Статті в журналах: "High temperature characterisations"

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Aminorroaya Yamini, S., D. R. G. Mitchell, and M. Avdeev. "In situ characterisation of nanostructured multiphase thermoelectric materials at elevated temperatures." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 48 (2016): 32814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05232k.

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Multiphase thermoelectric materials exhibit higher efficiencies than their single-phase counterparts. Here, we performed in situ high temperature structural characterisations and shown a strong chemical interaction between secondary phases and matrices at elevated temperatures.

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Mazingue, T., M. Lomello-Tafin, M. Passard, C. Hernandez-Rodriguez, L. Goujon, J. L. Rousset, F. Morfin, and J. F. Laithier. "Catalytic and thermal characterisations of nanosized PdPt / Al2O3 for hydrogen detection." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-273-2014.

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Abstract. Palladium platinum (PdPt) has been intensively studied these last decades due to high conversion rate in hydrogen oxidation at room temperature with significant exothermic effects. These remarkable properties have been studied by measuring the temperature variations of alumina (Al2O3) supported nanosized PdPt nanoparticles exposed to different hydrogen concentrations in dry air. This catalyst is expected to be used as a sensing material for stable and reversible ultrasensitive hydrogen sensors working at room temperature (low power consumption). Structural and gas sensing characterisations and catalytic activity of PdPt / Al2O3 systems synthesised by co-impregnation will be presented. Catalytic characterisations show that the system is already active at room temperature and that this activity sharply increases with rise in temperature. Moreover, the increase of the PdPt proportion in the co-impregnation process improves the activity, and very high conversion can be reached even at room temperature. The thermal response (about 3 °C) of only 1 mg of PdPt / Al2O3 is reversible, and the time response is about 5 s. The integration of PdPt / Al2O3 powder on a flat substrate has been realised by the deposition onto the powder of a thin porous hydrophobic layer of parylene. The possibility of using PdPt in gas sensors will be discussed.

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Boontanom, Autchariya, and Piyada Suwanpinij. "High Purity Magnetite Microparticles Directly Derived from Mill Scale via Hydrogen-Reduction Method." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.286.

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This study develops a fast and simple way to produce high purity magnetite (Fe3O4) microparticles from mill scale by using hydrogen reduction with the addition of vapour as a retarding agent. By optimising the reduction temperature and gas flow rate, the characterisations by X-ray diffractometry technique shown that the Fe3O4 fraction of over 93 wt.-% is shown at the reduction temperature of 550 – 650 oC with the flow rate of the 4.5-5.5 mol%H2 + Ar gas + H2O gas mixture from 100 – 200 ml/min. The highest Fe3O4 fraction of over 99 wt.-% can be achieved from the reduction with the mixed gas at 650 oC and the flow rate of 200 ml/min for 4 hour.

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Nishiyama, Yoshitaka, Kazuyuki Kitamura, and Nobuo Otsuka. "Metal Dusting Behaviour of Alloy800H in Laboratory Carbonaceous Environments under High Pressure." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.649.

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Metal dusting behaviour of alloy800H was investigated in a laboratory-pressurized reactor where CO-H2-CO2-H2O gas mixtures flowed continuously, simulating the gas environments in actual syngas production plant. Four test conditions, having a variety of gas pressures and H2O contents, were conducted for a long rod specimen that was imposed thermal gradient of 777°C to 454°C in a longitudinal direction. After an exposure of 100h at high pressure, metal dusting has initiated with a bell-shape distribution on the test specimens at temperatures between 600°C and 700°C. Gas pressure has accelerated metal dusting even if the gas atmospheres had the same gas composition. On the contrary, metal dusting has been alleviated with increasing the H2O content in the test gas. Oxide scale characterisations were analyzed by using Raman spectroscopy and XPS at the test specimen surfaces exposed at different temperature. The ratio of a protective Cr2O3 scale to spinel oxides such as FeCr2O4 and MnCr2O4 has increased with increasing the exposure temperature, with reducing the gas pressure, and with lowering the H2O content. These behaviours have been interpreted from thermodynamic indices: carbon activity ac and the oxide scale integrity related to oxygen potential Po2 as a function of temperature.

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Rahman, Atikur, Vipin Chawla, R. Jayaganthan, Ramesh Chandra, R. Ambardar, and S. Beer Mohamed. "Microstructural Characterisations and High Temperature Oxidation Studies of Nanostructured Co–Al Coatings Deposited on Superalloy." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 65, no. 2 (April 2012): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-011-0115-4.

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Xiao, Shenglei, Peng Wang, Damien Soulat, and Hang Gao. "Thermo-Mechanical Characterisations of Flax Fibre and Thermoplastic Resin Composites during Manufacturing." Polymers 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101139.

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The flax fibre reinforced composites with advanced structure, which can be regarded as recyclable parts, are potential and promising materials in the automobile industry. During their manufacturing, the reinforcements or prepregs should be performed to the desired shape beforehand. Mechanical behaviours accordingly play an important role during this process. However, this preforming process is usually under high temperatures, thus, the mechanical behaviours could be modified under this state. Especially for reinforcements produced by flax yarns, has barely been studied. To fill this gap, in this paper the thermos-mechanical characterization of Flax/Polyamide12 (PA12) commingled yarn and prepreg woven fabric is analysed using tensile and in-plane shearing tests under different temperatures and tensile speeds. The results conclusively show that strength can be improved by increasing the temperature below the PA12 melting value on woven fabrics, which is inverse tendency for single yarn. Moreover, increasing tensile speed could increase the strength of the single yarn and fabric. This reveals that the PA12 fluidity has great influence on tensile behaviour. The characterisation results would be employed as prescriptive recommendations in the process of manufacturing flax fibre-reinforced composite parts.

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Mat Salleh, M., M. F. Mohd Fauzi, and S. S. Md Nor. "The effect of chemically treated all-cellulose composites (ACCs) with dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES) solution on the structural-property relationship." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1192, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1192/1/012002.

