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1
Tsai, Wen Chang. "Design and Implementation of a Voltage Booster Circuit for High-Pressure Injector Drives in GDI Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 1367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.1367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A DC/DC voltage booster circuit is essential to design for the high-pressure (H.P.) injector driving circuit since the power supply voltages for various H.P. injectors are DC 60~90 V rather than DC 12~14V battery voltages. The DC 12~14V battery voltages have to be boosted up to the stable DC 60~90 V voltages supply for being able to drive various H.P. injectors. The new H.P. injector driving circuit consists of a voltage booster circuit and an originally designed three-stage power MOSFETs injector driving circuit to control the dc-link power supply voltage. The dynamic performance of a H.P. injector driven by the designed electrical driving circuit with the voltage booster are simulated and analyzed. The stability and electrical characteristics for the voltage booster under various injection pulse durations and engine speeds are investigated. The fuel injection quantities, supply voltages and injector driving currents of the H.P. injector fed by the new injector driving circuit is illustrated and analyzed in the paper. The experimental results show that this injector driving circuit with a newly designed voltage booster is capable of operating stably to drive the H.P. injector and obtain the accurate fuel injection quantities in the air-fuel ratio control of engines.
2
Tran, Thanh Phong, Quang Minh Nguyen, and Quoc Cuong Tran. "Feasibility of Studying Fuel Mixer Design for High Power Engines Using Completely Biogas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, the original source of mineral fuel for engines was depleting increasingly while combustion products make the environment to be polluted, CO2emission which caused many greenhouse gases; this also makes crude oil prices fluctuate and rise. They tend to use biogas as a fuel for internal combustion engines which have been interested in the powerful countries. Supply of biogas from the waste of farms, flour production, fish processing, landfills, etc., with hundreds or thousands of cube meter of biomass daily leads demand on high-power generators using biogas in order to make good use of produced gas. This article introduces a technology solution for fuel engines using purely large-capacity biogas and operating under compression type fire. Accordingly, the tubular biogas Venturi mixer with electronic controller has been used to supply the mixture of fuel to engine. The CDI-DC ignition circuit provides a high voltage of 28kV for forced combustion of the mixture. Experimental results show that the mixer operates stably, well controlled and allows adjusting the ratio of air/fuel, as well as easily changing its speed when it is used as a hybrid engine for the generator. Some results of performance evaluation of biogas mixer will be presented in this article.
3
Liura, О. P., N. Ya Vozna, and Ya M. Nykolaichuk. "RESEARCH OF TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES 6–10 KV AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROELECTRONIC SPECIAL PROCESSOR OF RELAY PROTECTION, INVARIANT TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDES OF PHASE CURRENTS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 2(45) (November 13, 2018): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2018-2(45)-57-83.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fast-acting algorithms of exposure and invariant authentication of transients in the lines of electricity transmission as load surge, short circuits and start of powerful electric engines were developed; based on that, the functions of relay defense device of high-voltage lines of electricity transmission were determined. The given structure of small, microelectronic fast-acting device of relay defense is with the extended functional possibilities of recognition of load surge and defense of high-voltage lines of electricity transmission from short circuits, the syntax of his functions was presented. This device can be used for load surge recognition and short circuits, invariant to the size of increase currents in the separate phases of electric lines. It allowed successful application of the developed method and device for simultaneous recognition of load surge, short circuits and starting of powerful electric engines. The information technology of designing structural solutions of relay protection special processor for high-voltage electricity transmission lines was presented.
4
Russell, Michael J., Wolfgang Nitschke, and Elbert Branscomb. "The inevitable journey to being." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1622 (July 19, 2013): 20120254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Life is evolutionarily the most complex of the emergent symmetry-breaking, macroscopically organized dynamic structures in the Universe. Members of this cascading series of disequilibria-converting systems, or engines in Cottrell's terminology, become ever more complicated—more chemical and less physical—as each engine extracts, exploits and generates ever lower grades of energy and resources in the service of entropy generation. Each one of these engines emerges spontaneously from order created by a particular mother engine or engines, as the disequilibrated potential daughter is driven beyond a critical point. Exothermic serpentinization of ocean crust is life's mother engine. It drives alkaline hydrothermal convection and thereby the spontaneous production of precipitated submarine hydrothermal mounds. Here, the two chemical disequilibria directly causative in the emergence of life spontaneously arose across the mineral precipitate membranes separating the acidulous, nitrate-bearing CO 2 -rich, Hadean sea from the alkaline and CH 4 /H 2 -rich serpentinization-generated effluents. Essential redox gradients—involving hydrothermal CH 4 and H 2 as electron donors, CO 2 and nitrate, nitrite, and ferric iron from the ambient ocean as acceptors—were imposed which functioned as the original ‘carbon-fixing engine’. At the same time, a post-critical-point (milli)voltage pH potential (proton concentration gradient) drove the condensation of orthophosphate to produce a high energy currency: ‘the pyrophosphatase engine’.
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Caliari, Luca, Paola Bettacchi, Evangelista Boni, Davide Montanari, Arrigo Gamberini, Luigi Barbieri, and Francesco Bergamaschi. "KEMET SMD Film Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (January 1, 2013): 000013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-ma13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trends of several applications like down-hole drilling, commercial aviation (e.g. jet engines), heavy industrial and automotive are challenging the capabilities of capacitors and other electronic components. The growing harsh-environment conditions for these applications are: high temperature, high voltage and high current. At the capacitor component level, required features are: very high reliability under mechanical shock, rapid changes in temperature, low leakage current (high insulation resistance), small dimensions, good stability with time and humidity, and high peak withstanding voltage. Capacitors for power-conversion circuitry must maintain a low AC loss and DC leakage at high temperatures. KEMET has recently designed film capacitor series using PEN to address the needs of the above mentioned circuits, in particular regarding the working temperature, voltage and current. This paper will cover technological advances in film capacitor technology to address harsh environment conditions needs, providing test results on temperature, voltage and thermal shock acceleration factor.
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Hennek, Krystian, and Mariusz Graba. "The influence of exhaust system leak on the operating parameters of a turbocharged spark ignition engine." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Turbocharging of an internal combustion engine is the most common technique to improve an engines’ performance. In present it is not hard to meet vehicles on the road with turbocharged SI engines, which have a high mileage, and because of this fact there is a high risk of exhaust systems leak. This might have its influence not only on the emissions, but also on the vehicles performance. Thereby this dissertation shows the comparative analysis of the influence of exhaust system leak in the catalyzer input on the exhaust gasses composition in the catalyzer output and the operation parameters of an turbocharged SI engine. During the research some parameters were recorded and compared, e. g.: the engines power and torque, the injec-tors opening time, the oxygen sensors voltage signals in the input and in the output of the catalyzer, the concentration of harmful gasses in the exhaust tailpipe. The research was conducted with the use of a single roller MAHA MSR 500 chassis dynamometer. A series of torque measurements was performed. Under these measurements a simulation of the exhaust system leakage of a turbocharged SI passenger car engine was made. As a result three variations of the wideband oxygen sensor acting were reached. The wideband sensor is mounted between the turbocharger unit and the input of the catalyzer. In the test the influence of the leakage on the injector’s opening time and the composition of harmful exhaust substances were pointed.
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Lu, De Cai, Ji Xiang Wu, and Fu Qun Shao. "The Research of High Voltage Electrical Capacitance Tomography System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was used to detect multiphase flows in pipelines, fluidization process and combustion phenomena in internal combustion engines, and so on. In the mentioned applications, none of them has equipment or vessel with inner diameter exceeding 1 meter. Nevertheless, there are some of large equipments like blast furnaces, coal bunkers and so on, need to detect its content distribution. These requirements could be met by ECT technology. But there are not any ECT systems can be used to detect content distribution of those large equipments, because the existing system can not measure the capacitance in change which was changed by content distribution. A new method of high AC voltage excitation and C/V circuits which has a higher excitation voltage about 20~50 times than the previous ac-based system, with an 8-electrodes sensor array that is amounted on a 2.5m inner diameter object constructed a High Voltage Electrical Capacitance Tomography (HVECT) system in laboratory. Image reconstruction experiments show that the HVECT is applicable to monitor the content distribution in the future.
