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Статті в журналах з теми "High temperature shock"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Popa, Iustin Alexandru, Andreea Elena Rosu, Gabriel Neacsu, Daniel Constantin Anghel, Vasile Rizea, Mihai Branzei, Catalin Marian Ducu, Maria Magdalena Dicu, and Marioara Abrudeanu. "The Influence of the High Temperatures Thermal Shocks on the Microstructure and Harness of Zircaloy-4 alloy." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 7 (August 15, 2018): 1655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.7.6389.

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This study aims at determining the influence of thermal shocks at high temperatures, over the allotropic temperature, on the microstructure, composition and hardness of the Zy-4 sheath. The thermal shocks have been applied at the temperatures between 900 and 1600�C, in the air, lasting 30 and 60 s, through rapid heating in the solar furnace. The treated samples were microstructurally analyzed on the surface and in section by scanning electron microscopy and EDS, thickness measurement of the formed layers, the oxygen and hardness profile determination in section relative to the treated surface. At the microstructural level, the researches have revealed the evolution of the morphology of the oxide layers formed under high temperature thermal shock conditions and the evolution of the microstructure of the metallic mass as the temperature and shock duration increase, correlating this evolution with the oxygen diffusion process and with the evolution of the microhardness. Researches have provided information on the Zy-4 alloy behaviour under accidental conditions.

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2

Wang, R. Z., S. G. Ai, W. G. Li, J. Zheng, and C. Z. Zhang. "Temperature and Microstructures Dependent Thermal Shock Resistance Models for Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics Considering Effect of Residual Stress." Journal of Mechanics 29, no. 4 (August 8, 2013): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2013.41.

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ABSTRACTBased on the researches on the temperature and microstructures dependent fracture strength and temperature dependent thermal shock resistance, the new thermal shock resistance models for ultra-high-temperature ceramics were proposed. The effect of density on the fracture strength of material was investigated. A damage term was introduced to reveal the effects of uncertain factors on fracture strength. The roles of residual stress and microstructure sizes at different initial thermal shock temperatures in the thermal shock resistance were studied using the models. The study showed that the models can reveal the relationships among the residual stress, microstructure sizes and the temperature dependent thermal shock resistance well. The better thermal shock resistance is found for ultra-high-temperature ceramics having small SiC grains and relatively large micro-cracks around SiC grains. Large enhancement in thermal shock resistance can be achieved through our studies.

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3

Li, Wei Guo, and Dai Ning Fang. "Thermal Shock Resistance of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1782.

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Thermal shock resistance of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics is one of the most important parameters in UHTCs characterization since it determines their performance in many applications. In order to reflect practical cases, the temperature-dependent thermal shock resistance parameter of UHTCS was measured since the material parameters of UHTCs are very sensitive to the changes of temperature. The influence of some important thermal environment parameters and the size of the material on the thermal shock resistance and critical temperature difference of rupture of UHTCs at different stages in the thermal-shock process were investigated. The results show that thermal shock behaviour of the UHTCs is strongly affected by the size of the material and the thermal environments parameters, such as the surface heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer condition and initial temperature of the thermal shock.

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4

Moeini, S. Ali, Hannes Greve, and F. Patrick McCluskey. "Strength and Reliability of High Temperature Transient Liquid Phase Sintered Joints." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-tha25.

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Low-temperature transient liquid phase sintering (LT-TLPS) can be used to form high-temperature joints between metallic interfaces at low process temperatures. In this paper, we will describe the processing and shear strength, along with the shock fatigue resistance of sintered joints made by this process. Joints made from different ratios of Ni and Cu high melting temperature constituents paired with Sn-based low melting temperature constituents have been evaluated. For the shear studies, the softening behavior of test samples joined by Ni-Sn3.5Ag and (Ni,Cu)-Sn3.5Ag sinter pastes have been assessed using a fixture designed for high temperature shear testing up to 600°C. The reliability of sinter paste joints in drop-shock environments will be discussed. It is shown that joints formed from these sinter pastes possess improved drop-shock reliability compared to Sn3.5Ag solder joints and melting temperatures considerably higher than those of conventional high temperature solders (e.g. Pb5.0Sn2.5Ag).

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5

Souza, Gustavo M., Victor J. M. Cardoso, and Antonio N. Gonçalves. "Proline content and protein patterns in Eucalyptus grandis shoots submitted to high and low temperature shocks." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 3 (July 2004): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000300004.

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Proline content and protein patterns changes in response to temperature shocks of both acclimated and non acclimated E. grandis shoots cultivated in vitro were investigated. Analysis of soluble proteins through SDS-PAGE and proline were carried out after 12h at 12ºC (cold acclimation) or 33ºC (heat acclimation), and immediately after temperature shocks at 41ºC and 0ºC. Analyses were also performed 24h after the temperature shocks (recovery period). Temperature treatment at 0ºC did not change soluble protein patterns both in acclimatized and non acclimatized plants, whereas cold temperature induced high proline levels, which kept relatively high after recovery period. Three novel, probably HSPs, proteins (90.5, 75 and 39 kDa) were observed in both acclimated and non acclimated plants submitted to high temperatures. Plants exposed at 41ºC were able to recover from heat shocks after 24h, whereas they did not recover completely from cold shocks. The effect of the acclimation period on the recovering (homeostasis) varied depending on the parameter evaluated, and type and duration of the temperature shock.

