Дисертації: "High Niobium"

1

Lyne, Michael Peter. "High resolution spectroscopy of aminoborane and niobium nitride." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26442.

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The infrared spectrum of aminoborane (NH₂BH₂) was recorded by a Fourier transform interferometer and the 1550-1750 cm⁻¹ region of the spectrum was rotationally analyzed by a new search/match algorithm based on ground state combination differences. Sub-bands from four separate vibrational bands were discovered in this region. The interaction scheme was deduced to be a three-way anharmonic resonance between the V₃, V₇ + VB, and 2v₆ levels with the fourth level, V₆ + V₁₂ induced by a Coriolis mechanism with the members of the triad. The first order anharmonic constants were approximated by a least squares fit of the triad intensities: W₃₇₈ = 8.4±0.1 cm⁻¹, W₃₆₆ = 15.8±0.4 cm⁻¹ with W₇₈₆₆ held fixed at zero. Perturbations from unseen interloper levels plus the fully correlated nature of the pure vibrational anharmonic interaction prevented a successful fit of the rotational structure of this system. Both the search/match and the intensity least squares algorithms were developed for this work. Four sub-bands in the red-orange region of the laser induced fluorescence spectrum of niobium nitride (NbN) were rotationally analyzed. Analysis of three sub-bands of the ³ϕ₂ - ³Δ₁ system allowed the vibrational spacings of each electronic state to be determined: ΔG½ = 986.351 cm⁻¹, ΔG1½ = 977.855 cm⁻¹ for the ³ϕ₂ state and ΔG1½, =. 1033.739cm⁻¹ for the ³Δ₁, state. The previously unassigned ³Π₁-³Δ₂ (0-0) sub-band was discovered 970 cm⁻¹ below its expected position of 18025 cm⁻¹. The electronic state assignment of this transition was confirmed by -wavelength resolved fluorescence measurements made with a diode array detector mounted on a spectrometer. A description of how the diode array detector was interfaced into the experiment is given.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate

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2

Huang, Gejian. "High resolution spectroscopy of niobium nitride and vanadium oxide." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27961.

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This thesis reports the spectroscopic studies of two gaseous molecules, niobium nitride (NbN) and vanadium oxide (VO). The ³∏ — ³∆ electronic transition of NbN was recorded by laser-induced fluorescence at Doppler-limited resolution as well as at sub-Doppler resolution. Two almost identical branch features are observed in the ³∏₀ — ³∆₁ sub-band because the A-doubling in the ³∏₀ sub-state is large and almost J-independent. The ³∏₁ — ³∆₂ transition is shifted 600 cm⁻¹ to the red of its central first-order position as a result of very large second-order spin-orbit interaction effects. The shift is believed to be caused principally by the coupling of the ³∏₁ component with the ¹∏ state from the same electron configuration, with a smaller contribution from coupling of the ³∆₂ component of the ground state with the low-lying ¹∆ state. The ³∏ and ¹∏ states are unusual in that their zero-order energies are calculated to be within 100 cm⁻¹, based on the newly observed ¹∏₁ - ³∆₂ (1,0) transition; this means that they form a very fine example of a "super-multiplet", where the spin-orbit effects within and between the states of a particular electron configuration are larger than their separations. The spin-orbit interactions are so extensive that the fine structure can only be fitted using effective rotational and hyperfine Hamiltonians for the individual sub-states, as in case (c) coupling. From the determined hyperfine constants h and C⍳ for the three ³∏(v — 0) components, the Fermi contact constant b was found to be negative, which is consistent with the configuration πδ. Rotational analysis gave the ³∏ and ³∆ bond lengths as 1.6705 Å and 1.6622 Å, respectively. The near-infrared electronic system of VO has been recorded in emission at Doppler-limited resolution with the 1-m FT spectrometer at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The spectrum in the 4000-14000 cm⁻¹ region consists of numerous transitions with most of them extensively analyzed. Two isolated sub-bands at 7200 cm⁻¹ have been assigned as the two spin components of a ²∏ — ²∆ transition and rotationally analyzed. The rotational constant for the lower state is found to be larger than that for the σδ² X ⁴∑⁻ ground state, indicating that the ²∆ state arises from the electron configuration σ²δ. The configuration assignment was confirmed by the derived spin-orbit coupling constant for the ²∆ state. Similar reasoning applied to the ²∏ upper state suggests that it may arise from the configuration σ²π, though the preliminary study of the hyperfine structure argues against this assignment.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate

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3

Cain, Victoria. "High temperature creep behaviour niobium bearing ferritic stainless steels." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1249.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering 2005
The objective of this project was to monitor the high temperature creep behaviour of 441 stainless steel. Two different alloys of 441 were investigated; the main difference between them being the Niobium content. Particularly imporlant to the project was how the Niobium content and grain size affected the creep resistance of the material. Creep tests were performed using purpose built constant load creep test rigs. Initially the rigs were not suitable for the testing procedures pertaining to this project. This was due to persistent problems being experienced with regards the reliability and reproducibility of the rigs. After various modifications were made the results produced from the rigs were consistent. Creep test data was used in order to determine the mechanism of creep that is operative within the material (at a predetermined temperature) under a predetermined load. Particular attention was paid to the resulting stress exponents. in order to identify the operative creep mechanism. The identification of the operative creep mechanisms was also aided by microscopical analysis. This analysis was also necessary to monitor how the grain size had altered at various annealing temperatures. Heat treatment was used as a method to alter the high temperature strength and microstructure of the material. Heat treatments were performed at various temperatures in order to determine the ideal temperature to promote optimum creep resistance of 441. All heat treatments were performed in a purpose designed and built high temperature salt bath furnace. The commissioning of the salt bath formed part of the objectives for this project. Sag testing was also conducted, using purpose built sag test rigs. It was necessary to design and manufacture a sag test rig that could be comparable to the industry accepted method of sag testing known as the two-point beam method, as this method is believed to produce inconsistent results. Conclusions have been drawn from the results of the data and from previous research on the subject matter.

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4

Wynn, C. L. "Vanadium and niobium high strength low alloy steels for light gauge high strength strip." Thesis, Swansea University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636700.

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This thesis details the research work undertaken during the course of study for the Engineering Doctorate degree. The work is in the form of project which aims to develop knowledge about the rolling characteristics and properties of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels with both singular and dual additions of niobium and vanadium. This aim has been achieved through extensive laboratory hot rolling studies of a range of steel compositions, mechanical testing and metallographic examination as well as detailed analysis of data recorded during the laboratory hot rolling process to determine mean flow stresses during the laboratory hot rolling process. The results highlight the occurrence of a temperature of non recrystallisation in the niobium grades and determine the necessary levels of vanadium required to obtain comparable properties to niobium based HSLA steels. Vanadium based HSLA steels could be used to slightly extent the gauge width matrix compared to existing niobium based HSLA steels. For higher strength products the effects of dual additions of niobium and vanadium at high, medium and low levels are observed and taking the properties, processability and cost into account suggested optimum combinations are highlighted.

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5

Kakarlapudi, Purushotham Raju. "High temperature oxidation response of Nb-20W-10Cr alloy in air." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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6

GOMEZ, LUIS BELTRAN. "HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT MEASUREMENTS OF NIOBIUM SNS JOSEPHSON JUNCTION ARRAYS AND NIOBIUM THIN FILMS WITH NANOSCALE SIZE MAGNETIC DOT ARRAY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1054743123.

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7

Ventura, Julieta Angelica. "High temperature oxidation behavior of Nb-20Mo-15Si-5B-20Cr alloy." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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8

Dicks, Robert Paul. "The development of niobium-silicide based materials for high temperature applications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521943.

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Materials based on the niobium-silicon system, which comprises a niobium solid solution and Nb-Si, intermetallic, have been studied. Research is divided into two areas: the suitability of novel techniques for processing and the development of new compositions to improve material properties. Direct Laser Fabrication (DLF), Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPping) and Arc-melting are explored. DLF and HIPping can process these materials satisfactorily but do not allow flexible composition control. Arc-melting allows greater compositional flexibility, but has restrictions on sample geometries that can be produced. The oxidation behaviour at 800 and 12000C ofNb-24Ti-16Si-xM, alloys (M = V, Ru or Cr) was studied. The oxidation mechanism differed at the two temperatures, but was not heavily dependent on composition. Additions of V and Ru improve oxidation performance but result in higher stress in the solid solution lattice during oxygen diffusion, which can initiate cracks. Ru additions reduce pesting behaviour at 800°C. Nb-18Ti-19Si-4AI-6Hf-IRu-3V, Nb-18Ti-19Si-4AI-6Hf-IRu-6Cr and Nb-IOTi-19Si- 4AI-4Hf-lRu-3V (at%) alloys were chosen for further study. The oxidation resistance of the Nb-18Ti-19Si-4AI-6Hf-IRu-3V and Nb-l 8Ti-19Si-4AI-6Hf-1 Ru-6Cr alloys exceeded the performance of commercially available Nb-Si materials at 800°C and matched it at 1200oC. Creep properties were also improved. Although the performance ofNb-Si materials has been improved, it is still inferior to that of the Nickel-superalloys.

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9

Mignanelli, Paul Michael. "The design of new nickel-base superalloys with high niobium contents." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709110.

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10

Portillo, Benedict I. "High temperature oxidation behavior of the Nb-W-Cr system and response of boron additions." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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11

Succi, Giovanni. "Analysis of impregnated Niobium-Tin coils for the High-luminosity LHC magnets." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17800/.

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The High-luminosity project of the LHC calls for the employment of a new technology of superconducting magnets, which will make use of a material never used before, Nb3Sn. Some of the dipole magnets will be replaced inside the accelerator to enhance the collimating system of the beams and will be capable of producing magnetic fields in the order of 12 T, against the 8 T of the present machine. Experimental tests were conducted at the cryogenic laboratory at CERN to study the thermal behavior of a sample of the 11 T dipole under AC losses, with typical values of the input power density in the order of the mW/cmᵌ. The sample was inserted into an open box of insulator, to get closer to real operation. This thesis, which was carried out at the MSC (Magnets, Superconductors and Cryostats) Group at CERN, regards the development of a 1-D model of a radial line crossing the middle plane of a quadrant of the magnet. It is also representative of the materials in the section and it was used with the aim to study the temperature evolution and steady-state profiles in response to heat injections in the conductors, similar to those provided in the experiment. The same model was adapted to reproduce results of quench tests carried out at the SM-18 facility on short models of the 11 T dipole. In such tests, inductive heaters were energized to release heat in the magnet, in order to trigger the quench phenomenon, starting from given operating conditions of current and field. Using magnetic field maps together with the parametrization of the superconducting material, it was possible to derive local values of the T_cs, thus employing the magnet as a temperature probe. This work presents a detailed description of the model and of the hypothesis made to run the simulations, together with its validation obtained through the comparison with experimental tests cited above.

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12

Moricca, Maria del Pilar. "High temperature oxidation characteristics of Nb-10W-XCr alloys." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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13

Devillet, F., J. M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E. Kral, R. Mooij, B. Nactergal, and M. Vosjan. "High power conical-shaped Niobium targets for reliable [18F-] production and lower [18O] water consumption." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-164985.

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Introduction In order to address the increasing demand for Fluorine-18 and the rising cost per mL of 18O enriched water, IBA developed improvements to their 18F- production systems. For this new design we started from scratch, with the main objectives of reducing the required enriched water volume and improving the cooling of the insert. A better cooling allows increasing the target current and thus the produced activity. Finally, we aimed to reduce the number of parts and improve the design of auxiliary components. Material and Methods Six Niobium conical inserts with different target chamber volumes were machined and tested. Only 4 of these were selected to create the new range of IBA 18F− targets shown in TABLE 1. The new Niobium target inserts have a complex shape with drilled channels on the outside of the chamber and a deep channel next to the beam strike area (FIG. 1, green circle) to ensure efficient cooling. The 18O water inlet lines are now directly inserted in the Niobium body (FIG. 1, blue circle) to improve 18F- quality (no more contact with small o-rings). In operation, a 35µm Havar® target window is used. All tests were performed using IBA Cyclone® 18 cyclotron. The targets were filled with different volumes of enriched 18O water (enrichment > 92 %) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30 to 150 minutes, while the internal pressure rise of the target was recorded. For each target, a pressure-current curve was plotted and an optimum balance between target water fill volume, pressure and current has been determined, which maximises available activity after two hours, in each case. Results and Conclusion Radionuclidic impurities were measured and more than 100 FDG syntheses on various synthesizers confirmed the effectiveness of the new design. Increasing the current up to 145µA in Conical 16, the production reached 18 Ci in 2 hours, single beam, with a target pressure under 43 bar. Today, the use of these new targets for daily commercial production is increasing within the IBA Cyclone® installed base.

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14

Callender, Chad M. "Refractory metal to nickel-based alloy joining technologies for high temperature applications." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/CALLENDER_CHAD_35.pdf.

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15

Wang, Jing. "Electrodeposition and characterisation of nickel-niobium-based diffusion barrier metallisations for high temperature electronics interconnections." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20590.

