Статті в журналах: "High capacity anode"

1

Tzeng, Yonhua, Cheng-Ying Jhan, Yi-Chen Wu, Guan-Yu Chen, Kuo-Ming Chiu, and Stephen Yang-En Guu. "High-ICE and High-Capacity Retention Silicon-Based Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091387.

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Silicon-based anodes are promising to replace graphite-based anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIB). However, the charge–discharge cycling suffers from internal stresses created by large volume changes of silicon, which form silicon-lithium compounds, and excessive consumption of lithium by irreversible formation of lithium-containing compounds. Consumption of lithium by the initial conditioning of the anode, as indicated by low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), and subsequently continuous formation of solid-electrolyte-phase (SEI) on the freshly exposed silicon surface, are among the main issues. A high-performance, silicon-based, high-capacity anode exhibiting 88.8% ICE and the retention of 2 mAh/cm2 areal capacity after 200 discharge–charge cycles at the rate of 1 A/g is reported. The anode is made on a copper foil using a mixture of 70%:10%:20% by weight ratio of silicon flakes of 100 × 800 × 800 nm in size, Super P conductivity enhancement additive, and an equal-weight mixture of CMC and SBR binders. Pyrolysis of fabricated anodes at 700 °C in argon environment for 1 h was applied to convert the binders into a porous graphitic carbon structure that encapsulates individual silicon flakes. The porous anode has a mechanically strong and electrically conductive graphitic carbon structure formed by the pyrolyzed binders, which protect individual silicon flakes from excessive reactions with the electrolyte and help keep small pieces of broken silicon flakes together within the carbon structure. The selection and amount of conductivity enhancement additives are shown to be critical to the achievement of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention after long cycling. The Super P conductivity enhancement additive exhibits a smaller effective surface area where SEI forms compared to KB, and thus leads to the best combination of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention. A silicon-based anode exhibiting high capacity, high ICE, and a long cycling life has been achieved by the facile and promising one-step fabrication process.

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Karki, Peshal, Morteza Sabet, Apparao M. Rao, and Srikanth Pilla. "Carbon Encapsulated Silicon for High-Capacity Durable Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024499mtgabs.

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One of the biggest challenges of the near future is how to meet the increasing energy demand without any adverse environmental impact. Lithium-Ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the promising alternative energy storage systems to replace conventional non-rechargeable batteries. LIBs are becoming one of the most widely used energy storage devices because of their relatively high specific energy density (~300 Wh/kg), excellent stability over a wide temperature range, and lower cost than other battery systems. Intense research is in progress to increase the capacity of anode electrodes for realizing high-energy LIBs. In this context, silicon (Si) has a great potential to replace commercial graphitic anode active materials mainly due to its high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g) and low working potential (0.37 to 0.45 V vs. Li/Li+). To harness and maintain a high capacity from Si-based anodes, we must deal with two main challenges: (i) volume changes of Si (>300%) during charging and discharging, which cause pulverization of the material and loss of electrical contact, and (ii) unstable growth of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which can cause early degradation of performance in Si-anode batteries. To overcome these challenges, different approaches have been taken. This includes developing graphite/Si anodes with limited amounts of Si (<30 wt.%), conformal coating of Si active materials (e.g., CVD carbon coating), etc. However, these challenges still could not be fully overcome. To advance the use of Si materials in LIB anodes, we developed a viable technology to create a hybrid silicon-carbon material, called Si@C, in which a soybean-derived carbon cloud protects Si nanoparticles during the battery operation. We employed soybean oil in a scalable oil-in-water emulsion polymerization technique to produce Si-containing polymeric particles. In this method, we emulsified two immiscible solutions. One contains a homogeneous Si mixture in epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), and another contains a uniform dispersion of ball-milled lignin or soyhull powders in water. Citric acid, a crosslinking agent, was used to help polymerize the ESO and integrate carbon-rich lignin/soyhull with polymerized particles. The final Si@C product was achieved by carbonizing the polymerized solid product at 500 °C (under argon) and ball milling to get a fine powder. Several Si@C hybrid materials containing 20 wt.% to 50 wt.% Si were successfully prepared and utilized for anode preparation. Electrodes were made by coating a slurry of Si@C active material, carbon black, and binder with a mass ratio of 60:20:20 onto an ion-permeable Bucky Paper (BP, a flexible and conductive paper made of carbon nanotubes). Anodes with different binding systems were prepared to determine an appropriate binder for Si@C based batteries. The 2032-type coin cells were assembled for battery testing using 1M LiPF6 in EC:DMC in a volume ratio of 1:1 as the electrolyte, Li chips as the counter electrode, and Celgard 2325 as the separator. The coin cells were cycled at a current rate of 0.1C (420 mA/gSi) over the potential range of 0.01 – 1.0 V at room temperature. Battery results showed that Si@C hybrid materials increased the capacity of Si anodes by a factor of >2. At Si mass loading of 1.0 mg/cm2, implementing our carbon cloud approach led to an increase in the discharge capacity of anodes from 0.5 mAh (corresponding to anode with bare Si) to >1.0 mAh (corresponding to anode with Si@C hybrids). Results from battery cycling at 0.1C demonstrated excellent capacity retention of >95% after 130 cycles for anodes prepared using our Si@C active materials. The Si content of Si@C hybrid particles was also found to be an influential factor in the cycling performance of anodes. Finally, we observed that the use of water-based polyacrylic acid (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binders improve the electrochemical performance of Si@C based anodes. These water-based binders are ideal for preparing Si-based slurries, and the need for using toxic solvents (e.g., NMP) to prepare slurries can be averted. In conclusion, we innovated a viable technology that uses biomass (soybean oil and soyhulls) to enhance Si-based batteries' performance. We demonstrated that our Si@C materials with a carbon cloud protecting the Si nanoparticles are promising active materials to improve the capacity and cycling stability of LIB anodes.