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6

Bossi, Simone, Tom A. Hall, Mohammed Mahdieh, Dimitri Batani, Michel Koenig, Jothy Krishnan, Alessandra Benuzzi, Jean Michel Boudenne, and Thorsten Lower. "Determination of the color temperature in laser-produced shocks." Laser and Particle Beams 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600011071.

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Experimental results on the determination of the color temperature in shock waves produced with lasers are presented. The method is based on imaging the target rear side in two different spectral windows and on using phased zone plates to produce high-quality shocks. The shock velocity is also measured, allowing, with the use of the equation of state, the real shock temperature to be deduced and compared with the measured color temperature.

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7

Sealy, Cordelia. "Flexible ceramic fibers resist high temperature shock." Nano Today 44 (June 2022): 101491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101491.

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8

Sealy, Cordelia. "Flexible ceramic fibers resist high temperature shock." Nano Today 44 (June 2022): 101491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101491.

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9

Weir, S. T., W. J. Nellis, C. L. Seaman, E. A. Early, M. B. Maple, Matthew J. Kramer, J. Z. Liu, and R. N. Shelton. "Shock-Wave Processing of High-Temperature Superconductors." Materials Science Forum 137-139 (August 1993): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.137-139.355.

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10

Shen, Yan-Jun, Xin Hou, Jiang-Qiang Yuan, and Chun-Hu Zhao. "Experimental Study on Temperature Change and Crack Expansion of High Temperature Granite under Different Cooling Shock Treatments." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112097.

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It is valuable to observe the influence of different cooling methods on the exploitation of geothermal energy and breaking hard rocks in deep geo-engineering. In this work, the effects of different cooling shock treatments on high temperature granite are discussed. First, perforated 100-mm-side cubic biotite adamellite samples were heated to four targeted temperatures (150 °C, 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C). Then, anti-freeze solutions were compounded to produce the different cooling shock effects (20 °C, 0 °C, and −30 °C) by adjusting the calcium chloride solution concentration, and these anti-freeze solutions were injected rapidly into the holes to reflect the rapid cooling shock of high-temperature granite. Finally, the temperature variations and crack expansions of high-temperature granite under different cooling shock treatments were analyzed and the cooling shock cracking mechanism is discussed briefly. The main results can be summarized as: (1) The high temperature granite exposed to the cooling shock exhibited a "rapid cooling + rapid heating" change during the first 5 min. Due to the cooling shock, the total temperature was significantly lower than the natural cooling until 120 min later. (2) Below 350 °C, the macrocracking effect was not significant, and the sample reflected a certain range of uniform microcracks around the injection hole, while the macrocracks tended to be obvious above 550 °C. Moreover, as the refrigerant temperature decreased, the local distribution characteristics of the macrocracking became more obvious. (3) Based on the analysis of the dynamic heat balance, the undulation and width of the cracks around the heat balance zone were stable, but the numbers and widths of cracks near the hole wall and the side of the sample were visibly increased. This study extends our understanding of the influence of cooling shock on granite cracking.

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11

Gedalin, M., and E. Griv. "Collisionless electrons in a thin high Mach number shock: dependence on angle and <font face="Symbol" ><b><i>b</i></b></font>." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 10 (October 31, 1999): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1251-6.

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Abstract. It is widely believed that electron dynamics in the shock front is essentially collisionless and determined by the quasistationary magnetic and electric fields in the shock. In thick shocks the electron motion is adiabatic: the magnetic moment is conserved throughout the shock and v2^ ∝ B. In very thin shocks with large cross-shock potential (the last feature is typical for shocks with strong electron heating), electrons may become demagnetized (the magnetic moment is no longer conserved) and their motion may become nonadiabatic. We consider the case of substantial demagnetization in the shock profile with the small-scale internal structure. The dependence of electron dynamics and downstream distributions on the angle between the shock normal and upstream magnetic field and on the upstream electron temperature is analyzed. We show that demagnetization becomes significantly stronger with the increase of obliquity (decrease of the angle) which is related to the more substantial influence of the inhomogeneous parallel electric field. We also show that the demagnetization is stronger for lower upstream electron temperatures and becomes less noticeable for higher temperatures, in agreement with observations. We also show that demagnetization results, in general, in non-gyrotropic down-stream distributions.Key words. Interplanetary physics (interplanetary shocks; planetary bow shocks)

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12

Stone, PJ, R. Savin, IF Wardlaw, and ME Nicolas. "The Influence of Recovery Temperature on the Effects of a Brief Heat Shock on Wheat. I. Grain Growth." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 6 (1995): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950945.