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The control of interfacial microstructural stability is of utmost importance to the reliability of liquid solder interconnects in high temperature electronic assemblies. This is primarily due to excessive intermetallic compounds (IMCs) that can form and continuously grow during high temperature operation, which practically renders conventional barrier metallisations inadequate. In this study, electrically conducting, NbOx containing Ni coatings were developed using electrodeposition. Their suitability as a solder diffusion barrier layer was assessed in terms of the electrical conductivity and barrier property. The present work explores a novel electrochemical route to produce Ni-NbOx composite coatings of good uniformity, compactness and purity, from non-aqueous glycol-based electrolytes consisting of NiCl2 and NbCl5 as metal precursors. The effects of cathodic current density and NaBH4 concentrations on the surface morphology, composition and thickness of the coatings were examined. A combined study of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) was conducted to understand the fundamental aspects of this novel electrodeposition process. The composite coatings generally exhibited good electrical conductivity. The reaction behaviour between a liquid 52In-48Sn solder and Ni-NbOx, with Nb contents up to 6 at.%, were studied at 200°C. The results indicate that, Ni-NbOx with sufficient layer thickness and higher Nb content, offered longer service lifetime. Nb enrichment was generally observed at or close to the reaction front after high temperature storage, which suggests evident effectiveness of the enhanced diffusion barrier characteristics.

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16

Buck, Terry J. "Muon spin rotation characterization of superconducting niobium for applications in high field superconducting radio frequency cavities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57093.

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μSR was used to investigate the effect of sample preparation on the magnetic field penetration of high purity niobium to improve the fabrication and preparation of superconducting niobium radio frequency (RF) cavities for use in particle acceleration. The sample preparations tested were (1) electro-polish etching, (2) buffered chemical polish etching, (3) nitrogen doping, (4) plating with Nb₃Sn, (5) baking at 120⁰C, (6) baking at 800⁰C, and (7) baking at 1400⁰C. Three different sample geometries and two different applied magnetic field orientations were used in order to observe the effect of sample shape on the μSR measurements and to minimize the effect of the demagnetization factor on the results. The results showed that etching caused flux to enter the center of the samples at a lower applied magnetic field; however, a 120⁰C bake caused the etched samples to reach higher field before experiencing flux penetration. These results correlate with RF cavity test results using the same treatment method. Higher heat treatments caused a reduction in the pinning strength of the niobium samples and caused flux to enter the center of the sample at lower applied magnetic fields. Impurities and vacancies in a sample were suspected of acting as pinning centers and increasing the pinning strength; certain impurities and vacancies are also thought to prevent hydride formation in samples and prevent high field RF losses in cavities. If the same impurities that prevent RF losses in cavities also create pinning centers in the μSR samples, it could explain why the DC field μSR measurements are showing similar results to AC field RF cavity tests. The perpendicular field results for the Nb₃Sn plated and nitrogen doped samples showed no difference compared with regular niobium samples that had undergone similar heat treatments; however, the parallel field measurements of the Nb₃Sn plated sample show an increase in the field of first flux entry. Parallel field measurements are less affected by pinning strength than the perpendicular field measurements and give a better indication of when the sample first experiences flux entry. Plating niobium with Nb₃Sn could increase the effective HC1 and thereby accelerating gradient of cavities.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate

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17

Duncan, Julia Carmel. "The effect of nitrogen, niobium and temperature of the high temperature oxidation of titanium aluminide alloys." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49663.

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Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-247).
This is especially attractive for reducing the engine weight and increasing the thrust/weight ratio. Increasing the operating temperature and thereby the engine efficiency has approached the maximum possible operating temperature for currently used materials. A model set of three intermetallics -- unalloyed [gamma]-TiAl, unalloyed [alpha]-Ti 3Al and a nearly stoichiometric Ti2NbAl (an orthorhombic intermetallic structure) -- was chosen and investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. Gas mixtures of varying oxygen concentrations in both argon and nitrogen allowed the effect of oxygen concentration on oxidation kinetics to be investigated. The Ti 2NbAl-alloy was specifically chosen to examine the effect of Nb in a intermetallic compound (with Nb substituting for one Ti in the Ti 3Al intermetallic structure). This is in contrast to Nb as a simple alloy addition to y-TiAl or c 2-Ti 3Al. Exposures at temperatures of 700°C and 800°C for 20 and 100 hours were studied (compared to temperatures of 900°C or higher used by other investigators), since these temperatures promoted a more protective scale. Additionally, the scale composition is sensitive to temperature and restricts the conventional practice of corrosion study acceleration by raising the experimental temperature. The resulting corrosion scales were analyzed using electron microscopy (scanning and transmission), x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of nitrogen in the gaseous environment was explored. The impact of Nb on the oxidation of the intermetallics was found to be more protective than what might be expected from examining the thermodynamics and kinetics of the Ti-Al-Nb-O-N system. At times an alternating layered scale structure resulted and the effect of N, Nb and the lower temperatures used in this study is summarized. The oxidation rate of the Ti 2NbAl-alloy fell between the rates for y-TiAl and c 2-Ti 3Al, with the scale on y-TiAl growing at the slowest rate of the three compositions. However, the superior mechanical properties of Ti2 NbAl-alloy combined with the acceptable corrosion resistance promote its consideration for replacing those portions of the engine operating at intermediate temperatures that would result in significant weight and cost savings.
by Julia Carmel Duncan.
Sc.D.

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18

Wang, Tong. "Enhanced Field Emission Studies on Nioboim Surfaces Relevant to High Field Superconducting Radio-Frequency Devices." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29284.

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Enhanced field emission (EFE) presents the main impediment to higher acceleration gradients in superconducting niobium (Nb) radiofrequency cavities for particle accelerators. The strength, number and sources of EFE sites strongly depend on surface preparation and handling. The main objective of this thesis project is to systematically investigate the sources of EFE from Nb, to evaluate the best available surface preparation techniques with respect to resulting field emission, and to establish an optimized process to minimize or eliminate EFE. To achieve these goals, a scanning field emission microscope (SFEM) was designed and built as an extension to an existing commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the SFEM chamber of ultra high vacuum, a sample is moved laterally in a raster pattern under a high voltage anode tip for EFE detection and localization. The sample is then transferred under vacuum to the SEM chamber equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer for individual emitting site characterization. Compared to other systems built for similar purposes, this apparatus has low cost and maintenance, high operational flexibility, considerably bigger scan area, as well as reliable performance. EFE sources from planar Nb have been studied after various surface preparation, including chemical etching and electropolishing, combined with ultrasonic or high-pressure water rinse. Emitters have been identified, analyzed and the preparation process has been examined and improved based on EFE results. As a result, field-emission-free or near field-emission-free surfaces at ~140 MV/m have been consistently achieved with the above techniques. Characterization on the remaining emitters leads to the conclusion that no evidence of intrinsic emitters, i.e., no fundamental electric field limit induced by EFE, has been observed up to ~140 MV/m. Chemically etched and electropolished Nb are compared and no significant difference is observed up to ~140 MV/m. To address concerns on the effect of natural air drying process on EFE, a comparative study was conducted on Nb and the results showed insignificant difference under the experimental conditions. Nb thin films deposited on Cu present a possible alternative to bulk Nb in superconducting cavities. The EFE performance of a preliminary energetically deposited Nb thin film sample are presented.
Ph. D.

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19

Jacquemin, Manoël. "Structure et propriétés supraconductrices de films de nitrure de niobium épitaxiés par CVD à haute température." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI054/document.

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Les études concernent le développement de dispositifs supraconducteurs de détection de photon unique. Le nitrure niobium (NbN) est un matériau adapté à l’élaboration de fils supraconducteurs de la cible du détecteur. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives sur l’élaboration de films de nitrure de niobium épitaxié sur saphir par la méthode de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD). L’élaboration des films minces (5-100 nm) est effectuée à haute température (1000°C à 1300°C) à partir de chlorure de niobium et d'ammoniaque dilués dans l'hydrogène (H2-NH3-NbCl5). Les substrats sont du saphir monocristallin (Al2O3) orienté (0002), du nitrure d'aluminium (AlN) orienté (0002) et de 'oxyde de magnésium (MgO) orienté (100).L'étude des relations d’épitaxie au cours de la croissance du nitrure de niobium sur le substrat de saphir a tout d'abord été effectuée. L’observation des microstructures et des orientations cristallines des différents films élaborés a permis de mettre en évidence les relations existant entre l'état de surface du substrat et le mode de croissance du NbN. Les perspectives d'utilisation de substrats monocristallins de type MgO et AlN sont présentées en conclusion.L’étude du procédé de croissance et les relations existant entre les conditions d'élaboration et la "qualité" des films minces a permis de dégager les fenêtres expérimentales conduisant à une croissance épitaxiale. L’énergie d’activation des réactions de croissance et les conditions de sursaturation propices à la croissance épitaxiale ont été calculées.L'étude des relations entre les propriétés structurales et les caractéristiques supraconductrices des films a permis de relier la température de transition supraconductrice à la densité de défauts atomiques, aux défauts microstructuraux, à l’épaisseur des films élaborés et à leur état de contrainte. Il existe une relation linéaire entre l’espace interréticulaire des plans parallèles au substrat et la température de transition supraconductrice.Enfin, l'étude de la durabilité des films ultraminces (5 – 8 nm) de nitrure de niobium a été menée. Dans cette étude les propriétés électriques et supraconductrices de films élaborés à 1000°C et 1200°C sur des substrats de saphir et de couches épitaxiales d'AlN ont été analysées sur une durée de six mois. Les propriétés des films évoluent surtout au cours du premier mois. Le dépôt effectué à haute température permet de limiter la dégradation rapide des films et de conserver leurs propriétés supraconductrices
The studies concern the development of superconducting devices for single photon detection. Niobium nitride (NbN) is a material suitable for the production of superconducting wires for the detector target. This work is opening up perspectives on the development of epitaxial niobium nitride films on sapphire by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The production of thin films (5-100 nm) is carried out at high temperature (1000°C to 1300°C) from niobium chloride and ammonia diluted in hydrogen (H2-NH3-NbCl5). The substrate is oriented single crystalline sapphire (Al2O3) (0002), aluminum nitride (AlN) (0002) or magnesium oxide (MgO) (100).The study of epitaxial relationships during the growth of niobium nitride on the sapphire substrate was first performed. Observation of the microstructures and crystalline orientations of the various films processed made it possible to highlight the relationships between the surface state of the substrate and the growth mode of NbN. The potential for using single crystal substrates such as MgO and AlN is discussed in the conclusion.The study of the growth process and the relationships between the working conditions and the "quality" of thin films made it possible to identify the experimental windows leading to epitaxial growth. The activation energy of the growth reactions and the supersaturation conditions favorable to epitaxial growth were calculated.The study of the interactions between the structural properties and superconducting properties of films has allowed the superconducting transition temperature to be linked to the density of atomic defects, microstructural defects, the thickness of the films and their stress state. There is a linear relationship between the interplanar space of planes parallel to the substrate and the superconducting transition temperature.Finally, the durability of ultra-thin films (5 - 8 nm) of niobium nitride was studied. The electrical and superconducting properties of films processed at 1000°C and 1200°C on sapphire substrates and epitaxial layers of AlN were analyzed over a period of six months. The properties of films change most notably during the first month. High temperature deposition limits the rapid degradation of the films and preserves their superconducting properties

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20

Knittel, Stéphane. "Elaboration et caractérisation du comportement en oxydation d'alliages composites à base de niobium et de siliciures de type M7Si6 et M8Si7 envisagés comme revêtements protecteurs." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10127/document.

