Статті в журналах: "High Mobility Environments"

1

Chapin, Caitlin A., Ruth A. Miller, Karen M. Dowling, Ruiqi Chen, and Debbie G. Senesky. "InAlN/GaN high electron mobility micro-pressure sensors for high-temperature environments." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 263 (August 2017): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.06.009.

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2

Saito, Tomoyuki, Amnart Boonkajay, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Improved adaptive STBC-TD in low-to-high mobility environments." IEICE Communications Express 8, no. 5 (2019): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.2019xbl0006.

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3

Jia, Lile, Chun Hui Lim, Ismaharif Ismail, and Yia Chin Tan. "Stunted upward mobility in a learning environment reduces the academic benefits of growth mindsets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 1, 2021): e2011832118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011832118.

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Does stunted upward mobility in an educational system impede beneficial psychological processes of learning? We predicted that growth mindsets of intelligence, a well-established psychological stimulant to learning, would be less potent in low-mobility, as compared to high-mobility, learning environments. An analysis of a large cross-national dataset and a longitudinal experiment accumulated converging evidence for this hypothesis. Study 1 examined data from 15-y-old students across 30 countries (n = 235,141 persons). Replicating past findings, growth mindsets positively predicted students’ math, science, and reading literacy. More importantly, the country-level indicator of educational mobility (i.e., the percentage of children from low-education households to graduate from tertiary education) moderated the effect of growth mindsets. Depending on the subject, the gain in predicted academic performance from a one-unit increase in growth mindsets was reduced by 42 to 45% from a high-mobility to a low-mobility country. Results were robust with or without important covariates. Study 2 experimentally manipulated people’s perception of mobility in a carefully constructed learning environment. The moderating role of educational mobility was replicated and extended to learning behavior, which subsequently predicted performance. Evidence further suggests that in high-mobility environments, both advantaged and disadvantaged learners benefited from growth mindsets, albeit likely through diverging mechanisms; when the effect of growth mindsets was attenuated in low-mobility environments, the potential for the disadvantaged to overcome the performance gap was also limited. Implications for galvanizing the upward mobility of the disadvantaged, evaluating the effectiveness of mindset interventions, and conceptualizing social mobility from a psychological perspective are discussed.

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Kuroki, Shinichiro, Hirofumi Nagatsuma, Milantha de Silva, Seiji Ishikawa, Tomonori Maeda, Hiroshi Sezaki, Takamaro Kikkawa, et al. "Characterization of 4H-SiC nMOSFETs in Harsh Environments, High-Temperature and High Gamma-Ray Radiation." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.864.

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Characteristics of 4H-SiC nMOSFETs with arsenic-doped S/D and NbNi silicide contacts in harsh environments of high-temperature up to 450°C, and high gamma-ray radiation up to over 100 Mrad, were investigated. At high temperature, field effect mobility increased as proportional to T3/2, and threshold voltage was shifted with temperature coefficients of -4.3 mV/K and -2.6 mV/K for oxide thicknesses of 10 nm and 20 nm, respectively. After Co60 gamma-ray exposure of 113 Mrad, the field effect mobility was varied within 8% for oxide thickness of 10 nm, however for 20 nm oxide thickness, this variation was 26%. The threshold voltage shifts were within 6%.

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5

Shpektorenko, Igor Valentinovich, and Lysenko Olena Oleksiivna. "Socio-Cultural Mobility as a Condition for Professional Activation of Staff." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/802ecr24c.

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We have identified the basic types of human mobility: social, professional, academic and some mixed types: socio-professional, professional-academic, socio-cultural, etc. Carryed out a comparative, comprehensive analysis, applying the method of sequential comparison of different interpretations of the concept of "socio-cultural mobility" with the use of systematic analysis, we substantiated the basic meaning of this concept: quality inherent in human (individual) which indicate a high level of social and cultural competence, social and general culture of the individual; the process of individual and group mobility of people in different socio-cultural environments (including professional environments in which a person operates), the process of realization of personal qualities, especially those that determine their ability to master social and cultural values and norms of a particular environment; achieved (or determined) result of activity, mobility in different socio-cultural environments (realized the potential of this type of human mobility for a certain period); criterion for evaluating activities in different socio-cultural environments, effectiveness, productivity, efficiency of the specified socio-cultural activities of man.

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6

Tai Suk Kim, Jae Kyun Kwon, and Dan Keun Sung. "Mobility modeling and traffic analysis in three-dimensional high-rise building environments." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2000): 1633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.892547.

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7

Moyano, Amparo, Carlos Tejero-Beteta, and Santos Sánchez-Cambronero. "Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and High-Speed Rail Operators: Do Not Let the Train Pass!" Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 8474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118474.

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Rail operators are developing their own Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) applications for mobility management, integrating all the transport links for door-to-door intermodal journeys. In this context, this paper analyses the main challenges railway operators face when implementing their new MaaS applications on a national scale, analysing and evaluating the factors influencing the successful implementation of MaaS in cities with high-speed rail services. These factors are related directly to the adaptation of MaaS services to different geographies, from large metropolitan areas to small cities located in rural environments. The differences among all the HSR cities in Spain are related to both socioeconomic and transport systems’ variables. Smaller cities are generally in a more rural/suburban environment, with higher percentages of aged and illiterate inhabitants, who are much more vulnerable to the digital divide. In addition, these areas present very few and/or inefficient public transport options, and practically non-existent shared mobility services, largely limiting the possibility of competing for private car mobility. Our paper’s analysis of all these factors fills a gap in the literature and opens the debate about different approaches and transport policies that rail operators could adopt when entering the MaaS environment.

