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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Zeng, Lingfa, Xiaolin Wang, Yun Ye, Li Wang, Baolai Yang, Xiaoming Xi, Peng Wang, et al. "High Power Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Employing Longitudinal Vary Core Diameter Active Fibers." Photonics 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020147.

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Thanks to the advantage of balancing nonlinear effects and transverse mode instability, vary core diameter active fiber (VCAF) has been widely used in high power ytterbium-doped fiber lasers in recent years. Up to now, VCAF has developed from the basic form of the original tapered fiber to the spindle-shaped and saddle-shaped fiber with different characteristics and has been applied in conventional fiber lasers, oscillating–amplifying integrated fiber lasers, and quasi-continuous wave fiber lasers and successfully improved the performance of these lasers. In the present study, a 6110 W fiber laser amplifier is realized based on a tapered fiber. The maximum output power of a fiber laser amplifier based on spindle-shaped fibers is 6020 W with a beam quality of M2~1.86. In this paper, we first introduce the basic concept of VCAF and summarize its main fabrication methods and advantages in high-power fiber laser applications. Then, we will present the recent research results of high-power fiber laser employing VCAF in our group and clarify the outstanding advantages of VCAF compared with the constant core diameter active fiber (CCAF).

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2

Franczyk, Marcin, Dariusz Pysz, Filip Włodarczyk, Ireneusz Kujawa, and Ryszard Buczyński. "Yb3+ doped single-mode silica fibre laser system for high peak power applications." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i4.1075.

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We present ytterbium doped silica single-mode fibre components for high power and high energy laser applications. We developed in-house the fibre laser with high efficiency of 65% according to the launched power, the threshold of 1.16W and the fibre length of 20 m. We also elaborated the fibre with 20 µm in diameter core suitable for amplifying the beam generated in oscillator. We implemented made in-house endcaps to prove the utility of the fibre towards high peak power applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesStrategies Unlimited, The Worldwide Market for Lasers: Market Review and Forecast, 2020 DirectLink J. Zhu, P. Zhou, Y. Ma, X. Xu, and Z. Liu, "Power scaling analysis of tandem-pumped Yb-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers", Opt. Express 19, 18645 (2011) CrossRef IPG Photonics, Product information, accessed: October, 2020. DirectLink J.W. Dawson, M. J. Messerly, R. J. Beach, M. Y. Shverdin, E. A. Stappaerts, A. K. Sridharan, P. H. Pax, J. E. Heebner, C. W. Siders, and C. P. J. Barty, "Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power", Opt. Express 16, 13240 (2008) CrossRef W. Koechner, "Solid-State Laser Engineering", Springer Series in Optical Science, Berlin 1999 CrossRef A. V. Smith, and B. T. Do, "Bulk and surface laser damage of silica by picosecond and nanosecond pulses at 1064 nm", Appl. Opt. 47, 4812 (2008), CrossRef M. N. Zervas, C. Codemard, "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 1, 2014 CrossRef D.J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W.A. Clarkson, "High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited]", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 27, 63, 2010, CrossRef M. Li, X. Chen, A. Liu, S. Gray, J. Wang, D. T. Walton; L. A. Zenteno, "Limit of Effective Area for Single-Mode Operation in Step-Index Large Mode Area Laser Fibers", J. Lightw. Technol., 27, 3010, 2009, CrossRef J. Limpert, S. Hofer, A. Liem, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann., S. Knoke, and H. Voelckel, "100-W average-power, high-energy nanosecond fiber amplifier", App.Phys.B 75, 477, 2002, CrossRef

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3

Yuanyuan Fan, Yuanyuan Fan, Bing He Bing He, Jun Zhou Jun Zhou, Jituo Zheng Jituo Zheng, Shoujun Dai Shoujun Dai, Chun Zhao Chun Zhao, Yunrong Wei Yunrong Wei, and Qihong Lou Qihong Lou. "Efficient heat transfer in high-power fiber lasers." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 11 (2012): 111401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.111401.

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4

Fathi, Hossein, Mikko Närhi, and Regina Gumenyuk. "Towards Ultimate High-Power Scaling: Coherent Beam Combining of Fiber Lasers." Photonics 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120566.

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Анотація:

Fiber laser technology has been demonstrated as a versatile and reliable approach to laser source manufacturing with a wide range of applicability in various fields ranging from science to industry. The power/energy scaling of single-fiber laser systems has faced several fundamental limitations. To overcome them and to boost the power/energy level even further, combining the output powers of multiple lasers has become the primary approach. Among various combining techniques, the coherent beam combining of fiber amplification channels is the most promising approach, instrumenting ultra-high-power/energy lasers with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress of coherent beam combining for both continuous-wave and ultrafast fiber lasers. The concept of coherent beam combining from basic notions to specific details of methods, requirements, and challenges is discussed, along with reporting some practical architectures for both continuous and ultrafast fiber lasers.

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5

Michalska, Maria, Paweł Grześ, and Jacek Swiderski. "High power, 100 W-class, thulium-doped all-fiber lasers." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i4.953.