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Lus, Tomasz, Marek Łutowicz, and Dominika Cuper. "APPLICABILITY STUDY OF THE FIBER-OPTIC GYRO IN PISTON ENGINES DIAGNOSING PROCESS." Agricultural Engineering 46, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ageng.2014.004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Polish Naval Academy has been involved in marine reciprocating combustion engines indication tests for many years. Results of researches aiming to diagnostic using of measurement of engine crankshaft unsteady angular speed are presented in the paper. Up to now, adequate accuracy of angular speed measurement had not been achieved to make proper diagnostic decision. Commercially, measurement of unsteady rotation speed has been used only in MAPEX –TV system (Torsional Vibration detector) dedicated to SULZER engines, which can detect only the one engine cylinder switch out of work without any mistakes. For several years, mostly in navigation, more often are used optic gyroscopes which work on the base of Sagnac effect, assuring angular speed measurements with resolution of 0.001o/h. Such resolution is too high than needed in piston engines diagnostic, but range of measured rotation speed is much much lower than rpm of medium-or low-speed marine diesel engines. In scope of conducted research it was decided to build a model of Sagnac interferometer prepared to measure of instantaneous angular speed in range adequate to medium speed marine diesel engines. At rotational crankshaft speed equal 750 rpm 1mV change in output voltage had been achieved for the difference of 0,4 o/sec of rotational speed. Time of measurement is equal the time which need light ray to go through distance of 100 m fibber-optic line. In practice this method do not introduce any significant phase shifts and does not limit the number of samples per revolution.
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Hsueh, Ming-Hsien, Chia-Nan Wang, Meng-Chang Hsieh, Chao-Jung Lai, Shi-Hao Wang, Chia-Hsin Hsieh, Tsung-Liang Wu, and Jo-Hung Yu. "An Analysis of Exhaust Emission of the Internal Combustion Engine Treated by the Non-Thermal Plasma." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 6041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Industries’ air pollution causes serious challenges to modern society, among them exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, which are currently one of the main sources. This study proposes a non-thermal plasma (NTP) system for placement in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines to reduce the toxic contaminants (HC, CO, and NOx) of exhaust gases. This NTP system generates a high-voltage discharge that not only responds to the ion chemical reaction to eliminate NOx and CO, but that also generates a combustion reaction at the local high temperature of plasma to reduce HC. The NTP system was designed on both the front and rear of the exhaust pipe to analyze the difference of different exhaust flow rates under the specified frequency. The results indicate that the NTP system can greatly reduce toxic contaminants. The NTP reactor placed in the front of exhaust pipe gave HC and CO removal efficiency of about 34.5% and 16.0%, respectively, while the NTP reactor placed in the rear of exhaust pipe gave NOx removal efficiency of about 41.3%. In addition, the voltage and material directly affect the exhaust gases obviously. In conclusion, the proposed NTP system installed in the exhaust system can significantly reduce air pollutants. These results suggest that applying NTP to the combustion engine should be a useful tool to simultaneously reduce both emissions of NOx and CO.
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Komariah, Leily Nurul, Erik Salindra, Muhammad Akbar Ray, and Muhammad Rendana. "Effect of Technical Modifications on the Fuel Consumption and Emission Level of Biodiesel-Diesel Blended (B30) Fuel Engine." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.03.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of the mixed of biodiesel and diesel (BXX) will affect the performances of engines that are previously used for pure diesel. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the appropriate technical modifications that can be applied in the B30-fueled generator set. Several modifications were carried out such as no modification (as a control), the addition of fuel preheater, the change of the injector nozzle specifications, and the combined modifications in the B30 fuel generator set. The results of the study revealed that the addition of fuel preheater reduced fuel consumption, CO emission around 20% and 7.6% respectively. In contrast, there was an increase of the output voltage by 0.7%. Moreover, the change of the injector nozzle specifications showed a decrease in fuel consumption and output voltage around 7.92% and 2.2% respectively, but increase in CO emissions by 62.3%. The combined modification showed the reduction of fuel consumption and output voltage around 12.45% and 2.6%, respectively. However, the CO emission increased around 90%. In summary, the best modification for biodiesel-diesel blended (B30) fuel engine was found in the engine with the addition of preheater modification because it gives high fuel consumption but low emission level.
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Cieślik, Wojciech, Ireneusz Pielecha, and Andrzej Szałek. "Assessment of parameters of the hybrid drive system in vehicles in urban traffic conditions." Combustion Engines 161, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116887.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Continuously increasing share of the hybrid and electric vehicles in the global automotive market justifies the need for detailed analysis of the operational effectiveness of these drive systems. The aim of the study was to assess the operational conditions of the combustion engines and electric motors in hybrid drive systems – full hybrid – of the motor vehicles in urban traffic conditions. Variety of designs of such drive systems is related to the high voltage batteries used and the way of charging them. The road tests were conducted in Warsaw (urban traffic conditions) by recording the operational parameters of three vehicles and their driving systems. The conditions of operation of the combustion engine and electric motors along with the values of their high voltage battery charge level were related to the test routes. The analysis of the relative shares of engine and motor operation time in the total time of vehicle operation in urban traffic conditions was conducted. The scope of operation of the hybrid drive system utilizing only electric propulsion system was determined. The relations between the operational indexes of the hybrid propulsion (combustion engine and electric motor) in real traffic conditions and the charge level of batteries, current speeds and accelerations were shown.
12
Tsai, Wen-Chang, and Tung-Sheng Zhan. "An Experimental Characterization for Injection Quantity of a High-pressure Injector in GDI Engines." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The high-pressure (HP) injector is a highly dynamic component requiring careful voltage and pressure input modulation to achieve the required fuel injection quantities of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Accurate fuel injection curves are a key influence for this technology, and therefore, will require an accurate estimation of fuel flow rate to be realized. In order to be driven to rapid response with respect to solenoid valve coils, HP injectors typically require to be designed to be capable of rapid response in GDI engines. In this paper, the design and analysis of the proposed injector drive circuit are presented. Next, the effects of total pulse width, injector supply voltage, fuel system pressure, and pulse width modulation (PWM) operation on fuel injection quantities of an HP injector are measured for achieving robust performance and stability in the presence of bounded errors of the GDI injectors due to total pulse width, injector’s supply voltage, fuel pressure and PWM operation. Additionally, the fuel injection quantities of the HP injector are measured by tuning the parameters of the injector drive circuit with the PWM operation. These are defined as the fuel injection curves. Finally, experimental results are provided for verification of the proposed injector drive circuit.
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Zahari, Faisal, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, Ismail Musirin, Amirul Asyraf Mohd Kamaruzaman, Nur Ashida Salim, and Bibi Norasiqin Sheikh Rahimullah. "Design of a Small Renewable Resource Model based on the Stirling Engine with Alpha and Beta Configurations." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i2.pp360-367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper presents the conceptual design of Stirling engine based Alpha and Beta configurations. The performances of Stirling engine based Beta configuration will be expounded elaborately in the discussion. The Stirling engines are durable in its operation that requires less maintenance cost. The methodology for both configurations consists of thermodynamic formulation of Stirling Cycle, Schmidt theory and few composition of flywheel and Ross-Yoke dimension. Customarily, the Stirling engine based Beta configuration will operate during the occurrence of low and high temperature differences emanating from any type of waste heat energy. A straightforward analysis on the performance of Stirling engine based Beta configuration has been performed corresponding to the temperature variation of cooling agent. The results have shown that the temperature variation of cooling agent has a direct effect on the performances of Stirling engine in terms of its speed, voltage and output power. </p>
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Thomson, M., and D. Infield. "Modelling the impact of micro-combined heat and power generators on electricity distribution networks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 222, no. 7 (October 24, 2008): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates potential technical effects that a high take up of domestic micro-CHP could have on an electricity distribution system. This study is based on a combination of house-by-house energy use modelling and network power-flow analysis. A variety of micro-CHP technologies are represented, including Stirling engines, internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. These have different heat-to-power ratios and thus different impacts on the electricity system. The results and discussion focus on voltage rise, which is considered to be the primary constraint on allowable penetration.