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3

Landi, Brian J., Cory D. Cress, and Ryne P. Raffaelle. "High energy density lithium-ion batteries with carbon nanotube anodes." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0209.

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Recent advancements using carbon nanotube electrodes show the ability for multifunctionality as a lithium-ion storage material and as an electrically conductive support for other high capacity materials like silicon or germanium. Experimental data show that replacement of conventional anode designs, which use graphite composites coated on copper foil, with a freestanding silicon-single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) anode, can increase the usable anode capacity by up to 20 times. In this work, a series of calculations were performed to elucidate the relative improvement in battery energy density for such anodes paired with conventional LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and LiNiCoAlO2 cathodes. Results for theoretical flat plate prismatic batteries comprising freestanding silicon-SWCNT anodes with conventional cathodes show energy densities of 275 Wh/kg and 600 Wh/L to be theoretically achievable; this is a 50% improvement over today's commercial cells.

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4

Zhao, Jie, Hyun-Wook Lee, Jie Sun, Kai Yan, Yayuan Liu, Wei Liu, Zhenda Lu, Dingchang Lin, Guangmin Zhou, and Yi Cui. "Metallurgically lithiated SiOx anode with high capacity and ambient air compatibility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (June 16, 2016): 7408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603810113.

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A common issue plaguing battery anodes is the large consumption of lithium in the initial cycle as a result of the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase followed by gradual loss in subsequent cycles. It presents a need for prelithiation to compensate for the loss. However, anode prelithiation faces the challenge of high chemical reactivity because of the low anode potential. Previous efforts have produced prelithiated Si nanoparticles with dry air stability, which cannot be stabilized under ambient air. Here, we developed a one-pot metallurgical process to synthesize LixSi/Li2O composites by using low-cost SiO or SiO2 as the starting material. The resulting composites consist of homogeneously dispersed LixSi nanodomains embedded in a highly crystalline Li2O matrix, providing the composite excellent stability even in ambient air with 40% relative humidity. The composites are readily mixed with various anode materials to achieve high first cycle Coulombic efficiency (CE) of >100% or serve as an excellent anode material by itself with stable cyclability and consistently high CEs (99.81% at the seventh cycle and ∼99.87% for subsequent cycles). Therefore, LixSi/Li2O composites achieved balanced reactivity and stability, promising a significant boost to lithium ion batteries.

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5

Choi, Jaeho, Woo Jin Byun, DongHwan Kang, and Jung Kyoo Lee. "Porous Manganese Oxide Networks as High-Capacity and High-Rate Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051299.