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In this work, sub-kilowatt, compact thulium-doped fiber laser systems, operating at a wavelength of 1940 nm, have been presented. The continuous-wave laser power generated out of a single oscillator was 90 W with a slope efficiency of 56.7%. Applying a master oscillator – power amplifier configuration, an output power of 120.5 W with a slope efficiency of 58.2% was demonstrated. These are the first results of the works aimed at developing kW-class “eye-safe” laser systems in Poland. Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. Liu, et al., "Implementing termination analysis on quantum programming", Sci. China Inf. Sci. 62, 41301 (2019) CrossRef S. D. Jackson, A. Sabella, D.G Lancaster, "Application and Development of High-Power and Highly Efficient Silica-Based Fiber Lasers Operating at 2 μm", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 567, (2007). CrossRef E. Russell, N. Kavanagh, K. Shortiss, and F. C. G. Gunning, "Development of thulium-doped fibre amplifiers for the 2μm waveband", Proc. SPIE 10683, 106832Q (2018) CrossRef P. Peterka, B. Faure, W. Blanc, M. Karásek, and B. Dussardier, "Theoretical modelling of S-band thulium-doped silica fibre amplifiers", Opt. Quantum Electron. 36, 201 (2004) CrossRef M. Eichhorn, "Pulsed 2 μm fiber lasers for direct and pumping applications in defence and security", Proc. SPIE 7836, 78360B (2010). CrossRef O. Traxer and E. X. Keller, "Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone treatment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser", World J. Urol. 2019 Feb 6. doi: 10.1007/s00345-019-02654-5 CrossRef S. Das, "Optical parametric oscillator: status of tunable radiation in mid-IR to IR spectral range based on ZnGeP2 crystal pumped by solid state lasers", Opt. Quant. Electron. 51, 70 (2019) CrossRef M. Michalska, P. Hlubina, and J. Swiderski, "Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation to ∼4.7 μm in a ZBLAN Fiber Pumped by an Optical Parametric Generator", IEEE Photon. J 9, 3200207 (2017) CrossRef https://www.ipgphotonics.com DirectLink M.D. Burns, P. C. Shardlow, P. Barua, T. L. Jefferson-Brain, J. K. Sahu, and W. A.Clarkson, "47 W continuous-wave 1726 nm thulium fiber laser core-pumped by an erbium fiber laser", Opt. Lett. 44, 5230 (2019) CrossRef S.D. Jackson, "Cross relaxation and energy transfer upconversion processes relevant to the functioning of 2 μm Tm3+-doped silica fibre lasers", Opt. Commun. 230, 197 (2004). CrossRef X. Wang, P. Zhou, X. Wang, H. Xiao, and L. Si, "102 W monolithic single frequency Tm-doped fiber MOPA", Opt. Express 21, 32386 (2013) CrossRef K. Yin, R. Zhu, B. Zhang, G. Liu, P. Zhou, and J. Hou, "300 W-level, wavelength-widely-tunable, all-fiber integrated thulium-doped fiber laser", Opt. Express 24, 11085 (2016) CrossRef G. D. Goodno, L. D. Book, and J. E. Rothenberg, "600-W, single-mode, single-frequency thulium fibre laser amplifier", Proc. SPIE 7195, 71950Y (2009). CrossRef T. Ehrenreich, R. Leveille, I. Majid, K. Tankala, G. Rines, and P. Moulton, "1-kW, all-glass Tm: fiber laser", Proc. SPIE 7580, 1 (2010) DirectLink M. Michalska et al., "Highly stable, efficient Tm-doped fiber laser—a potential scalpel for low invasive surgery", Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 115101 (2016). CrossRef

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6

Nilsson, J., and D. N. Payne. "High-Power Fiber Lasers." Science 332, no. 6032 (May 19, 2011): 921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1194863.

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7

Galvanauskas, Almantas. "High Power Fiber Lasers." Optics and Photonics News 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.15.7.000042.

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8

Hecht, Jeff. "High-Power Fiber Lasers." Optics and Photonics News 29, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.29.10.000030.

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9

Lou, Qi-hong, and Jun Zhou. "High power fiber lasers." Frontiers of Physics in China 2, no. 4 (October 2007): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11467-007-0054-z.

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10

Tao, Mengmeng, Hongwei Chen, Guobin Feng, Lijun Wang, Jingfeng Ye, Yamin Wang, Xisheng Ye, and Weibiao Chen. "Comparisons between high power fiber systems in the presence of radiation induced photodarkening." Laser Physics 32, no. 5 (March 25, 2022): 055101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac5dc4.

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Анотація:

Abstract Performance of high power fiber lasers and amplifiers with different pump sources are evaluated in the presence of radiation induced photodarkening in post-irradiated active fibers. Evolutions of output power and thermal mode instability threshold under different radiation doses are examined and analyzed. Severe degradation in both output power and thermal mode instability threshold is recorded for high power fiber systems with their active fibers exposed to radiations. Comparisons show that, amplifiers present a relatively better performance than lasers in adverse environments. Besides, 976 nm pump source is more favorable for high power laser sources in radioactive applications, even though 915 nm pump ensures a much lower temperature profile inside the active fiber.

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11

Zhu, Xiushan, and N. Peyghambarian. "High-Power ZBLAN Glass Fiber Lasers: Review and Prospect." Advances in OptoElectronics 2010 (March 29, 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/501956.

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ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF), considered as the most stable heavy metal fluoride glass and the excellent host for rare-earth ions, has been extensively used for efficient and compact ultraviolet, visible, and infrared fiber lasers due to its low intrinsic loss, wide transparency window, and small phonon energy. In this paper, the historical progress and the properties of fluoride glasses and the fabrication of ZBLAN fibers are briefly described. Advances of infrared, upconversion, and supercontinuum ZBLAN fiber lasers are addressed in detail. Finally, constraints on the power scaling of ZBLAN fiber lasers are analyzed and discussed. ZBLAN fiber lasers are showing promise of generating high-power emissions covering from ultraviolet to mid-infrared considering the recent advances in newly designed optical fibers, beam-shaped high-power pump diodes, beam combining techniques, and heat-dissipating technology.

