.50 MT in the previous year, while cotton output is expected to be higher at 36.54 million bales (170 kg each) from 36.07. This production figure seem to be sufficient for current population, but we need to improve more and more with vertical farming and advance agronomic and crop improvement tools for future burgeoning population figure under the milieu of climate change issue. Our rural mass and tribal people have very limited resources and they sometime complete depend on forest microhabitat. To order to ensure food and nutritional security for growing population, a new strategy needs to be initiated for growing of crops in changing climatic condition. The country has a large pool of underutilized or underexploited fruit or cereals crops which have enormous potential for contributing to food security, nutrition, health, ecosystem sustainability under the changing climatic conditions, since they require little input, as they have inherent capabilities to withstand biotic and abiotic stress. Apart from the impacts on agronomic conditions of crop productions, climate change also affects the economy, food systems and wellbeing of the consumers (Abbade, 2017). Crop nutritional quality become very challenging, as we noticed that, zinc and iron deficiency is a serious global health problem in humans depending on cereal-diet and is largely prevalent in low-income countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-east Asia. We report inefficiency of modern-bred cultivars of rice and wheat to sequester those essential nutrients in grains as the reason for such deficiency and prevalence (Debnath et al., 2021). Keeping in mind the crop yield and nutritional quality become very daunting task to our food security issue and this can overcome with the proper and time bound research in cognizance with the environment. Threat and challenges In recent years, climate change has become a debatable issue worldwide. South Asia will be one of the most adversely affected regions in terms of impacts of climate change on agricultural yield, economic activity and trading policies. Addressing climate change is central for global future food security and poverty alleviation. The approach would need to implement strategies linked with developmental plans to enhance its adaptive capacity in terms of climate resilience and mitigation. Over time, there has been a visible shift in the global climate change initiative towards adaptation. Adaptation can complement mitigation as a cost-effective strategy to reduce climate change risks. The impact of climate change is projected to have different effects across societies and countries. Mitigation and adaptation actions can, if appropriately designed, advance sustainable development and equity both within and across countries and between generations. One approach to balancing the attention on adaptation and mitigation strategies is to compare the costs and benefits of both the strategies. The most imminent change is the increase in the atmospheric temperatures due to increase levels of GHGs (Green House Gases) i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) etc into the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperatures at the end of the 20th century were almost 0.7 degree centigrade above than those recorded at the end of the 19th century and likely to increase further by 1.8- 6.4ºC by 2100 AD. The quantity of rainfall and its distribution will be affected to a great extent resulting in more flooding. The changes in soil properties such as loss of organic matter, leaching of soil nutrients, salinization and erosion are a likely outcome of climate change in many cases. Water crisis can be a serious problem with the anticipated global warming and climate change. With increasing exploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution, the atmospheric temperature is expected to rise by 3-5 0C in next 75-100 years (www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1). If it happens most of the rivers originating from the Himalayas may dry up and cause severe shortage of water for irrigation, suppressing agriculture production by 40-50%. There has been considerable concern in recent years about climatic changes caused by human activities and their effects on agriculture. Surface climate is always changing, but at the beginning of industrial revolution these changes have been more noticeable due to interference of human beings activity. Studies of climate change impacts on agriculture initially focused on increasing temperature. Many researchers, including reported that changes in temperature, radiation and precipitation need to be studied in order to evaluate the impact of climate change. Temperature changes can affect crop productivity. Higher temperatures may increase plant carboxilation and stimulate higher photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration rates. Meanwhile, flowering may also be partially triggered by higher temperatures, while low temperatures may reduce energy use and increased sugar storage. Changes in temperature can also affect air vapor pressure deficits, thus impacting the water use in agricultural landscapes. This coupling affects transpiration and can cause significant shifts in temperature and water loss (Mukherjee, 2017). In chickpea and other pulse crop this increase in temperature due to climate change affects to a greater extent flower numbers, pod production, pollen viability, and pistilfunction are reduced and flower and pod abortion increased under terminal heat stress which ultimately leads to hamper its productivity on large scale. There is probability of 10-40% loss in crop production in India with the expected temperature