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L'amélioration du rendement des turboréacteurs requiert un accroissement de leur température de service. Le développement de nouveaux alliages, issus du système Nb-Si, permet d'envisager des températures de fonctionnement de 200°C supérieures à celles offertes par les superalliages base nickel utilisés actuellement. La première partie de ce manuscrit rappelle les principaux résultats scientifiques ayant menés à la sélection des alliages composites à base de siliciures de niobium (Nbss-Nb5Si3). La microstructure de ces alliages associe une matrice ductile de niobium pouvant solubiliser de nombreux éléments d'addition à une dispersion de siliciures durs et fragiles conférant aux alliages leurs bonnes propriétés en fluage et une meilleure résistance à l'oxydation à haute température. Malheureusement, ces alliages sont caractérisés par une récession rapide du métal associée au développement d'oxydes non protecteurs. L'oxygène réagit rapidement avec le substrat, se dissout dans la solution solide de niobium et y diffuse rapidement. L'effet des éléments Al, Si et Ti a été étudié en considérant à la fois les modifications microstructurales et les propriétés en oxydation lors de ces additions. Bien que ces optimisations de compositions conduisent à une amélioration significative de la résistance à l'oxydation des alliages Nbss-Nb5Si3, certaines nuances souffrent d'une résistance à l'oxydation catastrophique vers 800°C. L'ajout graduel d'étain au sein des alliages permet de modifier foncièrement la microstructure, notamment en initiant le développement d'une phase de type A15-Nb3Sn. A 800°C, l'étain supprime la dissolution de l'oxygène au sein de Nbss responsable du comportement en oxydation catastrophique rencontré par les nuances sans étain. Malgré ces progrès, la résistance à l'oxydation de ces alliages reste insuffisante et le développement de revêtements protecteurs contre l'oxydation a été nécessaire. Dans ce sens deux familles de siliciures Nb3X3CrSi6 et Nb4X4Si7 (X = Fe, Co ou Ni) ont été sélectionnées et leur stabilité thermodynamique ainsi que leur comportement en oxydation ont été évaluées. Ces phases se sont avérées capables de résister à l'oxydation à des températures d'exposition allant jusqu'à 1300°C. Le mécanisme d'oxydation de chacun de ces siliciures a été déterminé. Finalement, le dépôt de ces siliciures à la surface des alliages Nbss-Nb5Si3 via le procédé de pack cémentation s'est révélé possible. Les alliages revêtus par les siliciures choisis présentent des durées de vie pouvant aller jusqu'à 3000 cycles d'oxydation d'une heure à 1100°C
The improvement of the efficiency of turbine engine can be achieved by increasing the working temperature. The development of new alloys based on Nb-Si system allows a jump of 200°C of the operating temperature in comparison to that offered by current nickel based alloys. The first part of this manuscript focuses on the evolutions which have led to the development of niobium silicide in situ composites (Nbss-Nb5Si3). The microstructure of these alloys consists in a ductile niobium matrix where number of alloying elements can solubilise and of strengthening niobium silicides which are intended to provide creep and oxidation resistance at high temperature. Unfortunately, these alloys exhibit a poor oxidation resistance characterised by a high metal recession rate and the formation of non-protective oxide scale. Thus, oxygen can easily react with the substrate, dissolve in Nbss and diffuse quickly through this phase. The effect of Al, Si and Ti additions on both microstructure and oxidation resistance were investigated. Although, these composition optimisations lead to a significant enhance of oxidation resistance, some compositions still suffers from catastrophic oxidation behaviour around 800°C. In these alloys tin additions involve high microstructural changes, especially by initiating the formation of A15- Nb3Sn phase. At 800°C, Sn additions suppress oxygen dissolution in Nbss responsible of the catastrophic oxidation behaviour of these alloys. Nevertheless, the oxidation resistance of these alloys remains too low for the foreseen applications and protective coatings are required. Thermodynamic stability and oxidation resistance of two silicide families (Nb3X3CrSi6 and Nb4X4Si7 (X = Fe, Co or Ni)) were investigated. These silicides have exhibited a high oxidation resistance up to 1300°C by the formation of a protective silica layer. Finally, these silicides were deposited on Nbss-Nb5Si3 substrate by using the pack cementation process. Some coated alloys have then exhibited lifetime going up to 3000 one hour cycle at 1100°C

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21

Saxey, David W. "A high-resolution superconducting pressure gauge and irreversible magnetic effects in Nb and NbTi wires." University of Western Australia. School of Physics, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0007.

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A high resolution pressure gauge has been developed for use in thermodynamic measurements along the lambda line in liquid helium. The gauge was designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures and provide pressure measurements up to 30bar, with an accuracy of 3 × 10¯¹ºbar in a 1Hz bandwidth. Experiments reported here show the gauge to have met these specifications; at least for measurements close to zero pressure, at temperatures close to 4.5K. It is expected that operation at higher pressures, and at temperatures closer to the lambda transition, will result in similar or even improved performance. The gauge consists of a titanium-alloy diaphragm with a superconducting position transducer read-out. Compensation techniques internal to the superconducting circuit were used to eliminate any significant sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and in-line acceleration. For high values of common-mode rejection, thermal compensation revealed a non-linear temperature characteristic which was exploited to provide a further reduction in the temperature sensitivity. Acceleration compensation was achieved up to a common-mode rejection of more than 78dB. Present performance appears to be limited by thermal gradient fluctuations at low frequencies and at higher frequencies by a noise source which appears to originate beyond the superconducting transducer. It is expected that some further improvement may be gained in this higher frequency band simply by trapping a larger persistent current in the superconducting circuit. In the course of development and characterization of the gauge several anomalous effects were discovered and investigated. In response to changes in temperature, the gauge was found to exhibit irreversible behaviour in a variety of ways. These phenomena were fully investigated and found to be complex in nature. A critical state model was employed which was successful in explaining many of the observed effects. Other authors have observed apparently related behaviour in samples of niobium and some have developed similar critical state models which give results generally consistent with those reported here. However, these latter works have not investigated the presence of such effects within superconducting wires; neither have they considered the implications for devices based upon superconducting wire circuits. It appears this anomalous behaviour may be relevant to a broad range of instruments employing superconducting wire circuits similar to that used here. If this is the case, the results presented here have significant consequences for the performance of such devices

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22

Shrestha, Sachin. "Characterising the effect of Niobium-rich clusters on the microstructure-property relationships in CASTRIP® steels." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10297.

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Many properties of steels, especially those that are important for engineering purposes, are determined by their microstructures. Therefore the key driver to controlling properties of these materials lies within the characterisation and manipulation of their microstructure down to their atomic-scale structure. For industrial product development, strength and ductility are considered to be the most important properties and are highly ‘microstructure sensitive’. This thesis investigates the effect of niobium microalloying and clustering on the microstructure-property relationship of ultra-thin strip cast steels produced by the CASTRIP® steel manufacturing process using mechanical testing and advanced microanalysis techniques. The CASTRIP® process is a revolutionary new method of steel strip casting that requires significantly less energy, time, equipment, and floor space compared to conventional strip casting methods. New and improved microanalysis characterisation techniques were also developed as a part of this project in order to better characterise these steels. The work presented in this thesis will have industrial and scientific significance that is both of benefit to the CASTRIP® steel making process and its products and more generally for the microstructural characterisation of ferrous alloys, one of the most important classes of engineering materials.

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Seemüller, Hans Christoph Maximilian [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Heilmaier. "Evaluation of Powder Metallurgical Processing Routes for Multi-Component Niobium Silicide-Based High-Temperature Alloys / Hans Christoph Maximilian Seemüller. Betreuer: M. Heilmaier." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1100529713/34.

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24

Talbot, Diane. "The effects of plate processing parameters on the microstructure, mechanical properties and precipitation characteristics of niobium-containing high strength low alloy steels." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251877.

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25

Seemüller, Hans Christoph Maximilian [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Heilmaier. "Evaluation of Powder Metallurgical Processing Routes for Multi-Component Niobium Silicide-Based High-Temperature Alloys / Hans Christoph Maximilian Seemüller. Betreuer: M. Heilmaier." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:90-544644.

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26

Bellavoine, Marion. "Transformations de phases et recristallisation dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0262.

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Les aciers multiphasés à très haute résistance mécanique destinés à l’industrie automobile font l’objet d’importantes activités de recherche et développement dans le contexte de l’allègement des structures. L’obtention de meilleurs compromis entre résistance et ductilité nécessite de comprendre l’influence du couple composition chimique nominale – paramètres du procédé d’élaboration sur la formation des microstructures.La présente étude s’inscrit dans cette démarche de compréhension et porte en particulier sur les mécanismes se produisant lors du recuit des nuances d’aciers Dual Phase de haut grade microalliés au Ti et au Nb, dont la microstructure initiale laminée à froid est composée de bainite et de martensite. Ces mécanismes (précipitation des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo, recristallisation de la ferrite et formation de l’austénite) présentent des interactions complexes. Le scénario des évolutions microstructurales lors du recuit est caractérisé à l’aide d’une étude expérimentale s’appuyant sur des techniques d’analyses complémentaires à différentes échelles (DRX in situ, MEB, MET, SAT). L’influence respective des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo et des paramètres du recuit sur ce scénario est clarifiée à l’aide d’une caractérisation systématique des évolutions microstructurales couplée à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de modélisation des mécanismes et de leurs interactions
To meet the need for weight reductions in the automotive industry, new advanced high-strength steels are being developed. The achievement of a better balance between high strength and high formability requires a deep understanding of both the effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of microstructures. The present work contributes to such an objective and deals with the mechanisms occurring during annealing of Dual Phase steels microalloyed with Ti and Nb. Microstructural changes during this stage include precipitation of microalloying elements, ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation. These mechanisms are investigated using complementary experimental techniques at different scales such as in situ XRD, SEM, TEM and APT in various Dual Phase steel grades having the same bainite-martensite initial cold-rolled microstructure. Using combined experimental and modeling approaches, the present work clarifies the separate influence of microalloying elements Ti, Nb and Mo and heating rate on the mechanisms occurring during annealing and their interactions

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Croteau, Jean-François. "Single crystal and polycrystalline niobium and OFE copper for SRF cavities applications : mechanical characterization at low to high strain rates and microstructural investigations." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ENTA0006.

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La fabrication de cavités SRF à hautes performances est essentielle pour augmenter l’énergie de collision dans de nouveaux accélérateurs de particules. L’utilisation de procédés de fabrication à haute vitesse, comme l’électro-hydro formage, peut être bénéfique, mais requiert une compréhension détaillée des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux déformés à haute vitesse et de l’impact sur leurs microstructures. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’étudier les propriétés mécaniques de monocristaux de niobium et de tôles polycristallines de niobium à haute pureté et de cuivre OFE déformés à des taux de déformation d’environ 10−4 s−1 à 103 s−1. Les résultats de cette étude sont séparés en deux parties selon le matériau étudié. En partie I, la caractérisation de monocristaux de niobium se concentre sur les propriétés mécaniques en traction et en compression à des taux de déformation d’environ 10−4 s−1 à 103 s−1 et sur la microstructure (MEB, EBSD, MET et nanoindentation) d’éprouvettes déformées. Les effets de l’orientation des cristaux, la vitesse de déformation et de la direction de chargement sur les propriétés mécaniques, la rotation des cristaux et la structure de dislocations sont présentés. En partie II, la formabilité de tôles polycristallines de niobium et de cuivre OFE sont présentées à l’aide de courbes limites de formage (CLF) obtenues à un taux de déformation quasi-statique. Les CLFs de ces matériaux offrent des données importantes pour les techniques de formage conventionnel, tels que l’emboutissage et le repoussage. Cette seconde partie présente aussi les propriétés mécaniques d’éprouvettes de cuivre OFE recuites et de tôles de niobium polycristallines soudées par faisceau d’électron et déformées en traction et en compression à des taux de déformation de 10−3 à 103 s−1
Manufacturing of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities with high performances is paramount to increase the collision energy in new particle accelerators. The use of high-speed sheet forming techniques, such as electro-hydraulic forming, can be beneficial, but requires a detailed understanding of the mechanical properties of the materials being deformed and the consequence on their microstructure. This thesis focuses on the characterization of high-purity niobium single crystals, polycrystalline niobium sheets, and polycrystalline OFE copper sheets. The results from this study are separated in two parts. In Part I, the characterization of niobium single crystals focused on the mechanical properties in tension and compression at strain rates of 10-4 to 103 s-1 and on the microstructure (analyzed using SEM, EBSD, TEM, and nanoindentation) of the deformed specimens. The effect of crystal orientation, strain rate, and loading direction on the mechanical properties, the crystal rotation, and the dislocation substructures are presented. In Part II, the forming limit diagram (FLD) of polycrystalline niobium sheets and OFE copper sheets were measured at a quasi-static strain rate. The FLDs of those materials should provide important data for manufacturers using conventional techniques, such as deep-drawing and spinning. The second part also presents the mechanical properties of electron beam (EB) welded polycrystalline niobium sheets and OFE copper sheets deformed in tension and compression at strain rates of 10-3 to 103 s-1

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Philippot, Clément. "Etude des mécanismes de précipitation, de recristallisation et de transformation de phases dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium lors du recuit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4342.

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L’allégement des véhicules est l’un des objectifs prioritaires des constructeurs automobile pour répondre aux directives environnementales d’émission de CO2. Le développement des aciers multiphasés à très haute résistance mécanique est l’une des solutions communément adoptées pour réduire l’épaisseur des tôles dans les véhicules tout en conservant leur capacité à assurer la sécurité des passagers. La présente étude porte sur l’optimisation des paramètres du procédé de production industrielle de l’une des ces familles d’aciers : les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane et au niobium de haut grade ; c'est-à-dire possédant une résistance à la rupture supérieure à 800MPa.A partir d’une microstructure initiale bainite + martensite laminée à froid, les différents phénomènes se produisant au cours du recuit, de la chauffe jusqu’à la fin du maintien intercritique, sont caractérisés. L’influence des paramètres du recuit comme la vitesse de chauffe, la température et le temps de maintien est étudiée. Le système d’interactions triple entre la précipitation des éléments de microalliage, la recristallisation et la formation de l’austénite est au cœur du problème. Un scénario des évolutions microstructurales a été établi à partir de la caractérisation des divers phénomènes. La finesse de la microstructure étudiée (sub-micrométrique) a nécessité l’emploi combiné de techniques de caractérisation multi-échelles : MEB, MET, sonde atomique tomographique, nano-SIMS
Lightening the weight of vehicles is one of the main challenging objectives of the automotive industry to reach the environmental regulation in term of CO2 emissions. The development of multiphase high strength steels is a common solution to reduce the thickness of sheet steel used in vehicles while keeping the same level of passenger’s safety requirements. The present study deals with the optimization of industrial process parameters applied to obtain one of these steels: the high strength microalloyed Dual Phase steels; i.e. with ultimate tensile strength superior to 800MPa.From an initial cold rolled microstructure made of bainite + martensite, the phenomena occurring during the annealing are characterized since the heating up to the end of the intercritical holding. The influence of process parameters as the heating rate, the holding temperature and the holding time are studied. The triple interactions system between the precipitation of microalloying elements, the recrystallization and the austenite formation is the core of the problem. A scenario of microstructural evolutions has been established based on the characterized phenomena. The studied fine microstructure (sub-microns) requires the combination of multiscale characterization techniques: SEM, TEM, atom probe tomography, nano-SIMS

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Kisko, A. (Anna). "Microstructure and properties of reversion treated low-Ni high-Mn austenitic stainless steels." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526212159.