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A mesoporous MnOx network (MMN) structure and MMN/C composites were prepared and evaluated as anodes for high-energy and high-rate lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in comparison to typical manganese oxide nanoparticle (MnNP) and graphite anodes, not only in a half-cell but also in a full-cell configuration (assembled with an NCM523, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, cathode). With the mesoporous features of the MMN, the MMN/C exhibited a high capacity (approximately 720 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and an excellent cycling stability at low electrode resistance compared to the MnNP/C composite. The MMN/C composite also showed much greater rate responses than the graphite anode. Owing to the inherent high discharge (de-lithiation) voltage of the MMN/C than graphite as anodes, however, the MMN‖NCM523 full cell showed approximately 87.4% of the specific energy density of the Gr‖NCM523 at 0.2 C. At high current density above 0.2 C, the MMN‖NCM523 cell delivered much higher energy than the Gr‖NCM523 mainly due to the excellent rate capability of the MMN/C anode. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the stabilized and high-capacity MMN/C composite can be successfully employed as anodes in LIB cells for high-rate applications.

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6

Hwang, Jongha, Mincheol Jung, Jin-Ju Park, Eun-Kyung Kim, Gunoh Lee, Kyung Jin Lee, Jae-Hak Choi, and Woo-Jin Song. "Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Si@C Nanoparticles as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Solvent-Assisted Wet Coating Process." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101649.

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Silicon-based electrodes are widely recognized as promising anodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Silicon is a representative anode material for next-generation LIBs due to its advantages of being an abundant resource and having a high theoretical capacity and a low electrochemical reduction potential. However, its huge volume change during the charge–discharge process and low electrical conductivity can be critical problems in its utilization as a practical anode material. In this study, we solved the problem of the large volume expansion of silicon anodes by using the carbon coating method with a low-cost phenolic resin that can be used to obtain high-performance LIBs. The surrounding carbon layers on the silicon surface were well made from a phenolic resin via a solvent-assisted wet coating process followed by carbonization. Consequently, the electrochemical performance of the carbon-coated silicon anode achieved a high specific capacity (3092 mA h g−1) and excellent capacity retention (~100% capacity retention after 50 cycles and even 64% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.05 C). This work provides a simple but effective strategy for the improvement of silicon-based anodes for high-performance LIBs.

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7

Cao, Xia, Qiuyan Li, Ran Yi, Wu Xu, and Ji-Guang Zhang. "Stabilization of Silicon Anode By Advanced Localized High Concentration Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023247mtgabs.

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The rapid market penetration of EVs requires batteries with higher energy densities. However, graphite-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has eventually reached their practical limit and an anode with higher specific capacities is required to further improve energy density of LIBs. In this regard, silicon (Si) anode has been pursued as one of the most promising anodes because it exhibits a capacity ten times as high as those of graphite. However, fast capacity fade during cycling and calendar aging limits the practical application of Si-based anodes due to its severe volume changes and continuous side reactions with electrolyte. Therefore, development of electrolytes that are stable with an electrode with large volume expansion is critical to stabilize the Si anode and enable the full potential of the Si based LIBs. In the case of graphite, a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be formed on graphite surface because it does not experience large volume change (< 10%), so the SEI can prevent further reactions between graphite and electrolyte once it is formed. In contrast, the SEI layer formed on Si anode must be mechanically strong and withhold large volume changes (>300%). This work reports the design and performance of advanced localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) for Si anode, in which robust SEI forms on the surface of Si anode and protects the Si anode from the pulverization caused by the large volume changes. As a result, the overall performance of the Si based LIBs are greatly improved by using the optimized LHCEs. The electrolytes have been tailored for different applications, including high voltage (4.45 V), high temperature (45°C) and high rate (> 2C) applications. The fundamental understandings of LHCEs and corresponding SEIs developed in this work can guide the design of new electrolytes for other anodes with large volume expansion.

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Ma, L., K. Li, Y. Yan, and B. Hou. "Low Driving Voltage Aluminum Alloy Anode for Cathodic Protection of High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1047.