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8

Chen, Edith, Gene H. Brody, and Gregory E. Miller. "What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?" Annual Review of Psychology 73, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814.

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Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health.

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9

Duchowny, Kate, Philippa Clarke, Nancy Ambrose Gallagher, Robert Adams, Andrea L. Rosso, and Neil B. Alexander. "Using Mobile, Wearable, Technology to Understand the Role of Built Environment Demand for Outdoor Mobility." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517749256.

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Walking outdoors requires navigating a complex environment. However, no studies have evaluated how environmental barriers affect outdoor mobility in real time. We assessed the impact of the built environment on outdoor mobility, using mobile, wearable inertial measurement units. Data come from a convenience sample of 23 community-dwelling adults in Southeast Michigan. Participants walked a defined outdoor route where gait metrics were captured over a real-world urban environment with varying challenges. Street segments were classified as high versus low environmental demand using the Senior Walking Environmental Assessment Tool. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 74 years (mean age of 47 years). Outdoor gait speed was 0.3 m/s slower, and gait variability almost doubled, over the high- versus low-demand environments (coefficient of variability = 10.6% vs. 5.6%, respectively). This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable motion sensors to gather real-time mobility data in response to outdoor environmental demand. Findings contribute to the understanding of outdoor mobility by quantifying how real-world environmental challenges influence mobility in real time.

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10

Gilly, Katja, Sonja Filiposka, and Salvador Alcaraz. "Predictive Migration Performance in Vehicular Edge Computing Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030944.

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Advanced learning algorithms for autonomous driving require lots of processing and storage power, which puts a strain on vehicles’ computing resources. Using a combination of 5G network connectivity with ultra-high bandwidth and low latency together with extra computing power located at the edge of the network can help extend the capabilities of vehicular networks. However, due to the high mobility, it is essential that the offloaded services are migrated so that they are always in close proximity to the requester. Using proactive migration techniques ensures minimum latency for high service quality. However, predicting the next edge server to migrate comes with an error that can have deteriorating effects on the latency. In this paper, we examine the influence of mobility prediction errors on edge service migration performances in terms of latency penalty using a large-scale urban vehicular simulation. Our results show that the average service delay increases almost linearly with the migration prediction error, with 20% error yielding almost double service latency.

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11

Lakki, N., Jawad Oubaha, A. Ouacha, A. Habbani, and J. El Abbadi. "The Effect of the Multi-Objective Dynamic Metric on the QoS and the Energy in Networks Manets." International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES) 7, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v7i2.10439.

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<p>The first aim of this article is to find a Intelligent parameter which is based on mobility and Clustering. This metric will be integrate in the selection process of MPRs to improve QoS in Manets networks. The unpredictable mobility and the large quantity of generated traffic by each node interface make communication in network increasingly difficult to manage. Thus, routing protocols need to be adapted to such conditions. In order to make OLSR protocol more robust, piercing and more adaptable to the conditions dictated by the environment of each node, this work proposes a polymorphic metric that changes depending on the network behavior. This metric aims to make the OLSR protocol best suited to each zone. The second objective of this article is to know the behavior of the new OLSR protocol version (SPEED OLSR) in environments with high mobility (pause time = 0).</p><p>To know the effectivity of the speed of the parameters have several criteria. Many simulations would be undergone by NS2 to test and prove the validity of this new metric in environments with high mobility and quantity of traffic</p>

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12

Setera, Brett, and Aristos Christou. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) The Challenges of Overcoming Defects in GaN Hemts for Operation in Extreme Environments." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 37 (October 9, 2022): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02371362mtgabs.

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GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are known to contain a high density of crystal defects. The material properties of GaN such as high breakdown voltage, carrier mobility, critical electric field strength, and higher thermal conductivity than Si, make it an ideal candidate material for use in power switches in extreme environments. In high power environments (>1.5kV), vertical GaN device geometry is emerging as an effective technique to improve performance, but the more mature lateral GaN HEMT technology is being consistently improved upon to increase breakdown voltage and overall performance in the high-power regime. In high temperature environments, GaNs wide bandgap helps in preventing unwanted thermal generation of carriers, but devices also experience increased gate-leakage current and ohmic contact resistance degradation at high temperatures. The role of defects in these limiting factors of GaN HEMT performance in extreme high power and high temperature environments is reviewed.

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13

OKUYAMA, Tatsuki, Nobuhide NONAKA, Satoshi SUYAMA, Yukihiko OKUMURA, and Takahiro ASAI. "Base Station Cooperation Technologies Using 28GHz-Band Digital Beamforming in High-Mobility Environments." IEICE Transactions on Communications E104.B, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2020fgp0013.

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14

WANG, Z. "A Channel Estimation Scheme for MIMO-MC-CDMA Downlink in High Mobility Environments." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.3.1282.

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15

Harding, David J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Claire W. Herbert. "Home Is Hard to Find." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213477070.

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Poor urban communities experience high rates of incarceration and prisoner reentry. This article examines where former prisoners live after prison, focusing on returns to pre-prison social environments, residential mobility, and the role of intermediate sanctions—punishments for parole violations that are less severe than returning to prison—on where former prisoners live. Drawing on a unique dataset that uses administrative records to follow a cohort of Michigan parolees released in 2003 over time, we examine returns to pre-prison environments, both immediately after prison and in the months and years after release. We then investigate the role of intermediate sanctions in residential mobility among parolees. Our results show low rates of return to former neighborhoods and high rates of residential mobility after prison, a significant portion of which is driven by intermediate sanctions resulting from criminal justice system supervision. These results suggest that, through parole supervision, the criminal justice system generates significant residential mobility.