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Abstract In this thesis, the influence of reversion and recrystallization annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties was studied in metastable austenitic low-Ni high-Mn stainless steels, some alloyed with up to 0.45 wt.% Nb. Further, the effect of the various microstructures created by reversion and recrystallization on strain-induced martensite transformation in tensile testing was investigated. The aim was to achieve excellent combinations of strength and ductility in the steels and to improve understanding of the behaviour of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steels during deformation. All the steels were cold-rolled up to 60% thickness reduction producing up to 60% strain-induced α’-martensite in the austenitic structure. Annealing was carried out using a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator between 450–1100 °C for durations of 0.1–1000 s. The resultant microstructures were examined using different research equipment and methods. Regardless of the amount of Nb alloying, shear- and diffusion-controlled reversion could be completed by annealing at 700 °C, although at this temperature no recrystallization of the untransformed cold-rolled austenite occurred. At 800 °C, however, the cold-rolled austenite recrystallized, producing a non-uniform grain structure comprising ultrafine-grained areas formed via reversion and coarser ones formed by recrystallization of the retained austenite. At 900 °C, a uniform fine austenite grain size of about 2 μm was obtained. At higher annealing temperatures of 1000–1100 °C, normal grain growth of fine grains took place during prolonged annealing in steel with no Nb. However, grain growth was effectively retarded by alloying with 0.28 wt.% Nb. The non-uniform structures consisting of reverted and retained austenite exhibited excellent combinations of yield strength and uniform elongation. The results also showed that tensile strain-induced martensite nucleation sites and α’-martensite formation vary in a complex way depending on grain size
Tiivistelmä Väitöstyössä tutkittiin reversiohehkutuksen vaikutusta metastabiilin 1% nikkeliä ja 9% mangaania sisältävien austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen mikrorakenteeseen ja mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin sekä austeniitin raekoon ja mikrorakenteen vaikutusta muokkausmartensiitin syntyyn vetokokeessa. Koeteräksistä osa oli lisäksi niobiseostettuja. Tavoitteena oli nostaa teräksien lujuutta ja ymmärtää ultrahienorakeisen austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen käyttäytymistä muokkauksessa. Teräkset kylmämuokattiin 60% valssausreduktiolla, jolloin austeniittiseen rakenteeseen muodostui muokkausmartensiittia enimmillään 60%. Reversiohehkutukset tehtiin Gleeble termomekaanisella simulaattorilla lämpötiloissa 450–1100 °C ja 0.1–1000 s pitoajoilla. Saatuja mikrorakenteita tutkittiin eri tutkimuslaitteistoilla ja -menetelmillä. 700 °C hehkutuksessa leikkautumalla ja diffuusion välityksellä tapahtuva reversio oli nopea myös niobi-seostetuilla teräksillä, mutta rekristallisaatiota ei tapahtunut. 800 °C hehkutuksessa muokkauksessa teräksiin jäänyt austeniitti rekristallisoitui, mutta raerakenne muodostui epätasaiseksi koostuen reversion tuottamasta ultrahienoista rakeista ja jäännösausteniitin rekristallisaation tuottamista karkeammista rakeista. Sitä vastoin hehkutus 900 °C:ssa tuotti tasainen 2 μm austeniitin raekoon. Pitkissä hehkutuksissa korkeammissa lämpötiloissa 1000–1100 °C niobi-seostamattomissa teräksissä tapahtui hienojen rakeiden normaalia rakeenkasvua. Kuitenkin 0.28p-% niobi-seostuksen havaittiin oleva riittävä estämään rakeenkasvu. Reversion ja osittaisen rekristallisaation tuottamilla raerakenteilla saatiin erinomaiset myötölujuus-tasavenymäyhdistelmät. Vetokokeissa martensiitin ydintymispaikat ja -nopeus vaihtelivat monimutkaisella tavalla raekoosta riippuen

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Georges, Cédric. "Improvement of the mechanical properties of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels by application of innovative thermal or thermomechanical processes." Université catholique de Louvain, 2008. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-08232008-100716/.

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For ecological reasons, the current main challenge of the automotive industry is to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles and then emissions of greenhouse gas. In this context, steelmakers and automotive manufacturers decided for some years now to join their efforts to promote the development and use of advanced high strength steels such as TRIP steels. A combination of high strength and large elongation is obtained thanks to the TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect. However, improvement of the mechanical properties is still possible, especially by the refinement of the matrix. In this work, two main ways were followed in order to reach improved properties. The classical way consisting of the annealing of cold-rolled samples and an innovative way consisting of obtaining the desired microstructure by direct hot rolling of the samples. In the classical way, this refinement can be obtained by acting on the chemical composition (with such alloying elements like Cu and Nb). It was observed that complete recrystallisation of the ferrite matrix is quite impossible in presence of Cu precipitates. In addition, if the ferrite recrystallisation is not completed before reaching the eutectoid temperature, the recrystallisation will be slowed down by a large way. An innovative heat treatment consisting in keeping the copper in solid solution in the high-Cu steel was developed. Therefore, ferrite recrystallises quite easily and very fine ferrite grains (~1µm) were obtained. In the innovative way, the effects of hot-rolling conditions on TRIP-assisted multiphase steels are of major importance for industrial practice and could open new dimensions for the TRIP steels (i.e. thanks to precipitation mechanisms leading to additive strengthening). Impressive mechanical properties (true stress at maximum load of 1500 MPa and true strain at uniform elongation of 0.22) were obtained with a relatively easy thermomechanical process, the role played by Nb being essential.

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Jimenez, Tejeda Kety Mayelin. "Design, development, and characterization of thin-film filters for high brilliance sources in the EUV-soft x-ray spectral range." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425436.

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This thesis addresses research work on the design, fabrication development, and characterization of thin-film transmittance filters for high brilliance radiation sources in the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray spectral regions. This development and fabrication are strongly required in many applications, by instance in third and fourth generation light sources, and high order harmonic generation (HHG) sources. Thin-film filters are used to remove multiple-order radiations; In addition to high transmittance and spectral purity, those filters must be suited to face the high peak power of this kind of source. In the EUV and soft-X ray spectral range, materials have high absorption; so finding proper materials or a combination of materials that fulfill the suitable requirements is quite challenging. By using simulations of the transmittance performance for a variety of materials, based on the theoretical values of the optical constants, and taking into account their mechanical properties, Nb and Zr were chosen as core elements for the fabrication and study of free-standing filters. The first development part of this thesis is focused on the bottom-up fabrication technique of Nb, Zr, Nb/Zr, and Zr/Nb, 100 nm thick, thin films, deposited on silicon nitrate membrane windows by magnetron sputtering technique, Nb and Nb/Zr free-standing filters were produced after reactive ion etching of the substrate. These samples were characterized using Rutherford backscattering, AFM images and transmittance measurements in the EUV between 4-20 nm using synchrotron radiation at Bear Beamline, ELETTRA, Italy and at Optical Beamline at BESSY synchrotron, Berlin, Germany. Also, the samples were characterized in the same range using a laser-plasma source based on puff gas target as a secondary technique for transmittance characterization. The second part is devoted to the structural characterization of the filters by using TEM, SEM, HRSTEM, and EDX analysis. The third development part of this thesis is focused on the study of high-density EUV radiation damage of Nb, Zr, Zr/Nb, and Nb/Zr 100 nm thick free-standing filters. For this part of the experiment, the samples were deposited on silicon nitrite windows using e-beam deposition technique, showing more stable structures, free-standing filters of each type were achieved after reactive ion etching. Samples are intended to be characterized before and after radiation exposure by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique, AFM images, x-ray diffraction technique, and transmittance characterization in the EUV spectral range. For the radiation exposure, a high-density set-up based on a pulsed plasma discharge source at 13.5 nm wavelength was used. Also, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization were used as complementary techniques to study both the sample structures and interface properties.

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Keys, Simon Alastair. "Temperature and strain scaling laws for the critical current density in Nb(_3)Sn and Nb(_3)Al conductors in high magnetic fields." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3951/.

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Detailed, accurate measurements of critical current density and resistivity to determine the upper critical field have been made on a technological NbsAl conductor in magnetic fields up to 15 T, temperatures from 4.2 K up to the critical temperature and in the strain range from -1.8% to 0.7%. The uncertainty in temperature above 4.2 K was equivalent to ± 100 mK with a stability during the measurements of < 5 mK up to a limiting current of 80 A and a typical noise level of 1 µ Vm(^-1).When B(_c2){T,ε) is defined at 5%pn, 50%pn or 95%/%pn, an empirical relation is found where and an approximate relation, holds. The Jε data were parameterised using F(_p) = J(_E)B = A(ε)[Bc(_2)](^n)b(^p)(1-b)(^9) where b = B/B(_c2)(T,ε). When B(_c2)(T,ε) is constrained to be the value at 50%pn or 95%pn, the scaling law for F(_p) breaks down such that p and q are strong functions of temperature and q is also a strong function of strain. However, when B(_c2)(T,ε) is defined at 5%pn, there is good scaling where p and q are constants independent of temperature and strain. F(_p) can also be approximated by a Kramer form where the Ginzburg-Landau constant is γ is the electronic density of states and is interpreted as the average B(_c2) for the bulk where percolative current flow occurs. The critical current density of Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIP'ed) and unHIP'ed Nb(_3)Sn Modified Jelly Roll wires has also been measured at 4.2 K. The critical current and upper critical field were decreased for the HIP'ed sample. The reduced upper critical field of the HIP'ed wire was found to be less sensitive to strain than the unHIP'ed wire. The exponent of B(_c2) in the flux pinning scaling law increased from 0.86 to 2.14 as a result of the HIP processing.

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33

Cyrille, Marie-Claire. "Étude et réalisation de SQUIDS à polarisation continue pour l'amplification radiofréquence à très faible température de bruit." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10228.

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Le squid dc (superconducting quantum device direct current) est un capteur de flux extremement sensible. Associe a un circuit de couplage approprie, il est bien adapte pour l'amplification de tres faibles signaux dans la gamme de frequence 1-150mhz. Ce travail presente l'etude de l'optimisation de l'ensemble des parametres geometriques et electriques des amplificateurs a squid ; la mise en place des procedes technologiques necessaire a leur fabrication ainsi que la mesure de leurs performances. La fabrication de jonctions josephson nb/al-alox/nb de petite surface ( 4m#2), elements de base des squids a ete etudiee puis optimisee avec une bonne reproductibilite de leurs parametres electriques. Une premiere approche du probleme a consiste a realiser et caracteriser des squids en niobium non couples. Enfin, la geometrie des squids et de leurs structures de couplage est choisie avec un large choix de parametres qui permettra ulterieurement de definir ceux les mieux adaptes a l'amplification. Un procede technologique multi-couches complet est alors defini puis etudie pour la realisation des dispositifs. Leur caracterisation electrique met en evidence la modification du fonctionnement des squids en presence de leur structure de couplage