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Chirkov, Dmitrii Andreevich, Aleksandr Dmitrievich Korotayev, and Evgenii Aleksandrovich Chabanov. "Improving the efficiency of an electric drive with a cylindrical linear alternating current electronic engine." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp58-67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, linear motors find increasingly wide application in various industrial sectors. These motors feature a range of advantages including the absence of compound mechanical power transmissions between a motor and an actuator, simple design, and performance reliability. These advantages determine application of linear motors in electric drive systems of a range of industrial mechanisms including liquid metal and melt transfer units, various transport systems, and metal working and grinding machines. As an illustration, the article addresses submersible cylindrical linear alternating current electronic engines used for rodless oil extraction. Practice shows that the overall efficiency of such units is extremely low. This article is dedicated to the determination of performance and power/angle characteristics of such linear motors, their main energy indicators 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 and efficiency at various supply voltage frequencies. It is shown that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 at all supply voltage frequencies remains very high, while the efficiency is extremely low. The main way to increase the engine efficiency is to increase the frequency of its supply voltage as much as possible. It is proposed to extend the results obtained to other possible industrial applications of linear electric drives.
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CIEŚLIK, Wojciech, Ireneusz PIELECHA, and Andrzej SZAŁEK. "Indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during the UDC test." Combustion Engines 160, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116897.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An increased interest in hybrid drive systems allowing reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, as well as their partial use as zero–emission vehicles promotes the development of these types of drive systems. The market analysis indicates an increased sale of hybrid drives in vehicles, and this means that actions taken towards of reduction of fuel consumption are still valid. The aim of this article is to indicate the indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during a part of the type-approval driving test. The article analyses Toyota hybrid vehicles with particular attention paid to the parameters of the hybrid drive system and the influence of the charge level of battery on the share of the combustion engine operation in the total time of the vehicle operation. The analysis was carried out for vehicles equipped with the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive system working with different types of high voltage battery.
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Perrin, Rémi, Dominique Bergogne, Christian Martin, and Bruno Allard. "GaN Power Module with High Temperature Gate Driver and Insulated Power Supply." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-wp11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emerging GaN power switches show advantages for integration in power modules at high temperature and/or high efficiency. These modules are good candidates for embedded power converters in harsh environment such as three phase inverters for Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) in the vicinity of internal combustion engines. The power range is usually within 1 to 5 kW, extending sometimes up to 50 kW, using a high voltage DC bus (HVDC) that is usually comprised between 200 V and 600 V. For aeronautical applications, GaN power switches could challenge SiC transistors for their high switching speed, hence reduced switching losses, therefore lower embarked mass. For automotive applications, it is the relative promise for lower cost per Amp that is pushing this technology up. This is why a project joining GaN device conception, power module development and gate driver optimization using high temperature technologies was set-up. This paper presents the first practical results: a functional GaN power inverter-leg driven by a specific high temperature gate driver with signal and power insulation. This building block requires an auxiliary DC supply with a input voltage of 14 V or 28 V and an external PWM control signal. Current rating is 20 A and breakdown voltage is 200 V.
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Alimisis, Vassilis, Georgios Gennis, Konstantinos Touloupas, Christos Dimas, Nikolaos Uzunoglu, and Paul P. Sotiriadis. "Nanopower Integrated Gaussian Mixture Model Classifier for Epileptic Seizure Prediction." Bioengineering 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9040160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a new analog front-end classification system that serves as a wake-up engine for digital back-ends, targeting embedded devices for epileptic seizure prediction. Predicting epileptic seizures is of major importance for the patient’s quality of life as they can lead to paralyzation or even prove fatal. Existing solutions rely on power hungry embedded digital inference engines that typically consume several µW or even mW. To increase the embedded device’s autonomy, a new approach is presented combining an analog feature extractor with an analog Gaussian mixture model-based binary classifier. The proposed classification system provides an initial, power-efficient prediction with high sensitivity to switch on the digital engine for the accurate evaluation. The classifier’s circuit is chip-area efficient, operating with minimal power consumption (180 nW) at low supply voltage (0.6 V), allowing long-term continuous operation. Based on a real-world dataset, the proposed system achieves 100% sensitivity to guarantee that all seizures are predicted and good specificity (69%), resulting in significant power reduction of the digital engine and therefore the total system. The proposed classifier was designed and simulated in a TSMC 90 nm CMOS process, using the Cadence IC suite.
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Cho, In-Ho, Byoung-Hee Lee, Seong-Yun Park, Joon-Hyoung Ryu, and Jong-Hoon Kim. "Designing High-Voltage and Large-Capacity Battery Packs for Fuel-Cell Hybrid Railroad Propulsion System." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, internal combustion engines in a lot of transportation systems are being electrified. For the railroad propulsion system, it is essential to apply a high-voltage/large-capacity energy source in order to ensure that the system operates properly. Thus, fuel-cell and rechargeable battery systems are being considered nowadays. The battery system can receive and store all regenerative energy to improve energy efficiency. In addition, since the battery pack of a propulsion system utilizing a hydrogen fuel-cell requires continuous charging/discharging, regardless of the railroad vehicle’s driving profile, the battery pack is designed to ensure its stable use and to minimize maintenance costs. Consideration should be given to the characteristics of railroad vehicles. In this research, a hydrogen fuel-cell hybrid railroad vehicle propulsion system specification, which has been studied recently, was applied to study the considerations in the design of high-voltage/large-capacity battery packs for railroad vehicles. In particular, the passive and active cell-balancing circuit and an algorithm for the stable management of battery packs for hybrid railroad vehicles in which a continuous charging/discharging operation is repeated are proposed and verified through experiments.
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Kravchenko, Galina A., Elvira L. Lvova, Alexey M. Makarov, and Sergey V. Stolyarov. "THE METHOD OF CONTINUOUS AUTOMATED RESISTANCE CONTROL OF HIGH VOLTAGE MOTOR INSULATION." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2020-3-94-101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrical machines are widely used in various branches of the national economy. In particular, electric motors are one of the main elements in electrical power generation systems. The electric machines used at this ensure reliable operation of individual power units and the entire power supply system in general. The reliability of engines’ operation is largely determined by the quality of its insulation, that is why the improvement of methods for controlling the isolation of high voltage asynchronous motors is an actual task.
The aim of the research is to develop a method of continuous automated control of electric insulation condition in stator windings of an asynchronous motor basing on the analysis of experimental and industrial operation data making it possible to estimate the dynamics of changes in the main insulation parameters.
The main elements showing reliability of high-voltage electric machines, applied electro-insulation structures, methods for controlling insulation resistance in a high-voltage electric motor are considered in the article. The research performed was based on the results of the experimental and industrial operation of the automated system of insulation control under working voltage at the real facility carried out by the group of companies «Energopribor» of the town of Cheboksary.
The analysis of existing methods for insulation control is given, the scheme of insulation control by superpositioning test current with the frequency which is different from industrial one. The authors propose the method to estimate the dynamics of resistance changes in insulation of stator windings of the asynchronous motor, to reveal its approximation to the maximum permissible state in the process of operation and in reserve shutdown. Software modeling was carried out, the results of which correspond to the data of experimental and industrial operation.
The results obtained during the research allowed to systematize the obtained experimental data, to modernize the hardware part of the diagnostic complex DUKAT-SCAD, to outline the criteria area for its applicability.
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Giurgică, Alexandru. "Numerical analysis model of an Air Control Valve The Bond Graph approach." ITM Web of Conferences 29 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192902005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern internal combustion engines currently use a multitude of electromechanical elements generically called actuators. Thus, within the highlevel “engine” system, each actuator can be considered an element. At a further increase in detail,aforementioned high-level components can be regarded as lower level systems themselves commonly known as subsystems, with their corresponding components. Due to this aspect, the study and design of actuators is suited to a model-based systems approach where mechatronic elements need to be modeled hierarchically. The current paper proposes a method for obtaining such a model for an Air Control Valve, using the bond graph theory. Its target outcome is a numerically computable response (position) to an applied input (voltage) while keeping internal (design) parameters explicit. The model is intended for design space exploration and virtual system integration. The resulting dimensionally homogeneous model is given as a state-space representation along its graphical form as a block diagram in addition to the augmented bond graph.