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12

Luethy, Willy A. "High-power monomode fiber lasers." Optical Engineering 34, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.205659.

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13

Zervas, Michalis N. "High power ytterbium-doped fiber lasers — fundamentals and applications." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 12 (April 7, 2014): 1442009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214420090.

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In this paper, we summarize the fundamental properties and review the latest developments in high power ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) lasers. The review is focused primarily on the main fiber laser configurations and the related cladding pumping issues. Special attention is placed on pump combination techniques and the parameters that affect the brightness enhancements observed in high power fiber lasers. The review also includes the major limitations imposed by fiber nonlinearities and other parasitic effects, such as optical damage, modal instabilities and photodarkening. The paper summarizes the power evolution in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed YDF lasers and their impact on material processing and other industrial applications.

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14

Zeng, Lingfa, Xiaolin Wang, Li Wang, Yun Ye, Peng Wang, Baolai Yang, Xiaoming Xi, et al. "Optimization and Demonstration of Direct LD Pumped High-Power Fiber Lasers to Balance SRS and TMI Effects." Photonics 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050539.

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Up to now, transverse mode instability (TMI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) have become the main factors limiting the power scaling of conventional ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Many technologies are proposed to suppress the SRS or TMI individually, but most of them are contradictions in practical application. In this article, we focus on the technologies that can balance the suppression of both SRS and TMI, including fiber coiling optimization, pump wavelength optimization, pump configuration optimization, and novel vary core diameter active fiber. Firstly, we validate the effectiveness of these technologies in both theoretical and relatively low-power experiments, and introduce the abnormal TMI threshold increasing in a few-mode fiber amplifier with fiber coiling. Then, we scale up the power through various types of fiber lasers, including wide linewidth and narrow linewidth fiber lasers, as well as quasi-continuous wave (QCW) fiber lasers. As a result, we achieve 5~8 kW fiber laser oscillators, 10~20 kW wide linewidth fiber laser amplifiers, 4 kW narrow linewidth fiber amplifiers, and 10 kW peak power QCW fiber oscillators. The demonstration of these new technical schemes is of great significance for the development of high-power fiber lasers.

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15

Braglia, Andrea, Alessio Califano, Yu Liu, and Guido Perrone. "Architectures and components for high power CW fiber lasers." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 12 (April 7, 2014): 1442001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214420016.

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High power fiber lasers are gaining increasing shares in the laser material processing market due to their many advantages over gas and solid-state lasers. The design approaches for the typical architectures used in continuous emission fiber lasers are revised and the impact of the different choices on the specifications of the cavity components are analyzed. Then, some results on the fabrication of key components for an all-fiber setup, such as pump (PCs) and signal combiners (SCs), are reported. Finally, an example of a high power module, suitable for the development of an over 4 kW system is presented.

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16

Hang Zhou, Hang Zhou, Zilun Chen Zilun Chen, Xuanfeng Zhou Xuanfeng Zhou, Jing Hou Jing Hou, and Jinbao Chen Jinbao Chen. "All-fiber 7 \tiems 1 signal combiner with high beam quality for high-power fiber lasers." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 6 (2015): 061406–61409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.061406.

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17

Grzegorczyk, Adrian, and Marcin Mamajek. "A 70 W thulium-doped all-fiber laser operating at 1940 nm." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i3.928.