increase by 2080-2100. Rice yields in northern India during last three decades are showing a decreasing trend (Aggarwal et al., 2000). Further, the IPCC (2007) report also projected that cereal yields in seasonally dry and tropical regions like India are likely to decrease for even small local temperature increases. wheat production will be reduced by 4-5 million tonnes with the rise of every 10C temperature throughout the growing period that coincides in India with 2020-30. However, grain yield of rice declined by 10% for each 1ºC increase in growing season. A 1ºC increase in temperature may reduce rapeseed mustard yield by 3-7%. Thus a productivity of 2050-2562 kg/ha for rapeseed mustard would have to be achieved by 2030 under the changing scenario of climate, decreasing and degrading land and water resources, costly inputs, government priority of food crops and other policy imperatives from the present level of nearly 1200 kg/ha. Diseases and pest infestation In future, plant protection will assume even more significance given the daunting task before us to feed the growing population under the era of shifting climate pattern, as it directly influence pest life cycle in crop calendar (Mukherjee, 2019). Every year, about USD 8.5 billion worth of crops are lost in India because of disease and insects pests and another 2.5 billion worth of food grains in storages. In the scenario of climate change, experts believe that these losses could rise as high as four folds. Global warming and climate change would lead to emergence of more aggressive pests and diseases which can cause epidemics resulting in heavy losses (Mesterhazy et al., 2020). The range of many insects will change or expand and new combinations of diseases and pests may emerge. The well-known interaction between host × pathogen × environment for plant disease epidemic development and weather based disease management strategies have been routinely exploited by plant pathologists. However, the impact of inter annual climatic variation resulting in the abundance of pathogen populations and realistic assessment of climatic change impacts on host-pathogen interactions are still scarce and there are only handful of studies. Further emerging of new disease with climate alteration in grain crop such as wheat blast, become challenging for growers and hamper food chain availability (Mukherjee et al., 2019). Temperature increase associated with climatic changes could result in following changes in plant diseases: Extension of geographical range of pathogens Changes in population growth rates of pathogens Changes in relative abundance and effectiveness of bio control agents Changes in pathogen × host × environment interactions Loss of resistance in cultivars containing temperature-sensitive genes Emergence of new diseases/and pathogen forms Increased risk of invasion by migrant diseases Reduced efficacy of integrated disease management practices These changes will have major implications for food and nutritional security, particularly in the developing countries of the dry-tropics, where the need to increase and sustain food production is most urgent. The current knowledge on the main potential effects of climate change on plant patho systems has been recently summarized by Pautasso et al. (2012). Their overview suggests that maintaining plant health across diversified environments is a key requirement for climate change mitigation as well as the conservation of biodiversity and provisions of ecosystem services under global change. Changing in weed flora pattern under different cropping system become very challenging to the food growers, and threat to our food security issue. It has been estimated that the potential losses due to weeds in different field crops would be around 180 million tonnes valued Rs 1,05,000 crores annually. In addition to the direct effect on crop yield, weeds result in considerable reduction in the efficiency of inputs used and food quality. Increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperature have the potential to directly affect weed physiology and crop-weed interactions vis-à-vis their response to weed control methods. Many of the world’s major weeds are C4 plants and major crops are C3 plants (Mandal and Mukherjee, 2018). The differential effects of CO2 on C3 and C4 plants may have implications on crop-weed interactions. Weed species have a greater genetic diversity than most crops and therefore, under the changing scenario of resources (eg., light, moisture, nutrients, CO2), weeds will have the greater capacity for growth and reproductive response than most crops. Differential response to seed emergence with temperature could also influence species establishment and subsequent weed-crop competition. Increasing temperature might allow some sleeper weeds to become invasive (Mukherjeee, 2020; Science Daily, 2009). Studies suggest that proper weed management techniques if adopted can result in an additional production of 103 million tonnes of food grains, 15 million tonnes of pulses,10 million tonnes of oilseeds, and 52 million tonnes of commercial crops per annum, which in few cases are even equivalent to the existing annual production (Rao and Chauhan, 2015). There is tremendous scope to increase agricultural productivity by adopting improved weed management technologies that have been developed in the country. Conclusion The greatest challenge before us is to enhance the production of required amount of food items viz., cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetable, underutilized fruit etc to keep pace with population growth through employing suitable crop cultivars, biotechnological approaches, conserving natural resources