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16

Zeng, Rong, Tianjing Liu, XuTao Yu, and Zaichen Zhang. "Novel Channel Quality Indicator Prediction Scheme for Adaptive Modulation and Coding in High Mobility Environments." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 11543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2892228.

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17

Jang, Hee-Seon, and Jang-Hyun Baek. "Mobility Management Scheme with Mobility Prediction in Wireless Communication Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031252.

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Many registration schemes have been proposed to reduce the signaling cost required for user’s mobility management in wireless communication networks. Various results on mobility management schemes to minimize the total signaling cost have been reported. The objective of this study was to analyze a registration scheme that could deal with mobility prediction and corresponding flexible tracking area list (TAL) forming. In this scheme, based on mobility prediction and corresponding TAL forms, a new TAL was constructed such that the registration cost could be minimized. In addition, a semi-Markov process model was newly presented for the registration scheme considering mobility prediction and corresponding flexible TAL forming for two different environments: urban and rural. Simulation studies were also performed to validate the accuracy of the semi-Markov process model. Numerical results showed that analytical and simulation results were very close (average relative error of 1.4%). The registration cost decreased as the moving probability (q) to the predicted direction increased. The performance of the proposed scheme was superior to distance-based registration (DBR) or TAL-based scheme especially when q was high. When call-to-mobility ratio was less than or equal to 1 corresponding to current small cell configurations, the proposed scheme outperformed the DBR or TAL-based scheme.

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18

Ye, Hansheng, Mikhail Gaevski, Grigory Simin, Asif Khan, and Patrick Fay. "Electron mobility and velocity in Al_0.45Ga_0.55N-channel ultra-wide bandgap HEMTs at high temperatures for RF power applications." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 10 (March 7, 2022): 103505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084022.

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Ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN has attracted recent attention as a promising channel material for next-generation high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) for RF power due to its high critical field, excellent transport properties, and potential for operation in extreme environments. However, the effects of temperature on the transport properties are not fully understood. Here, Al0.62Ga0.38N/Al0.45Ga0.55N HEMTs have been fabricated and characterized up to 150 °C at DC and RF to evaluate the effect of temperature on electron mobility and carrier velocity. Measured results indicate that both mobility and carrier velocity exhibit modest dependence on temperature, suggesting that AlGaN channel HEMTs are promising for future RF power applications.

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19

Hua, Chen, Runxin Niu, Biao Yu, Xiaokun Zheng, Rengui Bai, and Song Zhang. "A Global Path Planning Method for Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Off-Road Environments Based on Mobility Prediction." Machines 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10050375.

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In a complex off-road environment, due to the low bearing capacity of the soil and the uneven features of the terrain, generating a safe and effective global route for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) is critical for the success of their motion and mission. Most traditional global path planning methods simply take the shortest path length as the optimization objective, which makes it difficult to plan a feasible and safe route in complex off-road environments. To address this problem, this research proposes a global path planning method, which considers the influence of terrain factors and soil mechanics on UGV mobility. First, we established a high-resolution 3D terrain model with remote sensing elevation terrain data, land use and soil type distribution data, based on a geostatistical method. Second, we analyzed the vehicle mobility by the terramechanical method (i.e., vehicle cone index and Bakker’s theory), and then calculated the mobility cost based on a fuzzy inference method. Finally, based on the calculated mobility cost, the probabilistic roadmap method was used to establish the connected matrix and the multi-dimensional traffic cost evaluation matrix among the sampling nodes, and then an improved A* algorithm was proposed to generate the global route.

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20

Xiong, Yongliang, and Yifeng Wang. "Uranyl oxalate species in high ionic strength environments: stability constants for aqueous and solid uranyl oxalate complexes." Radiochimica Acta 109, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2020-0083.

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Abstract Uranyl ion, UO2 2+, and its aqueous complexes with organic and inorganic ligands can be the dominant species for uranium transport on the Earth surface or in a nuclear waste disposal system if an oxidizing condition is present. As an important biodegradation product, oxalate, C2O4 2−, is ubiquitous in natural environments and is known for its ability to complex with the uranyl ion. Oxalate can also form solid phases with uranyl ion in certain environments thus limiting uranium migration. Therefore, the determination of stability constants for aqueous and solid uranyl oxalate complexes is important not only to the understanding of uranium mobility in natural environments, but also to the performance assessment of nuclear waste disposal. Here we developed a thermodynamic model for the UO2 2+–Na+–H+–Cl––ClO4 ––C2O4 2––NO3 ––H2O system to ionic strength up to ∼11 mol•kg−1. We constrained the stability constants for UO2C2O4(aq) and UO2(C2O4)2 2− at infinite dilution based on our evaluation of the literature data over a wide range of ionic strengths up to ∼11 mol•kg−1. We also obtained the solubility constants at infinite dilution for solid uranyl oxalates, UO2C2O4•3H2O, based on the solubility data over a wide range of ionic strengths. The developed model will enable for the accurate stability assessment of oxalate complexes affecting uranium mobility under a wide range of conditions including those in deep geological repositories.

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21

Okuyama, Tatsuki, Satoshi Suyama, Nobuhide Nonaka, and Takahiro Asai. "Improving Communication Performance in High-mobility Environments by Millimeter-wave Base Station Cooperation for 5G evolution." NTT Technical Review 19, no. 11 (November 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53829/ntr202111fa4.