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An all-fiber thulium-doped fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1940 nm is reported. A maximum output continuous-wave power of 70.7 W with a slope efficiency of 59%, determined with respect to the absorbed pump power, was demonstrated. The laser delivered almost a single-mode beam with a beam quality factor of < 1.3.Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. N. Zervas and C. A. Codemard, "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 0904123 (2014). CrossRef D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson. "High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited]", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, B63 (2010). CrossRef J. Swiderski, A. Zajac, and M. Skorczakowski, "Pulsed ytterbium-doped large mode area double-clad fiber amplifier in MOFPA configuration", Opto-Electron. Rev. 15, 98 (2007). CrossRef M. Eckerle et al. "High-average-power actively-modelocked Tm3+ fiber lasers", Proc. SPIE 8237, 823740 (2012). CrossRef J. Swiderski, D. Dorosz, M. Skorczakowski, and W. Pichola, "Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier with tunable repetition rate and pulse duration", Laser Phys. 20, 1738 (2010). CrossRef P. Grzes and J. Swiderski, "Gain-Switched 2-μm Fiber Laser System Providing Kilowatt Peak-Power Mode-Locked Resembling Pulses and Its Application to Supercontinuum Generation in Fluoride Fibers", IEEE Phot. J. 10, 1 (2018). CrossRef S. Liang et al. "Transmission of wireless signals using space division multiplexing in few mode fibers", Opt. Express 26, 6490 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski, M. Michalska, and P. Grzes, "Broadband and top-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with 3.52 W time-averaged power in a ZBLAN fiber directly pumped by a 2-µm mode-locked fiber laser and amplifier", Appl. Phys. B 124, 152 (2018). CrossRef F. Zhao et al. "Electromagnetically induced polarization grating", Sci. Rep. 8, 16369 (2018). CrossRef J. Sotor et al. "Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus", Opt. Lett. 40, 3885 (2015). CrossRef M. Olivier et al. "Femtosecond fiber Mamyshev oscillator at 1550 nm", Opt. Lett. 44, 851 (2019). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Michalska, "Over three-octave spanning supercontinuum generated in a fluoride fiber pumped by Er & Er:Yb-doped and Tm-doped fiber amplifiers", Opt. Laser Technol. 52, 75 (2013). CrossRef C.Yao et al. "High-power mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source using fluorotellurite fiber", Optica 5, 1264 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Maciejewska, "Watt-level, all-fiber supercontinuum source based on telecom-grade fiber components", Appl. Phys. B 109, 177 (2012). CrossRef O. Traxer and E. X. Keller, "Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone treatment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser", World J. Urol., 1-12 (2019). CrossRef M. Michalska, et al. "Highly stable, efficient Tm-doped fiber laser—a potential scalpel for low invasive surgery", Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 115101 (2016). CrossRef R. L. Blackmon et al. "Thulium fiber laser ablation of kidney stones using a 50-μm-core silica optical fiber", Opt. Eng., 54, 011004 (2015). CrossRef A. Zajac et al. "Fibre lasers – conditioning constructional and technological", Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 58, 491 (2010). CrossRef C. Guo, D. Shen, J. Long, and F. Wang, "High-power and widely tunable Tm-doped fiber laser at 2 \mu m", Chin. Opt. Lett. 10, 091406 (2012). CrossRef F. Liu et al. "Tandem-pumped, tunable thulium-doped fiber laser in 2.1 μm wavelength region", Opt. Express 27, 8283 (2019). CrossRef H. Ahmad, M. Z. Samion, K. Thambiratnam, and M. Yasin, "Widely Tunable Dual-Wavelength Thulium-doped fiber laser Operating in 1.8-2.0 mm Region", Optik 179, 76 (2019). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: An in vitro analysis of stone fragmentation using a modulated 110‐watt Thulium fiber laser at 1.94 µm", Lasers Surg. Med. 37, 53 (2005). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "High‐power laser vaporization of the canine prostate using a 110 W Thulium fiber laser at 1.91 μm", Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 52 (2005). CrossRef E. Lippert et al. "Polymers Designed for Laser Applications-Fundamentals and Applications", Proc. SPIE 6397, P639704 (2006). CrossRef N. Dalloz et al. "High power Q-switched Tm3+, Ho3+-codoped 2μm fiber laser and application for direct OPO pumping", Proc. SPIE 10897, 108970J (2019). CrossRef N. J. Ramírez-Martinez, M. Nunez-Velazquez, A. A. Umnikov, and J. K. Sahu, "Highly efficient thulium-doped high-power laser fibers fabricated by MCVD", Opt. Express 27, 196 (2019). CrossRef T. Ehrenreich et al. "1-kW, All-Glass Tm:fiber Laser", Proc. SPIE 7580, 758016 (2010). DirectLink L. Shah et al. "Integrated Tm:fiber MOPA with polarized output and narrow linewidth with 100 W average power", Opt. Express 20, 20558 (2012). CrossRef H. Zhen-Yue, Y. Ping, X. Qi-Rong, L. Qiang, and G. Ma-Li, "227-W output all-fiberized Tm-doped fiber laser at 1908 nm", Chin. Phys. B 23, 104206 (2014). CrossRef

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18

Pajewski, Łukasz, Łukasz Sójka, Samir Lamrini, Trevor Benson, Angela Seddon, and Sławomir Sujecki. "Experimental investigation of mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.989.