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34

Castro, Danilo Borges Villarino de. "Estudo do comportamento em fadiga do aço ASTM A297 Gr HP modificado com nióbio em altas temperaturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-20122012-092456/.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento mecânico em elevadas temperaturas do aço ASTM A-297 Gr HP modificado ao nióbio. Este tipo de aço é utilizado em suportes de tubos que permanecem longos períodos de tempo expostos em temperaturas de operação próximas a 900ºC. Nesta pesquisa, foram estudadas a microestrutura, a resistência mecânica, a tenacidade ao impacto e a resistência à fadiga, considerando o efeito da temperatura de ensaio. Para a avaliação do efeito da temperatura e tempo de permanência na microestrutura e, consequentemente, nas propriedades mecânicas, foram realizados ensaios de dureza, tração e impacto para cada uma das condições apresentadas. Todas as condições do material envelhecido apresentaram a presença de precipitados nos contornos interdendríticos e precipitados secundários no seio da matriz austenítica, fazendo com que o material elevasse seus parâmetros de resistência mecânica, quando comparado com a condição de como-recebido (CR). Após esta etapa, foi estudado o comportamento mecânico em temperaturas elevadas, apenas para as condições CR e T1000 (envelhecido a 927°C durante 1000 horas). Ensaios mecânicos de tração, impacto e fadiga (E-N e da/dN-\'delta\'K) foram realizados nas seguintes temperaturas: 25ºC, 871ºC, 899ºC, 927ºC, 954ºC e 982ºC. Para a avaliação dos ensaios de impacto, utilizaram-se corpos de prova Charpy do tipo convencional (presença do entalhe) e pré-trincados (entalhe mais pré-trinca). Em todas as temperaturas de ensaio de tração, observou-se que a condição T1000 resultou em aumento do valor dos parâmetros de resistência mecânica e diminuição da sua ductilidade, em relação à condição CR. Em ensaios nas temperaturas elevadas, observou-se que a precipitação de carbetos secundários na matriz austenítica da condição T1000 é capaz de evitar uma queda acentuada dos parâmetros de resistência mecânica, quando comparada com a condição CR. As duas condições (CR e T1000) mostraram-se sensíveis à presença de um concentrador de tensão (entalhe mais pré-trinca), quando submetidas a ensaios de impacto. Os resultados de tração e impacto corroboram as evidências fractográficas encontradas para cada condição, indicando que há uma maior parcela de fratura dúctil nas amostras ensaidas em temperaturas elevadas do que na temperatura ambiente. Em relação ao comportamento em fadiga do material, observou-se que a vida em fadiga do material ensaiado em 25ºC foi muito maior do que a 927ºC, principalmente na região de fadiga de alto ciclo. Este fato pode ser atribuído a dois fatores dependentes do tempo: nucleação prematura decorrente de uma significativa redução do limite de escoamento e devido ao efeito da oxidação superficial das bandas de deslizamento permanentes. Os ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga mostraram que a taxa da/dN foi maior na temperatura de 927ºC do que em 25ºC, devido ao fato da maior ductilidade que o material apresenta em elevadas temperaturas, associado aos efeitos de oxidação e de fluência. Alguns resultados de fadiga de baixo ciclo foram confrontados com modelos teóricos de plasticidade. As curvas teóricas foram capazes de simular relativamente bem os resultados experimentais.
This work aims to study the mechanical behavior at high temperatures of ASTM A-297 Gr HP steel changed with niobium. This type of steel is used for pipe supports that remain exposed long periods of time at operating temperatures near 900°C. In this study, was studied the microstructural composition, the mechanical strength, impact toughness and fatigue resistance, considering the effect of temperature test. To evaluate the effect of temperature and residence time in the microstructure and hence the mechanical properties were performed hardness, tensile and impact test for each of the conditions presented. All conditions of the aged material showed the presence of precipitates in the interdendritic boundaries and secondary precipitates within the austenitic matrix, causing the material to elevate its mechanical strength, compared to CR condition. After this step was studied the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures only for the conditions CR and T1000 (aged at 927°C for 1000 hours). Tensile, impact and fatigue tests (E-N and da/dN-\'delta\'K), were performed at the following temperatures: 25°C, 871ºC, 899ºC, 927ºC, 954ºC and 982°C. To evaluate the impact tests, were used Charpy specimens of the conventional type (presence of the notch) and pre-cracked (pre crack more notch). In all test temperatures of traction, it was observed that the T1000 condition resulted in an increase of the value of mechanical strength and reduction of its ductility, compared to CR conditions. In tests at elevated temperatures, it was observed that the precipitation of carbides in the austenitic matrix of the secondary condition T1000 is able to avoid a sharp decline in mechanical strength compared with the proviso CR. The two conditions (CR and T1000) were sensitive to the presence of a stress raiser (notch further pre-crack) when subjected to impact tests. The results of tensile and impact fractographies corroborate the evidence found for each condition, indicating a greater share of ductile fracture in testing samples at elevated temperatures than at room temperature. Regarding the fatigue behavior of the material, it was found that the fatigue life of the material tested at 25°C was much greater than 927°C, especially in the region of high cycle fatigue. This fact can be attributed to two factors dependent on the time: premature nucleation due to a significant reduction in yield strength and due to the effect of surface oxidation of permanent slip bands. The tests of crack propagation by fatigue showed that the rate da/dN was greater at a temperature of 927°C than at 25°C, because of higher ductility that the material exhibits at high temperatures associated with the effects of oxidation and creep.

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Penagos, Jose Jimmy. "Efeito do refinamento da microestrutura e da adição de nióbio na resistência ao desgaste abrasivo de ferros fundidos de alto cromo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-25082016-082141/.

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Os Ferros Fundidos de Alto Cromo (FFAC), por apresentarem excelentes propriedades tribológicas, têm sido amplamente utilizados em aplicações específicas envolvendo elevadas perdas de material por abrasão, especialmente no setor da mineração. Entretanto, a demanda por materiais com maior resistência ao desgaste aumenta continuamente, sendo necessárias novas pesquisas nesta área. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar a utilização do nióbio para aumentar, ainda mais, a resistência à abrasão dos FFAC\'s. Por outro lado, quando o FFAC é utilizado na fabricação de peças com geometrias irregulares (por exemplo, rotores de bombas), o componente pode apresentar diferentes níveis de refinamento da microestrutura, entre as regiões finas e espessas, devido às variações na taxa de resfriamento. No presente trabalho foi avaliado, o efeito do grau de refinamento da microestrutura, e a interação do refinamento com a adição de nióbio, na resistência ao desgaste abrasivo dos FFAC\'s. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos quatro estudos principais: no primeiro estudo foram fabricados blocos de FFAC variando o grau de refinamento da microestrutura e foi mostrado que: grandes incrementos no grau de refinamento resultam em maiores perdas de massa por abrasão. Nas microestruturas menos refinadas, os carbonetos de cromo M7C3, de maior tamanho, são menos susceptíveis ao micro trincamento e podem, ocasionalmente, atuar como barreiras ante os eventos abrasivos. Em uma segunda série de experimentos, foi avaliada a interação do efeito do grau de refinamento da microestrutura com a adição de nióbio em teores baixos (1 %); mostrando que, para microestruturas com alto grau de refinamento, adições de nióbio reduzem as perdas de massa por abrasão em até 50 %. Em uma terceira série de experimentos foi avaliada a interação dos efeitos da adição de nióbio e de molibdênio. Quando comparado com a liga isenta de molibdênio, adições simultâneas de nióbio e molibdênio resultaram em microestruturas mais refinadas, com maior microdureza da matriz, e com carbonetos de nióbio (NbC) de maior dureza. Para condições de desgaste abrasivo por baixos esforços, onde o desgaste foi mais acentuado na matriz, adições simultâneas de nióbio e molibdênio resultaram em aumentos da resistência á abrasão dos FFAC estudados. Na última etapa do trabalho foi adicionado 3 % de nióbio em um liga de FFAC com composição química inicial hipereutética (25%Cr/3%C), a qual apresentaria carbonetos primários de cromo M7C3 de grande tamanho que induziriam comportamento frágil do material quando exposto ao desgaste. Porém, a adição de nióbio resultou em um FFAC com microestrutura mais refinada (eutética), contendo NbC\'s compactos e por conseguinte, mais resistente ao desgaste abrasivo.
High Chromium Cast Irons (HCCI\'s), because of their excellent tribological properties, have been widely used for specific applications involving high wear rates by abrasion, especially in the mining sector. However, the demand for materials with higher wear resistance is continuously growing and thus further research is needed in this area. For that reason, the current work purposes to assess the use of niobium to further increase the wear resistance of HCCI\'s. On the other hand, when HCCI is used for manufacturing components with irregular geometries (e.g. pump impellers), the components thin and thick regions can contain different levels of structure refinement due to variation in their cooling rates. In this work, the effect of structure refinement and the interaction between structure refinement and niobium addition on the abrasion resistance of HCCI\'s were evaluated. For that purpose, four systematic main studies were developed: in the first study, blocks of HCCI were manufactured varying the structure refinement and it was shown that large increases in the degree of structure refinement result in higher wear mass losses by abrasion. In less refined microstructures, the larger M7C3 chromium carbides are less susceptible to microcracking and can occasionally act as a barrier to abrasive particles. In the second series of experiments, the interaction between structure refinement and niobium addition in low concentrations (1 %) was evaluated; showing that for more refined microstructures, niobium additions reduce the mass losses by abrasion up to 50 %. In the third series of experiments, the interaction between niobium and molybdenum additions was evaluated. Compared to molybdenum-free alloy, simultaneous additions of niobium and molybdenum resulted in a more refined microstructure, higher hardness of the matrix and harder niobium carbides (NbC). For Low Stress Sliding Abrasion (LSSA) wear configuration, where wear was more pronounced in the matrix, simultaneous addition of niobium and molybdenum resulted in increase of abrasion resistance in the studied HCCI. In the last stage of this work, 3 % of niobium were added in an HCCI alloy with hypereutectic initial chemical composition (25%Cr/3%C), which presents primary large sized chromium carbides that induce a brittle behavior of the HCCI when subjected to wear. However, the niobium addition resulted in a more refined microstructure (eutectic) HCCI containing compact-shaped NbC carbides, and consequently in more resistance to abrasive wear.

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Alves, Gabriel Godinho. "Recristalização do aço ARBL microligado ao nióbio CSN 2336." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-27092012-120450/.

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No presente trabalho estudou-se a recristalização do aço de alta resistência baixa liga (ARBL) microligado ao nióbio (160 ppm em peso) da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional 2336 utilizado na fabricação de reforços estruturais para a indústria automobilística. A grande utilização deste tipo de aço pelas indústrias tem motivado o desenvolvimento de novas ligas capazes de atender a requisitos críticos de estampagem combinado com alta resistência mecânica. Amostras deste aço no estado laminado a quente foram deformadas posteriormente a frio em escala piloto com reduções de 50 e 70%, reduções típicas na indústria, e recozidas em banho de sal em temperaturas variando entre 600 e 700ºC em diferentes tempos. A evolução microestrutural das amostras no estado encruado e na condição recozida foi acompanhada utilizando-se as técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura. As texturas de deformação e de recristalização foram determinadas via difração de raios X. A fração volumétrica recristalizada (Xv) e o tamanho de grão foram determinados com o auxílio de metalografia quantitativa nas amostras recozidas. Medidas de microdureza Vickers foram utilizadas para construir as curvas de encruamento e da cinética de amolecimento em função da temperatura de recozimento e comparadas com curvas construídas pelo primeiro método. Os resultados mostram que a recristalização ocorre em temperaturas acima de 650°C. Com auxílio de um gráfico de Xv contra A (fração amolecida), podemos observar a ocorrência de um desvio da idealidade a 650°C e 700°C. A explicação mais provável é a ocorrência de precipitação, especialmente para o aço menos deformado. Os valores do expoente de Avrami obtidos a partir das duas abordagens (medidas de microdureza e metalografia quantitativa) são apresentados e discutidos.
The recrystallization of a high strength low alloy steel (HSLA) containing niobium (160 wt-ppm) was investigated. The HSLA steel, named CSN 2336, is used in the manufacture of structural parts for automotive industry. The increasing use of this application type of steels in automotive industries has motivated the development of new alloys able to gather the critical requirements for deep drawing combined with high strengths. Samples of this steel in hot-rolled condition were cold-rolled with reductions of 50% and 70%, commonly used in most of applications, and isothermally annealed in salt bath at temperatures between 600 and 700ºC. The microstructure of the samples in both coldworked and annealed states was imaged using light optical (LOM) and scanning electronic microscopies (SEM). Deformation and recrystallization textures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The recrystallized volume fraction (Xv) and the mean grain size were determined by quantitative metallography in the annealed samples. Vickers microhardness testing was used to determine the work hardening and the softening kinetics behaviors. The results show that recrystallization occurs at temperatures above 650°C for the most deformed steel. By plotting Xv against A (softening fraction), we observe the occurrence of a deviation from ideality at 650°C and 700°C, likely caused by solid-state precipitation, especially for the less deformed steel. The values of n (Avrami exponent) obtained from both approaches (softening curves and quantitative metallography) are presented and discussed.

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Oliveira, Tarciso Mesquita de. "Picos da magnetização em supercondutores do tipo II." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278497.