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Tilz, Anton, Georg Meyer, Constantin Kiesling, Gerhard Pirker, Sebastian Salbrechter, and Andreas Wimmer. "Design of a test rig for fundamental investigations of spark characteristics." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 8 (February 21, 2019): 1412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419828943.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A common means to increase efficiency in stationary spark ignited engines is to operate the engine with a higher air/fuel ratio of the mixture in conjunction with a higher turbulence level; however, this generally leads to severe conditions that significantly impact the inflammability of the gas–air mixture and combustion stability. Because the electric arc that forms at the spark plug is a main influencing factor in combustion, detailed research work in the field of electric arc behavior generated at spark plugs is required. This article thus presents a specially tailored test rig that is designed to facilitate an investigation of electric arc behavior under cross-flows at a spark plug typically used in gas engines. The test rig consists of a closed flow circuit for inert gases; its centerpiece is a test cell that provides optical access for high-speed imaging of the electric arc behavior at the spark plug. The required flow velocity at the spark plug is set with a blower. Flow velocities up to 30 m/s, pressures up to 60 bar and temperatures up to 80 °C can be achieved inside the flow system at the location of the spark plug. Postprocessing algorithms have been developed to automatically extract information from the high-speed images. The results reveal that the arc stretches more at a higher flow velocity as indicated by its greater arc length. In addition, it is evident that the cycle-to-cycle variation in arc length increases at higher flow velocities. The secondary voltage history and its cycle-to-cycle variation are strongly influenced by the arc length. This is reflected in the cycle-to-cycle variation of the spark energy input to the flowing gas. These results support the conclusion that spark behavior itself can be a substantial source of cycle-to-cycle variation in the combustion process observed in spark ignited gas engines.
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Larkin, D. J. "An Overview of SiC Epitaxial Growth." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 3 (March 1997): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400032747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SiC electronics research has been driven by the continued successful development of SiC technology for high-power and high-frequency semiconductor devices, and for service in high-temperature, corrosive, and high-radiation environments. The development of this technology has been accelerated by the introduction of commercially available SiC wafers, which have decreased in cost with time. The most recently demonstrated commercial SiC-based products include ultraviolet (uv)-flame sensors for terrestrial turbine engines and high-definition-television transmitter systems utilizing SiC-based transistors. Prototype microelectronic SiC devices include high-voltage Schottky rectifiers and power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, microwave and millimeter-wave devices, and high-temperature, radiation-resistant junction FETs (JFETs). These advancements in SiC-based device technology are attributable to both the successful development of commercially available, bulk SiC substrates and the recent advancements in SiC epitaxial layer growth technologies.
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Trinh, Hoai-An, Hoai-Vu-Anh Truong, and Kyoung Kwan Ahn. "Development of Fuzzy-Adaptive Control Based Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Tramway System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 3880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the implementation of hybrid proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-battery-supercapacitor systems for hybrid tramways to replace conventional internal combustion engines and reduce greenhouse gas emissions has triggered an upward trend in developing energy management strategies (EMSs) to effectively deploy this integration. For this purpose, this paper introduces a comprehensive EMS consisting of high-level and low-level controls to achieve appropriate power distribution and stabilize the operating voltage of the powertrain. In the high-level control, a fuzzy logic technique and adaptive control loop are proposed to determine the reference power for energy sources under different working conditions. Meanwhile, the low-level control aims to generate a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal for DC/DC converter, associated with each electric source, to regulate the device’s output performance and guarantee the DC bus voltage. Comparisons between the proposed strategy with available approaches are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed EMS through MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results confirm that the proposed EMS not only sufficiently ensures powers distribution even when the abrupt changes of load or high peak power, but also enhance the efficiency of the PEMFC, in which the PEMFC stack efficiency can be exhibited up to 53% with hydrogen consumption less than 21.4%. Moreover, the DC bus voltage can be regulated with a small ripple of around 1%.
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Kim, Namhun, Changju Park, Sangshin Kwak, and Jeihoon Baek. "Experimental Comparisons and Evaluations of Different Types of DC-link Capacitors for VSI-Based Electric Compressors in Battery Electric Vehicle Systems." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electric compressor systems for air conditioning operations are an essential part in battery electric vehicle systems, which are not applicable to conventional belt-driven compressors due to no combustion engines. Three-phase voltage source inverters (VSI) and interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors are generally used for electric compressor systems in battery electric vehicles. Direct current (DC)-link capacitors are a critical component in the power converter systems, which affect the cost, size, performances and scale. Metallized polypropylene film capacitors are considered more reliable than conventional electrolytic capacitors for high temperature environments such as electric vehicle applications. This paper presents comprehensive comparisons and evaluations of electric compressors with two types of DC-link capacitors. Based on a 5 kW IPM motor drives and a VSI with a nominal DC voltage of 360 V for electric compressors, performances with electrolytic and film capacitors have been evaluated by experimental tests.
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Szałek, Andrzej, and Ireneusz Pielecha. "The Influence of Engine Downsizing in Hybrid Powertrains on the Energy Flow Indicators under Actual Traffic Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of internal combustion engines is currently based around the ideas of downsizing and rightsizing. These trends, however, are not very widespread in vehicles with hybrid drive systems. Nevertheless, the authors analyzed the performance indicators of hybrid drives in downsized vehicles. Two generations of a vehicle model, equipped with hybrid drive systems, were used in the analysis in which not only the design of the internal combustion engine was changed, but also other hybrid drive systems (including the transmission, electric motors and high-voltage batteries). The paper analyzes the energy flow in two hybrid vehicles of different generations during tests in real road driving conditions in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (real driving emissions) tests. The authors have confirmed that newer vehicle designs extend the vehicle range by 38% in the electric mode under the conditions of road traffic (68% in the urban conditions). The application of a combustion engine with better operating indexes did not result in its greater load, but led to limitation of the maximum pressure-volume (PV) diagram. The change of the battery to Li-ion, despite its lower electric and energy capacity, led to an increase in vehicle’s working parameters (power and regenerative braking).
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Tutunea, Dragos, Ilie Dumitru, Oana Victoria Oţăt, Laurentiu Racila, Ionuţ Daniel Geonea, and Claudia Cristina Rotea. "Oxygen Sensor Testing for Automotive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the operation of internal combustion engines the air-fuel ratio (A/F) is an important parameter which affects fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The automotive oxygen sensor (Lambda) measures the quantity of residual oxygen in the combustion gases. Sensor degradation in time due to the exposure to high temperatures causes a distortion in controlling the A/F with the increase in gas emissions. In this paper an experimental stand is designed to test oxygen sensor degradation in laboratory condition. Four oxygen sensors were tested function of temperature and time recording their variation in resistance and voltage. The results showed similar values in the curves for all sensors tested.
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Selleri, Tommaso, Anastasios D. Melas, Jacopo Franzetti, Christian Ferrarese, Barouch Giechaskiel, and Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa. "On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles—Part 1: Regulated and Unregulated Gaseous Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Road transport is a relevant source of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to meet the European decarbonisation targets, the share of electrified vehicles, including battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), is rapidly growing, becoming the second most popular powertrain in the European market. PHEVs are of interest since they are expected to deliver a reduction in gaseous pollutants such as NOx as well as in greenhouse gases such as CO2. Herein, we explored both categories of emissions for three PHEVs with gasoline direct-injection engines, meeting the latest European emission standards (Euro 6d and Euro 6d-TEMP). They were studied in laboratory and on the road, in different modalities and temperatures. All tested vehicles met the Euro 6 emission limits in the Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) and the real driving emissions (RDE) test procedure. Still, when their internal combustion engine ignited even for a few km, their emissions were comparable to, and in some cases higher than, the average emissions reported for a fleet of eight conventional Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline direct-injection vehicles. The tested PHEVs presented similar trends to those of conventional vehicles, such as the increase in all pollutants considered at low ambient temperature or the high CO emissions during acceleration events, concomitantly with NH3. Moreover, depending on the boundary conditions, emissions were higher for the vehicles with a battery fully charged with respect to tests performed with the depleted battery. Furthermore, the use of an operating mode that allowed charging the vehicles’ high voltage battery using the internal combustion engine had a very strong impact on the vehicles’ CO2 emissions, offsetting the benefits in terms of greenhouse gas reduction demonstrated in other conditions. The results indicate that for the sample tested, the expected reduction in pollutants emission due to the presence of a hybrid gasoline-electric traction seemed in some cases limited, also showing high variability. CO2 emissions were also affected by the initial state of charge of the vehicles’ high voltage battery as well as from the user-selectable operating mode, also in this case with high variability.