and protecting crops from weeds, insects pests and diseases eco-friendly with climate change. Research is a continuous process that has to be pursued vigorously and incessantly in the critical areas viz., evolvement of new genotype, land development and reclamation, soil and moisture conservation, soil health care, seeds and planting material, enhancing fertilizer and water use efficiencies, conservation agriculture, eco-friendly plant protection measures etc. Due to complexity of crop environment interaction under different climate situation, a multidisciplinary approach to the problem is required in which plant breeders, agronomists, crop physiologists and agrometeorologists need to interact for finding long term solutions in sustaining crop production. References: Abbade, E. B. 2017. Availability, access and utilization: Identifying the main fragilities for promoting food security in developing countries. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 14(4): 322–335. doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-05-2016-0033 Aggrawal, P.K., Bandyopadhyay, S. and Pathak, S. 2020. 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Background Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature deaths in the UK and around the world. It poses enormous health- and non-health-related costs to the affected individuals, employers, and the society at large. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, globally, smoking causes over US$500 billion in economic damage each year. Objectives This paper examines global and UK evidence on the economic impact of smoking prevalence and evaluates the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of smoking cessation measures. Study Selection Search Methods We used two major health care/economic research databases, namely PubMed and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) database that contains the British National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database; Cochrane Library of systematic reviews in health care and health policy; and other health-care-related bibliographic sources. We also performed hand searching of relevant articles, health reports, and white papers issued by government bodies, international health organizations, and health intervention campaign agencies. Selection Criteria The paper includes cost-effectiveness studies from medical journals, health reports, and white papers published between 1992 and July 2014, but included only eight relevant studies before 1992. Most of the papers reviewed reported outcomes on smoking prevalence, as well as the direct and indirect costs of smoking and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions. We excluded papers that merely described the effectiveness of an intervention without including economic or cost considerations. We also excluded papers that combine smoking cessation with the reduction in the risk of other diseases. Data Collection and Analysis The included studies were assessed against criteria indicated in the Cochrane Reviewers Handbook version 5.0.0. Outcomes Assessed in the Review Primary outcomes of the selected studies are smoking prevalence, direct and indirect costs of smoking, and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions (eg, “cost per quitter”, “cost per life year saved”, “cost per quality-adjusted life year gained,” “present value” or “net benefits” from smoking cessation, and “cost savings” from personal health care expenditure). Main Results The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. The costs of smoking can be classified into direct, indirect, and intangible costs. About 15% of the aggregate health care expenditure in high-income countries can be attributed to smoking. In the US, the proportion of health care expenditure attributable to smoking ranges between 6% and 18% across different states. In the UK, the direct costs of smoking to the NHS have been estimated at between £2.7 billion and £5.2 billion, which is equivalent to around 5% of the total NHS budget each year. The economic burden of smoking estimated in terms of GDP reveals that smoking accounts for approximately 0.7% of China's GDP and approximately 1% of US GDP. As part of the indirect (non-health-related) costs of smoking, the total productivity losses caused by smoking each year in the US have been estimated at US$151 billion. 2. The costs of smoking notwithstanding, it produces some potential economic benefits. The economic activities generated from the production and consumption of tobacco provides economic stimulus. It also produces huge tax revenues for most governments, especially in high-income countries, as well as employment in the tobacco industry. Income from the tobacco industry accounts for up to 7.4% of centrally collected government revenue in China. Smoking also yields cost savings in pension payments from the premature death of smokers. 3. Smoking cessation measures could range from pharmacological treatment interventions to policy-based measures, community-based interventions, telecoms, media, and technology (TMT)-based interventions, school-based interventions, and workplace interventions. 4. The cost per life year saved from the use of pharmacological treatment interventions ranged between US$128 and US$1,450 and up to US$4,400 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. The use of pharmacotherapies such as varenicline, NRT, and Bupropion, when combined with GP counseling or other behavioral treatment interventions (such as proactive telephone counseling and Web-based delivery), is both clinically effective and cost effective to primary health care providers. 