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Abstract Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on the Earth that is widely used in bio-based composites due to its high mechanical properties, availability and biodegradability. All-cellulose composites (ACCs) are known as a new class monocomponent of biocomposites due to both reinforcing and matrix phases that are based on cellulose. However, a technical challenge for ACCs is observed due to their propensity for high moisture absorption (water uptake), leading to the instability and deterioration of the mechanical properties. Therefore, this research focussed towards the improvement of the surface of ACCs in order to increase the resistance to water absorption. Prior to the characterisations, ACCs were chemically treated using dodecytriethoxysilane (DTES) coating solution by dip coating method. In this present study, the effects of two control factors: (i) DTES concentration (1.5, 7.5, and 12.5 vol%), and (ii) heating temperature (50, and 100 °C), were investigated on the ACCs. Upon completion of this treatment, three possible characterisations were conducted including of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water absorption (WA) testing. Creation of polysiloxane layer was expected to reduce the tendency to absorb water in ACCs while being applied in the outdoor applications.

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Kurajica, Stanislav, Vilko Mandić, Ivana Panžić, Mattia Gaboardi, Katarina Mužina, Ana Lozančić, Juraj Šipušić, et al. "In-Operando Diffraction and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Pure, Zr-, and Ce-Doped Vanadium Dioxide Thermochromic Films Derived via Glycolate Synthesis." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122537.

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Pure and doped vanadia (VO2, V0.98Zr0.02O2, V0.98Ce0.02O2) samples were prepared by wet chemistry synthesis from vanadyl glycolate intermediate phase and tape casted into films. Combining in-operando grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, we studied the structural evolution of the films under isothermal conditions. The setup allowed assessment of the thermochromic functionality with continuous monitoring of the monoclinic to tetragonal transition in pure and doped vanadia phases, responsible for the transmission and reflection of light in the infrared part of the solar spectrum. The materials characterisation by X-ray diffraction beamline (MCX) goniometer demonstrated ideal performance, combining flexible geometry, high resolution, and the potential to accommodate the multi-channel equipment for in-operando characterisation. This method proved viable for evaluating the relevant structural and physical, and thereof functional properties of these systems. We revealed that dopants reduce the transition temperature by 5 °C on average. The synthetic route of the films was held responsible for the observed phase separation. The more favourable behaviour of cerium-doped sample was attributed to cerium alkoxide behaviour. In addition, structural, microstructural, thermal, and spectroscopic characterisation on powder samples was performed to gain more insight into the development of the phases that are responsible for thermochromic features in a broader range of doping ratios. The influence of the dopants on the extent of the thermochromic transition (transmission to reflection hysteresis) was also evaluated using (micro) structural, thermal and spectroscopic methods of powder samples. Characterisations showed that zirconium doping in 2, 4, and 6 mol% significantly influenced the phase composition and morphology of the precursor. Vanadium oxides other than VO2 can easily crystallise; however, a thermal treatment regime that allowed crystallisation of VO2 as a single phase was established.

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Lhuissier, Pierre, Mario Scheel, Luc Salvo, Elodie Boller, Marco Di Michiel, and Jean Jacques Blandin. "4D Damage Characterization during Superplastic Deformation of Magnesium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 735 (December 2012): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.735.61.

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As for aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys are generally sensitive to strain induced cavitation when they are deformed in superplastic conditions. It has been widely shown that X-ray micro tomography is a particularly efficient tool for studying in 3D damage mechanisms during superplastic deformation. However, such characterisations are generally performed in post mortem conditions, namely on samples first deformed up to given strains and then characterised. In the present investigation, thanks to particularly short acquisition times offered by ESRF, damage induced by superplastic deformation of a magnesium alloy is studied thanks to tomography analyses performed in 4D conditions, namely directly during high temperature deformation tests. Such conditions provide unique opportunities for investigating nucleation, growth and coalescence of cavities since it is thus possible to follow each cavity up to the fracture process.

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Yuan, Sheng, Bérangère Toury, and Stephane Benayoun. "Preparation & Characterization of h-BN Coatings on Ti-Based Substrate Synthesized via the PDCs Route: Tribological Applications in Severe Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.858.

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H-BN coatings can be achieved by the Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route on metallic substrate, i.e. titanium. The ceramization process is led via an optical treatment by IR irradiation to overcome the problem of the metal stability at high temperature (needed in classical process). Structural and chemical characterisations by XRD, IR, RAMAN and EDS show that the obtained crackless coatings have a micro composite structure composed by a µ-layer of TiBx/TiN at the interphase, the h-BN coating and a layer of BN(O) at the surface. Hereafter, tribological and mechanical analyses investigated through nano- and micro-indentation give a weak friction coefficient and show a good adherence between the substrate and the coating. This good adherence can be explained by the formation of Ti-B-N bond at the interface.

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Dhungana, Santosh, Rajesh Prakash Guragain, Deepak Prasad Subedi, and Hom Bahadur Baniya. "Characterization of Plasma Activated Water Generated from Gliding Arc Discharge and Its Application on Enhancement of Seed Germination of Radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus)." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (December 23, 2023): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v28i2.55306.

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In recent decades, generation of plasma activated water (PAW) from non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources has received enormous attention due to their diverse applications. The research described in this paper is mainly focused on the preparation and characterisations of PAW produced from gliding arc discharge (GAD) operated with high voltages (9.7 kV, 50 Hz) power supply system and its use in the enhancement of seed germination of radish. The physical and chemical parameters of the PAW are investigated using a multi-parameter probe and UV-visible spectrometer. There are significant differences in physical parameters like pH and conductivity, and chemical parameters like concentration of nitrates, nitrites, ammonia in untreated and PAW. But no significant differences in temperature and total dissolved oxygen (TDO) are found. In order to determine the effects of PAW on seed germination, different germination parameters are calculated on radish (Raphanus sativus) which indicates that PAW can enhance the seed germination of radish.

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Sulima, Iwona, and Grzegorz Boczkal. "Processing and Properties of ZrB2-Copper Matrix Composites Produced by Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 7455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237455.