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The responses of wheat yield to moderately high (20-32�C) and very high temperatures (> 32�C) have been studied separately in the literature, but not in combination, despite the fact that this is usually how elevated temperatures occur in the field. In this study, controlled environment conditions were used in order to examine the interaction of moderately high and very high temperatures during grain filling and their effect on wheat yield. Specifically, we wished to test the hypothesis that cooler conditions would facilitate greater recovery of grain growth following a brief exposure to very high temperature. To this end, wheat was exposed to either 21/16 or 40/16�C (day/night) from 15-19 days after anthesis and subsequently grown under one of three moderately high temperature regimes until maturity: 21/16, 27/22 or 30/25�C. For all moderately high temperature treatments, a brief 'heat shock' significantly reduced mature individual kernel mass by 17%, on average. In the absence of 'heat shock', increasing moderately high temperature progressively reduced mature individual kernel mass by ca 2.5% for each 1�C increase in average daily temperature. After a 'heat shock' event, however, there was not a progressive decline in mature individual kernel mass with increasing moderately high temperature. A short period of very high temperature applied early in grain filling therefore reduced the response of wheat to subsequent moderately high temperatures. We conclude that the reduction in yield caused by 'heat shock' is not alleviated by cool post-shock conditions.

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13

Caliari, Luca, Paola Bettacchi, Evangelista Boni, Davide Montanari, Arrigo Gamberini, Luigi Barbieri, and Francesco Bergamaschi. "KEMET SMD Film Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (January 1, 2013): 000013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-ma13.

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Trends of several applications like down-hole drilling, commercial aviation (e.g. jet engines), heavy industrial and automotive are challenging the capabilities of capacitors and other electronic components. The growing harsh-environment conditions for these applications are: high temperature, high voltage and high current. At the capacitor component level, required features are: very high reliability under mechanical shock, rapid changes in temperature, low leakage current (high insulation resistance), small dimensions, good stability with time and humidity, and high peak withstanding voltage. Capacitors for power-conversion circuitry must maintain a low AC loss and DC leakage at high temperatures. KEMET has recently designed film capacitor series using PEN to address the needs of the above mentioned circuits, in particular regarding the working temperature, voltage and current. This paper will cover technological advances in film capacitor technology to address harsh environment conditions needs, providing test results on temperature, voltage and thermal shock acceleration factor.

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14

Pasha, Amjad A., and Khalid A. Juhany. "Effect of wall temperature on separation bubble size in laminar hypersonic shock/boundary layer interaction flows." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 11 (November 2019): 168781401988555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019885556.

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At hypersonic speeds, the external wall temperatures of an aerospace vehicle vary significantly. As a result, there is a considerable heat transfer variation between the boundary layer and the wall of the hypersonic vehicle. In this article, numerical computations are performed to investigate the effect of wall temperature on the separation bubble length in laminar hypersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction flows over double-cone configuration at the Mach number of 12.2. The flow field is described in detail in terms of different shocks, expansion fans, shear layer and separation bubble. The variation of the Prandtl number has a negligible effect on the flow field and wall data. A specific heat ratio of less than 1.4 results in the better prediction of wall pressure and heat flux in the shock/boundary-layer interaction region. It is observed that as the wall temperature is increased, the separation bubble size and hence the separation shock length increases. The high firmness of the laminar boundary-layer at a high Mach number shows that the wall temperature in the shock/boundary-layer interaction region has little effect. The peak wall pressure and heat flux decrease with an increase in wall temperature. An estimation is developed between separation bubble length and wall temperature based on the computed results.

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15

Hokamoto, K., M. Fujita, S. Tanaka, T. Kodama, and Y. Ujimoto. "High-temperature shock consolidation of diamond powders using converging underwater shock wave." Scripta Materialia 39, no. 10 (October 1998): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00311-x.

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16

Das, Madhusmita, Chandrani Bhattacharya, and S. V. G. Menon. "Stability of shock waves in high temperature plasmas." Journal of Applied Physics 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2011): 083512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3653253.

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17

Hokamoto, K., S. Tanaka, M. Fujita, S. Itoh, M. A. Meyers, and H. C. Chen. "High temperature shock consolidation of hard ceramic powders." Physica B: Condensed Matter 239, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(97)00364-5.

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18

Radousky, H. B., and M. Ross. "Shock temperature measurements in high density fluid xenon." Physics Letters A 129, no. 1 (May 1988): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(88)90471-9.

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19

Bestman, A. R. "Hydromagnetic shock structure in high temperature hypersonic flow." Astrophysics and Space Science 179, no. 2 (1991): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00646939.

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20

Hidaka, Yoshiaki, Kenichi Kimura, and Hiroyuki Kawano. "High-temperature pyrolysis of ketene in shock waves." Combustion and Flame 99, no. 1 (October 1994): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(94)90079-5.

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21

Hidaka, Yoshiaki, Takuji Nakamura, and Hiroyuki Kawano. "High temperature pyrolysis of CF3Br in shock waves." Chemical Physics Letters 154, no. 6 (February 1989): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(89)87155-6.

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22

Hidaka, Yoshiaki, Takashi Taniguchi, Takashi Kamesawa, Hiromitsu Masaoka, Koji Inami, and Hiroyuki Kawano. "High temperature pyrolysis of formaldehyde in shock waves." International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 25, no. 4 (April 1993): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550250409.