5. Price-based policy measures such as increase in tobacco taxes are unarguably the most effective means of reducing the consumption of tobacco. A 10% tax-induced cigarette price increase anywhere in the world reduces smoking prevalence by between 4% and 8%. Net public benefits from tobacco tax, however, remain positive only when tax rates are between 42.9% and 91.1%. The cost effectiveness ratio of implementing non-price-based smoking cessation legislations (such as smoking restrictions in work places, public places, bans on tobacco advertisement, and raising the legal age of smokers) range from US$2 to US$112 per life year gained (LYG) while reducing smoking prevalence by up to 30%–82% in the long term (over a 50-year period). 6. Smoking cessation classes are known to be most effective among community-based measures, as they could lead to a quit rate of up to 35%, but they usually incur higher costs than other measures such as self-help quit-smoking kits. On average, community pharmacist-based smoking cessation programs yield cost savings to the health system of between US$500 and US$614 per LYG. 7. Advertising media, telecommunications, and other technology-based interventions (such as TV, radio, print, telephone, the Internet, PC, and other electronic media) usually have positive synergistic effects in reducing smoking prevalence especially when combined to deliver smoking cessation messages and counseling support. However, the outcomes on the cost effectiveness of TMT-based measures have been inconsistent, and this made it difficult to attribute results to specific media. The differences in reported cost effectiveness may be partly attributed to varying methodological approaches including varying parametric inputs, differences in national contexts, differences in advertising campaigns tested on different media, and disparate levels of resourcing between campaigns. Due to its universal reach and low implementation costs, online campaign appears to be substantially more cost effective than other media, though it may not be as effective in reducing smoking prevalence. 8. School-based smoking prevalence programs tend to reduce short-term smoking prevalence by between 30% and 70%. Total intervention costs could range from US$16,400 to US$580,000 depending on the scale and scope of intervention. The cost effectiveness of school-based programs show that one could expect a saving of approximately between US$2,000 and US$20,000 per QALY saved due to averted smoking after 2–4 years of follow-up. 9. Workplace-based interventions could represent a sound economic investment to both employers and the society at large, achieving a benefit–cost ratio of up to 8.75 and generating 12-month employer cost savings of between $150 and $540 per nonsmoking employee. Implementing smoke-free workplaces would also produce myriads of new quitters and reduce the amount of cigarette consumption, leading to cost savings in direct medical costs to primary health care providers. Workplace interventions are, however, likely to yield far greater economic benefits over the long term, as reduced prevalence will lead to a healthier and more productive workforce. Conclusions We conclude that the direct costs and externalities to society of smoking far outweigh any benefits that might be accruable at least when considered from the perspective of socially desirable outcomes (ie, in terms of a healthy population and a productive workforce). There are enormous differences in the application and economic measurement of smoking cessation measures across various types of interventions, methodologies, countries, economic settings, and health care systems, and these may have affected the comparability of the results of the studies reviewed. However, on the balance of probabilities, most of the cessation measures reviewed have not only proved effective but also cost effective in delivering the much desired cost savings and net gains to individuals and primary health care providers.

Abstract Background Indonesia is in the middle of a rapid epidemiological transition with an ageing population and increasing exposure to risk factors for chronic conditions. This study examines the relative impacts of obesity, tobacco consumption, and physical inactivity, on non-communicable diseases multimorbidity, health service use, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and loss in employment productivity in Indonesia. Methods Secondary analyses were conducted of cross-sectional data from adults aged ≥ 40 years (n = 12,081) in the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014/2015. We used propensity score matching to assess the associations between behavioural risk factors and health service use, CHE, employment productivity, and multimorbidity. Results Being obese, overweight and a former tobacco user was associated with a higher number of chronic conditions and multimorbidity (p < 0.05). Being a former tobacco user contributed to a higher number of outpatient and inpatient visits as well as CHE incidences and work absenteeism. Physical inactivity relatively increased the number of outpatient visits (30% increase, p < 0.05) and work absenteeism (21% increase, P < 0.06). Although being underweight was associated with an increased outpatient care utilisation (23% increase, p < 0.05), being overweight was negatively associated with CHE incidences (50% decrease, p < 0.05). Conclusion Combined together, obesity, overweight, physical inactivity and tobacco use contributed to an increased number of NCDs as well as medical costs and productivity loss in Indonesia. Interventions addressing physical and behavioural risk factors are likely to have substantial benefits for individuals and the wider society in Indonesia.