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Copper matrix composites with zirconium diboride (ZrB2) were synthesised by ball milling and consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Characterisations of the ball-milled composite powders were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and measurement of the particle size distribution. The effect of the sintering temperature (1123 K, 1173 K, and 1223 K) and pressure (20 MPa and 35 MPa) on the density, porosity, and Young’s modulus was investigated. The relationship between the change of Orb content and physical, mechanical, and electrical properties was studied. Experimental data showed that the properties of Cu–Orb composites depended significantly on the SPS sintering conditions. The optimal sintering temperature was 1223 K with a pressure of 35 MPa. Composites exhibited a high degree of consolidation. For these materials, the apparent density was in the range of 93–97%. The results showed that the higher content of Orb in the copper matrix was responsible for the improvement in Young’s modulus and hardness with the reduction of the conductivity of sintered composites. The results showed that Young’s modulus and the hardness of the Cu 20% Orb composites were the highest, and were 165 GPa and 174 HV0.3, respectively. These composites had the lowest relative electrical conductivity of 17%.

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Ilić-Stojanović, Snežana, Ljubiša Nikolić, Vesna Nikolić, Ivan Ristić, Suzana Cakić, and Slobodan D. Petrović. "Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels as Carriers for Modulated Delivery of Acetaminophen." Gels 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2023): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9090684.

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The purposes of this study are the polymerization of temperature-sensitive copolymers based on N-isopropyl acrylamide and 10 mol % of 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate, characterisations of their thermal, morphological and swelling properties, as well as the analysis of potential application in drug-delivery systems. Acetaminophen, the representative of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, was used as a model drug in this study. It is a common pain relief drug, which is also used for fever treatment. However, oral administration comes with certain health risks, mainly the overdose and frequent administration of up to four times a day. The goal of applying temperature-sensitive hydrogel is to enable extended administration once a day, depending on the body temperature. The swelling behavior of the obtained poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate) (p(NIPA/HPMA)) hydrogels and their temperature-sensitivity, kinetics and order of swelling processes at 18 and 38 °C were analyzed. The thermal properties of these hydrogels were observed by the DSC method, and the obtained thermograms showed both melting and glass transitions. The drug delivery system of p(NIPA/HPMA) hydrogels with loaded acetaminophen was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods. Structural analysis of FTIR spectra indicates that non-covalent intermolecular interactions of the type of hydrogen bonds were formed among functional groups of acetaminophen and side-chains of p(NIPA/HPMA) hydrogels. The surface structure of p(NIPA/HPMA) hydrogels after drug loading indicates the acetaminophen presence into the pores of the hydrogel network, and their loading efficiency was higher than 92%. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of acetaminophen, determined by the high-pressure liquid chromatography method, showed that about 90–99% of the loaded amount was released from p(NIPA/HPMA) hydrogels within 24 h. Kinetic parameters of the acetaminophen release under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were determined. Based on obtained results, the drug delivery system of temperature-sensitive p(NIPA/HPMA) hydrogels with loaded acetaminophen could be suitable for additional investigation for modulated drug administration, e.g., for extended drug administration.

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Rodríguez, D., J. M. Manero, F. J. Gil, and J. A. Planell. "Caracterización de la capa formada por nitruración gaseosa del titanio a alta temperatura." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 39, no. 3 (June 30, 2000): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2000.v39.i3.845.

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Naukenova, A. Zh, B. E. Bekbauov та A. G. Amangossova. "Developing methodology and experimental procedure эfor experimental microfluidic study of chemical enhanced oil recovery". Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 87, № 1 (30 березня 2023): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.226.

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The concern of this research was to review the different methodology on microfluidic experiments conducted to study chemical enhanced oil recovery methods on micromodel chips. In general, there are several ways to study EOR methods such core flooding and microfluidics. The disadvantage of first method is that the flow processes inside the core sample cannot be imagined. Hence, the second method helps us to fully visualize how fluid flow behaviour occurs though the porous medium of the rocks. The various chemical EOR processes such as surfactant flooding, polymer flooding and ASP flooding were studied on microfluidic chips. These chemicals were injected into micromodels to drive out crude oil. It helps to understand the interactions between crude oil and chemicals, the advancement of front developed between displacing and displaced fluids and the viscous fingering effect. Visual studies enabled us to understand the effectiveness of polymer, surfactant and alkaline separately and as combined. The different experimental methodologies to study the EOR methods are reviewed. Mainly experiments divided into two main groups: methods of geological characterisations influence to fluid transport while others study oil displacement at different condition, such high temperature, high pressure, low or high salinity, highly viscous oil. We reviewed methodologies applied to study an oil displacement by polymer, surfactant-polymer (SP) and alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) solutions, their interactions and transport in porous media. Based on reviewed article the experimental procedure was developed. Analyses of published materials have helped to design and direct the methodology of research.

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Stadler, H., P. Skritek, R. Sommer, R. L. Mach, W. Zerobin, and A. H. Farnleitner. "Microbiological monitoring and automated event sampling at karst springs using LEO-satellites." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.442.

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Data communication via Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellites between portable hydrometeorological measuring stations is the backbone of our system. This networking allows automated event sampling with short time increments also for E. coli field analysis. All activities of the course of the event-sampling can be observed on an internet platform based on a Linux-Server. Conventionally taken samples compared with the auto-sampling procedure revealed corresponding results and were in agreement with the ISO 9308-1 reference method. E. coli concentrations were individually corrected by event specific inactivation coefficients (0.10-0.14 day−1), compensating losses due to sample storage at spring temperature in the auto sampler. Two large summer events in 2005/2006 at an important alpine karst spring (LKAS2) were monitored including detailed analysis of E. coli dynamics (n=271) together with comprehensive hydrological characterisations. High-resolution time series demonstrated a sudden increase of E. coli concentrations in spring water (approximately 2 log10 units) with a specific time delay after the beginning of the event. Statistical analysis suggested the spectral absorption coefficient measured at 254 nm (SAC254) as an early warning surrogate for real time monitoring of faecal input. Together with the LEO-satellite based system it is a helpful tool for early-warning systems in the field of drinking water protection.