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In this contribution the diode pumped high-power Er:ZBLAN laser operating at around 2.8 µm is reported. The laser produces 2 W output power with the slope efficiency of 24 % measured with respect to the incident pump power. Full Text: PDF ReferencesS. D. Jackson, "Towards high-power mid-infrared emission from a fibre laser", Nature Photonics 6, 423 (2012). CrossRef V. Portosi, D. Laneve, C. M. Falconi, and F. Prudenzano, "Advances on Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors and Applications", Sensors 19, (2019). CrossRef M. C. Falconi, D. Laneve, and F. Prudenzano, "Advances in Mid-IR Fiber Lasers: Tellurite, Fluoride and Chalcogenide", Fibers 5, 23 (2017). CrossRef M. Michalska, P. Grześ, J. Świderski, "High power, 100 W-class, thulium-doped all-fiber lasers", Phot. Lett. Poland, 11, 109 (2019). CrossRef Y. O. Aydin, V. Fortin, R. Vallée, and M. Bernier, "Towards power scaling of 2.8 μm fiber lasers", Opt. Lett. 43, 4542 (2018). CrossRef S. Crawford, D. D. Hudson, and S. D. Jackson, "High-Power Broadly Tunable 3- μm Fiber Laser for the Measurement of Optical Fiber Loss", IEEE Photonics Journal 7, 1 (2015). CrossRef V. Fortin, F. Jobin, M. Larose, M. Bernier, and R. Vallée, "10-W-level monolithic dysprosium-doped fiber laser at 3.24 μm", Opt. Lett. 44, 491 (2019). CrossRef L. Sójka, et al., "Experimental Investigation of Mid-Infrared Laser Action From Dy3+ Doped Fluorozirconate Fiber", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 30, 1083 (2018). CrossRef M. Pollnan and S. D. Jackson, "Erbium 3 /spl mu/m fiber lasers", IEEE J. Sel. Top. in Quantum Electron., 7, 30 (2001). CrossRef Y. O. Aydin, F. Maes, V. Fortin, S. T. Bah, R. Vallée, and M. Bernier, "Endcapping of high-power 3 µm fiber lasers", Opt. Express 27, 20659 (2019). CrossRef C. A. Schäfer, "Fluoride-fiber-based side-pump coupler for high-power fiber lasers at 2.8 μm", et al., Opt. Lett. 43, 2340 (2018). CrossRef O. Henderson-Sapir, J. Munch, and D. J. Ottaway, "New energy-transfer upconversion process in Er3+:ZBLAN mid-infrared fiber lasers", Opt. Express 24, 6869 (2016). CrossRef F. Maes, V. Fortin, S. Poulain, M. Poulain, J.-Y. Carrée, M. Bernier, and R. Vallée, "Room-temperature fiber laser at 3.92 μm", Optica 5, 761 (2018). CrossRef R. I. Woodward, M. R. Majewski, D. D. Hudson, and S. D. Jackson, "Swept-wavelength mid-infrared fiber laser for real-time ammonia gas sensing", APL Photonics 4, 020801 (2019). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, et al., "Near-IR and mid-IR luminescence and energy transfer in fluoroindate glasses co-doped with Er3+/Tm3+", Opt. Mater. Express 9, 4772 (2019). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, et al., "Sensitization of Ho3+ - doped fluoroindate glasses for near and mid-infrared emission", Optical Materials 101, 109707 (2020). CrossRef J. Wang, X. Zhu, M. Mollaee, J. Zong, and N. Peyhambarian, "Efficient energy transfer from Er3+ to Ho3+ and Dy3+ in ZBLAN glass", Opt. Express 28, 5189 (2020). CrossRef M. C. Falconi, D. Laneve, V. Portosi, S. Taccheo, and F. Prudenzano, "Design of a Multi-Wavelength Fiber Laser Based on Tm:Er:Yb:Ho Co-Doped Germanate Glass", J Lightwave Technol 1 (2020). CrossRef K. Anders, A. Jusza, P. Komorowski, P. Andrejuk, and R. Piramidowicz, "Short wavelength up-converted emission studies in Er3+ and Yb3+ doped ZBLAN glasses", J. Lumin. 201, 427 (2018). CrossRef P. Komorowski ,K. Anders ,U. Zdulska,R. Piramidowicz R. "Erbium doped ZBLAN fiber laser operating in the visible - feasibility study", Photonics Lett Pol 9, 85 (2017). CrossRef J. Swiderski, M. Michalska, and P. Grzes, "Broadband and top-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with 3.52 W time-averaged power in a ZBLAN fiber directly pumped by a 2-µm mode-locked fiber laser and amplifier", Applied Physics B 124, 152 (2018). CrossRef V. Fortin, M. Bernier, S. T. Bah, and R. Vallée, "30 W fluoride glass all-fiber laser at 2.94 μm", Opt. Lett. 40, 2882 (2015). CrossRef

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19

FUKUDA, MITSUO. "RELIABILITY OF HIGH POWER PUMP LASERS FOR ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 01 (March 1996): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156496000049.

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The degradation behavior and the reliability of 980 nm lasers and 1480 nm lasers are reviewed and discussed. In addition, packaging problems for the high power lasers are also discussed from the application viewpoint. For 980 nm lasers the reliability in laser chip is limited mainly by the instability of an interface between the laser material (facet) and the anti-reflecting coating film, and for most 1480 nm lasers the reliability of the laser chip is determined mainly by the instability of a buried heterointerface. These reliability problems have been solved, however, by examining the material properties and improving device fabrication technology. The main packaging problem is a packaging-induced failure (PIF) causing sudden failure in 980 nm lasers sealed in dry N2 or Ar, but packaging problems have also been suppressed or eliminated. The device technology and packaging technology needed to make high power pump laser modules have been established, and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped by these lasers are indispensable components of many optical transmission systems.

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20

Peterka, Pavel. "Double-clad fibers for high-power fiber lasers." EPJ Web of Conferences 243 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024302001.

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21

Li, Jun, Hao Li та Zefeng Wang. "Application of Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers in Gas Raman Lasers Operating at 1.7 μm". Crystals 11, № 2 (27 січня 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020121.

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A 1.7 μm pulsed laser plays an important role in bioimaging, gas detection, and so on. Fiber gas Raman lasers (FGRLs) based on hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) provide a novel and effective method for fiber lasers operating at 1.7 μm. Compared with traditional methods, FGRLs have more advantages in generating high-power 1.7 μm pulsed lasers. This paper reviews the studies of 1.7 μm FGRLs, briefly describes the principle and characteristics of HC-PCFs and gas-stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and systematical characterizes 1.7 μm FGRLs in aspects of output spectral coverage, power-limiting factors, and a theoretical model. When the fiber length and pump power are constant, a relatively high gas pressure and appropriate pump peak power are the key to achieving high-power 1.7 μm Raman output. Furthermore, the development direction of 1.7 μm FGRLs is also explored.

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22

Kah, Paul, Jinhong Lu, Jukka Martikainen, and Raimo Suoranta. "Remote Laser Welding with High Power Fiber Lasers." Engineering 05, no. 09 (2013): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.59083.

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23

Ueda, Ken-ichi. "High Power and High Performance Fiber Lasers." Review of Laser Engineering 34, Supplement (2006): S17—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.34.s17.

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24

Shi, Jing, Xinyu Ye, Yulong Cui, Wei Huang, Hao Li, Zhiyue Zhou, Meng Wang, Zilun Chen, and Zefeng Wang. "All-Fiber Gas Cavity Based on Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fibers Fabricated by Splicing with End Caps." Photonics 8, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090371.