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23

Hidaka, Yoshiaki, Takuji Nakamura, and Hiroyuki Kawano. "High temperature pyrolysis of CF3H in shock waves." Chemical Physics Letters 187, no. 1-2 (November 1991): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)90481-n.

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24

Dusza, Ján. "High Temperature Behavior of Coatings and Layered Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 333 (March 2007): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.333.167.

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The present contribution summarizes the recent results in the field of high temperature properties of layered ceramics and thermal barrier coatings (TBC), mainly as regards their thermal shock resistance and creep characteristics. The thermal shock and creep behavior of layered ceramics are discussed with the main focus on the influence of layered composition and interlayer boundary on the creep behavior of the composite. In the last part the high temperature deformation and creep of TBC’s are discussed.

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25

LI, WEIGUO, and DAINING FANG. "EFFECTS OF THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS ON THE THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE OF ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMICS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 14 (June 10, 2008): 1375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490801608x.

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In the present study, the temperature-dependent thermal shock resistance parameter of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) was measured based on the current evaluation theories of thermal shock resistance parameters, since the material parameters of UHTCs are very sensitive to the changes of temperature. The influence of some important thermal environment parameters on the thermal shock resistance and critical temperature difference of rupture of UHTCs were studied. By establishing the relation between the temperature and the thermal or mechanical properties of the UHTCs, we found that thermal shock behavior of UHTCs is strongly affected by the surface heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer condition and initial temperature of the thermal shock.

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26

LIU, P., W. GUO, Z. JIANG, H. PU, C. FENG, X. ZHU, Y. PENG, A. KUANG, and C. R. LITTLE. "Effects of high temperature after anthesis on starch granules in grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 2 (December 8, 2010): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610001024.

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SUMMARYThe effect of high temperatures (above 25°C) on starch concentration and the morphology of starch granules in the grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied. Wheat plants of cultivars Yangmai 9 (weak-gluten) and Yangmai 12 (medium-gluten) were treated with high temperatures for 3 days at different times after anthesis. The results showed that the starch concentration of grains given a heat-shock treatment above 30°C were lower than those developing at normal temperature in both cultivars. High temperature lowered starch concentration due to the decrease of amylopectin. Under the same temperature, the effect of heat shock from 6 to 8 days after anthesis (DAA) was the greatest, whereas from 36 to 38 DAA the effect was the least. The effects of high temperatures after anthesis on starch-pasting properties were similar to those on starch concentration, especially after 35–40°C treatments. The size, shape and structure of starch granules in wheat grains (determined by electron microscopy) after heat shock were visibly different from the control. When given heat shock during development, the starch granules in mature wheat grains were ellipsoid in shape and bound loosely with a protein sheath in Yangmai 9, while they were damaged and compressed with fissures in Yangmai 12, indicating the differences in resistance to high temperature between cultivars. Ratios of large (type-A) and small (type-B) starch granules significantly decreased under heat shock, which limited the potential sink size for dry matter deposition in the grain.

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27

Corbellini, M., M. G. Canevar, L. Mazza, M. Ciaffi, D. Lafiandra, and B. Borghi. "Effect of the Duration and Intensity of Heat Shock During Grain Filling on Dry Matter and Protein Accumulation, Technological Quality and Protein Composition in Bread and Durum Wheat." Functional Plant Biology 24, no. 2 (1997): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96067.

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High temperatures occurring during grain filling are known to affect wheat grain yield and quality considerably. In this paper we report the results of experiments carried out with two cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The plants, cultivated in pots, were subjected to 13 heat treatments (temperature up to 40°C) differing in duration and timing and starting 7 days after anthesis. Heat treatments were applied by temporary transfer of the pots to a glasshouse where the temperature rose to 40°C as a consequence of solar radiation for periods ranging from 5 to 30 days. The applied heat shocks substantially affected dry matter and protein accumulation in the different parts of the plant. Early heat shock (5 days with a total of 18 h of temperature in the range 35–40°C) caused a small reduction of kernel mass and no effect on protein per kernel; the damage was greater in the central and in the final stage of grain filling. Plants subjected to a progressive increase of temperature, or to an early heat shock, acquired thermotolerance to further heat shocks. Continuous exposure to very high temperatures from 27 days after pollination to maturity did not negatively affect grain yield and it facilitated the remobilisation of nitrogen from vegetative to reproductive organs. Rheological properties were severely affected by heat shocks at all stages of grain filling: 5 days of heat shock were sufficient to reduce mixing tolerance by 40–60%. These variations in rheological properties were accompanied by modification of the level of protein aggregation: soluble polymeric proteins and low molecular weight gliadins progressively increased according to the intensity of the stress, while insoluble polymeric proteins decreased. Our experiments, carried out in conditions close to the Mediterranean climate, indicate that the occurrence of very high temperature in the range 35–40°C during grain filling substantially affects dry matter and protein accumulation in the different parts of the plant. The formation of the complex protein aggregates responsible for positive dough mixing properties is significantly reduced by very high temperature. When heat shock came late in grain filling, grain yield and protein concentration were not negatively affected but a ‘dough weakening’ effect, which may reduce the commercial value of the production, is to be expected.