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Calderó-Pascual, Maria, Elvira de Eyto, Eleanor Jennings, Mary Dillane, Mikkel René Andersen, Sean Kelly, Harriet Louise Wilson, and Valerie McCarthy. "Effects of Consecutive Extreme Weather Events on a Temperate Dystrophic Lake: A Detailed Insight into Physical, Chemical and Biological Responses." Water 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051411.

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Between May and July 2018, Ireland experienced an exceptional heat wave, which broke long-term temperature and drought records. These calm, stable conditions were abruptly interrupted by a second extreme weather event, Atlantic Storm Hector, in late June. Using high-frequency monitoring data, coupled with fortnightly biological sampling, we show that the storm directly affected the stratification pattern of Lough Feeagh, resulting in an intense mixing event. The lake restabilised quickly after the storm as the heatwave continued. During the storm there was a three-fold reduction in Schmidt stability, with a mixed layer deepening of 9.5 m coinciding with a two-fold reduction in chlorophyll a but a three-fold increase in total zooplankton biomass. Epilimnetic respiration increased and net ecosystem productivity decreased. The ratio of total nitrogen:total phosphorus from in-lake versus inflow rivers was decoupled, leading to a cascade effect on higher trophic levels. A step change in nitrogen:phosphorus imbalances suggested that the zooplankton community shifted from phosphorus to nitrogen nutrient constraints. Such characterisations of both lake thermal and ecological responses to extreme weather events are relatively rare but are crucial to our understanding of how lakes are changing as the impacts of global climate change accelerate.

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Gach, Gatluok Koang, Deng Andrew Mayik, Fatuma Rajab Mwanganga, Faith F. Mlewa, and Bernard K. Rop. "Identification and Characteristics of Source Rocks in Lt-1 Well, Northern Kenya." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (May 3, 2023): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.6.1.1196.

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This study on the hydrocarbon source rocks identification of LT-1 well in a Tertiary rift basin, northern Kenya, which had oil and gas shows was based on the organic matter quantity, quality, and the thermal maturation generation capability of the organic matter disseminated in the analysed rock samples. The organic matter contents were determined directly from laboratory analyses of the source rock samples with the help of seismic and gamma-ray profiles, total organic carbon (TOC wt%), maturity indices (HI and PI), temperature maximum (Tmax °C), porosities and other sedimentological parameters. This study involved a series of analytical geochemistry and petro-physical studies in ascertaining a number of effective source rock samples from the well cores which were then analysed in terms of TOC, PI, HI, S2, S1 and Tmax to determine oil/gas prone samples (resource areas) and distinguish them from strata with very high organic matter content. The samples with very high TOC were identified for possible source rock characterisations of the lithology pertaining to the well in terms of potential source-reservoir-seals associations. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis data were useful in assessing and evaluating the type of organic matter, thermal maturity, and the generation capability of source rocks for hydrocarbon exploration rationale. The analyses revealed that some strata within the sampled well data have high hydrocarbon generation potential with the existence of commercial hydrocarbon production. In conclusion, after an in-depth comparison and study of organic carbon content, hydrogen and production indices, type of organic matter content and maturity of organic matter, we confirmed that the studied resource areas are favourably considered for medium- to large-size hydrocarbon discoveries.

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Bhatnagar, Praneet, Nicolas G. Wright, Alton B. Horsfall, Konstantin Vassilevski, C. Mark Johnson, Michael J. Uren, Keith P. Hilton, A. G. Munday, and A. J. Hydes. "High Temperature Characterisation of 4H-SiC VJFET." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.799.

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4H-SiC depletion mode (normally-on) VJFETs were fabricated and characterised at temperatures up to 377 °C. The device current density at drain voltage of 50 V drops down from 54 A/cm2 at room temperature to around 42 A/cm2 at 377 °C which is a 20 % reduction in drain current density. This drop in drain currents is much lower than previously reported values of a 30 % drop in JFETs at high temperatures. The average temperature coefficient of the threshold voltage was found to be -1.36 mV/°C which is smaller than for most Si FETs. We have found that these devices have shown good I-V characteristics upto 377 °C along with being able to retain its characteristics on being retested at room temperature.

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Chabot, Florian, Sébastien Rosini, and Arnaud Morin. "Evolution During Accelerated Stress Test of Performance and of the Catalyst Layer's Ionomer Physical and Chemical Structures in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391399mtgabs.

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Catalyst layer’s ionomer plays a crucial role in the operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) not simply because it binds the catalyst nanopowder but mostly because it allows protons transport and affects both gas diffusivity and water management [1]. In the catalyst layer, the ionomer is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer similar to that use in the membrane as electrolyte. It is in the form of a few nanometer thick film dispersed around the carbon support or as aggregates larger than 150 nm within the pores of the carbon network [2,3]. In contrast with bulk ionomer membrane or model thin films that have been extensively studied [ref], little is known on the structural and functional properties of this proton conducting ionomer inside the electrode, and even less on their evolution upon aging. To date, it has proven difficult to selectively probe the fluorinated polymer dispersed at the nanoscale in a few micrometer thick electrode using conventional laboratory characterization techniques (electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and microscopy). Especially, its evolution upon aging is still an open question whereas the degradation of the ionomer due to radical attack was demonstrated and extensively investigated. Only Morawietz and co-workers evidence a thinning of the ionomer after operation [4] In this study, we studied the evolution of performance of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) after Accelerated Stress Test (AST) known to induce severe membrane degradation due to radicals, as well as the physical and chemical structures of the ionomer in the catalyst layer. Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) spectra have been extensively analysed to characterise its swelling behaviour as a function of relative humidity. Its chemical structure was investigated by elemental analyses and XPS measurements, in addition to measurements of ion exchange capacity and of vapour sorption isotherms. Electrochemical characterisations including polarisation curve, impedance measurements and limiting current analyses in dry and wet conditions were performed to assess limiting phenomena and to try to unravel the contribution of the ionomer properties in the loss of performance. The SANS measurements clearly evidence an evolution of the structure and swelling behaviour of the ionomer after AST but, despite multiple characterisations, they can be hardly related to the evolution of electrochemical characteristics. Jinnouchi, R. et al. The role of oxygen-permeable ionomer for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Commun. 12, (2021). Ueda, S., Koizumi, S., Ohira, A., Kuroda, S. & Frielinghaus, H. Grazing-incident neutron scattering to access catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Phys B Condens Matter 551, 309–314 (2018). Morawietz, T., Handl, M., Oldani, C., Friedrich, K. A. & Hiesgen, R. Influence of Water and Temperature on Ionomer in Catalytic Layers and Membranes of Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Evaluated by AFM. Fuel Cells 18, 239–250 (2018). Morawietz, T. et al. High-resolution analysis of ionomer loss in catalytic layers after operation. J Electrochem Soc 165, F3139–F3147 (2018). Figure 1