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In recent years, fiber gas lasers have obtained a rapid development, however, efficient and stable pump coupling is a key limitation for their applications in the future. Here, we report an all-fiber gas cavity based on anti-resonant hollow-core fibers which have the beneficial properties of adjustable broad transmission bands and potential low transmission attenuation, especially in the mid-infrared. This kind of all-fiber gas cavity is fabricated by directly splicing with end caps at both ends for the first time. The high-power laser transmission characteristics were studied, and the experimental results show that the all-fiber gas cavities have a very stable performance. The maximum input laser power at 1080 nm is about 260 W, and the output power is 203 W, giving a total transmission efficiency of 78.1%. This work opens a new opportunity for the development of high-power all-fiber structured fiber gas lasers.

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25

Sirleto, Luigi, and Maria Antonietta Ferrara. "Fiber Amplifiers and Fiber Lasers Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering: A Review." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030247.

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Nowadays, in fiber optic communications the growing demand in terms of transmission capacity has been fulfilling the entire spectral band of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). This dramatic increase in bandwidth rules out the use of EDFAs, leaving fiber Raman amplifiers (FRAs) as the key devices for future amplification requirements. On the other hand, in the field of high-power fiber lasers, a very attractive option is provided by fiber Raman lasers (FRLs), due to their high output power, high efficiency and broad gain bandwidth, covering almost the entire near-infrared region. This paper reviews the challenges, achievements and perspectives of both fiber Raman amplifier and fiber Raman laser. They are enabling technologies for implementation of high-capacity optical communication systems and for the realization of high power fiber lasers, respectively.

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26

Zenteno, L. "High-power double-clad fiber lasers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 11, no. 9 (1993): 1435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.241933.

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27

DiGiovanni, David J., and Martin H. Muendel. "High-power fiber lasers and amplifiers." Optics and Photonics News 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.10.1.000026.

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28

Zervas, Michalis N., and Christophe A. Codemard. "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 20, no. 5 (September 2014): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2014.2321279.

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29

Kirchhof, J., S. Unger, A. Schwuchow, S. Grimm, and V. Reichel. "Materials for high-power fiber lasers." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, no. 23-25 (July 2006): 2399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.02.061.

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30

Dianov, Evgeny M., Alexey V. Shubin, Mikhail A. Melkumov, Oleg I. Medvedkov, and Igor A. Bufetov. "High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 24, no. 8 (July 19, 2007): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.24.001749.

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31

KAN, Hirofumi, Hirofumi MIYAJIMA, Shinichi FURUTA, Hideki SUZUKI, Takayuki UCHIYAMA, Satoru OISHI, Takeshi KANZAKI, and Teruo HIRUMA. "High-Power, High-Efficiency Laser Diodes for Pumping Fiber Lasers." Review of Laser Engineering 31, no. 8 (2003): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.31.519.

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32

Pei, Wenxi, Hao Li, Wei Huang, Meng Wang, and Zefeng Wang. "All-Fiber Gas Raman Laser by D2-Filled Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers." Photonics 8, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090382.

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We report here an all-fiber structure tunable gas Raman laser based on deuterium-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs). An all-fiber gas cavity is fabricated by fusion splicing a 49 m high-pressure deuterium-filled HC-PCF with two solid-core single-mode fibers at both ends. When pumped with a pulsed fiber amplifier seeded by a tunable laser diode at 1.5 μm, Raman lasers ranging from 1643 nm to 1656 nm are generated. The maximum output power is ~1.2 W with a Raman conversion efficiency of ~45.6% inside the cavity. This work offers an alternative choice for all-fiber lasers operating at 1.6–1.7 μm band.

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33

Pei, Wenxi, Hao Li, Yulong Cui, Zhiyue Zhou, Meng Wang та Zefeng Wang. "Narrow-Linewidth 2 μm All-Fiber Laser Amplifier with a Highly Stable and Precisely Tunable Wavelength for Gas Molecule Absorption in Photonic Crystal Hollow-Core Fibers". Molecules 26, № 17 (1 вересня 2021): 5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175323.

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In recent years, mid-infrared fiber lasers based on gas-filled photonic crystal hollow-core fibers (HCFs) have attracted enormous attention. They provide a potential method for the generation of high-power mid-infrared emissions, particularly beyond 4 μm. However, there are high requirements of the pump for wavelength stability, tunability, laser linewidth, etc., due to the narrow absorption linewidth of gases. Here, we present the use of a narrow-linewidth, high-power fiber laser with a highly stable and precisely tunable wavelength at 2 μm for gas absorption. It was a master oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) structure, consisting of a narrow-linewidth fiber seed and two stages of Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFAs). The seed wavelength was very stable and was precisely tuned from 1971.4 to 1971.8 nm by temperature. Both stages of the amplifiers were forward-pumping, and a maximum output power of 24.8 W was obtained, with a slope efficiency of about 50.5%. The measured laser linewidth was much narrower than the gas absorption linewidth and the wavelength stability was validated by HBr gas absorption in HCFs. If the seed is replaced, this MOPA laser can provide a versatile pump source for mid-infrared fiber gas lasers.

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34

Eidam, Tino, Sven Breitkopf, Oliver Herrfurth, Fabian Stutzki, Marco Kienel, Steffen Hädrich, Christian Gaida, and Jens Limpert. "High-power ultrafast fiber lasers for materials processing." Advanced Optical Technologies 10, no. 4-5 (October 15, 2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0033.

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Abstract State-of-the-art fiber-laser systems can deliver femtosecond pulses at average powers beyond the kilowatt level and multi-mJ pulse energies by employing advanced large-mode-area fiber designs, chirped-pulse amplification, and the coherent combination of parallel fiber amplifiers. By using sophisticated coherent phase control, one or even several output ports can be modulated at virtually arbitrary power levels and switching speeds. In addition, an all-fiber setup for GHz-burst generation is described allowing to access an even wider range of laser parameters. The combination of all these approaches together with the robustness, efficiency, and excellent beam quality inherent to fiber-laser technology has the potential to strongly improve existing materials-processing applications.