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Orientador: Oscar Ferreira de Lima
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataglin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T18:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_TarcisoMesquitade_M.pdf: 3236428 bytes, checksum: f8799c6f4d4ac1a196ca499b0ad67efb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos possíveis origens do Segundo Pico da Magnetização (SPM) em supercondutores de alta e baixa temperatura crítica, usando amostras monocristalinas de Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d e de Nb. Para estudar o SPM fizemos medidas de curvas de magnetização M x H e suscetibilidade AC (vs. h e T). Através da aplicação de uma lei de escala, para suscetibilidade AC, obtivemos o expoente de creep na região do SMP. Em amostras de Nb verificamos os efeitos sobre as curvas M x H de não homogeneidades na amostra: deslocamentos de planos e oxigênio intersticial. Em amostras de alta pureza (bulk e monocristalina) observamos que as curvas M x H não apresentam o SPM nem o Efeito Pico, próximo a Hc2.Ao adicionar não homogeneidades nas amostras, através de dopagem com oxigênio e deformação por elongação, observamos o aparecimento do Efeito Pico, de instabilidades termomagnéticas e de anisotropia do campo Hc2. Em amostras de Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d observamos que o SPM está associado com a componente do campo aplicado paralela à direção c da rede cristalina, ou seja, que o SPM está relacionado com vórtices de Abrikosov e que vórtices Josephson parecem não influenciar no SPM. Ao clivarmos a amostra observamos que a intensidade do SPM se reduz e diminui a janela de temperatura onde ele é visto. Obtivemos o expoente de creep e observamos que na região do SPM o arrasto dos vórtices diminui em campos que antecedem o HSPM , mas na região de HSPM o arrasto aumenta rapidamente e depois volta a cessar. Interpretamos a variação brusca no expoente de creep como uma mudança de fase no sistema de vórtices, que passa de um estado de quase-rede para um estado emaranhado de vórtices
Abstract: In this thesis we have studied possible origins for the Second Magnetization Peak (SMP) in high and low critical temperature superconductors, using samples of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d and Nb single crystals. To study the SMP we did measurements of magnetization curves (M x H) and AC susceptibility (vs. h and T). We obtained the creep exponent in the SMP region, using a scaling law for the AC susceptibility data. In the Nb samples we have verified the effects on M x H curves due to inhomogeneities like dislocations and interstitial oxygen. In high pure samples (bulk and single crystals) we have observed that the M x H curves do not present either SMP or Peak Effect, near H2c . By adding inhomogeneities in the samples, like doping them with oxygen or deforming by elongation, we have observed the appearance of Peak Effect, thermomagnetic instabilities, and H2c anisotropy. In Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d samples we have observed that the SMP is associated with the magnetic field component parallel to the crystal c direction of crystal net. This means that the SMP is related to Abrikosov¿s vortices and that Josephson¿s vortices seem not to influence the SMP. After cleaving the sample we observed that the SMP intensity was reduced and the temperature window were it occurs was decreased. We have obtained the creep exponent and have observed that in the SMP region the vortices creep diminish for fields below HSPM , but around HSPM the creep increases abruptly and after the SPM it decreases again. We have interpreted the abrupt creep exponent variation as a phase transition in the vortex system, that pass from a quasi-lattice state to an entangled vortex state
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física

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38

TERNER, MATHIEU. "Innovative materials for high temperature structural applications: 3rd Generation γ-TiAl fabricated by Electron Beam Melting". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2527509.

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In the aeronautics industry, the propulsion systems stand among the most advanced and critical components. Over the last 50 years, gas turbine aeroengines were subjected to intensive research to increase efficiency and reduce weight, noise and harmful emissions. Together with design optimization, breakthrough in materials science for structural applications triggered the development of the most advanced gas turbine engines. For low temperatures, basically ahead of the combustion section, lightweight Ti alloys are preferred for their good mechanical properties. For high temperatures instead, Ni-based superalloys exhibit outstanding properties up to very high temperatures despite a rather high material’s density. Research have focused on enhancing to the maximum the potential of materials in gas turbine engines. According to the application, the components experience various mechanical and environmental constraints. Special designs, manufacturing process, material compositions and protective coatings have been developed to push the limits of advanced materials. Nowadays, the attention is focused on innovative materials to replace the existing Ti and Ni based alloys leading to substantial benefits. Light weight composite materials in particular were found very attractive to replace some components’ Ti alloys. At higher temperatures, it is of great interest to replace Ni-based superalloys by materials with lower density and/or higher temperatures applications, which in turn would lead to substantial weight reduction and increase efficiency. At the highest temperatures range, in particular in the combustion chamber and high pressure turbine sections, ceramic based materials offer promising balance of properties. Research are dedicated to overcome the drawbacks of ceramics for such structural applications, and in particular their brittle fracture behavior, by addition of reinforcing fibers. At lower temperatures range, TiAl based intermetallics emerged as very promising materials at half the density of Ni-based superalloys. Significant weight reduction could be achieved by the introduction of TiAl based alloys for rotating components of the compressor and low pressure turbine. 2nd generation γ-TiAl alloys were lately introduced in GE’s GEnx and CFM’s LEAP engines. The present work concerns the fabrication by the additive manufacturing technique Electron Beam Melting of 3rd generation γ-TiAl alloys for high temperatures application in gas turbine aeroengines. EBM, building parts layer by layer according to CAD, offers many advantages compared to other manufacturing processes like casting and forging. Reported by Avio, 2nd generation γ-TiAl alloys have been successfully fabricated by EBM. To increase the material’s potential, the production of 3rd generation γ-TiAl alloys Ti-(45-46)Al-2Cr-8Nb was therefore studied. The optimization of the EBM parameters led to high homogeneity and very low post-processing residual porosity ≤ 1%. The fine equiaxed microstructure after EBM could be tailored towards the desired mechanical properties by simple heat treatment, from equiaxed to duplex to fully lamellar. In particular, a duplex microstructure composed by about 80 % lamellar grains pinned at grain boundaries by fine equiaxed grains was obtained after heat treatment slightly over the α transus temperature. The study showed that addition of a higher amount of Nb significantly increased the oxidation resistance of the material, thus increasing the application temperature range of these γ-TiAl alloys.

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39

Ruiz, Alberto Ibañez. "A presença do nióbio em um ferro fundido branco de cromo-molibdênio: traçado da curva transformação-tempo-temperatura." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18136/tde-09102017-142618/.

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Avaliou-se experimentalmente o ferro fundido branco de alto-cromo-molibdênio ao qual foi adicionado nióbio, a respeito de sua temperabilidade. Dilatometricamente traçou-se a curva TTT desse material, bem como a de um ferro fundido branco de alto cromo para efeito comparativo. Constatou-se por essa comparação e pelos resultados da literatura a alta temperabilidade obtida pela liga experimental. A partir da temperatura de austenitização utilizada, podem-se usar taxas de resfriamento de até 0,12°C/s sem transformação de fase, enquanto que na liga comparativa essa taxa aumenta para 5,8°C/s. Foram realizadas análises de desgaste abrasivo, de dureza e microdureza, de difração por raios-X , de fase magnética e de microanálise como forma de caracterizar as transformações de fase observadas por dilatometria. As variações estruturais decorrentes dos tratamentos térmicos realizados nas duas ligas foram acompanhados por microscopia ótica. É indicativo pelo presente trabalho que tal material além de suas características inerentes de resistência à abrasão e à corrosão oferece maior flexibilidade nos projetos que envolvam paredes espessas.
In this work we studied the hardenability of high chromium- molibdenum white cast iron with niobium. By dilatometry we obtained the TTT curve of this material as well as the high chromium white cast iron for comparison. This comparison and available results in literature confirm the high temperability of experimental material. We can use slow rate cooling 0,12°C/s or higher without phase transformation, while in the comparative alloy this rate is around 5,8°C/s or higher from specific used austenitic abrasive temperature. We also realized analysis of abrasive wear, hardness and microhardness, raios-X difraction, magnetic phase and microanalyse for verifing the phase transformation as observed by dilatometry. The structure variation as function of termic treatment in both alloys is monitored by optical microscope. The present work indicate that the material under study can offer more flexibility for projects with thick materials apart from intrinsic characteristics of abrasive wear and corrosion.

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Silva, Cloir Salatiel da. "Análise microestrutural em altas temperaturas de um ferro fundido branco de alto cromo com molibdênio e nióbio." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-14092016-124243/.

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As mudanças microestruturais, causadas pela adição de elementos de liga e pelos tratamentos térmicos, modificam as propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas dos materiais. Foi desenvolvido então um estudo em amostras de um ferro fundido branco de alto cromo com molidbênio e nióbio, procurando determinar os efeitos dos elementos de liga molibdênio e nióbio, na microestrutura deste material, através de medidas de dureza, dilatometria, ataque químico, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e,principalmente, a utilização de metalografia em altas temperaturas. A técnica de metalografia em altas temperaturas permite o estudo das mudanças microestruturais durante os ciclos térmicos, que foram programados, tendo como referência a curva TTT previamente traçada para este material, focalizando regiões onde não ocorrem mudanças de fase. Deste modo foram obtidas as aparências metalográficas em altas temperaturas e feito um estudo comparativo com as outras técnicas usadas. Com isto é possível melhorar o conhecimento sobre a microestrutura do material em questão e obter ligas com propriedades pré-determinadas.
The microstructural changes caused by the addition of alloying elements and by thermal treatments modify the mechanical and tribological properties of the materials. A study was develop on samples of molybdenum and niobium high chromium white cast iron, trying to determine the effects of molybdenum and niobium alloys elements on microstructure of this material through hardness measurements, dilatometry, chemical etching, scanning electron microscopy, and mainly, utilizing metallography at high temperatures. The metallography at high temperatures technic allows the study of microstructural changes during the thermal cyc1es, which were scheduled, having as reference the TTT curve previously traced to this material, focusing regions where changes of fase don\'t occur. So the metallographic appearances at high temperatures were obtained and it was done a comparative study using other technics. Because of that is possible to improve the knowledge of the material microstructure, which it has been studied, and to obtain alloys with predetermined properties.

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41

Griffith, Kent Joseph. "Atomic and electronic structure of complex metal oxides during electrochemical reaction with lithium." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271191.

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Lithium-ion batteries have transformed energy storage and technological applications. They stand poised to convert transportation from combustion to electric engines. The discharge/charge rate is a key parameter that determines battery power output and recharge time; typically, operation is on the timescale of hours but reducing this would improve existing applications and open up new possibilities. Conventionally, the rate at which a battery can operate has been improved by synthetic strategies to decrease the solid-state diffusion length of lithium ions by decreasing particle sizes down to the nanoscale. In this work, a different approach is taken toward next-generation high-power and fast charging lithium-ion battery electrode materials. The phenomenon of high-rate charge storage without nanostructuring is discovered in niobium oxide and the mechanism is explained in the context of the structure–property relationships of Nb2O5. Three polymorphs, T-Nb2O5, B-Nb2O5, and H-Nb2O5, take bronze-like, rutile-like, and crystallographic shear structures, respectively. The bronze and crystallographic shear compounds, with unique electrochemical properties, can be described as ordered, anion-deficient nonstoichiometric defect structures derived from ReO3. The lessons learned in niobia serve as a platform to identify other compounds with related structural motifs that apparently facilitate high-rate lithium insertion and extraction. This leads to the synthesis, characterisation, and electrochemical evaluation of the even more complicated composition–structure–property relationships in ternary TiO2–Nb2O5 and Nb2O5–WO3 phases. Advanced structural characterisation including multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, density functional theory, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando high-rate X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction is conducted throughout to understand the evolution of local and long-range atomic structure and changes in electronic states.

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42

Silva, J?nior Jos? Ferreira da. "Comportamento da adi??o do carbeto de ni?bio (nBC) na matriz met?lica do a?o ferr?tico 15kH2mfa." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12804.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFSJ_TESE.pdf: 4970258 bytes, checksum: fcd6ec64fc7d0cdced502c9b8b4dd5f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-01
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The 15Kh2MFA steel is a kind of Cr-Mo-V family steels and can be used in turbines for energy generation, pressure vessels, nuclear reactors or applications where the range of temperature that the material works is between 250 to 450?C. To improve the properties of these steels increasing the service temperature and the thermal stability is add a second particle phase. These particles can be oxides, carbides, nitrites or even solid solution of some chemical elements. On this way, this work aim to study the effect of addition of 3wt% of niobium carbide in the metallic matrix of 15Kh2MFA steel. Powder metallurgy was the route employed to produce this metallic matrix composite. Two different milling conditions were performed. Condition 1: milling of pure 15Kh2MFA steel and condition 2: milling of 15Kh2MFA steel with addition of niobium carbide. A high energy milling was carried out during 5 hours. Then, these two powders were sintered in a vacuum furnace (10-4torr) at 1150 and 1250?C during 60 minutes. After sintering the samples were normalized at 950?C per 3 minutes followed by air cooling to obtain a desired microstructure. Results show that the addition of niobium carbide helps to mill faster the particles during the milling when compared with that steel without carbide. At the sintering, the niobium carbide helps to sinter increasing the density of the samples reaching a maximum density of 7.86g/cm?, better than the melted steel as received that was 7,81g/cm?. In spite this good densification, after normalizing, the niobium carbide don t contributed to increase the microhardness. The best microhardness obtained to the steel with niobium carbide was 156HV and to pure 15Kh2MFA steel was 212HV. It happened due when the niobium carbide is added to the steel a pearlitic structure was formed, and the steel without niobium carbide submitted to the same conditions reached a bainitic structure
O a?o 15Kh2MFA, da fam?lia dos a?os CrMoV, pode ser utilizado em turbinas para gera??o de energia, vasos de press?o, reatores nuclear ou aplica??es, onde o material ? submetido a temperaturas de servi?o entre 250 e 450?C. Uma forma de melhorar as propriedades do a?o, para que ele trabalhe a temperaturas mais altas ou que se torne mais est?vel ? adicionar part?culas de segunda fase na sua matriz. Estas part?culas podem estar na forma de ?xidos, carbetos, nitretos ou at? mesmo em solu??o s?lida quando alguns elementos qu?micos s?o adicionados ao material. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetiva estudar o efeito da adi??o de 3% de carbeto de ni?bio na matriz met?lica do a?o 15Kh2MFA. Para isto a metalurgia do p? foi a rota empregada para a produ??o deste comp?sito de matriz met?lica. Para tal, duas moagens distintas foram realizadas. A primeira com o a?o 15Kh2MFA e a segunda com o a?o 15Kh2MFA com adi??o de 3% de carbeto de ni?bio. A moagem de alta energia foi realizada durante 5 horas. Em seguida, os dois p?s produzidos foram sinterizados em um forno a v?cuo (10-4torr) a temperaturas de 1150?C e 1250?C durante 60 minutos. Ap?s a sinteriza??o as amostras foram submetidas ao tratamento t?rmico de normaliza??o a 950?C. Os resultados mostraram que a adi??o do carbeto de ni?bio ajuda o processo de cominui??o das part?culas, quando comparado com o a?o sem o carbeto de ni?bio. O carbeto de ni?bio tem um papel fundamental na densifica??o das amostras durante a sinteriza??o, levando a densidade 7,86g/cm?, que ? maior do que a densidade do a?o fundido recebido que era de 7,81g/cm?. Apesar desta boa densifica??o, ap?s a normaliza??o, o NbC n?o contribuiu de forma significativa para aumento da dureza, onde a melhor dureza obtida para o a?o com NbC foi de 156HV e para o a?o puro foi de 212HV. Isto se deve ao fato de que, quando o NbC foi adicionado ao a?o, formou-se uma estrutura perl?tica, enquanto que, com o a?o sem adi??o de NbC, submetido as mesmas condi??es, obteve-se uma estrutura bain?tica

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Fernández-Arroyo, Naranjo Alberto. "CATALYTIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM BIOMASS AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS INTO HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/110080.