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22

Ho, Yao H., Ai H. Ho, and Kien A. Hua. "Routing protocols for inter-vehicular networks: A comparative study in high-mobility and large obstacles environments." Computer Communications 31, no. 12 (July 2008): 2767–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.11.001.

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23

Pepey, Anaïs, Thomas Obadia, Saorin Kim, Siv Sovannaroth, Ivo Mueller, Benoit Witkowski, Amélie Vantaux, and Marc Souris. "Mobility evaluation by GPS tracking in a rural, low-income population in Cambodia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): e0266460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266460.

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is an effective tool for quantifying individuals’ mobility patterns and can be used to understand their influence on infectious disease transmission. In Cambodia, mobility measurements have been limited to questionnaires, which are of limited efficacy in rural environments. In this study, we used GPS tracking to measure the daily mobility of Cambodian forest goers, a population at high risk of malaria, and developed a workflow adapted to local constraints to produce an optimal dataset representative of the participants’ mobility. We provide a detailed assessment of the GPS tracking and analysis of the data, and highlight the associated difficulties to facilitate the implementation of similar studies in the future.

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24

Naser, Marwa T., and Ali H. Wheeb. "Implementation of RWP and Gauss Markov Mobility Model for Multi-UAV Networks in Search and Rescue Environment." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 23 (December 8, 2022): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i23.35559.

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Future generations of wireless networks are expected to heavily rely on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAV networks have extraordinary features like high mobility, frequent topology change, tolerance to link failure, and extending the coverage area by adding external UAVs. UAV network provides several advantages for civilian, commercial, search and rescue applications. A realistic mobility model must be used to assess the dependability and effectiveness of UAV protocols and algorithms. In this research paper, the performance of the Gauss Markov (GM) and Random Waypoint (RWP) mobility models in multi-UAV networks for a search and rescue scenario is analyzed and evaluated. Additionally, the two mobility models GM and RWP are described in depth, together with the movement patterns they are related with. Furthermore, two-simulation scenarios conduct with help of an NS-3 simulator. The first scenario investigates the effect of UAV Speed by varying it from 10 to 50 m/s. the second scenario investigates the effect of the size of the transmitting packet by varying it from 64 to 1024 bytes. The performance of GM and RWP was compared based on packet delivery ratio (PDR), goodput, and latency metrics. Results indicate that the GM model provides the highest PDR and lowest latency in such high mobility environments.

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Park, Hyebin, and Yujin Lim. "Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Resource Allocation with Radio Remote Head Grouping and Vehicle Clustering in 5G Vehicular Networks." Electronics 10, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 3015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233015.

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With increasing data traffic requirements in vehicular networks, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication has become imperative in improving road safety to guarantee reliable and low latency services. However, V2X communication is highly affected by interference when changing channel states in a high mobility environment in vehicular networks. For optimal interference management in high mobility environments, it is necessary to apply deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to allocate communication resources. In addition, to improve system capacity and reduce system energy consumption from the traffic overheads of periodic messages, a vehicle clustering technique is required. In this paper, a DRL based resource allocation method is proposed with remote radio head grouping and vehicle clustering to maximize system energy efficiency while considering quality of service and reliability. The proposed algorithm is compared with three existing algorithms in terms of performance through simulations, in each case outperforming the existing algorithms in terms of average signal to interference noise ratio, achievable data rate, and system energy efficiency.

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Ong, Hean-Loong, and Essam Natsheh. "Effect of Nodes Mobility on Density-Based Probabilistic Routing Algorithm in Ad-hoc Networks." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 2, no. 1 (January 2012): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2012010103.

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Density-based probabilistic routing algorithm (AODV–Probabilistic) has been introduced for mobile ad hoc networks. Under ideal settings, it has been proven to provide drastic performance improvement over AODV and OLSR routing protocols. In this paper, the authors study the effect of inaccurate location information caused by node mobility under a rich set of scenarios. They identify three different environments: a high density, a variable density and a sparse density. Simulation results show noticeable improvement under the three environments. Under the settings the authors examine, their proposed algorithm achieve up to 22% longer links lifetime than AODV and 45 percent longer links lifetime than OLSR at the three environments, on average, without incurring any additional routing overheads or intense computation.

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Balakhanov, M. V., D. M. Balakhanov, and D. I. Belenkii. "The problems associated with monitoring of main parameters of working areas and technological environments in high technology industry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2192, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2192/1/012035.

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Abstract Today, the matters of ensuring the safety of human life in a polluted environment, quality control of agricultural raw materials, food and the parameters of various environments is becoming increasingly urgent, especially in connection with the development of nanotechnology and nanoindustry. Therefore, high-precision measurements of aerosol parameters and the metrology of air weights are directly connected with the global problem of monitoring the safety of the use of nanotechnology. Since it’s been created the Russian State Primary Standard - GET 163 was modified two times to support the demanded measurement accuracy in this area in Russia. The standard has reproduced, maintained and transferred values of units of particle size, number particle concentration, mass concentration of aerosol particles, and, since 2020, units of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of particles in liquid media

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Fries, David, Geran Barton, Gary Hendricks, Brian Gregson, and Liesl Hotaling. "Rigid and Flex PCB Based Microsystems for Mobility, Systems Development and Harsh Environments." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 001054–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-tp33.