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Abdulhy Al-Ali, Majid Abdulhameed, V. Yu Kornilov, and A. G. Gorodnov. "OPTIMIZE THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN GAS SEPARATION STATIONS (DEGASSING STATION DS ) AND ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS OF OIL EQUIPMENT FOR OIL RUMAILA FIELD." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 21, no. 1-2 (April 11, 2019): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-1-2-141-145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annotation: There are various types of electrical equipment used in the extraction of oil at the Rumaila field, with an average voltage of 11 kV and a low voltage of 0.4 kV. The most common elements in this class are transformers and reactors, engines and gas discharge lamps. All of this equipment consumes reactive power and reduces the value of the power factor. (Power factor is the ratio of kW to kVA). The closer the power factor to the maximum possible value of 1, the greater the benefit for the consumer and supplier. In case of low power factor, the current will be increased, and this high current will lead to (large line losses, an increase in the nominal total power of kVA and overhaul dimensions of electrical equipment, deterioration in voltage regulation process and an increase in voltage drop, a decrease in efficiency).Power factor improvement allows the use of smaller transformers, switchgear and cables, etc. as well as reducing power losses and voltage drop in an installation. Improving the power factor of an installation requires a bank of capacitors which acts as a source of reactive energy. These arrangements provide reactive energy compensation. In Rumila, An improvement of the power factor of an installation presents several technical and economic advantages, notably in the reduction of electricity bills, we save (685.854.007 Iraqi Dinar= 550.000 $) for one month . All this work takes 6 to 12 month.
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Lowther, Rex, David Gifford, Wesley Morris, Jim Jensen, Scott Peterson, and Kevin Atkinson. "Enabling Bulk Silicon CMOS Technology for Integration, Reliability, and Extended Lifetime at High Temperature." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, HiTEN (January 1, 2015): 000020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-session1-paper1_4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Silicon Space Technology has developed a commercial bulk CMOS process technology, HardSIL™, which allows optimization of performance, power, and lifetime at high temperatures. A method for preventing latchup, originally developed for use in the space radiation environment, is presently applied to terrestrial high-temperature environments. With the possibility of latchup eliminated in scaled CMOS technology nodes, further designs specific for high-temperature environments have proceeded well. This novel technology has been applied to our 18Mb synchronous burst SBRAM and our ARM® Cortex® M0 microcontroller, and in two CMOS processes at the 130nm technology node (Texas Instruments and GLOBALFOUNDRIES). Extensive temperature testing on these parts demonstrates that bulk silicon CMOS technology has a practical temperature limit of 250°C or higher. Both the microcontroller and the SBRAM have been tested with clock rates up to 70MHz and at temperatures up to 260°C. Both parts have performed without error and without latchup under these conditions, and with low operating current and low leakage current. For example, the 130 million-transistor 18Mb SBRAM has average core leakage current of 580mA at 250°C and core voltage of 1.5V with test lots and simulations showing further reduction in leakage in the next, terrestrial version of this part. In addition, the 18Mb SBRAM is undergoing an endurance test at 250°C, presently at the 2500 hour milestone. Operation at temperatures beyond the present limit of the testing equipment (260°C) appears possible from extrapolation of current data. Integration levels of greater than 8 million gates on a bulk CMOS device would allow multi-core processors with large on-chip secondary caches. Additional DSP engines or other compute engines can be accommodated for processing high resolution three dimensional images in real time. This would provide substantial distributed processing in drilling or jet engine control. These system-on-chip (SOC) integration levels can substantially reduce mechanical failures in a subsystem by reducing the number of wire bonds from greater than 1000 connections to less than 100 connections. Integration of mixed-signal A/Ds and D/As as well as on-chip power management provides a path to further reduction in mechanical connections in a sub-system.
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Little Jr., Jack R. "Development of Scanning Microwave Technology for Ceramics in Extreme Environments." Advances in Science and Technology 65 (October 2010): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.65.153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advanced ceramic materials are required to meet increasing high temperature demands of components in advanced propulsion engines for high performance aircraft as well as increasing structural demands in ceramic-composite armor. Monitoring the structural performance of these advanced ceramic materials presents challenges. Recently a new technology, Evisive ScanTM, based on microwave interferometry has been developed that allows condition monitoring. The internationally patented Evisive Scan™ method (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), utilizes microwaves to interrogate dielectric materials. The microwaves are reflected at areas of changing dielectric constant. The reflected energy and the interrogating beam are combined to form an interference pattern which is measured in the transceiver as a signal voltage. The signal voltage is sampled at many positions in the inspection area. This point cloud is displayed as an Evisive Scan™ image, which presents volumetric detail of the inspected part. Over the past two years the technology has been demonstrated on Ceramic Matrix Composites and has shown to be an efficient measurement of porosity and manufacturing defects. The method has also been demonstrated to be applicable to ceramic composite armor made of monolithic ceramic tiles in complex, multilayer structures.
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Sato, K., S. Harisaki, W. Kubo, I. Owada, K. Tsuda, M. Anan, T. Maenaka, and Y. Kato. "Optimized deceleration characteristics of multicharged ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance ion source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract At present it is necessary the satellite lifetime 10-15 years for operating in space. Xenon is used as fuel for ion engines of satellites. There are problems of accumulated damages at irradiation and sputtering by low energy Xe ion from the engine. It is required to construct database of sputtering yield of ion beams in the low energy region from a hundred eV to 1keV. We are trying to investigate experimentally sputtering yield on satellite component by irradiating the low energy Xe q+ ion beams. We use the electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) in the irradiation experiments. We decelerate the beam energy to several hundred eV after extraction at high voltage 10kV. It is found we cannot neglect the contribution of the space potential of the plasma in the ECRIS of several tens eV. We measured the plasma parameters and ion beam deceleration characteristics in operating conditions on ECRIS. As the results, it was found in operating ECRIS condition of low charge state ion being dominant that the space potential of the ECRIS has an effect of 10∼20% at the beam energy at about 100eV in conducting irradiation experiments on satellite component materials.
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Sulejmanov, R. Ya. "Improvement of the system of auto-regulation of braking modes of an electric train with a pulse converter." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2022-1-72-80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the features of automatic regulation of the process of electric braking of a DC electric train. The peculiarity of this process is that traction engines switch to generator mode of operation to reduce the travelling speed. Industrial generators operate at a constant rotational speed and constant voltage. On an electric rolling stock in braking mode, electric machines operate at a continuously changing rotational speed. At the same time, the objective is to maintain a constant level of the set value of the braking force to ensure comfortable conditions for passengers. At the theoretical level, to accomplish this task, it is sufficient to keep the specified braking current constant at a changing rotational speed, which can be done by regulating the excitation current. In real conditions, the traction engine passes through four high-speed control zones, each of them is characterized by its own control algorithm. As braking progresses, it is possible to distinguish - a zone of high speeds, a zone below the running speed, where the process of pulse regulation of the armature current occurs (by pulse shorting of the circuit) and a zone of short-circuit of the armature circuit. The running speed is the speed at which the armature voltage is equal to the mains voltage at the rated excitation current. Within a high-speed zone, the excitation current is regulated, below this speed, the excitation current is maintained at a constant (nominal) value. The regulation of the excitation current is carried out by the control unit of the armature and excitation currents. Transitions from one zone to another are made using nonlinear elements. If the ratio of the armature current increment to the excitation current increment is considered as a transfer function, then in the high-speed zone this function is not constant. If a control system is adjusted in relation to the highest speed of movement, then in the zone of reduced speeds, performance of the system in response to voltage changes in the contact network will be insufficient. When the speed decreases, the magnitude of the transfer function decreases, and this dependence leads either to undesirable self-oscillations, or to a slowdown in the control process. In order to eliminate self-oscillations and improve the quality of regulation, it is proposed to provide in the control unit the possibility of changing the gain of the armature current regulator depending on the speed of movement and the operating mode of the traction electric drive.