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Lalegani Dezaki, Mohammadreza, Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin, and Saghi Hatami. "An overview of fused deposition modelling (FDM): research, development and process optimisation." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 562–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2019-0230.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review research studies on process optimisation and machine development that lead to the enhancement of final products in various aspects of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process. Design/methodology/approach An overview of the literature, focussing on process parameters, machine developments and material characterisations. This study investigates recent research studies that studied FDM capabilities in printing a vast range of materials from thermoplastics to metal alloys. Findings FDM is one of the most common techniques in additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Many parameters in this technology have effects on three-dimensional printed products. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the optimum elements, for example, build orientation, layer thickness, nozzle diameter, infill pattern and bed temperature. By selecting a proper variable range of parameters, the layers adhere strongly and building end-use products of high quality are achievable. A vast range of materials and their properties from polymers to composite-based polymers are presented. Novel techniques to print metal alloys and composites are examined to increase the productivity of the FDM process. Additionally, defects such as shrinkage and warpage are discussed to eliminate the system’s limitations and improve the quality of final products. Multi-axis and mobile machines brought enhancements throughout the process to eliminate obstacles such as staircase defects in the conventional FDM process. In brief, recent developments were identified and a summary of major improvements was discussed in this study for future research. Originality/value This paper is an overview that provides information about research and developments in FDM. This review focusses on process optimisation and obstacles in printing polymers, composites, geopolymers and novel materials. Therefore, machine characteristics were examined to find out the accessibility of printing novel materials for different applications.

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Reid, Hamish Thomas, Rhodri Jervis, and Paul R. Shearing. "(Digital Presentation) Understanding the Impact of High-Nickel Cathode Microstructure on Battery Safety and Cycling Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012265mtgabs.

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To meet the increasing energy demands of portable devices and electric vehicles, high-nickel lithium-ion cathode materials with the general formula Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 (NMC) have been extensively researched. Currently NMC811 is used commercially for high-energy applications. The energy density of NMC also comes with concerns over cycle life and safety1,2. To improve the cycle life of NMC-based cells, single-crystal materials have recently gained attention to tackle the particle cracking issues found in polycrystalline cathodes3. However, for successful introduction to the lithium-ion battery market, inherent safety over a material’s lifetime also needs to be proven. Failure and degradation mechanisms both need to be fully understood to improve the stability of future cathode materials. Abusive testing, such as overheating, overcharge and nail penetration, has been used in conjunction with in-situ and ex-situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) 3D imaging to perform post-mortem studies and understand the relationship between thermal failure and cathode microstructure4,5. However, the interplay between safety characteristics, microstructural properties and material degradation remains unclear. This work first aims to compare the safety performance of polycrystalline and single-crystal NMC811 in 200 mAh pouch cells. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) with a heat-wait-search (HWS) technique is used to heat cells and determine the onset of self-heating, onset of thermal runaway and the peak thermal runaway temperature. Laboratory-based pre- and post-mortem in-situ and ex-situ X-ray CT is also used for non-destructive imaging at multiple length scales to determine how failure propagates through the cells and the impacts on the electrodes and microstructure. Pouch cells containing polycrystalline and single-crystal NMC811 cathode and graphite anode are electrochemically cycled to induce material degradation. EIS measurements and diagnostic cycles are performed to identify prevalent degradation modes in both types of cathode materials. Finally, the same ARC and X-ray CT characterisations are performed on the aged cells to determine how degradation and changes to the material structure affect the safety performance in high-nickel cathode materials. The results of this work will improve the current understanding of capacity fade in high-nickel cathodes and the safety behaviour over the lifetime of a battery cell. This information can then be used to inform future materials development and strategies for mitigating thermal runaway in batteries. References L. Ma, M. Nie, J. Xia, and J. R. Dahn, J. Power Sources, 327, 145–150 (2016). H. J. Noh, S. Youn, C. S. Yoon, and Y. K. Sun, J. Power Sources, 233, 121–130 (2013). J. Langdon and A. Manthiram, Energy Storage Mater., 37, 143–160 (2021). D. Patel, J. B. Robinson, S. Ball, and D. J. L. Brett, (2020). D. P. Finegan et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 30912–30919 (2016).

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23

Dias, Sara, António Tadeu, Amílcar Ramalho, Michael Brett, and Filipe Pedro. "Thermal and Mechanical Characterisation of Sandwich Core Materials for Climatic Chamber Shells Subjected to High Temperatures." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062089.