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28

Ohmura, Takumi, Mami Machida, Kenji Nakamura, Yuki Kudoh, Yuta Asahina, and Ryoji Matsumoto. "Two-Temperature Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations of Propagation of Semi-Relativistic Jets." Galaxies 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7010014.

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In astrophysical jets observed in active galactic nuclei and in microquasars, the energy exchange rate by Coulomb collision is insufficient for thermal equilibrium between ions and electrons. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the difference between the ion temperature and the electron temperature. We present the results of two-temperature magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) simulations to demonstrate the effects of Coulomb coupling. It is assumed that the thermal dissipation heats only ions. We find that the ion and electron temperatures are separated through shocks. Since the ion entropy is increased by energy dissipation at shocks and the Coulomb collisions are inefficient, electron temperature becomes about 10 times lower than the ion temperature in the hotspot ahead of the jet terminal shock. In the cocoon, electron temperature decreases by gas mixing between high temperature cocoon gas and low temperature shocked-ambient gas even when we neglect radiative cooling, but electrons can be heated through collisions with ions. Radiation intensity maps are produced by post processing numerical results. Distributions of the thermal bremsstrahlung radiation computed from electron temperature have bright filament and cavity around the jet terminal shock.

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29

Tressler, Richard E. "High-Temperature Stability of Non-Oxide Structural Ceramics." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 9 (September 1993): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400038045.

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Oxide-based ceramics have long been used as linings in containment vessels for hot materials (metals, glasses, cement, etc.) and hot gases, at temperatures often in excess of 1500°C, because of their chemical compatibility with these hot materials and with the process ambient—conditions where metals and polymers simply can't perform. However, their low thermal conductivities and generally high thermal expansivities cause poor thermal shock resistance. In addition, their creep resistance (resistance to permanent deformation under load) is generally poorer than the more covalently bonded ceramic materials such as nitrides and carbides which also have excellent thermal shock resistance.

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30

Wen, Peng, and Gang Tao. "Molecular dynamics of effects of temperature on shock response and plastic deformation mechanism of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 24 (2022): 246101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20221621.

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High-entropy alloys have broad application prospects in aviation, aerospace, military and other fields due to their excellent mechanical properties. Temperature is an important external factor affecting the shock response of high-entropy alloys. In this paper, we investigate the effects of temperature on the shock response and plastic deformation mechanism of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys by using molecular dynamics method. The effects of temperature on the atomic volume and the radial distribution function of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy are studied. Then, the piston method is used to generate shock waves in the sample to study the shock response of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. We observe the evolution of atomic-scale defects during the shock compression by the polyhedral template matching method. The results show that the shock pressure, the shock wave propagation velocity, and the rising of shock-induced temperature all decrease with the initial temperature increasing. For example, when piston velocity <i>U</i><sub>p</sub> = 1.5 km/s, the shock pressure at an initial temperature of 1000 K decreases by 6.7% in comparison with that at 1 K. Moreover, the shock Hugoniot elastic limit decreases linearly with the increase of temperature. The Hugoniot <i>U</i><sub>p</sub>–<i> U</i><sub>s</sub> curve of CoCrFeMnNi HEA in the plastic stage can be linearly fitted by the formula <i>U</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>c</i><sub>0</sub> +<i>sU</i><sub>p</sub>, where <i>c</i><sub>0</sub> decreases with temperature increasing. As the shock intensity increases, the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy undergoes complex plastic deformation, including dislocation slip, phase transformation, deformation twinning, and shock-induced amorphization. At relatively high initial temperature, disordered clusters appear inside CoCrFeMnNi HEA, which together with the BCC structure transformed from FCC and disordered structure are significant dislocation nucleation sources. Compared with other elements, Mn element accounts for the largest proportion (25.4%) in disordered cluster. Owing to the large atomic volume and potential energy, large lattice distortion and local stress occur around the Mn-rich element, which makes a dominant contribution to shock-induced plastic deformation. At high temperatures, the contribution of Fe element to plastic deformation is as important as that of Mn element. The research results are conducive to understanding the shock-induced plasticity and deformation mechanisms of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys in depth.

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31

Li, Weiguo, Dingyu Li, Tianbao Cheng, and Daining Fang. "Temperature-damage-dependent thermal shock resistance model for ultra-high temperature ceramics." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 82 (March 2012): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.11.016.

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32

Ma, Xiaolei, Xiaoxin Zhang, Fan Feng, Ting Wang, Xiang Liu, Jianbao Wang, Wei Lv, Shaoting Lang, Changchun Ge, and Qingzhi Yan. "High-temperature tensile and thermal shock characterization of low-temperature rolled tungsten." Nuclear Materials and Energy 34 (March 2023): 101353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2022.101353.

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33

Wang, Chong, and Yan Sheng Jiand. "Thermal Shock Damage Evaluation of Porous Refractory by Finite Element Method." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 1032–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1032.