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Starikovskiy, Andrey, Nickolay Aleksandrov, and Aleksandr Rakitin. "Plasma-assisted ignition and deflagration-to-detonation transition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1960 (February 13, 2012): 740–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-equilibrium plasma demonstrates great potential to control ultra-lean, ultra-fast, low-temperature flames and to become an extremely promising technology for a wide range of applications, including aviation gas turbine engines, piston engines, RAMjets, SCRAMjets and detonation initiation for pulsed detonation engines. The analysis of discharge processes shows that the discharge energy can be deposited into the desired internal degrees of freedom of molecules when varying the reduced electric field, E / n , at which the discharge is maintained. The amount of deposited energy is controlled by other discharge and gas parameters, including electric pulse duration, discharge current, gas number density, gas temperature, etc. As a rule, the dominant mechanism of the effect of non-equilibrium plasma on ignition and combustion is associated with the generation of active particles in the discharge plasma. For plasma-assisted ignition and combustion in mixtures containing air, the most promising active species are O atoms and, to a smaller extent, some other neutral atoms and radicals. These active particles are efficiently produced in high-voltage, nanosecond, pulse discharges owing to electron-impact dissociation of molecules and electron-impact excitation of N 2 electronic states, followed by collisional quenching of these states to dissociate the molecules. Mechanisms of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) initiation by non-equilibrium plasma were analysed. For longitudinal discharges with a high power density in a plasma channel, two fast DDT mechanisms have been observed. When initiated by a spark or a transient discharge, the mixture ignited simultaneously over the volume of the discharge channel, producing a shock wave with a Mach number greater than 2 and a flame. A gradient mechanism of DDT similar to that proposed by Zeldovich has been observed experimentally under streamer initiation.
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FLUDER, Kinga, Ireneusz PIELECHA, and Wojciech CIEŚLIK. "The impact of drive mode of a hybrid drive system on the energy flow indicators in the RDE test." Combustion Engines 175, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The drive to reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines leads to an increasing share of hybrid drives used in various means of transport. Such hybrid vehicles, thanks to the use of diesel-electric drive systems, allow for a fuel consumption reduction, and thus to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. This fuel consumption reduction results from a specifically selected energy flow strategy in hybrid systems. This strategy was the focus of the research performed in order to identify the energy flow conditions in a hybrid drive system in driving conditions corresponding to the RDE test. A Lexus LS 500h vehicle was tested in two drive modes, while determining the related energy flow conditions, including the operating conditions of: electric motors, internal combustion engine and battery. Energy balance was determined taking into account the high voltage battery discharge and charging energy as well as the energy recovered during regenerative braking. It was found that in the RDE test conditions the vehicle is in electric mode for over 30% of the distance and 35% of the drive time, with the energy balance of the vehicle being positive (SOCend > SOCstart). Additionally, it was pointed out that the time spent in the electric mode when driving in urban conditions is about 50% and decreases to about 15% for highway conditions.
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Gritsenko, A. V., K. V. Glemba, and D. B. Vlasov. "Investigation of electrical fuel – injection pump characteristics of petrol engines in simulation of basic fuel system problems." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 2 (2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2020-2-18-27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Technical state of electrical fuel-injection pumps of automobiles with petrol engines was evaluated with application of a multiple factor experiment, based on diagnostics test modes. There exist two main problems in the fuel system, connected with the fuel volume being injected into the fuel rail: clogging when the fuel flow to the rail and next to nozzles is hindered, wear out of elements in the pump part (due to an increasing clearance space between fuel-injection pump pulleys and casing the fuel flows over the tank, i.e., does not enter the system in sufficient volume). The studies showed that in the first case of fuel system problems the pump power circuit draws the current 4,6 А persistently depending on clogging extent. Such current rate is necessary for keeping high rotations of the pump elements, helping the pump to push through the necessary fuel volume into the fuel rail, making the essential pressure 310 кПа. In the second case the fuel does not enter the rail in sufficient amount either, but the current rate here is small (even smaller than the nominal reading). For example, in the largest fuel leakage it equals 2,5 A, power voltage being 12,5 V. The results and methods of experimental data treatment with MathCAD application are presented. The article materials are applicable for research, repair, technical maintenance organizations when they estimate technical state of fuel-injection low-pressure pumps ( including those which are installed on engines with microprocessor control system).
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Reed, R. C., H. J. Stone, S. M. Roberts, and J. M. Robinson. "The development and validation of a model for the electron beam welding of aero-engine components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 211, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410971532785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electron beam welding is used to manufacture high-integrity structures, for example compressor assemblies, for the latest generation of Rolls-Royce aero-engines. For such applications, the welding variables (for example welding current, voltage, beam focusing parameters) must be optimized, such that any distortion induced by the process is insignificant when compared to the dimensional tolerances allowed by the designers. Furthermore, the residual stresses induced by the process must be described and characterized, since these are required for estimates of component life. A model for such electron beam welding processes is described, along with the strategy adopted during its development. The basis of the model is a coupled thermal-mechanical finite element analysis. Particular attention is paid to (a) modelling of the heat source, (b) the frame of reference for the analysis, and (c) choice of finite element mesh. For the purposes of calibration and verification, a number of validatory experiments have been carried out. Typical results are presented and practical benefits are discussed.
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Phillips, Anthony M., Ryan A. McGee, Johannes G. Kristinsson, and Hai Yu. "Smart, Connected and Electric." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 03 (March 1, 2013): S4—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-mar-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article introduces opportunities that are seen at the intersection of electrification, connectivity, and smart controls in the automobile industry. Computational Intelligence provides the vehicle the ability to reason, adapt, and learn based on historical usage data, the present operating conditions, and the predicted future states. Modern automobiles continue to grow in complexity and sophistication. Electrified powertrains now provide vastly improved fuel efficiency by utilizing high-voltage systems to overcome some of the shortcomings of traditional combustion engines. Smart controls have enabled a wealth of new vehicle features ranging from automatic climate control to vehicle dynamic control. Vehicle connectivity, having already empowered the driver through infotainment and telematics, now promises new computing resources and information that can be leveraged directly for improved vehicle performance. At the intersection of these three vehicle mega trends lies a field that is rich for development. In the future, drivers will benefit in everything from enhanced drivability to more durable vehicles.
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Lencwe, Mpho, Shyama Chowdhury, and Thomas Olwal. "A Multi-Stage Approach to a Hybrid Lead Acid Battery and Supercapacitor System for Transport Vehicles." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lead Acid Batteries (LABs) are used for starting, lighting, and igniting, as well as in air conditioning systems and to supply power to electric engines in transport vehicles (TVs). However, the application of LABs for TVs has faced a number of market challenges, mounted by the upcoming high energy density and long lifespan batteries, such as lithium ion. LABs, on the other hand, are inexpensive. The key research question is, how can the lifespan of LABs used in automotive industries be increased, while still ensuring a low cost solution? Thus, integrating LABs with the supercapacitor (known as an electric double layer capacitor—EDLC) is likely to outperform the competing alternative batteries for TVs. This paper proposes a multiple stage approach to hybrid lead acid batteries and a supercapacitor system for TVs that is capable of maintaining the battery state-of-charge (SOC) at statistically high limits, ranging between 90% and 95%. This SOC target will likely ensure that the lifespan of the hybrid battery system can be elongated (extended) more than its competitors. In this study, the multiple stage approach of concatenated converters has been designed in order to satisfy all energy storage requirements for different characteristics of LABs and the supercapacitor. The designed hybrid system has been simulated using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB/Simulink (version R2016a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA)). The simulated results show that high transient currents from the direct current (DC) bus of LABs, caused by the regenerative braking or deceleration of the TVs, reduce the battery lifespan and induce mechanical stress. The supercapacitor reduces the stress on the LAB by absorbing high transient currents. This, in turn, keeps the LABs’ SOC between 90% and 96% and the voltage at 12 V. As indicated by the simulated results, the hybrid battery SOC is maintained at 90–96% and the terminal voltage is approximately 12 V.