Livestock diseases are a priority problem for livestock keepers throughout Ethiopia. Livestock keepers have also singled out poor animal health service delivery, which is largely the domain of the public sector, as the major constraint to improving animal health and productivity. In the current study, we describe the animal health service delivery system and compile from five questionnaire surveys involving 4,162 livestock keepers to characterize animal health service delivery in Ethiopia. The mapping of the animal health service delivery system along the livestock value chain clearly highlights the role of informal animal health services and variations of roles of the private sector. Also, the survey results clearly showed that livestock keepers' access to, use of and satisfaction with animal health services significantly varied across livestock production systems, geographic locations, socioeconomic strata, and service providers. Livestock keepers in crop-livestock and agropastoral systems had 5.5 (odds ratio = 5.453, P = 0.000) and 2.5 (odds ratio = 2.482, P = 0.000) times more access to services in reference to the pastoral system. In reference to private veterinary clinics, livestock keepers reported higher access to services provided by all the other service providers, particularly to services provided by extension agents, drug shops and CAHWs. Similarly, better access was reported by male than female (odds ratio = 1.098; P = 0.025) and wealthier than poorer (odds ratios = 1.40–1.79; P = 0.000) farmers and pastoralists. In general, low access to services was reported, 32.7, 25.2, and 19.3% of the respondents reporting access in crop-livestock, agropastoral and pastoral systems, respectively. Effective demand for services was evaluated through proxy variables, namely number of visits to service providers and health expenditures over a year. Highland farmers used the services more often than pastoralists (odds ratio = 2.86; P = 0.000), but pastoralists' expenses were significantly higher. Wealth (measured by livestock owned), gender and age also had significant effects on the use of services and expenditure on services. Satisfaction with services was evaluated based on four measures, namely availability (av), accessibility (ac), quality (qw), and timeliness (tm) of services. The average scores (out of 10) for av, ac, qw, and tm were 6.1, 5.9, 6.2, and 5.7, respectively. Principal component analysis was conducted to derive the latent variable “satisfaction” from the four measures, extracted only one factor, indicating the four variables are measuring the same construct (satisfaction). Regressing the latent variable satisfaction on the four measures gave significant (P = 0.000) b values of 0.22, 0.20, 0.13, and 0.14 for av, ac, qw, and tm, respectively, indicating strong relationships between the latent variable satisfaction and its measures. There was a significant dissatisfaction with the public sector, with average scores of 0.06 and 0.19 for the public and private service providers, respectively. It can be concluded that livestock keepers in remote regions of the country, pastoralists, women, poorer, and older livestock keepers have less access to services. Satisfaction with services is low to medium and the major concerns of livestock keepers appears to be availability and accessibility of services. Based on our findings, we recommend an integrated, multi-sectoral involvement to improve the veterinary service delivery through improved veterinary infrastructure, public-private partnership, and animal health information system across the various livestock production systems.

Abstract Background The diagnosis and health care of patients with rare diseases present a tremendous challenge worldwide. This study described the health care service utilization through participants’ perspective and estimated the cost of illness (COI), and patients with Gaucher disease (GD)’s/caregivers’ health-related quality of life in China. Method An online retrospective survey of patients with GD and their caregivers was conducted during May–June 2018. Socio-demographic, health service utilization, disease-related expenses, social support, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were investigated. Using self-reported information, we estimated the annual COI, including direct healthcare, direct non-healthcare, and indirect costs. Results Forty patients and their 49 caregivers were surveyed. The patients’ onset age of GD was 9.3 ± 10.9; their disease course was 3.5 ± 3.1 years. 21 (42.9%) patients had ≥ 2 caregivers, but 35 (71.4%) caregivers reported have no experience as a caregiver. 79.6% caregivers have stopped working, and 87.8% changed weekly working schedule. Before final diagnosis, patients visited 3.9 ± 3.1 (max = 20) hospitals and took 1.2 ± 1.7 (max = 6.6) years for confirmed diagnosis. On average, 5.0 ± 9.6 misdiagnoses occurred, and the per-patient diagnoses cost was USD ($) 7576. After GD confirmation, 8 (16.3%) patients received no treatment, 40 (81.6%) received pharmacotherapy, 10 (20.4%) received surgery, 38 (77.6%) received outpatient service (8.8 ± 9.1 times/annually), and 37 (77.5%) received inpatient service (4.0 ± 3.5 times/annually). Annual per-patient COI was USD ($) 49,925 (95% confidence interval: 29,178, 70,672). Average direct healthcare cost was $41,816, including pharmaceutical ($29,908), inpatient ($7,451), and outpatient ($1,838). Productivity loss per-caregiver was $1,980, and their Zarit Burden Inventory score was moderate-severe (48.6 ± 19.6). Both patients/caregivers reported lower social support (32.4 ± 7.4, 34.9 ± 7.6), two times higher PSQI (7.9 ± 2.9, 8.7 ± 3.6), and half lower SF-36 (41.3 ± 18.6, 46.5 ± 19.3) than those reported for healthy Chinese individuals. Conclusions The high misdiagnosis rate, together with delayed diagnosis, substantial costs, and deteriorated health-related quality of life of GD patients as well as their heavy care burden, calls for extreme attention from policymakers in China. Further efforts of government and society are urgently demanded, including pharmaceutical reimbursement, screening newborns, developing precise diagnostic tools, and training doctors.