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Climatic chamber testing conditions are becoming more demanding. A wide range of temperatures is used to check the quality of products and materials, since they are constantly being improved. However, there is no literature on how the components of the climatic chamber panels react under high temperatures. The present work therefore sets out to perform a thermal and mechanical characterisation of four core materials often used in sandwich panels: balsa wood, mineral wool, and polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane rigid foams. The thermal characterisation focused on thermal conductivity and the specific heat was characterised using an indirect method developed previously by the authors to simulate a real application scenario where one surface of the sandwich panels was subjected to high temperature, while the opposite surface was kept at room temperature. Steady and unsteady conditions were analysed up to 200 °C. Balsa and mineral wool exhibited a nonlinear increase in thermal conductivity with temperature, and the polymeric foams showed linear behaviour. The specific heat results also increased with temperature, and the relation was nonlinear for all the tested materials except for polyethylene terephthalate, which showed linear behaviour. Higher temperatures had the least effect on the specific heat for balsa wood and mineral wool. The polyethylene terephthalate foams were the most affected by temperature. Temperature variation was tested using the impulse excitation technique. The polymeric foams and balsa wood were studied up to 100 °C and 160 °C, respectively. The elastic modulus decreased with temperature. After 24 h of cooling, the tests were repeated and the elastic modulus had regained or even increased its initial value, for all the materials.

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Low, Yee Hooi, John H. Montgomery, and Harold S. Gamble. "Characterisation of High Temperature CVD Iron." ECS Transactions 2, no. 7 (December 21, 2019): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2408912.

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Busatto, G., B. Cascone, L. Fratelli, M. Balsamo, F. Iannuzzo, and F. Velardi. "Non-destructive high temperature characterisation of high-voltage IGBTs." Microelectronics Reliability 42, no. 9-11 (September 2002): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(02)00205-6.

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Thomson, R. C., and M. K. Miller. "Atom probe characterisation of high temperature materials." Materials Science and Technology 16, no. 10 (October 2000): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101506957.

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Samyn, Pieter, Jan Quintelier, Patrick De Baets, and Gustaaf Schoukens. "Characterisation of polyimides under high-temperature sliding." Materials Letters 59, no. 22 (September 2005): 2850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.04.030.

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Ruiz-Dern, L., C. Babusiaux, F. Arenou, C. Danielski, C. Turon, and P. Sartoretti. "Calibration and characterisation of the Gaia Red Clump." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S330 (April 2017): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317006147.

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AbstractWe present new empirical Colour-Colour and Effective Temperature-Colour Gaia Red Clump calibrations. The selected sample takes into account high photometric quality, good spectrometric metallicity, homogeneous effective temperatures and low interstellar extinctions. From those calibrations we developed a method to derive the absolute magnitude, temperature and extinction of the Gaia RC. We tested our colour and extinction estimates on stars with measured spectroscopic effective temperatures and Diffuse Interstellar Band (DIB) constraints. Within the Gaia Validation team these calibrations are also being used, together with asteroseismic constraints, to check the parallax zero-point with Red Clump stars.

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Hutchings, Lian R., and Antonella Pagliarulo. "Temperature Gradient Interaction Chromatography: A Perspective." Chromatographia 84, no. 9 (July 14, 2021): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-021-04068-1.

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AbstractThe application of temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) as an advanced technique for the characterisation of polymers is discussed, in comparison to other liquid chromatography techniques and in particular the ubiquitous size exclusion chromatography. Specifically, the use of reversed-phase TGIC for the interrogation of complex branched polymers and normal-phase TGIC for characterisation of high-molar mass end-functionalised polymers is highlighted.

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Mačiulaitis, Romualdas, and Kęstutis Lukošius. "CALCULATION METHODS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND APPLICATION OF THESE METHODS TO FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT /AUKŠTŲ TEMPERATŪRŲ PASISKIRSTYMO STATYBINĖSE KONSTRUKCIJOSE SKAIČIAVIMO BŪDAI IR JŲ TAIKYMO ANALIZĖ ĮVERTINANT ATITVARŲ ATSPARUMĄ UGNIAI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 5 (October 31, 2001): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531760.

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Fire resistance of a building structure is one of important properties which describes the behaviour of the structure exposed to fire. Performance based on codes allows to use calculation methods. Given a satisfactory characterisation of the heat exposure, the designer may then compute how quickly temperatures will increase at various sections within the structural component. There are many calculation methods. They can divided into three groups (Fig 1): using experimental data, using both temperature conduction process and non-stationary thermal conduction. Thermal conduction, temperature conduction and thermal capacitance are general properties for temperature prediction methods. Usually building materials have thermal characteristics for normal environment, which can not exactly describe material properties at high temperatures. But many calculation methods lack accurate thermal characteristics describing building material properties at high temperatures. This article is intended for the analysis of this question.

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Erdei, Éva, Mónika Molnár, Gyöngyi Gyémánt, János Harangi, János Nagy, and István Pócsi. "Characterisation of a thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS712." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 35 (October 20, 2009): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/35/2804.

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Fermentation at high temperature with application of thermotolerant microorganisms is a technological advantage in bioethanol production. Among the yeasts, K. marxianus has outstanding thermotolarance. The industrial application of the IMB3 strain occurs usually at 45C. The final aim of our project is the genetic modification of the K. marxianus CBS712 strain in order to achieve ethanol production at higher temperature than the currently applied. This requires the characterization of the CBS712 strain, with special attention to the determination of the temperature limit of its growth and the amount of the ethanol produced. The temperature limit of growth was 48C in YPD medium. Elevation of the temperature above 45C led to an exponential drop of the cell viability. Ethanol production was tested in shaking flasks, in MYFM medium, under oxigene limited conditions, applying variable concentrations of glucose (12–20%) and different temperatures (45–47 ºC). Preliminary results have revealed that the elevation of glucose concentration increased the amount of ethanol produced. The amount of ethanol (appr. 5%)+ produced at the highest glucose concentration was not different at the tested temperatures (45, 46 and 47 ºC). The observation indicates the potential in raising the thermotolerance of the strain.

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Chander, Subhash, Partap Singh, Samuder Gupta, D. S. Rawal, and Mridula Gupta. "Self heating Effects in GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor for Different Passivation Material." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 5 (October 8, 2020): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.16360.

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In this paper effect of self-heating has been studied of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) for different passivation layers which is promising device for high power at high frequencies. The different passivation layers used are aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). The device GaN HEMT has been simulated and characterised for its thermal behaviour by the distribution of lattice temperature inside the device using device simulation tool ATLAS from SILVACO. The transfer and output characteristics with and without self-heating has been studied for electrical characterisation. The channel temperature for different passivation observed is 448 K, 456 K and 471 K forAl2O3, SiN and SiO2 respectively. The observed different temperatures are due to difference in their thermal conductivity. This channel temperature information is critical to study the reliability of the device at high power levels.