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The exploration of PCBMEMS as a path towards systems development continues. PCBMEMS technology based on rigid-flexible laminates is desirable for miniaturization and integration of systems for mobility and harsh environment deployments. The technology provides substantial flexibility in systems design and integration of multiple functions into limited spaces. Using this design and construction approach allows lightweight, complex, and space efficient systems. Flex microsystems based on structurable, non-fiber filled laminates permits miniaturization to occur at two levels: at the micro scale with the embedding of microstructures in the substrate, and at the macro scale with the ability to flex the system across millimeter to centimeter lengths of real everyday systems. Examples will be given where the technology is being applied toward several different systems including mobile chemical analyzers, heat and mass transfer devices, portable therapeutics, augmented mobile phone systems, and high density microfluidics-based robotics.

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Jánoš, Rudolf, Lucia Koukolová, and Peter Tuleja. "Design of Service Robot for Rescue Operations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 282 (January 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.282.123.

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Rescue service robots find their application mainly in high-risk environments and situations such as fires, floods, earthquakes, rescue of humans, or in different kinds of geographic and operational disaster. Rescue service robots in the area are considered as expensive experiment. Among the most important requirements of a service robot is the mobility in heterogeneous environments. This paper describes the method of design and simulation of leg-wheel chassis for service robot.

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Charrada, Anis, and Abdelaziz Samet. "Joint interpolation for LTE downlink channel estimation in very high-mobility environments with support vector machine regression." IET Communications 10, no. 17 (November 24, 2016): 2435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2016.0132.

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Bessette-Kirton, Erin K., Jeffrey A. Coe, William H. Schulz, Corina Cerovski-Darriau, and Mason M. Einbund. "Mobility characteristics of debris slides and flows triggered by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico." Landslides 17, no. 12 (June 30, 2020): 2795–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01445-z.

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Abstract Mobility is an important element of landslide hazard and risk assessments yet has been seldom studied for shallow landslides and debris flows in tropical environments. In September 2017, Hurricane Maria triggered > 70,000 landslides across Puerto Rico. Using aerial imagery and a lidar digital elevation model (DEM), we mapped and characterized the mobility of debris slides and flows in four different geologic materials: (1) mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone; (2) submarine basalt and chert; (3) marine volcaniclastics; and (4) granodiorite. We used the ratio of landslide-fall height (H) to travel length (L), H/L, to assess the mobility of landslides in each material. Additionally, we differentiated between landslides with single and multiple source areas and landslides that either did or did not enter drainages. Overall, extreme rainfall contributed to the mobility of landslides during Hurricane Maria, and our results showed that the mobility of debris slides and flows in Puerto Rico increased linearly as a function of the number of source areas that coalesced. Additionally, landslides that entered drainages were more mobile than those that did not. We found that landslides in soils developed on marine volcaniclastics were the most mobile and landslides in soils on submarine basalt and chert were the least mobile. While landslides were generally small (< 100 m2) and displayed a wide range of H/L values (0.1–2), coalescence increased the mobility of landslides that transitioned to debris flows. The high but variable mobility of landslides that occurred during Hurricane Maria and the associated hazards highlight the importance of characterizing and understanding the factors influencing landslide mobility in Puerto Rico and other tropical environments.

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Lukens, Wayne W., and Sarah A. Saslow. "Facile incorporation of technetium into magnetite, magnesioferrite, and hematite by formation of ferrous nitrate in situ: precursors to iron oxide nuclear waste forms." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 30 (2018): 10229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt01356j.

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The fission product, ⁹⁹Tc, presents significant challenges to the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and to the environmental mobility of pertechnetate (TcO₄⁻), the stable Tc species in aerobic environments.

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Altun, Arinc Tutku, Mehmet Hasanzade, Emre Saldiran, Guney Guner, Mevlut Uzun, Rodolphe Fremond, Yiwen Tang, et al. "AMU-LED Cranfield Flight Trials for Demonstrating the Advanced Air Mobility Concept." Aerospace 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10090775.

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Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is a concept that is expected to transform the current air transportation system and provide more flexibility, agility, and accessibility by extending the operations to urban environments. This study focuses on flight test, integration, and analysis considerations for the feasibility of the future AAM concept and showcases the outputs of the Air Mobility Urban-Large Experimental Demonstration (AMU-LED) project demonstrations at Cranfield University. The purpose of the Cranfield demonstrations is to explore the integrated decentralized architecture of the AAM concept with layered airspace structure through various use cases within a co-simulation environment consisting of real and simulated standard-performing vehicle (SPV) and high-performing vehicle (HPV) flights, manned, and general aviation flights. Throughout the real and simulated flights, advanced U-space services are demonstrated and contingency management activities, including emergency operations and landing, are tested within the developed co-simulation environment. Moreover, flight tests are verified and validated through key performance indicator analysis, along with a social acceptance study. Future recommendations on relevant industrial and regulative activities are provided.

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Wang, Ningxin, Zijun Ye, Liping Huang, Chushu Zhang, Yunxue Guo, and Wei Zhang. "Arsenic Occurrence and Cycling in the Aquatic Environment: A Comparison between Freshwater and Seawater." Water 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010147.