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the value chain of potato in the Ilam district. Potato is one of the major stable food and source of income for the majority rural farmers of the Ilam district. Using random sampling techniques, data were collected using semi-structured household survey with 165 respondents, 50 traders, input and service providers and along with 5 focus group discussion. Data were analyzed using SPSS and excel software. Results of the compound annual growth analysis showed that area, production and productivity is increasing significantly by 8.12, 2.87 and 2.79% respectively over 19 years in the country and 3.78, 2.84, and 3.55 respectively in the Ilam district. The farmers are generally growing local variety however; they also grow some improved varieties. The benefit cost ratio of local varieties is very low (0.68) whereas for improved varieties higher (1.73). Farmers do not adopt the grading and packaging which is generally done by the traders. The import of potato sharply increasing over the years which was 46,097 t worth of NPR 35.74 million in 2008/09 and reached to 249,368 t worth of NPR 531.25 million in 2016/17 which is 14.86 fold increases in value within 8 years. The value chain analysis reveals that, the margin received by the farmers is 27% of the retail price whereas traders and wholesalers deals in big quantities and extract substantial margin. The major constraints of potato production are diseases accompanied by weak availability of seed, high production cost, decreasing labor availability, and weak backward and forward linkage. Therefore, findings suggest that, government and developing agencies should support farmers organizations for the adoption of new variety, involve in quality seed production, integrated management of diseases, reduce cost of production, develop agricultural marketing infrastructures to boost up the production and make market access to the farmers.

Исследования проводились на одном из промышленных комплексов Ярославской области. Целью исследований являлась оценка по основным признакам продуктивности импортного скота голштинской породы селекции Нидерландов и их дочерей. Было установлено, что как матери, так и дочери имели удлинённую лактацию. Коровы импортной селекции имели высокую молочную продуктивность с первой лактации, которая составила 5597 кг с МДЖ и МДБ 4,23 и 3,38% соответственно, к третьей лактации удои увеличились до 6611,8 кг, МДЖ составила 4,35%, МДБ – 3,37%. Дочери достоверно превосходили своих матерей по продуктивным признакам, за исключением содержания белка по первой лактации, жира и белка – по третьей лактации. На комплексе и матери, и дочери имели удовлетворительную воспроизводительную способность. Выше принятых норм были продолжительность сервис-периода, сухостойного периода, возраст первого осеменения. При этом у дочерей сервис-период был меньше на 60,3 дня. Увеличение удоя является положительным показателем адаптации, с другой стороны, удовлетворительные показатели воспроизводства указывают на трудности адаптации импортного скота. Реализация продуктивных признаков имеет важное значение при ведении селекционной работы со стадом. При определении корреляции дочерей с матерями и генетического влияния наследуемости признаков от матерей была установлена корреляция по первой и третьей лактациям, соответственно: по удою – слабая отрицательная и слабая положительная, по содержанию жира в молоке – невысокая положительная, слабая отрицательная, по содержанию белка – положительная и отрицательная; наследуемость удоя, МДЖ и МДБ составила 45,1–48,3%, по третьей лактации наследуемость содержания жира от матерей – всего 12,4%. Основными причинами выбытия как матерей, так и дочерей послужили проблемы с воспроизводством, болезни конечностей и вымени. Меньше всего коровы выбывали из-за низкой продуктивности. Средний возраст использования матерей составил 1,6 лактации, у дочерей – 1,8. The researches were carried out at one of the industrial complexes of the Yaroslavl region. The aim of the research was to evaluate of imported Holstein cattle of the selection of the Netherlands and their daughters by the main characteristics of the productivity. It was found that both mothers and daughters had elongated lactation. Cows of imported selection had high milk productivity from the first lactation which was 5597 kg with WCF and WCP 4.23 and 3.38% respectively, by the third lactation milk yield increased to 6611.8 kg, WCF was 4.35%, WCP – 3.37%. The daughters were significantly superior to their mothers in productive features, with the exception of protein for the first lactation, fat and protein for the third lactation. In the complex both mothers and daughters had satisfactory reproductive ability. The duration of the service period, the dry period and the age of the first insemination were higher than the accepted norms. At the same time the service period for the daughters was 60.3 days less. The increase in milk yield is a positive indicator of adaptation on the other hand satisfactory reproduction rates indicate difficulties in adapting imported livestock. The realization of productive characteristics is important when conducting breeding work with a herd. When determining the correlation of daughters with mothers and the genetic influence of the heritability of signs from mothers, a correlation was established for the first and third lactations, respectively: by the milk yield – meanly negative and meanly positive, by fat content in milk – low positive, meanly negative, for protein content – positive and negative; the heritability of milk yield, WCF and WCP were 45.1–48.3%, according to the third lactation the heritability of fat content from mothers was only 12.4%. The main reasons for cow disposal of both mothers and daughters were problems with reproduction, diseases of the limbs and udders. Least of all cows were culled due to low productivity. The average age of use of mothers was 1.6 lactation, for daughters – 1.8.