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Choiński, Adam. "Thermal characterisation of Lake Morskie Oko water in 2007 based on measurements by a gradient thermal probe." Limnological Review 10, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2010): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0013-5.

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Thermal characterisation of Lake Morskie Oko water in 2007 based on measurements by a gradient thermal probeThe study was undertaken to illustrate a wide range of application of a gradient thermal probe in thermal characterisation of water reservoirs on the example of Lake Morskie Oko whose water temperature has been measured since 2006. For analysis, the data collected in 2007 were chosen because of the least missing data; in this year only the data from 13 days were not recorded. The data permitted analysis of changes in daily mean temperatures of water at particular depths, with the daily means calculated as arithmetic means from 144 measurements made at every 10 minutes. The daily amplitudes of temperatures at particular depths and mean daily amplitudes for particular months were determined, which permitted an assessment of the scale of the temperature amplitude damping with increasing depth. High frequency of temperature reading permitted detection of short-duration anomalies, taking place e.g. over a time span of 10 minutes, or their vertical extent. It has been established that measurement at 2 a.m. is the optimum for determination of the annual mean temperature. The time moments at which the minimum and maximum temperatures are recorded within a day at the surface were identified. Different variants of temporary jump changes in the surface water temperature within the day were analysed. The dynamics of temperature changes from the surface to the bottom of the lake was discussed.

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34

Dapiaggi, M., G. Artioli, C. Mazzocchia, and M. Merlini. "Structural characterisation of high-temperature K-exchanged sodalite." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie Supplements 2006, suppl_23_2006 (June 2006): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2006.suppl_23.437.

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35

Weaver, P. M., T. Stevenson, T. Quast, G. Bartl, T. Schmitz-Kempen, P. Woolliams, A. Blumfield, M. Stewart, and M. G. Cain. "High temperature measurement and characterisation of piezoelectric properties." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 26, no. 12 (June 26, 2015): 9268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3285-8.

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McCann, G., V. Strezov, J. A. Lucas, T. Evans, and L. Strezov. "Iron Ore Characterisation during High Temperature Thermal Processing." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 12, no. 3-4 (May 15, 2008): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500120412.

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37

Bhandarkar, A., Malsur Dharavath, M. S. R. Chandra Murty, P. Manna, and Debasis Chakraborty. "A Novel CFD Method to Estimate Heat Transfer Coefficient for High Speed Flows." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 3 (April 25, 2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.8873.

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Accurate prediction of surface temperature of high speed aerospace vehicle is very necessary for the selection of material and determination of wall thickness. For aerothermal characterisation of any high speed vehicle in its full trajectory, it requires number of detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations with different isothermal calculations. From the detailed CFD calculations for different flow conditions and geometries, it is observed that heat transfer coefficients scale with the difference of adiabatic wall temperature and skin temperature. A simple ‘isothermal method’, is proposed to calculate heat flux data with only two CFD simulations one on adiabatic condition and other on isothermal condition. The proposed methodology is validated for number of high speed test cases involving external aerodynamic heating as well as high speed combusting flow. The computed heat fluxes and surface temperatures matches well with experimental and flight measured values.

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38

Gammon, Peter M., Craig A. Fisher, Vishal Ajit Shah, Mike R. Jennings, Amador Pérez-Tomás, Susan E. Burrows, Maksym Myronov, David R. Leadley, and Phil A. Mawby. "The Cryogenic Testing and Characterisation of SiC Diodes." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.863.

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High-resolution cryogenic performance testing is carried out on 4H-SiC PiN and Schottky diodes. At 2K intervals from 20 to 320K, current-voltage tests are performed to extract static characteristics such as turn-on, ideality factor and barrier height from across the temperature range. We also analyse the performance of the diodes within a low current/voltage switching circuit across the same temperature range using an inductive switching setup. Both diodes suffer markedly increased conduction losses at the lower temperatures, the PiN diode losing all the benefits of conductivity modulation as dopant freezes-out, reducing its series resistance. However, minor gains in the total switching losses are expected at low temperature due to faster switching speeds.

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Arshad, Muhammad, Mohamed Amer, Qamar Hayat, Vit Janik, Xiang Zhang, Mahmoud Moradi, and Mingwen Bai. "High-Entropy Coatings (HEC) for High-Temperature Applications: Materials, Processing, and Properties." Coatings 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050691.

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High-entropy materials (HEM), including alloys, ceramics, and composites, are a novel class of materials that have gained enormous attention over the past two decades. These multi-component novel materials with unique structures always have exceptionally good mechanical properties and phase stability at all temperatures. Of particular interest for high-temperature applications, e.g., in the aerospace and nuclear sectors, is the new concept of high-entropy coatings (HEC) on low-cost metallic substrates, which has just emerged during the last few years. This exciting new virgin field awaits exploration by materials scientists and surface engineers who are often equipped with high-performance computational modelling tools, high-throughput coating deposition technologies and advanced materials testing/characterisation methods, all of which have greatly shortened the development cycle of a new coating from years to months/days. This review article reflects on research progress in the development and application of HEC focusing on high-temperature applications in the context of materials/composition type, coating process selection and desired functional properties. The importance of alloying addition is highlighted, resulting in suppressing oxidation as well as improving corrosion and diffusion resistance in a variety of coating types deposited via common deposition processes. This review provides an overview of this hot topic, highlighting the research challenges, identifying gaps, and suggesting future research activity for high temperature applications.

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Rout, T. K., Johnson Go, Ani V. Gaikwad, and Stefan Melzer. "High Temperature Oxidation of Advanced High Strength Steel: HT-XRD Method for Quantitative Evaluation." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.107.