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This work addresses damage evaluation of porous mullite refractory subjected to thermal shock. Incommunicating circular pores were distributed randomly at a volume percentage up to 40% in a cylinder of 20 cm diameter. The analysis was performed by means of the software ANSYS® combined with a pre-program that generates randomly distributed pores of given size. The analysis procedure was divided into two stages. In the first, transient thermal analysis considering temperature-dependent material property was dealt with different thermal shock temperatures under natural cooling condition. The following structure analysis ran based on the obtained temperature distribution. The material damage was defined by that the local tensile stress reached to or was over the strength of the refractory. The extent of damage was determined as the ratio of the area of the damaged regions to the section area of the cylinder. The results show that the porosity, thermal shock temperature and cooling time have a high effect on the material damage. The lower the porosity is, the larger the extent of damage. The thermal damage increases with the raise of thermal shock temperature and the cooling time. The damage develops rapidly within 10 minutes but slows down after one hour cooling. The damage difference at high shock temperature stage (≥ 1000°C) is less than at low shock temperature stage. The pore size effect gets into practice only at high shock temperature stage: the damage increases with the raise of the pore size. The present research confirms that high porosity and small pore size could decrease greatly thermal shock damage and should be considered in the micro structural design of refractory.

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34

Wang, Shanxiang, Zailiang Chen, Fei Qi, Chenghai Xu, Chunju Wang, Tao Chen, and Hao Guo. "Fractal Geometry and Convolutional Neural Networks for the Characterization of Thermal Shock Resistances of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100605.

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The accurate characterization of the surface microstructure of ultra-high temperature ceramics after thermal shocks is of great practical significance for evaluating their thermal resistance properties. In this paper, a fractal reconstruction method for the surface image of Ultra-high temperature ceramics after repeated thermal shocks is proposed. The nonlinearity and spatial distribution characteristics of the oxidized surfaces of ceramics were extracted. A fractal convolutional neural network model based on deep learning was established to realize automatic recognition of the classification of thermal shock cycles of ultra-high temperature ceramics, obtaining a recognition accuracy of 93.74%. It provides a novel quantitative method for evaluating the surface character of ultra-high temperature ceramics, which contributes to understanding the influence of oxidation after thermal shocks.

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35

Kushawaha, Akhilesh Kumar, Ambreen Khan, Sudhir Kumar Sopory, and Neeti Sanan-Mishra. "Priming by High Temperature Stress Induces MicroRNA Regulated Heat Shock Modules Indicating Their Involvement in Thermopriming Response in Rice." Life 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040291.

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Rice plants often encounter high temperature stress, but the associated coping strategies are poorly understood. It is known that a prior shorter exposure to high temperature, called thermo-priming, generally results in better adaptation of the plants to subsequent exposure to high temperature stress. High throughput sequencing of transcript and small RNA libraries of rice seedlings primed with short exposure to high temperature followed by high temperature stress and from plants exposed to high temperature without priming was performed. This identified a number of transcripts and microRNAs (miRs) that are induced or down regulated. Among them osa-miR531b, osa-miR5149, osa-miR168a-5p, osa-miR1846d-5p, osa-miR5077, osa-miR156b-3p, osa-miR167e-3p and their respective targets, coding for heat shock activators and repressors, showed differential expression between primed and non-primed plants. These findings were further validated by qRT-PCR. The results indicate that the miR-regulated heat shock proteins (HSPs)/heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) may serve as important regulatory nodes which are induced during thermo-priming for plant survival and development under high temperatures.

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36

Tranter, Robert S., and Binod R. Giri. "A diaphragmless shock tube for high temperature kinetic studies." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 9 (2008): 094103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976671.

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37

Vasudevan, Venkatesh, Ronald K. Hanson, David M. Golden, Craig T. Bowman, and David F. Davidson. "High-Temperature Shock Tube Measurements of Methyl Radical Decomposition†." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 111, no. 19 (May 2007): 4062–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0677187.

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38

Würmel, Judith, Marguerite McGuinness, and John M. Simmie. "High-temperature oxidation of ethylene oxide in shock waves." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 92, no. 5 (1996): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9969200715.

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39

Penner, S. S. "Physics of shock waves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 76, no. 2 (January 2003): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(02)00065-1.

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40

Hidaka, Yoshiaki, Kazutaka Sato, and Masatsugu Yamane. "High-temperature pyrolysis of dimethyl ether in shock waves." Combustion and Flame 123, no. 1-2 (October 2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(00)00122-x.

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41

Bassett, Will P., Belinda P. Johnson, Nitin K. Neelakantan, Kenneth S. Suslick, and Dana D. Dlott. "Shock initiation of explosives: High temperature hot spots explained." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 6 (August 7, 2017): 061902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985593.

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42

Dou, Shuming, Jie Xu, Xiaoya Cui, Weidi Liu, Zhicheng Zhang, Yida Deng, Wenbin Hu, and Yanan Chen. "High‐Temperature Shock Enabled Nanomanufacturing for Energy‐Related Applications." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 33 (July 21, 2020): 2001331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001331.

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43

Roy, Karin, Peter Frank, and Thomas Just. "Shock Tube Study of High-Temperature Reactions of Cyclopentadiene." Israel Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 3 (1996): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.199600038.