Abstract Background/Aims Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are one of the major causes of non-traumatic disability within the global burden of disease. A 2010 Global Burden of Disease study reported that MSK diseases account for 20% of all Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) in low/middle income countries. Significantly contributing to this MSK burden is arthritis. In Tanzania, a lack of data exists on the prevalence, quality of life, economic and societal impact of arthritis. We aim to estimate the health, economic and societal burden of arthritis in Tanzania. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken between January 2021 to Sept 2021 in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania working in partnership with the Kilimanjaro Christian Research Institute and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. Clinical screening tools, including the Gait Arms Legs Spine (GALS) and Regional Examination of the Musculoskeletal system (REMS) were used to screen people with MSK diseases and possible arthritis through a tiered system approach. Economic and quality of life questionnaires were used for a representative sample of all residents (aged over 5 years old) in selected households. Ethiopia and Zimbabwe tariffs were used for the EuroQol EQ-5D. Resource use captured out-of-pocket costs, healthcare costs, absenteeism, presenteeism & work productivity loss. Regression based analysis were undertaken to estimate differences in utility scores and resources use / costs between those presenting as REMS+/- and GALS+/-. Other explanatory variables in the model included age, occupation, marital status, gender, religion, tribe, education. Results Preliminary results on data collected to-date show that for all QoL dimensions those with a positive diagnosis had lower utility scores. Whilst the population norms are in line with utility values for that age group from other countries (30-40 years, ∼0.9 utility), those presenting with a positive diagnosis had a significant reduction in utility of ∼0.12 to 0.15 depending on what country tariff was used. A higher proportion of participants in GALS/REMS +ve groups experienced work loss (6 x more likely) and had visited healthcare facilities/hospitalisation (2.5 x more likely) compared to GALS/REMS -ve. Health-related costs reported by household financial respondents did not show a significant statistical difference albeit a likely economically significant difference (Tanzanian Shillings 13,535 vs 6,683, p = 0.05), when adjusted for age and gender. Conclusion This is the first study to estimate burden and prevalence estimates of MSK in Tanzania using valid screening tools along with estimates of preference-based quality of life, disability impacts and quantification of the economic impacts of MSK. This study quantifies the significant burden of rheumatological conditions both in terms of health and poverty. The results will be used to guide clinical health practices, intervention design, service provision, and health promotion and awareness activities both at KCMC institutional level, Kilimanjaro region and national level. Disclosure E. Grieve: None. P. Hsieh: None. E. McIntosh: None. M. Deidda: None.