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Daki, O. А., Yu Н. Yakusevich, N. S. Urum, and V. V. Trishin. "ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH HARMONICS IN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SIGNALS ON THE ACCURACY OF THE CORRELATION METHOD OF POWER MEASUREMENT ENGINES OF WATER VEHICLES." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-5941/2021.1-2/13.
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Iwanski, Grzegorz, Piotr Pura, Tomasz Łuszczyk, and Mateusz Szypulski. "Stator voltage harmonics and unbalance compensation of the sensorless standalone doubly fed induction generator." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 1741–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2014-0083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy conversion systems and it can operate with other primary movers. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the standalone operation of DFIG which may expand the area of possible applications and increase capabilities of the generation system in terms of power quality. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesis of the control method was preceded by analysis of mathematical model of the machine. The control method based on the negative sequence and high harmonics extraction has been developed and verified in the laboratory unit. Control of the fundamental frequency component uses neither rotor speed nor position sensors. Findings – The original method allows to compensate negative sequence and high harmonics of the generated voltage. At the same time, due to the active filtering capability of the grid side converter, the stator phase current shape is close to sine wave. Thus, it is seen by the machine as a linear load, what eliminates the electromagnetic torque ripples. Practical implications – The system and control method can be applied in variable speed generation systems, e.g. wind turbines or diesel engines operating in the standalone mode. Originality/value – Although the selective compensation of negative sequence and harmonics are known in the literature, until now the methods have been verified for the system with a rotor position sensor. Moreover, the stator current feed-forward improving the transient properties, as well as results of transient states caused by the load step change, have not been proposed in publications.
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Alanen, Jenni, Pauli Simonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Oskari Kangasniemi, Erkka Saukko, Risto Hillamo, et al. "Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 14 (July 18, 2017): 8739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8739-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Natural gas usage in the traffic and energy production sectors is a growing trend worldwide; thus, an assessment of its effects on air quality, human health and climate is required. Engine exhaust is a source of primary particulate emissions and secondary aerosol precursors, which both contribute to air quality and can cause adverse health effects. Technologies, such as cleaner engines or fuels, that produce less primary and secondary aerosols could potentially significantly decrease atmospheric particle concentrations and their adverse effects. In this study, we used a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber to investigate the secondary aerosol formation potential of natural gas engine exhaust. The PAM chamber was used with a constant UV-light voltage, which resulted in relatively long equivalent atmospheric ages of 11 days at most. The studied retro-fitted natural gas engine exhaust was observed to form secondary aerosol. The mass of the total aged particles, i.e., particle mass measured downstream of the PAM chamber, was 6–268 times as high as the mass of the emitted primary exhaust particles. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was measured to be 9–20 mg kgfuel−1. The total aged particles mainly consisted of organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, with the fractions depending on exhaust after-treatment and the engine parameters used. Also, the volatility, composition and concentration of the total aged particles were found to depend on the engine operating mode, catalyst temperature and catalyst type. For example, a high catalyst temperature promoted the formation of sulfate particles, whereas a low catalyst temperature promoted nitrate formation. However, in particular, the concentration of nitrate needed a long time to stabilize – more than half an hour – which complicated the conclusions but also indicates the sensitivity of nitrate measurements on experimental parameters such as emission source and system temperatures. Sulfate was measured to have the highest evaporation temperature, and nitrate had the lowest. The evaporation temperature of ammonium depended on the fractions of nitrate and sulfate in the particles. The average volatility of the total aged particles was measured to be lower than that of primary particles, indicating better stability of the aged natural gas engine-emitted aerosol in the atmosphere. According to the results of this study, the exhaust of a natural gas engine equipped with a catalyst forms secondary aerosol when the atmospheric ages in a PAM chamber are several days long. The secondary aerosol matter has different physical characteristics from those of primary particulate emissions.
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Różowicz, Sebastian, Andrzej Zawadzki, Maciej Włodarczyk, Henryk Wachta, and Krzysztof Baran. "Properties of Fractional-Order Magnetic Coupling." Energies 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the properties of fractional-order magnetic coupling. The difficulties connected with the analysis of two coils in dynamic states, resulting from the classical approach, provided motivation for studying the properties of fractional-order magnetic coupling. These difficulties arise from failure to comply with the commutation laws, i.e., a sudden power disappearance in the primary winding caused by a switch-mode power supply. Theoretically, under ideal conditions, a sudden power disappearance in the coil is, according to the classical method, manifested by a sudden voltage surge in the form of the Dirac delta function. As is well-known, it is difficult to obtain such ideal conditions in practice; the time of current disappearance does not equal zero due to the circuit breaker’s imperfection (even when electronic circuit breakers are used, the time equals several hundred nanoseconds). Furthermore, it is necessary to take into account phenomena occurring in real inductances, such as the skin effect, the influence of the ferromagnetic core and many other factors. It would be very difficult to model all these phenomena using classical differential calculus. The application of fractional-order differential calculus makes it possible to model them in a simple way by appropriate selection of coefficients and fractional-order derivatives. It should be mentioned that the analysis could be used, for example, in the case of high-voltage generation systems, including spark ignition systems of internal combustion engines. The use of fractional-order differential calculus will allow for more accurate modeling of phenomena occurring in such systems.
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Liu, Dan, Peng Shi, Yantao Liu, Yijun Zhang, Bian Tian, and Wei Ren. "Optimizing the Properties of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 Thin Films through Post-Annealing for High-Temperature Sensing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071802.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 (0.2LSCO) thin films were prepared via the RF sputtering method to fabricate thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs), and post-annealing processes were employed to optimize their properties to sense high temperatures. The XRD patterns of the 0.2LSCO thin films showed a pure phase, and their crystallinities increased with the post-annealing temperature from 800 °C to 1000 °C, while some impurity phases of Cr2O3 and SrCr2O7 were observed above 1000 °C. The surface images indicated that the grain size increased first and then decreased, and the maximum size was 0.71 μm at 1100 °C. The cross-sectional images showed that the thickness of the 0.2LSCO thin films decreased significantly above 1000 °C, which was mainly due to the evaporation of Sr2+ and Cr3+. At the same time, the maximum conductivity was achieved for the film annealed at 1000 °C, which was 6.25 × 10−2 S/cm. When the thin films post-annealed at different temperatures were coupled with Pt reference electrodes to form TFTCs, the trend of output voltage to first increase and then decrease was observed, and the maximum average Seebeck coefficient of 167.8 µV/°C was obtained for the 0.2LSCO thin film post-annealed at 1100 °C. Through post-annealing optimization, the best post-annealing temperature was 1000 °C, which made the 0.2LSCO thin film more stable to monitor the temperatures of turbine engines for a long period of time.
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HAMMARLUND, PER, BJÖRN LEVIN, and ANDERS LANSNER. "BIOLOGICALLY REALISTIC AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK SIMULATORS ON THE CONNECTION MACHINE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 04, no. 01 (February 1993): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183193000070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We describe two neural network (NN) simulators implemented on the Connection Machine (CM). The first program is aimed at biologically realistic simulations and the second at recurrent artificial NNs. Both programs are currently used as simulation engines in research within the SANS group as well as in other groups. The program for biologically realistic NN simulations on the CM is called BIOSIM. The aim is to simulate NNs in which the neurons are modeled with a high degree of biological realism. The cell model used is a compartmentalized abstraction of the neuron. It includes sodium, potassium, calcium, and calcium dependent potassium channels. Synaptic interaction includes conventional chemical synapses as well as voltage gated NMDA synapses. On a CM with 8K processors the program is typically capable of handling some tens of thousands of compartments and more than ten times as many synapses. The artificial NN simulator implements the SANS model, a recurrent NN model closely related to the Hopfield model. The aim has been to effectively support large network simulations, in the order of 8–16K units, on an 8K CM. To make the simulator optimal for different applications, it supports both fully and sparsely connected networks. The implementation for sparsely connected NNs uses a compacted weight matrix. Both implementations are optimized for sparse activity.