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44

Mao, Jing, Hongliang Xu, Caixia Guo, Jun Tong, Yanfang Dong, Dongyun Xu, Fazhi Chen, and Yuan Zhou. "Involvement of Ca2+ in Regulation of Physiological Indices and Heat Shock Factor Expression in Four Iris germanica Cultivars under High-temperature Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 6 (November 2014): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.6.687.

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Although tolerance to high temperature is crucial to the summer survival of Iris germanica cultivars in subtropical areas, few physiological studies have been conducted on this topic previously. To remedy this, this study explored the physiological response and expression of heat shock factor in four I. germanica cultivars with varying levels of thermotolerance. The plants’ respective degrees of high-temperature tolerance were evaluated by measuring the ratio and area of withered leaves under stress. Several physiological responses to high temperatures were investigated, including effects on chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes, proline, and soluble protein content in the leaves of four cultivars. CaCl2 was sprayed on ‘Gold Boy’ and ‘Royal Crusades’ considered being sensitive to high temperatures to study if Ca2+ could improve the tolerance, and LaCl3 was sprayed on ‘Music Box’ and ‘Galamadrid’ with better high-temperature tolerance to test if calcium ion blocker could decrease their tolerance. Heat shock factor genes were partially cloned according to the conserved region sequence, and expression changes to high-temperature stress with CaCl2 or LaCl3 treatments were thoroughly analyzed. Results showed that high temperature is the primary reason for large areas of leaf withering. The ratio and area of withered leaves on ‘Music Box’ and ‘Galamadrid’ were smaller than ‘Gold Boy’ and ‘Royal Crusades’. CaCl2 slowed the degradation of chlorophyll content and increased proline and soluble protein in ‘Gold Boy’ and ‘Royal Crusades’ but had no significant effect on activating peroxidase or superoxide to improve high-temperature tolerance. Genetic expression of heat shock factor in ‘Gold Boy’ and ‘Royal Crusades’ was upregulated by Ca2+ at later stages of leaf damage under high-temperature stress. LaCl3 down-regulated the physiological parameters and expression level of heat shock factor in ‘Music Box’ and ‘Galamadrid’. These results suggest that different I. germanica cultivars have varying high-temperature tolerance and furthermore that Ca2+ regulates their physiological indicators and expression level of heat shock factor under stress.

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45

Sirignano, William A. "Compressible flow at high pressure with linear equation of state." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 843 (March 21, 2018): 244–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.166.

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Compressible flow varies from ideal-gas behaviour at high pressures where molecular interactions become important. It is widely accepted that density is well described through a cubic equation of state while enthalpy and sound speed are functions of both temperature and pressure, based on two parameters, $A$ and $B$, related to intermolecular attraction and repulsion, respectively. Assuming small variations from ideal-gas behaviour, a closed-form approximate solution is obtained that is valid over a wide range of conditions. An expansion in these molecular interaction parameters simplifies relations for flow variables, elucidating the role of molecular repulsion and attraction in variations from ideal-gas behaviour. Real-gas modifications in density, enthalpy and sound speed for a given pressure and temperature lead to variations in many basic compressible-flow configurations. Sometimes, the variations can be substantial in quantitative or qualitative terms. The new approach is applied to choked-nozzle flow, isentropic flow, nonlinear wave propagation and flow across a shock wave, all for a real gas. Modifications are obtained for allowable mass flow through a choked nozzle, nozzle thrust, sonic wave speed, Riemann invariants, Prandtl’s shock relation and the Rankine–Hugoniot relations. Forced acoustic oscillations can show substantial augmentation of pressure amplitudes when real-gas effects are taken into account. Shocks at higher temperatures and pressures can have larger pressure jumps with real-gas effects. Weak shocks decay to zero strength at sonic speed. The proposed framework can rely on any cubic equation of state and can be applied to multicomponent flows or to more complex flow configurations.

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46

Feng, Yujie, Haijian Su, Yinjiang Nie, and Honghui Zhao. "Role of Cyclic Thermal Shocks on the Physical and Mechanical Responses of White Marble." Machines 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10010058.

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Marble is a common rock used in many buildings for structural or ornamental purposes and is widely distributed in underground engineering projects. The rocks are exposed to high temperatures when a tunnel fire occurs, and they will be rapidly cooled during the rescue process, which has a great impact on the rock performance and the underground engineering stability. Therefore, the role of cyclic thermal shocks on the physical and mechanical properties of marble specimens was systematically investigated. Different cyclic thermal shock treatments (T = 25, 200, 400, 600, 800 °C; N = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) were applied to marble specimens and the changes in mass, volume, density and P-wave velocity were recorded in turn. Then, the thermal conductivity, optical microscopy and uniaxial compression tests were carried out. The results showed that both the cyclic thermal shock numbers (N) and the temperature level (T) weaken the rock properties. When the temperature of a thermal shock exceeds 600 °C, the mass loss coefficient and porosity of the marble will increase significantly. The most noticeable change in P-wave velocity occurs between 200 and 400 °C, with a 52.98% attenuation. After three thermal shocks, the cyclic thermal shock numbers have little influence on the uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s modulus of marble specimens. Shear failure is the principal failure mode in marble specimens that have experienced severe thermal damage (high N or T). The optical microscopic pictures are beneficial for illustrating the thermal cracking mechanism of marble specimens after cyclic thermal shocks.