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Owing to the toxicity and adverse effects of arsenic on human health, its levels in aquatic environments are among the most serious threats to humans globally. To improve our understanding of its occurrence and cycling in aquatic environments, herein we review the concentration, speciation, and distribution of arsenic in freshwater, seawater, and sediments. Many natural processes, such as rock weathering and geothermal activities, contribute to the background arsenic concentrations in the natural environment, whereas metal mining and smelting are anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the water. The high solubility and mobility of arsenic in aquatic environments affects its global cycling. Furthermore, the biological processes in the aquatic environment are discussed, especially the possible microbe-mediated reactions of arsenic in sediments. In addition, various environmental factors, such as redox conditions, pH, and salinity, which influence the transformation of arsenic species, are summarized. Finally, the differences between freshwater and seawater with reference to the concentration as well as speciation and distribution patterns of arsenic are addressed. This review provides deep insights into arsenic occurrence and cycling between freshwater and seawater aquatic environments, which can more accurately distinguish the risks of arsenic in different water environments, and provides theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of arsenic risks.

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Bruzzone, Luca, and Pietro Fanghella. "Mantis: hybrid leg-wheel ground mobile robot." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 41, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-02-2013-330.

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Purpose – The aim of the research is the development of a small-scale ground mobile robot for surveillance and inspection; the main design goals are mobility in indoor environments with step climbing ability, pivoting around a vertical axis and without oscillations for stable vision, mobility in unstructured environments, low mechanical and control complexity. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed hybrid leg-wheel robot is characterized by a main body equipped with two actuated wheels and two praying Mantis rotating legs; a rear frame with two idle wheels is connected to the main body by a vertical revolute joint for steering; a second revolute joint allows the rear axle to roll. The geometrical synthesis of the robot has been performed using a nondimensional approach for generality's sake. Findings – The experimental campaign on the first prototype confirms the fulfilment of the design objectives; the robot can efficiently walk in unstructured environments realizing a mixed wheeled-legged locomotion. Practical implications – Thanks to the operative flexibility of Mantis in indoor and outdoor environments, the range of potential applications is wide: surveillance, inspection, monitoring of dangerous locations, intervention in case of terroristic attacks, military tasks. Originality/value – Different from other robots of similar size, Mantis combines high speed and energetic efficiency, stable vision, capability of climbing over high steps, obstacles and unevenness.

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Manduca, Robert, and Robert J. Sampson. "Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 1, 2019): 7772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820464116.

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We use data on intergenerational social mobility by neighborhood to examine how social and physical environments beyond concentrated poverty predict children’s long-term well-being. First, we examine neighborhoods that are harsh on children’s development: those characterized by high levels of violence, incarceration, and lead exposure. Second, we examine potential supportive or offsetting mechanisms that promote children’s development, such as informal social control, cohesion among neighbors, and organizational participation. Census tract mobility estimates from linked income tax and Census records are merged with surveys and administrative records in Chicago. We find that exposure to neighborhood violence, incarceration, and lead combine to independently predict poor black boys’ later incarceration as adults and lower income rank relative to their parents, and poor black girls’ teenage motherhood. Features of neighborhood social organization matter less, but are selectively important. Results for poor whites also show that toxic environments independently predict lower social mobility, as do features of social organization, to a lesser extent. Overall, our measures contribute a 76% relative increase in explained variance for black male incarceration beyond that of concentrated poverty and other standard characteristics, an 18% increase for black male income rank (70% for whites), and a 17% increase for teenage motherhood of black girls (40% for whites).

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Huertas, J. A., and E. Ochaita. "The Extemalization of Spatial Representation by Blind Persons." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 86, no. 9 (November 1992): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9208600906.

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This article compares two procedures for the externalization of spatial representation. Blind children and adolescents had to learn two unknown environments and to externalize the spatial representation by building a model and estimating distances. High correlations were found between the two externalization methods and between those methods and two systems of measuring mobility.

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Lo, Chien-Fong, Lu Liu, Byung-Hwan Chu, Fan Ren, Stephen J. Pearton, Sylvain Doré, Chien-Hsing Hsu, Jihyun Kim, Amir M. Dabiran, and Peter P. Chow. "Carbon monoxide detection sensitivity of ZnO nanorod-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors in different temperature environments." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 30, no. 1 (January 2012): 010606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3672010.

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Cai, Honghao, Yali Jin, and Xiaohong Cui. "Feasibility of Ultrafast High-Resolution Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Molecular-Mobility-Restricted Samples in Deuterium-Free Environments." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 65, no. 6 (March 1, 2018): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201700430.

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Isaacson, Michal, Ashwin Tripathi, Tannistha Samanta, Lisa D’Ambrosio, and Joseph Coughlin. "Giving Voice to the Environment as the Silent Partner in Aging: Examining the Moderating Roles of Gender and Family Structure in Older Adult Wellbeing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124373.

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Gerontological scholarship has long seen the environment to be a silent partner in aging. Environmental Gerontology, an established approach in Social Gerontology, has shown how the everyday lives of older adults are deeply entangled in socio-spatial environments. Adopting an Environmental Gerontology approach, we explore social and cultural dimensions of the association between out-of-home mobility and wellbeing among older adults in a north western city of India. This was established by combining high resolution time-space data collected using GPS receivers, questionnaire data and time diaries. Following a multi-staged analytical strategy, we first examine the correlation between out-of-home mobility and wellbeing using bivariate correlation. Second, we introduce gender and family structure into regression models as moderating variables to improve the models’ explanatory power. Finally, we use our results to reinterpret the Ecological Press Model of Aging to include familial structure as a factor that moderates environmental stress. Findings emphasize the central role that social constructs play in the long-established relationship between the environment and the wellbeing of older adults.

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Torres Neto, José R., Geraldo P. Rocha Filho, Leandro Y. Mano, Leandro A. Villas, and Jó Ueyama. "Exploiting Offloading in IoT-Based Microfog: Experiments with Face Recognition and Fall Detection." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (May 5, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2786837.