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Amer, Amer E., S. A. EL-Ghazaly, Y. S. Shash, and S. Weiss. "Influence of Microstructural Changes and Grain Boundary Precipitation on the Behavior of 25Ni-15Cr-2Ti Superalloy during High Temperature Creep." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.643.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Iron-base superalloys are well known materials having excellent high temperature properties .They are used in turbo superchargers and turbine engines required for aerospace and power plants. In this investigation precipitation hardenable X5NiCrTi26-15 was used to study the influence of microstructural changes on the creep behavior at different conditions . Different creep cycles were applied for both base alloy and laser beam welded alloy (6kW CO2 ) namely at 600 , 625 and 650C at applied controlled creep stresses of 400 and 450 MPa . The base material sheet was used in as solution annealed state ( 30 min, 960 C, WQ ).The specimens were hardened in two steps (24h,760 C, FC and 16 h, 705 C,AC ) before being investigated . The microstructural changes due to grain boundary sliding, intergranual fracture perpendicular to the metal flow axis , and the type ,morphology of different secondary carbides were measured and discussed . To examine the changes in microstructure Philips EM 400 TEM with an acceleration voltage of 120KV, and SEM as well as light microscopy were used . It was found that , laser beam welded structure investigated after creep deformation at temperatures lower than 650C and at controlled stress of 400 and 450 MPa , showed a textured weld metal zone with dendrite having lower hardness combined with a higher creep resistance than that for base material .It was found also that creeping at 650C at the same stress values offsets any gain in creep resistance of welded joints as compared with that for the base material at the same conditions.
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Chernyak, Mykola, and Roman Chornomorets. "Experimental studies of electrical noise in the aircraft control system." MECHANICS OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS, no. 39 (May 20, 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/0203-3771392020229073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the problem of reducing noise in electrical equipment is important, because a noise in the system affects its components and can cause unpredictable behavior of the electrical system. This is especially important onboard of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), where all components are located close to each other and their noise has a significant cross-effect. Conductors passing through a noisy environment can pick up a noise and direct it to another circuits, where it creates interference. Some examples of such noise problems are: degraded accuracy characteristics of microcontroller modules (Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) and other) due to noise on supply and reference voltages, wrong acquisition of the digital signals and interference with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or remote control system of UAV.
This article is dedicated to the research of the influence of electrical noise, which is formed by the components of the UAV control system (engines, electric motor controllers, microcontroller etc.), on the performance and noise protection of electronic components of the UAV control system.
After the research it was concluded that the main sources of elecrtrical noise in the UAV control system are: high currents, consumed by electronic speed controllers (with motors), high-speed toggling of clock signal of SPI / I2C communication, regulation by step-down voltage regulator and internal processes inside the microcontroller due to work of flight control firmware. The waveforms of generated noises, caused by each source was measured with oscilloscope and depicted in the article.
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Gębura, Andrzej, and Tomasz Tokarski. "Fundamental Laws of Rolling-Element Bearing Mechanics and Diagnostic Methods FAM-C and FDM-A." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rolling-element bearings have been used in the engineering practice since the very beginning of the XIX century. The scientific literature on the subject is therefore rich. As rotational speeds of bearing shafts were getting higher, new problems appeared. Quite a new challenge to be faced were turbine engines with very high rotational speeds that considerably augmented both the scope of problems and the demand for fast and reliable diagnostic methods. The FDM-A diagnostic method (FM frequency modulation, D direct current, C - the level of the methods advancement) has been based on measurements of frequency modulation of the component of pulsation whereas the FAM-C method (FM frequency modulation, C alternating current, C - the level of the methods advancement, i.e. applications in the form of an automatic tester are in use) has been based on measurements of the alternating-current frequency. Both the methods have been developed at ITWL (Air Force Institute of Technology), Warsaw, Poland. Accuracy of these methods essentially results from the natural synchronization of the sampling signal with the angular velocity of kinematic links under examination. The methods enable abrasive wear of a given subassembly to be determined and localised in the course of the power plants regular operation. Possible is determination of numerous parameters of the bearings themselves, the bearing nodes, and the rotating (compressor-turbine) assembly, just to mention the degree of the rolling friction for any of the bearings, the smoothness of motion of the bearing cage, sizes of radial clearances, the level of abrasive wear of contact surfaces of both the bearing cage and the rolling element. A diagnostic unit is fitted to any item, e.g. an electrical joint, supplied with DC or AC voltage. What has been presented in the paper is findings from the performance testing of the aircraft turbine engine: the role of the generator observer has been played by a DC generator and a three-phase tachogenerator.
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Toldra-Reig, Fidel, and Jose Serra. "Development of Potentiometric Sensors for C2H4 Detection." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092992.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gas exhaust emissions in vehicles are increasingly restrictive in EU and USA. Diesel engines are particularly affected by limitation in hydrocarbons and NOx concentrations. This work presents a screening of working electrode materials to develop a potentiometric sensor, with the most promising material to detect being C2H4 at 550 °C. The device consists of a dense 8YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2) disk as oxide-ion conducting electrolyte, whereas platinum is screen-printed in the back face as reference electrode. As working electrode, several materials such as Fe0.7Cr1.3O3, ZnCr2O4, Fe2NiO4, La0.8Sr0.2CrO3−δ (LSC), La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM), and NiO+5%wt Au were tested to detect C2H4. Sensor voltage was measured for several concentrations of C2H4 and CO as these are two of the major oxidizable compounds in a diesel exhaust gas. Fe0.7Cr1.3O3 was selected as the most promising material because of its response to C2H4 and CO. Not only is the response to the individual analytes important, but the C2H4 cross-sensitivity toward CO is also important. Fe0.7Cr1.3O3 showed a good performance to C2H4, with low cross-sensitivity to CO. In addition, when 0.16 ppm of phenanthrene is added, the sensor still has a slightly better response to C2H4 than to CO. Nevertheless, the sensor exposure to high concentrations (>85 ppm) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons led to signal saturation. On the other hand, the operation in wet conditions induces lower sensor sensitivity to C2H4 and higher cross-sensitivity toward CO increase, i.e., the sensor response becomes similar for C2H4 and CO.
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Shakhov, S., and D. Saveliev. "ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS OF THE STATE EMERGENCIES SERVICE OF UKRAINE WHILE EXTINGUISHING FIRES ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 168 (March 25, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-1-168-75-80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electric and hybrid vehicles, which involve road accidents and fires, present unique risks associated with high voltage systems. These hazards are divided into three separate categories: chemical, electrical and thermal. The possible effects may vary, but are not limited to the size, configuration, and chemical composition of the battery. Operational and rescue units of Ukraine in case of road accidents are guided by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and methodological recommendations. These documents cover actions during fires and emergencies in electric vehicles are quite concise and need to be significantly expanded and provide the necessary recommendations to prevent injuries to personnel during rescue operations and firefighting in this type of vehicle. The article comparative analysis of normative documents, methods and actions of rescue units of Ukraine with recommendations and methods of other states, in case of fires on hybrid and electric vehicles, identification of shortcomings in order to further provide recommendations for improving existing management documents, taking into account experience and practice abroad. According to the results of the analysis, the guidelines of the Rescue Service of Ukraine do not contain a clear list of exercises that can coordinate the actions of rescuers and increase their personal safety with the following sequence of actions: car identification, immobilization, disconnection of power sources, rescue. Actions on extinguishing cars are very briefly reviewed, it is not clear for what reasons the use of air-mechanical foam is prohibited. Methods of extinguishing ordinary cars with internal combustion engines on gasoline and diesel, and recommendations for the use of fire extinguishers during firefighting on these vehicles in the regulations are not available at all. electric and hybrid vehicles need significant revision and improvement, taking into account the experience of other countries in the field of rescue and firefighting.