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35

Shuto, Yoshito. "Fiber Fuse Simulation in Double-Clad Fibers for High-Power Fiber Lasers." Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 10, no. 1 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221001.14.

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36

UEDA, Kenichi. "The Prospects of High Power Fiber Lasers." Review of Laser Engineering 29, no. 2 (2001): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.29.79.

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37

UEDA, Ken-ichi. "Early Years of High Power Fiber Lasers." Review of Laser Engineering 38, no. 11 (2010): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.38.834.

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38

FUJISAKI, Akira. "Kilowatt-Level, High Power CW Fiber Lasers." Review of Laser Engineering 38, no. 11 (2010): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.38.845.

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39

McComb, Timothy S., R. Andrew Sims, Christina C. C. Willis, Pankaj Kadwani, Vikas Sudesh, Lawrence Shah, and Martin Richardson. "High-power widely tunable thulium fiber lasers." Applied Optics 49, no. 32 (November 3, 2010): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.006236.

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40

Miranda, R. M., G. Lopes, L. Quintino, J. P. Rodrigues, and S. Williams. "Rapid prototyping with high power fiber lasers." Materials & Design 29, no. 10 (December 2008): 2072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.03.030.

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41

Schüttler, Jens. "Virtual Prototyping of High-Power Fiber Lasers." Optik & Photonik 13, no. 2 (April 2018): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opph.201800014.

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42

Tehranchi, Amirhossein, and Raman Kashyap. "Extremely Efficient DFB Lasers with Flat-Top Intra-Cavity Power Distribution in Highly Erbium-Doped Fibers." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031398.

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High-performance erbium-doped DFB fiber lasers are presently required for several sensing applications, whilst the current efficiency record is only a few percent. Additionally, a flat-top intra-cavity power distribution that is not provided in traditional DFB lasers is preferred. Moreover, cavity lengths of <20 cm are attractive for fabrication and packaging. These goals can be achieved using highly erbium-doped fiber (i.e., 110 dB/m absorption at 1530 nm), providing high gain with proper engineering of coupling coefficients. In this paper, for a given background fiber loss, first the optimum intra-cavity signal powers for various pump powers are numerically calculated. Then, for a fully unidirectional laser, optimum coupling profiles are determined. Design diagrams, including contour maps for optimum cavity lengths, maximum output powers, maximum intra-cavity signal powers, and quality factors considering various pump powers and background fiber losses, are presented. The laser pump and intra-cavity signal distribution are also calculated for a realistic, feasible modified coupling profile considering a strong unidirectionality. The DFB laser is finally simulated using generalized coupled-mode equations for such modified profiles. The efficiency of more than 22% can be realized, which is the highest reported for DFB lasers based only on erbium-doped fiber.

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43

Zhao, Xiaofan, Xin Tian, Meng Wang, Binyu Rao, Hongye Li, Xiaoming Xi, and Zefeng Wang. "Fabrication of 2 kW-Level Chirped and Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings and Mitigating Stimulated Raman Scattering in Long-Distance Delivery of High-Power Fiber Laser." Photonics 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090369.

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Chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings (CTFBGs) have attracted a lot of attention in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) suppression of high-power fiber lasers. However, the laser power handling capacity seriously limits their applications. In this paper, by optimizing the inscription parameters and post-processing strategy, we fabricate a large-mode-area double-cladding CTFBG with a thermal slope of ~0.015 °C/W due to the low insertion loss of about 0.15 dB, which make it possible for direct kilowatt-level application. A 2 kW-level fiber laser oscillator is employed to test the CTFBG, and a series of experiments have been carried out to compare the effect of SRS mitigation in high-power fiber laser long-distance delivery. In addition, the influence of CTFBGs on laser beam quality is studied for the first time. Experimental results indicated that the CTFBG could effectively mitigate SRS and has no obvious influence on laser beam quality. This work opens a new opportunity for further power scaling and the delivery of high-power fiber lasers over longer distances.

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44

Koptev, Maksim Yu, Olga N. Egorova, Oleg I. Medvedkov, Sergey L. Semjonov, Boris I. Galagan, Sergey E. Sverchkov, Boris I. Denker, Alexander E. Zapryalov, and Arkady V. Kim. "Narrow-Linewidth Single-Frequency Ytterbium Laser Based on a New Composite Yb3+-Doped Fiber." Photonics 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100760.

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Fiber single-frequency lasers are currently being actively developed, primarily due to the growing number of applications that require compact and reliable narrow-band sources. However, the most developed single-frequency fiber lasers based on phosphate fibers have the disadvantages of low mechanical strength of both the phosphate fibers themselves and their splices. In this paper we demonstrate a single-frequency laser based on a new composite Yb3+-doped active fiber. The core of this fiber is made of phosphate glass with a high concentration of ytterbium ions and its cladding is made of standard silica glass. This structure ensures a higher splicing strength of the fiber compared to the phosphate fibers and provides high resistance to atmospheric moisture. Despite the multimode structure of this fiber, we achieved stable single-frequency lasing with an average power of 10 mW and a spectral contrast of more than 60 dB in the scheme with a short (1.1 cm) cavity formed by two fiber Bragg gratings. We believe that further optimization of this fiber will make it possible to create powerful and reliable single-frequency lasers in the one-micron wavelength range.