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The growth in many countries of the population in need of healthcare and with reduced mobility in many countries shows the demand for the development of assistive technologies to cater for this public, especially when they require home treatment after being discharged from the hospital. To this end, interactive applications on mobile devices are often integrated into intelligent environments. Such environments usually have limited resources, which are not capable of processing great volumes of data and can expend much energy due to devices being in communication to a cloud. Some approaches have tried to minimize these problems by using fog microdatacenter networks to provide high computational capabilities. However, full outsourcing of the data analysis to a microfog can generate a reduced level of accuracy and adaptability. In this work, we propose a healthcare system that uses data offloading to increase performance in an IoT-based microfog, providing resources and improving health monitoring. The main challenge of the proposed system is to provide high data processing with low latency in an environment with limited resources. Therefore, the main contribution of this work is to design an offloading algorithm to ensure resource provision in a microfog and synchronize the complexity of data processing through a healthcare environment architecture. We validated and evaluated the system using two interactive applications of individualized monitoring: (1) recognition of people using images and (2) fall detection using the combination of sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) on a smartwatch and smartphone. Our system improves by 54% and 15% on the processing time of the user recognition and Fall Decision applications, respectively. In addition, it showed promising results, notably (a) high accuracy in identifying individuals, as well as detecting their mobility; and (b) efficiency when implemented in devices with scarce resources.

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Hino, Kimihiro, Ayako Taniguchi, Masamichi Hanazato, and Daisuke Takagi. "Modal Shift from Cars and Promotion of Walking by Providing Pedometers in Yokohama City, Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122144.

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Mobility management is a transportation policy aiming to change travel behavior from car use to sustainable transportation modes while increasing people’s physical activity. Providing pedometers and visualizing step counts, popular interventions in public health practice, may constitute a mobility management program. However, the ease of modal shifts and changeability of walking habits differ across neighborhood environments. Using questionnaire data from 2023 middle-aged and older participants from Yokohama, Japan, in May 2017, this study examined (1) the relationship between the physical and social environments of Yokohama Walking Point Program participants who volunteered to use free pedometers and their modal shifts from cars to walking and public transport, and (2) whether participants’ modal shifts were associated with increases in step counts. Multivariate categorical regression analyses identified the frequency of greetings and conversations with neighbors as well as health motivation as important explanatory variables in both analyses. Participants living in neighborhoods far from railway stations and in neighborhoods with a high bus stop density tended to shift to walking and public transport, a modal shift that was highly associated with increased step counts. These results suggest that mobility management should be promoted in collaboration with public health and city planning professionals.

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Abu Samah, I. H., I. M. Abd Rashid, W. A. F. Wan Husain, A. S. Shamsudin, M. H. Amlus, N. S. A. Rahim, S. N. Ramlan, and A. F. Salleh. "Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire Assessing Women Perception on Malaysian Road Environment (WPRE)." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 5, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i1.148.

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High mobility rate among women has made them more vulnerable in the road environment. Lifestyle changes have urged many women to increase their mobility due to accommodate current demand. Therefore, women are exposed to the risk of accidents as many of them are populated in the road environment. However, most studies and instrumentation on-road environments are universal and not specifically targeting women's perception and anticipation preventing road accidents. Hence, the current study is developing and validating instrumentation of women's perception in Malaysia Road Environment. The sample of this study is 93 women with various age numbers. Out of 7 constructs, 6 were found most reliable and valid with the Cronbach Alpha value > 0.75. The present research provides details of factor analysis results, composite reliability, average variance extract, and reliability analysis which all concluded that the internal consistency of WPRE was not violated. Results reveal items developed are suitable to be adapted in future research with some modification. Finally, this research contributes to developing and validating women’s perception in a road accident which is reliable and valid for measuring WPRE.

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Vasilescu, Gabriel, Robert Laszlo, Attila Kovacs, Ilie Ciprian Jitea, Daniela Rus, Cristian Radeanu, and Claudia Miron. "Determination of threats traceability in the use of explosive materials in different environments." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 12029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929012029.

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The paper presents the results of the theoretical and practical research on the detection and examination of the threat traces taken from samples of explosive substances from experimental attempts on explosive materials in various working environments. The use of I-SCAN LSD high-performance specialized equipment that has been purchased within the project, has enabled the detection and examination of small amounts of low volatility organic substances on the basis of ion mobility spectrometry as a result of explosive testing at different locations at the level of the industrial site within the INSEMEX Polygon and quantifying the degree of contamination of contaminated objects.

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Fachelli, Sandra, Jorge Raúl Jorrat, and Pedro López-Roldán. "Intergenerational class mobility over birth cohorts in Argentina and Spain." Revista Española de Sociología 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): a59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2021.59.

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The focus of this paper is on an initial comparative analysis of intergenerational social (class) mobility over birth cohorts in Argentina and Spain. Our objective is to determine the extent to which these two cases of late industrialized countries share similar features of social mobility. Two central questions guide our work: 1) What have been the changes in absolute mobility rates in Argentina and Spain? 2) What has been the comparative evolution over time of the strength of class association? We are guided by two working hypotheses: 1) Given intergenerational changes in labor movements from rural to urban environments, plus the growth of the service class we expect to find a high degree of absolute mobility in both countries; and 2) following international literature, we expect to find a stable net association –controlling for structural changes– of class origins and destinations across birth cohorts in men, and social fluidity in the case of Spanish women.