Abstract Background/Aims Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are one of the major causes of non-traumatic disability within the global burden of disease. A 2010 Global Burden of Disease study reported that MSK diseases account for 20% of all Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) in low/middle income countries. Significantly contributing to this MSK burden is arthritis. In Tanzania, a lack of data exists on the prevalence, quality of life, economic and societal impact of arthritis. We aim to estimate the health, economic and societal burden of arthritis in Tanzania. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken between January 2021 to Sept 2021 in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania working in partnership with the Kilimanjaro Christian Research Institute and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. Clinical screening tools, including the Gait Arms Legs Spine (GALS) and Regional Examination of the Musculoskeletal system (REMS) were used to screen people with MSK diseases and possible arthritis through a tiered system approach. Economic and quality of life questionnaires were used for a representative sample of all residents (aged over 5 years old) in selected households. Ethiopia and Zimbabwe tariffs were used for the EuroQol EQ-5D. Resource use captured out-of-pocket costs, healthcare costs, absenteeism, presenteeism & work productivity loss. Regression based analysis were undertaken to estimate differences in utility scores and resources use / costs between those presenting as REMS+/- and GALS+/-. Other explanatory variables in the model included age, occupation, marital status, gender, religion, tribe, education. Results Preliminary results on data collected to-date show that for all QoL dimensions those with a positive diagnosis had lower utility scores. Whilst the population norms are in line with utility values for that age group from other countries (30-40 years, ∼0.9 utility), those presenting with a positive diagnosis had a significant reduction in utility of ∼0.12 to 0.15 depending on what country tariff was used. A higher proportion of participants in GALS/REMS +ve groups experienced work loss (6 x more likely) and had visited healthcare facilities/hospitalisation (2.5 x more likely) compared to GALS/REMS -ve. Health-related costs reported by household financial respondents did not show a significant statistical difference albeit a likely economically significant difference (Tanzanian Shillings 13,535 vs 6,683, p = 0.05), when adjusted for age and gender. Conclusion This is the first study to estimate burden and prevalence estimates of MSK in Tanzania using valid screening tools along with estimates of preference-based quality of life, disability impacts and quantification of the economic impacts of MSK. This study quantifies the significant burden of rheumatological conditions both in terms of health and poverty. The results will be used to guide clinical health practices, intervention design, service provision, and health promotion and awareness activities both at KCMC institutional level, Kilimanjaro region and national level. Disclosure E. Grieve: None. P. Hsieh: None. E. McIntosh: None. M. Deidda: None.

Background: Swine production and productivity rates can be influenced by several factors, such as genetics, environmental conditions, nutritional factors, previous infections and others. Among infectious diseases, leptospirosis is a well-known cause of reproductive disorders in pigs. These animals are considered carriers of the disease when they are in the terminal stage of the infection and the Veterinary Inspection Service has not been notified when they are slaughtered. Considering the lack of epidemiological information on Leptospira infection in pigs in the state of Pernambuco, the aim of this study was to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies in pigs slaughtered in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples were collected from 305 pigs in 11 municipalities in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. The animals had no history of vaccination, and were raised on subsistence-oriented family farms. The sera were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for the detection of antibodies. The serovars used in the MAT were: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, Javanica, Canicola, Castellonis, Pyrogenenes, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Sentot, Djasiman, Australis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Wolffi, Sejroe, Saxkoebing, Bataviae, Tarassovi, Panama, Patoc, Andamana, Celledoni, Shermani, Brastilava and Hardjo. Sera showing titers of ≥100 were considered positive. The MAT results indicated that 78/305 (25.57%) of the samples were positive, and were distributed in the 11 municipalities. The most frequent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, and Djasiman, with frequencies of 55.13%, 17.95% and 6.41%, respectively.Discussion: Swine infected with leptospirosis showed few or no signs of the disease. However, the bacteria can be carried for long periods in convoluted tubules of the kidney and their urinary excretion may last for years. A study of Leptospira spp. risk factors on pig farms in the state of Alagoas revealed an absence of rodent control, suggesting that this was the probable cause of infection by this serovar, Icterohaemorrhagiae. Farms that did not control their rodent populations showed a 7.8-fold higher risk of infection among their swine. This exposure poses a problem, since these animals can contaminate the environment, as well as food and water, making them an important source of infection of other animals. The findings of this study indicate that the pigs were exposed to Leptospira spp. The reason that some atypical serovars were identified in this study may be have been incidental infection, since these animals came from a non-technified system, putting them at greater risk of contact with other animal species. This may also be a reason for the identification of the other serovars in this research. Although the serovar Copenhagen is part of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, few studies have described its importance. The main reservoirs of Copenhageni are also synanthropic rodents, which underscores the importance of these animals as possible sources of contamination on farms that supply pigs to the slaughterhouses of the region under study. The data obtained here indicate the need for animal health surveillance programs in the region. Moreover, they may also be a source of infection of the professionals directly involved in handling and slaughtering pigs. This indicates the need to implement surveillance programs in the region, such as high vaccination coverage at pig farms, as well as integrated pest management against rodents.