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47

Hamilton, Brenden W., and Timothy C. Germann. "Energy localization efficiency in 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-triaminobenzene pore collapse mechanisms." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 035901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133983.

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Atomistic and continuum scale modeling efforts have shown that the shock-induced collapse of porosity can occur via a wide range of mechanisms dependent on pore morphology, the shockwave pressure, and material properties. The mechanisms that occur under weaker shocks tend to be more efficient at localizing thermal energy but do not result in high, absolute temperatures or spatially large localizations compared to mechanisms found under strong shock conditions. However, the energetic material 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-triaminobenzene (TATB) undergoes a wide range of collapse mechanisms that are not typical of similar materials, leaving the collapse mechanisms and the resultant energy localization from the collapse, i.e., hotspots, relatively uncharacterized. Therefore, we present the pore collapse simulations of cylindrical pores in TATB for a wide range of pore sizes and shock strengths that trigger viscoplastic collapses that occur almost entirely perpendicular to the shock direction for weak shocks and hydrodynamic-like collapses for strong shocks that do not break the strong hydrogen bonds of the TATB basal planes. The resulting hotspot temperature fields from these mechanisms follow trends that differ considerably from other energetic materials; hence, we compare them under normalized temperature values to assess the relative efficiency of each mechanism to localize energy. The local intra-molecular strain energy of the hotspots is also assessed to better understand the physical mechanisms behind the phenomena that lead to a latent potential energy.

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48

Li, Huimin, Tianbao Cheng, Yongbin Ma, Baosheng Xu, Daining Fang, and Yazheng Yang. "Thermal Shock Resistance of Chemical Vapor Deposited Zinc Sulfide Under Active Cooling." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 05 (July 2017): 1750070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825117500703.

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The thermal shock resistance of chemical vapor deposited zinc sulfide (CVD ZnS) infrared side window of high-speed vehicles with convective cooling is studied using finite volume method. The involved factors are the surface heat flux, coolant temperature, convective heat transfer coefficient, and thermal shock initial temperature. All the material properties are temperature-dependent. The study shows that convective cooling can improve the thermal up shock resistance of CVD ZnS caused by aerodynamic heating at the upper surface. On the other hand, it can also lead to thermal down shock failure at the lower surface. The critical failure time corresponding to thermal down shock failure is much less than that corresponding to thermal up shock failure. Thus, thermal down shock failure should be avoided in application. The critical thermal shock initial temperatures, below which convective cooling will not cause thermal down shock failure, for different coolants are calculated.

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49

Holmberg, D. G., and T. E. Diller. "High-Frequency Heat Flux Sensor Calibration and Modeling." Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817319.

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A new method of in-situ heat flux gage calibration is evaluated for use in convective facilities with high heat transfer and fast time response. A Heat Flux Microsensor (HFM) was used in a shock tunnel to simultaneously measure time-resolved surface heat flux and temperature from two sensors fabricated on the same substrate. A method is demonstrated for estimating gage sensitivity and frequency response from the data generated during normal transient test runs. To verify heat flux sensitivity, shock tunnel data are processed according to a one-dimensional semi-infinite conduction model based on measured thermal properties for the gage substrate. Heat flux signals are converted to temperature, and vice versa. Comparing measured and calculated temperatures allows an independent calibration of sensitivity for each data set. The results match gage calibrations performed in convection at the stagnation point of a free jet and done by the manufacturer using radiation. In addition, a finite-difference model of the transient behavior of the heat flux sensor is presented to demonstrate the first-order response to a step input in heat flux. Results are compared with shock passing data from the shock tunnel. The Heat Flux Microsensor recorded the heat flux response with an estimated time constant of 6 μs, which demonstrates a frequency response covering DC to above 100 kHz.

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50

Eliezer, Shalom, Noaz Nissim, Erez Raicher, and José Maria Martínez-Val. "Relativistic shock waves induced by ultra-high laser pressure." Laser and Particle Beams 32, no. 2 (February 24, 2014): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000056.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes the one dimensional shock wave created in a planar target by the ponderomotive force induced by very high laser irradiance. The laser-induced relativistic shock wave parameters, such as compression, pressure, shock wave and particle flow velocities, sound velocity and temperature are calculated here for the first time in the context of relativistic hydrodynamics. For solid targets and laser irradiance of about 2 × 1024 W/cm2, the shock wave velocity is larger than 50% of the speed of light, the shock wave compression is larger than 4 (usually of the order of 10) and the targets have a pressure of the order of 1015 atmospheres. The estimated temperature can be larger than 1 MeV in energy units and therefore very excited physics (like electron positron formation) is expected in the shocked area. Although the next generation of lasers might allow obtaining relativistic shock waves in the laboratory this possibility is suggested in this paper for the first time.

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