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45

Dianov, E. M., M. E. Likhachev, and S. Fevrier. "Solid-Core Photonic Bandgap Fibers for High-Power Fiber Lasers." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2008.2010247.

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46

Abramov, A. N., M. M. Bubnov, A. N. Guryanov, D. S. Lipatov, M. E. Likhachev, M. A. Melkumov, and M. V. Yashkov. "Fabrication of Active Fluoroaluminosilicate Fibers for High-Power Fiber Lasers." Inorganic Materials 54, no. 3 (March 2018): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168518030019.

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47

Gu, Yuan Yuan, Guo Xing Wu, Hui Lu, and Jian Lin. "Beam Shaping Technology for High Power Diode Laser Source." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.385.

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Direct diode lasers have some of the most attractive features of any laser. They are very efficient, compact, wavelength versatile, low cost, and highly reliable. However, the full utilization of direct diode lasers has yet to be realized. This is mainly due their poor output beam quality. Because of this, direct diode lasers are typically used to pump other lasers such as bulk solid-state (rod and thin disk) and fiber lasers. An improvement of the wall-plug efficiency and Power density necessary can be achieved by beam shaping and beam combination such as polarization coupling. In this paper, using the beam shaping technology realize good beam quality and high wall-plug efficiency. Base on bars rated to 60 W and 57% conversion efficiency, vertically stacked arrays (twenty bars) of such configuration are demonstrated with rated to about 1200W. The beam quality of high-power high brightness 880 nm laser diode source is improved with beam shaping. Beam parameter product of 79. 3 mm mrad ×81. 2 mm mrad, electro-optical conversion efficiency of more than 45.8% and continuous output power of 1 kW are demonstrated. This laser can be directly applied to cladding, surface hardening and other fields.

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48

Yan, Donglin, Ruoyu Liao, Chao Guo, Pengfei Zhao, Qiang Shu, Honghuan Lin, Jianjun Wang, and Rumao Tao. "A 3.7-kW Oscillating-Amplifying Integrated Fiber Laser Featuring a Compact Oval-Shaped Cylinder Package." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020264.

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Combining the advantages of high efficiency, environmental robustness, and anti-reflection behavior, oscillating-amplifying integrated fiber lasers have become popular for use in high-power laser structures in industrial applications, wherein the size of the laser source matters. Here, an oscillating-amplifying integrated fiber laser in an oval-shaped cylinder package has been proposed and demonstrated, the footprint for which only occupies an area of 0.024 m2 apart from the pump diode, which is much smaller than in traditional planar fiber laser packages. Numerical simulations have been carried out, which have revealed that an oval-shaped cylinder package can effectively suppress the high-order mode in large mode area fiber setups and thereby benefit the integration of fusion points and the unpackaged elements at the same time. Over 3.7 kW of transverse mode instability (TMI)-free output power has been obtained, with a slope efficiency higher than 80%. With a custom-made chirped and tilted fiber Bragg grating (CTFBG), the Raman suppression ratio is improved to reach 38 dB at peak output power. The oval-shaped design has been verified to assist with the realization of TMI suppression and improve the integration of high-power fiber lasers. To the best of our knowledge, this fiber laser has among the smallest footprints of the various fiber sources at such high-power operating levels.

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49

Lin, Xian-Feng, Zhi-Lun Zhang, Ying-Bin Xing, Gui Chen, Lei Liao, Jing-Gang Peng, Hai-Qing Li, Neng-Li Dai, and Jin-Yan Li. "Near-single-mode 2-kW fiber amplifier based on M-type ytterbium-doped fiber." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 3 (2022): 034205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211751.

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High power fiber laser systems have attracted extensive attention due to compactness, good beam quality, efficient heat dissipation and high conversion efficiency. They are widely used in industrial processing, military, medical treatment and other fields. Over the past two decades, owing to the development of double cladding fiber and high-brightness laser diodes, the output power of fiber lasers has been greatly improved. Unfortunately, nonlinear effects (NLEs), such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), restrict the further enhancement of the output power of fiber lasers. Apparently, increasing the core diameter is the most common way to suppress NLEs in the fiber, but this causes another limiting factor, i.e. mode instability (MI), resulting in the deterioration of the beam quality and in the limitation of the power scaling. Therefore, it is important and urgent to suppress the NLEs and MI simultaneously in fiber lasers. The M-type fiber, by designing refractive index profile, breaks through the stringent trade-off between mode area and numerical aperture (NA), so it possesses a larger mode area than the step index fiber, which helps to avoid NLEs and expand the power range. The M-type ytterbium doped double-clad fiber is fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process with solution doping technology (SDT), the core/cladding diameter is 25/400 μm. The NA of high index ring and index dip in the core are 0.054 and 0.025, respectively. To test the performance of the M-type fiber during high-power operation, a 976 nm bidirectional pumped all-fiber amplifier is constructed. As a result, maximum output power of 2285 W is achieved with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 66.5% under bidirectional pumping scheme, and the measured <i>M</i><sup> 2</sup> factor is 1.42, the central wavelength and 3 dB linewidth of output laser are 1080 nm and 3.01 nm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power in a continuous-wave fiber laser employing an M-type fiber at present. However, the MI effect is observed at the output power of 2252 W. The future work will focus on optimizing the structure of the M-type fiber to achieve a stabler higher-power and higher-efficiency laser output.

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Zhang, Lei, Jinyan Dong, and Yan Feng. "High-Power and High-Order Random Raman Fiber Lasers." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24, no. 3 (May 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2017.2759261.

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