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La valorización de biomasa lignocelulósica y de sus derivados supone una alternativa sostenible frente a la utilización de fuentes fósiles para la producción de combustibles y productos químicos. En este contexto, el aprovechamiento de compuestos oxigenados presentes en efluentes acuosos derivados de tratamientos primarios de la biomasa (vía pirólisis rápida), tras un proceso de separación de fases, es fundamental en el esquema actual de bio-refinería. La estrategia consiste en transformar estos compuestos orgánicos en mezclas de hidrocarburos y compuestos aromáticos de utilidad como componentes y/o aditivos en combustibles líquidos. Los materiales catalíticos comúnmente estudiados para este tipo de procesos deben su actividad a sus propiedades multifuncionales. Sin embargo, su actividad en mezclas acuosas complejas y su estabilidad bajo condiciones de reacción más próximas a la realidad industrial continúan siendo un desafío en vistas a su futura aplicación. La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el diseño de nuevos catalizadores heterogéneos que sean activos y resistentes en reacciones de condensación consecutivas en fase acuosa de mezclas de compuestos oxigenados ligeros (C1-C4) bajo condiciones de reacción moderadas. En este sentido, este trabajo difiere de los estudios habituales que emplean compuestos modelo de manera individual y en ausencia de agua. En primer lugar, óxidos mixtos (incluyendo CexZr1-xO e hidrotalcitas), que han sido ampliamente utilizados en reacciones de condensación y cetonización, muestran buenos resultados catalíticos en la condensación en fase acuosa, pero graves problemas de estabilidad debido principalmente al leaching de la fase activa de estos materiales. Esto demuestra la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos catalizadores ácidos capaces de operar en sistemas complejos en presencia de agua y ácidos orgánicos, bajo condiciones de reacción moderadas. En este sentido, la adición de HF durante la síntesis de catalizadores basados en TiO2, permite obtener materiales donde se expone mayoritariamente el plano {001}, que es catalíticamente más activo. Además, los sitios ácidos de Lewis presentes en estos materiales de TiO2 facetados, presentan una gran estabilidad en reacciones de condensación, especialmente en presencia de ácidos y grandes cantidades de agua. Esta estrategia permite desarrollar materiales con mejor actividad catalítica y estabilidad que otros catalizadores comerciales basados en TiO2. Por otra parte, la síntesis hidrotermal de óxidos metálicos basados en Nb y W-Nb permite obtener materiales cuya estructura cristalina, propiedades texturales y propiedades ácidas pueden ser modificadas controlando la composición y las condiciones de calcinación aplicadas. Esto permite obtener catalizadores optimizados respecto a los empleados en literatura, que muestran gran actividad y elevada estabilidad en reacciones de condensación de compuestos oxigenados en fase acuosa. Por último, se han desarrollado nuevos materiales basados en óxidos mixtos de estaño, titanio y/o niobio (SnxTiyNbzO) preparados por co-precipitación que presentan mayoritariamente la estructura tipo rutilo del SnO2, la cual posee características hidrófobas. El control de la composición y las condiciones de calcinación permite obtener óxidos con estructuras cristalinas uniformes, altas áreas superficiales y mayor densidad de sitios ácidos de Lewis respecto a los respectivos óxidos comerciales. Estos materiales son catalizadores activos y muy resistentes en la valorización de compuestos oxigenados presentes en efluentes acuosos derivados de distintos tratamientos de la biomasa.
The valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass and its derivatives has become a sustainable alternative to the use of fossil sources for the production of fuels and chemicals. In this context, the conversion of light oxygenated compounds present in aqueous effluents derived from primary treatments of biomass (i.e. fast pyrolysis), after a phase separation process via water addition is a key step in the actual bio-refinery scheme processes. The strategy is based on the transformation of these low-value water-soluble oxygenated compounds into a mixture of hydrocarbons and aromatics useful for blending with automotive fuels. In general, the activity of the catalysts employed in these processes is based on their bifunctional character. Nonetheless, their activity in complex aqueous mixtures and their stability under faithful operating conditions close to industrial scenarios are critical challenges to be further applied. This thesis comprises a detailed work in the design of new solid catalysts with high activity and stability in consecutive aqueous-phase condensation reactions of light oxygenated compounds (C1-C4) mixtures under moderated process conditions. In this sense, this work differs from usual probe molecules studies performed even in the absence of water. Firstly, mixed oxides (including CexZr1-xO and hydrotalcite-derived materials) were employed as they have been widely studied in condensation and ketonization reactions. These materials show good catalytic results in the liquid-phase condensation of light oxygenates, but strong catalysts deactivation was observed due to the active phase partial leaching. Therefore, new heterogeneous acid catalysts must be developed in order to meet these new process requirements: complex aqueous environments with high contents of organic acids and moderated reaction conditions. In this sense, the addition of aqueous HF during TiO2 catalysts synthesis is essential to selectively control the preferential growth of catalytic more reactive {001} TiO2 facets. Moreover, Lewis acid sites on faceted TiO2 materials have great stability in condensation reactions, especially in the presence of organic acids and high water contents. Thus, this strategy allows obtaining materials that show better catalytic results and stability than other commercial titanium oxides. Moreover, hydrothermal synthesized Nb- and WNb-mixed oxides have shown the advantage of having crystalline structure, area and acid properties modified by tailoring their composition and post-synthesis heat-treatments conditions. Optimized NbOx and WNbO materials show higher activity and stability in the aqueous-phase condensation of oxygenated compounds than other commercial samples, commonly employed in literature Finally, new acid catalysts prepared via co-precipitation based on tin, titanium and niobium (SnxTiyNbzO) mixed oxides have been developed. These materials mainly present SnO2 rutile-phase crystalline structure, which has been claimed to have interesting hydrophobic characteristics. Tailoring of composition and calcination conditions allows obtaining mixed oxides with uniform crystalline structures, enhanced surface areas and a higher concentration of Lewis acid sites compared to analogous commercial catalysts. These materials show high activity and stability in the valorisation of oxygenated compounds present in aqueous effluents derived from different biomass processes.
La valorització de biomassa lignocel·lulòsica i dels seus derivats suposa una alternativa sostenible enfront de la utilització de fonts fòssils per a la producció de combustibles i productes químics. En aquest context, l'aprofitament de compostos oxigenats presents en efluents aquosos derivats de tractaments primaris de la biomassa (via piròlisi ràpida), després d'un procés de separació de fases, és fonamental en l'esquema actual de bio-refineria. L'estratègia consisteix a transformar aquests compostos orgànics en mescles d'hidrocarburs i compostos aromàtics d'utilitat com a components o additius en combustibles líquids. Els materials catalítics comunament estudiats per a aquest tipus de processos deuen l'activitat a les seues propietats multifuncionals; no obstant això, la seua activitat en mescles aquoses complexes i la seua estabilitat sota condicions de reacció més pròximes a la realitat industrial continuen sent un desafiament amb vista a la seua futura aplicació. La present tesi doctoral se centra en el disseny de nous catalitzadors heterogenis que siguen actius i resistents en reaccions de condensació consecutives en fase aquosa de mescles de compostos oxigenats lleugers (C1-C4) sota condicions de reacció moderades. En aquest sentit, aquest treball difereix dels estudis habituals, que empren compostos model de forma individual i en absència d'aigua. En primer lloc, òxids mixts (inclosos CexZr1-xO i hidrotalcites), que han sigut àmpliament utilitzats en reaccions de condensació i cetonització, mostren bons resultats catalítics en la condensació en fase aquosa, però greus problemes d'estabilitat a causa principalment de la lixiviació de la fase activa d'aquests materials. Això demostra la necessitat de desenvolupar nous catalitzadors àcids capaços d'operar en sistemes complexos en presència d'aigua i àcids orgànics, sota condicions de reacció moderades. En aquest sentit, l'addició d'HF durant la síntesi de catalitzadors basats en TiO2, permet obtenir materials on s'exposa majoritàriament el plànol {001}, que és catalíticament més actiu. A més, els llocs àcids de Lewis presents en aquests materials de TiO2 facetats, presenten una gran estabilitat en reaccions de condensació, especialment en presència d'àcids i grans quantitats d'aigua. Aquesta estratègia permet desenvolupar materials amb millor activitat catalítica i estabilitat que altres catalitzadors comercials basats en TiO2. D'altra banda, la síntesi hidrotermal d'òxids metàl·lics basats en Nb i W-Nb permet obtenir materials l'estructura cristal·lina, les propietats texturals i les propietats àcides dels quals poden ser modificats controlant la composició i les condicions de calcinació aplicades. Això permet obtenir catalitzadors optimats respecte als emprats en la literatura, que mostren gran activitat i elevada estabilitat en reaccions de condensació de compostos oxigenats en fase aquosa. Finalment, s'han desenvolupat nous materials basats en òxids mixts d'estany, titani o niobi (SnxTiyNbzO) preparats per coprecipitació, que presenten majoritàriament l'estructura tipus rútil del SnO2, la qual té característiques hidròfobes. El control de la composició i les condicions de calcinació permeten obtenir òxids amb estructures cristal·lines uniformes, altes àrees superficials i major densitat de llocs àcids de Lewis respecte als respectius òxids comercials. Aquests materials són catalitzadors actius i molt resistents en la valorització de compostos oxigenats presents en efluents aquosos derivats de diferents tractaments de la biomassa.
Fernández-Arroyo Naranjo, A. (2018). CATALYTIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM BIOMASS AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS INTO HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/110080
TESIS

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Kesani, Sheshanka. "Sol-gel Niobia-based Sorbents for the Enrichment of Organophosphorus Compounds by Capillary Microextraction Online Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7413.