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Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is a need for automotive components to avoid high temperature oxidation during hot forming. The formation of thick and flaky iron (Fe) oxide layers at high temperature on the high strength steel (HSS) is not acceptable because that can damage & pollute the pressing tool surface and interfere with the welding process. A TBC is evaluated on the HSS using HT-XRD (high temperature x-ray diffraction) technique to understand quantitative evolution of oxidation at high temperature. The characterisation results of the present coating system have shown significant reduction in oxidation of the substrate and inhibit the formation of flaky oxide layers at elevated temperature.

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Srisrual, Anusara, Thammaporn Thublaor, and Patthranit Wongpromrat. "CHAPTER 3 Characterisation of Thermal Oxide Scales on Stainless Steels." Solid State Phenomena 300 (February 2020): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.300.47.

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This chapter aims at reviewing the characterisation techniques that are commonly used for high temperature oxidation study, especially on stainless steels. In addition, the experimental studies about the high temperature oxidation i.e. thermogravimetric method and chromium volatilisation measurement are explained. The various kinds of characterisation techniques for physico-chemical and electronic properties of thermal oxide scales are reviewed, starting from optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), focused ion beam coupled with scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and photoelectrochemical characterisation (PEC). The review focuses on the basic concepts and shows how the characterising tools can be applied to thermal oxide characterisation.

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Riches, S. T., K. Cannon, C. Johnston, M. Sousa, P. Grant, J. Gulliver, M. Langley, et al. "Application of High Temperature Electronics Packaging Technology to Signal Conditioning and Processing Circuits." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (January 1, 2010): 000089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-sriches-tp11.

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The requirement to install electronic power and control systems in high temperature environments has posed a challenge to the traditional limit of 125°C for high temperature exposure of electronics systems. The leap in operating temperature to above 200°C in combination with high pressures, vibrations and potentially corrosive environments means that different semiconductors, passives, circuit boards and assembly processes will be needed to fulfil the target performance specifications. Bare die mounted onto ceramic and insulated metal substrates can withstand higher temperatures than soldered surface mount devices on printed circuit boards. The results of the evaluation of electronic interconnect and substrate materials that have been submitted to temperatures of 250°C for up to 2000 hours will be presented, including details on novel adhesive formulations and high temperature insulated metal substrates. The materials and processes developed have been applied to the manufacture of high temperature circuits representative of analogue signal conditioning and processing, using silicon on insulator devices and passive components mounted into HTCC packages and onto thick film on ceramic substrates. Results of the characterisation of these devices and circuits at temperatures of 250°C for up to 2000 hours will be presented. This work forms part of the UPTEMP project has been set-up with support from UK Technology Strategy Board and the EPSRC, which started in March 2007 with 3 years duration. The project brings together a consortium of end-users (Sondex Wireline and Vibro-Meter UK), electronic module manufacturers (GE Aviation Systems Newmarket) and material suppliers (Gwent Electronic Materials and Thermastrate Ltd) with Oxford University-Materials Department, the leading UK high temperature electronics research centre.

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Capron, Odile, Joris Jaguemont, Rahul Gopalakrishnan, Peter Van den Bossche, Noshin Omar, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "Impact of the Temperature in the Evaluation of Battery Performances During Long-Term Cycling—Characterisation and Modelling." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081364.

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This paper presents the results regarding the thermal characterisation and modelling of high energy lithium-ion battery cells at both room (25 °C) and cycling (35 °C) temperatures. In this work two types of Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) batteries are studied: a fresh (or uncycled) and an aged (or cycled) battery cells. The ageing of the studied NMC battery cells is achieved by means of accelerated ageing tests (i.e., repetition of numerous charge and discharge cycles) at 35 °C cycling temperature. Temperature at the surface of the battery cells is characterised, with a set of three discharge current rates 0.3C (i.e., 6 A), 1C (i.e., 20 A) and 2C (i.e., 40 A), and the evolutions at three different locations on the surface of the battery cells namely, at the top, in the center and at the bottom regions are measured. In addition, temperature and ageing dependent electrochemical-thermal modelling of the uncycled and cycled battery cells is also successfully accomplished in case of both room and cycling temperatures. Numerical simulations were carried out in case of high 2C constant current rate, and the assessment of the modelling accuracy by comparison of the predicted battery cells voltage and temperature with respect to the experimental data is further presented. With this paper, thermal performances of battery cells prior and after long-term cycling are evaluated at the cycling temperature, next to the ambient temperature. Hence, thermal characterisation and modelling results are more closely reflecting that encountered by the battery cells in real cycling conditions, so that their performances are believed in this way to be more objectively evaluated.

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Romano-Rodrı́guez, A., A. Bachrouri, M. López, J. R. Morante, A. Misiuk, B. Surma, and J. Jun. "TEM characterisation of high pressure–high-temperature-treated Czochralski silicon samples." Materials Science and Engineering: B 73, no. 1-3 (April 2000): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5107(99)00473-0.

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45

Butera, S., G. Lioliou, A. B. Krysa, and A. M. Barnett. "Temperature characterisation of spectroscopic InGaP X-ray photodiodes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 908 (November 2018): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.064.

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46

West, G. D. "Characterisation of high temperature oxidation using electron backscatter diffraction." Materials at High Temperatures 22, no. 3 (August 15, 2005): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/096034005782744290.

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Thiele, J. A., and M. Pereira da Cunha. "High temperature surface acoustic wave devices: fabrication and characterisation." Electronics Letters 39, no. 10 (2003): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030511.

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48

Bottomley, P. D. W., Th Wiss, A. Janssen, B. Cremer, H. Thiele, D. Manara, M. Scheindlin, et al. "Characterisation of high temperature refractory ceramics for nuclear applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 32 (March 7, 2012): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/32/1/012003.

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49

Rhanim, H., C. Olagnon, G. Fantozzi, and R. Torrecillas. "Experimental characterisation of high temperature creep resistance of mullite." Ceramics International 23, no. 6 (January 1997): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(96)00061-2.

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50

Monaghan, Martin R., and Patrick J. Mallon. "High temperature mechanical characterisation of polyimide diaphragm forming films." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (January 1998): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00086-9.

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