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46

Chung, Jane, and Orrin Myers. "USING GPS-BASED WEARABLE SENSORS TO CAPTURE LIFE-SPACE MOBILITY AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1355.

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Abstract Life-space mobility (LSM) is critical to quality of life among older adults. Due to the limitations of current mobility measures, GPS-based sensors are suggested as a potential tool that can collect high-resolution spatial and temporal data on mobility. We aimed to examine the feasibility of using a GPS watch to measure LSM among older adults. Participants were asked to use the device for 8 hours a day for three days. GPS data were analyzed with QGIS and SAS. GIS measures were used to characterize LSM. Participants walked 3.2km/day and moved 67km on average. Nearly all movements at home were < 0.8 m/s, indicating slower gait speed. GPS data suggest that community-dwelling older adults made active trips outside the home, but they were tightly tethered to their residential environments and spent most of their time at home. GPS-based sensors may be particularly beneficial to continuously monitor any changes in elderly mobility.

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Díaz-Vilariño, L., H. Tran, E. Frías, J. Balado, and K. Khoshelham. "3D MAPPING OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS USING APPLE SMART DEVICES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 1, 2022): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-303-2022.

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Abstract. Recent integration of LiDAR into smartphones opens up a whole new world of possibilities for 3D indoor/outdoor mapping. Although these new systems offer an unprecedent opportunity for the democratization in the use of scanning technology, data quality is lower than data captured from high-end LiDAR sensors. This paper is focused on discussing the capability of recent Apple smart devices for applications related with 3D mapping of indoor and outdoor environments. Indoor scenes are evaluated from a reconstruction perspective, and three geometric aspects (local precision, global correctness, and surface coverage) are considered using data captured in two adjacent rooms. Outdoor environments are analysed from a mobility point of view, and elements defining the physical accessibility in building entrances are considered for evaluation.

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Tabattanon, Kamolnat, and Bernard J. Martin. "Manual Wheelchair Movement Performance Differences Between Older Adults with Earlier- and Later-in-Life Incidence." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661175.

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Independent mobility is crucial for healthy aging. Although there are anticipated differences between older adults with earlier-in-life (EL) versus later-in-life (LL) incidence of mobility disability, the degree to which incidence periods impact performance within environments is unknown. While current evaluation methods rely heavily on subjective ratings, historically excluded populations are prone to underrepresent their own challenges. This paper describes an experiment comparing the assumed, perceived, and effective performance of manual wheelchair movement tasks to examine differences between EL and LL groups. Preliminary results found higher muscular exertion in the LL group compared to the EL group for similar movements, particularly in the anterior and posterior deltoid muscles. There was a greater mismatch between the assumed and perceived mental and physical demand for the LL group. For both groups, results suggest poorer mental models for moderate-difficulty tasks compared to high-difficulty tasks, suggesting a need for increased perceptual feedback within moderate-difficulty environments.

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Ghosh, Jyotirmoy, Rabin Rajan J. Methikkalam, Radha Gobinda Bhuin, Gopi Ragupathy, Nilesh Choudhary, Rajnish Kumar, and Thalappil Pradeep. "Clathrate hydrates in interstellar environment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 5 (January 10, 2019): 1526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814293116.

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Clathrate hydrates (CHs) are ubiquitous in earth under high-pressure conditions, but their existence in the interstellar medium (ISM) remains unknown. Here, we report experimental observations of the formation of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates in an environment analogous to ISM. Thermal treatment of solid methane and carbon dioxide–water mixture in ultrahigh vacuum of the order of 10−10 mbar for extended periods led to the formation of CHs at 30 and 10 K, respectively. High molecular mobility and H bonding play important roles in the entrapment of gases in the in situ formed 512 CH cages. This finding implies that CHs can exist in extreme low-pressure environments present in the ISM. These hydrates in ISM, subjected to various chemical processes, may act as sources for relevant prebiotic molecules.

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Khemmar, Redouane, Antoine Mauri, Camille Dulompont, Jayadeep Gajula, Vincent Vauchey, Madjid Haddad, and Rémi Boutteau. "Road and Railway Smart Mobility: A High-definition Ground Truth Hybrid Dataset." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103922.

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A robust visual understanding of complex urban environments using passive optical sensors is an onerous and essential task for autonomous navigation. The problem is heavily characterized by the quality of the available dataset and the number of instances it includes. Regardless of the benchmark results of perception algorithms, a model would only be reliable and capable of enhanced decision making if the dataset covers the exact domain of the end-use case. For this purpose, in order to improve the level of instances in datasets used for the training and validation of Autonomous Vehicles (AV), Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), and autonomous driving, and to reduce the void due to the no-existence of any datasets in the context of railway smart mobility, we introduce our multimodal hybrid dataset called ESRORAD. ESRORAD is comprised of 34 videos, 2.7 k virtual images, and 100 k real images for both road and railway scenes collected in two Normandy towns, Rouen and Le Havre. All the images are annotated with 3D bounding boxes showing at least three different classes of persons, cars, and bicycles. Crucially, our dataset is the first of its kind with uncompromised efforts on being the best in terms of large volume, abundance in annotation, and diversity in scenes. Our escorting study provides an in-depth analysis of the dataset’s characteristics as well as a performance evaluation with various state-of-the-art models trained under other popular datasets, namely, KITTI and NUScenes. Some examples of image annotations and the prediction results of our 3D object detection lightweight algorithms are available in ESRORAD dataset. Finally, the dataset is available online. This repository consists of 52 datasets with their respective annotations performed.

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