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Sample preparation is a key step in chemical analysis, and includes isolation of target analytes, removal of interferences, preconcentration, and/or modification of target analytes (if needed). Sample preparation is also the most time-consuming and error-prone step in the whole analytical process. Traditional sample preparation techniques involve hazardous solvents. Considering the environmental and health safety, it is desirable to reduce or eliminate organic solvents in sample preparation. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was introduced as a solvent free sample preparation technique. Capillary microextraction (CME) is one of the formats of SPME that can be easily coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In SPME and CME a solvent free sample preparation is accomplished by using a sorbent coating instead of hazardous organic solvents commonly used in conventional extraction techniques. This research is focused on the development and systematic examination of novel niobia-, titania- and silica-based organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel sorbents for CME. Conventionally silica and titania based precursors were used in organi-inorganic hybrid sol-gel sorbents for CME, here novel niobia based precursor was used in creating organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel sorbents. Poly tetrahydrofuran (polyTHF) as well as electrically neutral and charged organic ligands were used to prepare the sorbents for CME coupled to HPLC. Characterization of created sol-gel sorbents, evaluation of extraction performance, and enrichment of environmentally and biomedically important analytes including organophosphorus compounds were performed. CME performances of the created sorbents were characterized by specific extraction (SE) (a measure of extraction efficiency) and desorption efficiency (DE) (a measure of completeness desorption of extracted analytes). Scientific findings of this research has shown that sol-gel niobia-polyTHF sorbent provides 60 to 70 % higher SE values for different environmentally important analytes compared to analogously prepared silica-polyTHF sorbent. This superior extraction performance can be attributed to the presence of surface Lewis acid sites undergoing Lewis acid-base interactions with analytes representing Lewis bases. The prepared sorbents also have the ability to undergo van der Waals interactions due to the presence of polyTHF. Absence of Lewis acid sites on silica surface resulted in inferior extraction efficiency compared to niobia-polyTHF sorbents. Extraction efficiency of the created sol-gel based niobia-polyTHF was also explored in the enrichment of organophosphorus pesticides and compared with that of the state-of-the-art titania-based sorbent. Sol-gel niobia-polyTHF sorbent has provided 40 to 50 % higher SE values in the enrichment of organophosphorus pesticides compared to sol-gel titania-polyTHF sorbent which can be attributed to the presence of bronsted acid sites on niobia surface (but lacking on titania) along with Lewis acid sites. To explore relative contributions of electrostatic, Lewis acid-base and van der Waals interactions between sol-gel sorbents and analytes, two sol-gel sorbents, one containing a positively charged octadecyl ligand and the other a neutral octadecyl ligand were created. Positive charge was imparted by using N-octadecyldimethyl [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride (C18 (+ve)) as ligand bearing co-precursor. Similarly N-octadecyl trimethoxysilane was used to impart a neutral C18 ligand in sol-gel coating. Experimental results have shown that sol-gel Nb2O5-C18 (+ve) sorbent has superior extraction efficiency compared to sol-gel based Nb2O5-C18 and purely inorganic Nb2O5 sorbents in enrichment of organophosphorus compounds (nucleotides and organophosphorus pesticides). Electrostatic interactions between the positive charge of organic ligand (C18 (+ve)) and negative charge of phosphate group has contributed to the higher extraction performance of sol-gel based Nb2O5-C18 (+ve) sorbent. TiO2-C18 (+ve) sorbent was also created to compare with the novel sol-gel niobia based sorbents, since titania-based sorbents are considered as the state-of-the-art extraction material in the enrichment of organophosphorus compounds. Established research results has shown that sol-gel based Nb2O5-C18 (+ve) sorbent has provided 40 to 50 % higher specific extraction values for organophosphorus compounds compared to sol-gel based TiO2-C18 (+ve) sorbent. Desorption efficiency of sol-gel Nb2O5-C18 (+ve) and TiO2-C18 (+ve) sorbents were 96% vs 90%. This superior DE of sol-gel Nb2O5-C18 (+ve) sorbent can be attributed the higher Lewis acid strength of titania than nioiba. The developed sol-gel niobia based sorbents have also shown high pH stability compared to traditional sol-gel silica based sorbents. The created sol-gel sorbents were characterized by less than 5% run to run RSD values and also less than 5% capillary to capillary RSD values which indicated the high reproducibility of developed method. The developed sol-gel niobia sorbents are applicable to sample preparation in different fields including biomedical, environmental, forensic, defense etc.

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45

Chang, HsiaoTzu, and 張孝慈. "The research of high temperature property of Niobium alloy." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89284891123069775556.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
91
Intermetallic Nb3Al alloy with high melting temperature, appropriate density and excellent high temperature strength is expected to be a structural material operated above 1000℃. These alloys attract more attention for aerospace application in the past decade. Although Nb3Al possesses excellent high temperature strength, it has poor fracture toughness at ambient temperature. Combining a ductile Nbss phase with brittle Nb3Al phase may improve the fracture toughness of the alloy, but leads to a decrease in high temperature strength. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of Ni addition on the mechanical property, oxidation and corrosion resistance of the Nb-Al alloy at high temperature. To realize the high temperature oxidation and corrosion property, a commercial niobium alloy, C103 (Nb-10Hf-1Ti), was used to compare with the properties of Nb-Al alloy in this experiment. Moreover, a plasma sprayed coating was conducted on all alloys to improve their high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance. The result of compression test reveals that the addition of nickel to Nb alloy reduces the DBTT (ductile-brittle transition temperature) of Nb3Al alloy, increases the ductility, and improves its high temperature strength. Besides, the addition of 5 at.% Ni could also supply the alloy with an outstanding oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, when the addition of nickel exceeds 5 at.%, the oxidation resistance property will deteriorate. The experimental results show that the plasma spraying coating may efficiently improve the high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance of the alloy.

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46

Vachirapatama, Narumol. "Separation and determination of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography." Thesis, 2000. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22046/1/whole_VachirapatamaNarumol2000_thesis.pdf.

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47

Tsao, Tzu-Ching, and 曹梓敬. "Investigation of Strain-induced Precipitation Behavior of Niobium Micro-alloyed Steels at High Temperature." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zw3vd5.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
107
The strain-induced precipitation behavior of niobium micro-alloyed steels at high temperature has been studied in this research. Based on the difference of niobium content and aluminum/nitrogen ratio, the precipitation time, precipitates size, recrystallization and structure of martensite after quench have been analyzed. After austenization treatment, and redissolving precipitates, materials were subjected to 25% compression deformation, and then held at the temperature we designed. According to the second compression deformation after different holding time, the degree of recrystallization of materials can be known and used to predict the time that precipitation started, and the precipitation-start time-temperature(PSTT) curve was obtained. Results reveal that different niobium content and aluminum/nitrogen ratio show little effect on the start time of precipitation. The nose tip of PSTT curve is approximately in the range of 875~900℃ and 1~3 second. 900℃ was chosen to be the best work temperature and the temperature for analysis because materials showed good softening resistance, slow recrystallization and early precipitation time at 900℃. Follow-up analysis shows that when niobium content is high, the size of precipitates become larger, and indication of coarsening can be observed at early stage of precipitation. Metallography also reveals that recrystallization happens more obviously when niobium content is high, indicating that more niobium may cause faster coarsening of precipitates. Aluminum/nitrogen ratio shows little effects on softening resistance in the time we designed; however, coarsening which occurred at late stage indicates that it may be detrimental for keeping precipitates small if the excess nitrogen form carbonitride with niobium. Fully lath martensite was obtained after quench from austenite in experimental material, not only general martensite lath but auto-tempered martensite and interpenetrating twin were able to be observed in the microstructure. Auto-tempered martensite forms from the sub-blocks which formed at high temperature. The lathes which belong to the same variant possess similar orientation relationship between each other, so when thermal energy is enough to adapt the small angle boundary, martensite will be coarsening. Because there was no high carbon region after heat treatment, the twin structure in the microstructure is interpenetrating twin instead of plate martensite. Interpenetrating twin forms from some lathes which naturally possess twin orientation relationship between each other. If the twin-relation lathes contact at the boundary of blocks, these lathes which formed at high temperature may penetrate each other to form interpenetrating twin.

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48

Yu, Chen-Ping, and 游振平. "The influence of niobium-additive and heat treatment on the hydrogen embrittlement of ultra-high strength boron steel." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33948157072106400308.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
102
15B30 steel, an ultra-high strength boron steel, has 2000MPa ultra-high tensile strength in martensitic state. Due to its high strength property, 15B30 steel is best used in structural steel and automotive plate. However, ultra-high strength steel is prone to hydrogen embrittlement in practical usage, which will lead to severe unpredictable fracture. The aims of this research are to build up an evaluation method of hydrogen embrittlement and find the effects niobium-additive and heat treatment on the hydrogen embrittlement of 15B30 steel. After chemical hydrogen charging, the as-quenched 15B30 exhibits the worst resistance of hydrogen embrittlement. Its percentage loss of UTS after hydrogen charging is about 70%, and the fractography is intergranular fracture. Through tempering processes in different temperatures, it is found that 200℃ tempering processing is effective to resist the hydrogen embrittlemet. This feature is mainly ascribed to the ε carbide precipitates in the martensite lath, which can provide additional hydrogen trapping site. The cementite will precipitate along martensite lath interface and prior austenite grain boundary during the tempering at 300℃ and 400℃. This type of hydrogen trapping sites lead to a weaker resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Niobium-added 15B30, namely the 15B30Nb steel, can have the refined grains due to the existence of (Nb,Ti)(CN) and NbC precipitates. These refined grains could improve noticeably the hydrogen embrittlement resistance in the tempering state. Constant load test shows that the hydrogen pre-charged 15B30Nb steel could sustain a longer fracture time, which also reveals that the refined grains have better hydrogen embrittlement resistance.

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49

Chen, Yu-Wen, and 陳昱文. "Investigation on the Synergistic Effect of Niobium Composite Carbide in Low Carbon Bainitic Steels and High Manganese Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a4y5w6.

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Анотація:

博士
國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
106
Low carbon steels have been wildly used in line pipes, the automotive industry, and submarine environments due to their remarkable mechanical properties, weldability and formability. In the 2000s, micro-alloying elements were added into low carbon steels to further enhance the performance and meet increasing demand. In the present study, the performance of low carbon steels and TWIP steels is enhanced by the addition at least two strong carbide forming elements, appropriate heat treatment and microstructure control. The effects of Nb accompanied with other strong carbide forming elements in BCC and FCC matrix are investigated through microstructural observations with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and mechanical property tests. The relationships between mechanical properties and microstructure are clearly illustrated in this study. Chapter 4 presents an efficient and accurate method for microstructural quantification of complex phases in a low carbon Nb-Mo bearing steel. Optical micrographs showed that this steel consisted of granular bainite with a small amount of ferrite and degenerated pearlite. In our previous work, we proposed a method to measure the misorientation angles via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) so as to differentiate granular bainite and ferrite. That method is accurate for phase quantification but laborious for the characterization process. To resolve this difficulty, in this study, EBSD was used in combination with a kernel average misorientation (KAM) map for phase characterization. Comparisons were made among KAM maps with different kernel sizes (300 to 600 nm) and various step sizes (100 to 600 nm). It is found that a kernel size close to the sub-structure size of granular bainite (500 nm) is optimal for phase identification, while varied step sizes produce relatively invariant results. Therefore, KAM maps can be used for fast and reliable phase quantification, provided that an appropriate kernel size and a large step size are used. Chapter 5 describes an investigation of the effects of tempering at three high temperatures (660, 680 and 700 ºC) for different holding times (5 min to 16 h) on the secondary hardening in Nb-bearing and Nb-Mo-bearing bainitic steel strips. It is found that with 0.3 wt.% Mo addition in Nb-Mo-bearing bainitic steel strip, the peak hardening occurs with a significant increment in hardness (up to 40 Hv) after approximately 10 min of tempering at all temperatures (660, 680 and 700 ºC). In contrast, for the Nb-bearing steel strip, the corresponding increment in hardness is small (about 15 Hv). Investigations of the microstructural evolutions of Nb-bearing and Nb-Mo-bearing steel strips during tempering at 700 ºC are also presented. It is found that during tempering, bainitic ferrite platelets in Nb-Mo-bearing steel strips remain much more stable and have a higher dislocation density than those in Nb-bearing steel strips. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy provides strong evidence that the Mo addition has significant effects on suppressing the annihilation rate of dislocations and retarding the coarsening rate of nanometer-size carbide particles at higher temperatures, leading to a remarkable resistance to softening after secondary hardening. In chapter 6, the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel subjected to high temperature aging are elucidated. The yield stress and ultimate tensile stress of 18Mn-0.4C TWIP steel respectively increase by 46 MPa and 146 MPa after 700 ºC aging. Microstructural characterizations conducted to clarify the increments in strength are also presented. The as-received TWIP steel contained dense and homogeneously distributed dislocations, which, after aging, rearranged themselves into a lath-like sub-structure without obvious annihilation. In addition, the number density of precipitates was higher in the aging than in the as-received TWIP steel sheet. Ductile fracture surfaces were found both in the aging and as-received TWIP steel, and the deformation structures were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. In the as-received TWIP steel, austenite grains were dominated by single-variant primary mechanical twins, and few secondary twins were found. On the other hand, in the aging TWIP steels, a high amount of multiple-variant nano-sized mechanical twins with some strain-induced α’ martensite in the intersections was found. It is appropriate to conclude that after aging, the presence of a high amount of precipitates retards the formation of deformation twins, causing premature saturation of single-variant mechanical twins. Therefore, more secondary mechanical twins are activated, and they in turn interact with the primary twins as strain increases, inducing α’ martensite formation in the intersection. This phenomenon increases the strain hardening rate at a late stage (εe = 0.41) and thus the ultimate tensile stress in the aging TWIP steel.

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50

Yin-HsiangMao and 毛胤翔. "Titanium Addition of Niobium Nitride Single and Multilayer Coating on Wear Property, Corrosion Resistance and Applications on High Speed Drills after Acetylene Introduction." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2vvdbb.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
107
This study was composed of three stages. In first stage, NbNxA coatings were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering. In second stage, NbTi-NX and NbN/TiNxmin coatings were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering. In third stage, acetylene was introduced to prepare NbTi-NX-CH coating. Considering wear property and corrosion resistance, NbTi-N12-CH coating was the optimal parameter for preparation in this research. Applied the NbTi-N12-CH coating to a high-speed drill and tested it by drilling 2000, 4000, and 6000 holes. The results revealed that applying this coating to the drill could increase its drill life to 4000 holes, which is two times longer than that of an uncoated drill.

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