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The present work was focus on developing low driving voltage sacrificial anode for high strength steels. Taking the zinc and bismuth as main active elements, we designed and prepared several aluminum alloy anodes and investigated their electrochemical performance by galvanic test in natural seawater. The results showed that the anode exhibits high performance with 0.55wt.% Zn and 0.5wt.% Bi as the alloying elements. Its potential is varied from -800mV to -820mV, the current capacity is 2565 Ahr/kg, and the dissolution is homogeneous. We concluded that Al-0.55%Zn-0.5%Bi alloy anode can be used to high strength steel for corrosion protection. The microstructures of the anodes were observed by optical microscope, the result proposed that the uniform dissolution morphology of Al-0.55%Zn-0.5%Bi anode is due to its fine grain size.

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Zhang, Xian, Jingzheng Weng, Chengxi Ye, Mengru Liu, Chenyu Wang, Shuru Wu, Qingsong Tong, Mengqi Zhu, and Feng Gao. "Strategies for Controlling or Releasing the Influence Due to the Volume Expansion of Silicon inside Si−C Composite Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 4264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124264.

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Currently, silicon is considered among the foremost promising anode materials, due to its high capacity, abundant reserves, environmental friendliness, and low working potential. However, the huge volume changes in silicon anode materials can pulverize the material particles and result in the shedding of active materials and the continual rupturing of the solid electrolyte interface film, leading to a short cycle life and rapid capacity decay. Therefore, the practical application of silicon anode materials is hindered. However, carbon recombination may remedy this defect. In silicon/carbon composite anode materials, silicon provides ultra-high capacity, and carbon is used as a buffer, to relieve the volume expansion of silicon; thus, increasing the use of silicon-based anode materials. To ensure the future utilization of silicon as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, this review considers the dampening effect on the volume expansion of silicon particles by the formation of carbon layers, cavities, and chemical bonds. Silicon-carbon composites are classified herein as coated core-shell structure, hollow core-shell structure, porous structure, and embedded structure. The above structures can adequately accommodate the Si volume expansion, buffer the mechanical stress, and ameliorate the interface/surface stability, with the potential for performance enhancement. Finally, a perspective on future studies on Si−C anodes is suggested. In the future, the rational design of high-capacity Si−C anodes for better lithium-ion batteries will narrow the gap between theoretical research and practical applications.

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Wang, Yuesheng, Zimin Feng, Wen Zhu, Vincent Gariépy, Catherine Gagnon, Manon Provencher, Dharminder Laul, et al. "High Capacity and High Efficiency Maple Tree-Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon as an Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081294.

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are in the spotlight because of their potential use in large-scale energy storage devices due to the abundance and low cost of sodium-based materials. There are many SIB cathode materials under investigation but only a few candidate materials such as carbon, oxides and alloys were proposed as anodes. Among these anode materials, hard carbon shows promising performances with low operating potential and relatively high specific capacity. Unfortunately, its low initial coulombic efficiency and high cost limit its commercial applications. In this study, low-cost maple tree-biomass-derived hard carbon is tested as the anode for sodium-ion batteries. The capacity of hard carbon prepared at 1400 °C (HC-1400) reaches 337 mAh/g at 0.1 C. The initial coulombic efficiency is up to 88.03% in Sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFSI)/Ethylene carbonate (EC): Diethyl carbonate (DEC) electrolyte. The capacity was maintained at 92.3% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C rates. The in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that no peak shift occurred during charge/discharge, supporting a finding of no sodium ion intercalates in the nano-graphite layer. Its low cost, high capacity and high coulombic efficiency indicate that hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries.

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Liu, Jun, Yuan Liu, Jiaqi Wang, Xiaohu Wang, Xuelei Li, Jingshun Liu, Ding Nan, and Junhui Dong. "Hierarchical and Heterogeneous Porosity Construction and Nitrogen Doping Enabling Flexible Carbon Nanofiber Anodes with High Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134387.

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With the rapid development of flexible electronic devices, flexible lithium-ion batteries are widely considered due to their potential for high energy density and long life. Anode materials, as one of the key materials of lithium-ion batteries, need to have good flexibility, an excellent specific discharge capacity, and fast charge–discharge characteristics. Carbon fibers are feasible as candidate flexible anode materials. However, their low specific discharge capacity restricts their further application. Based on this, N-doped carbon nanofiber anodes with microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous structures are prepared in this paper. The hierarchical and heterogeneous porosity structure can increase the active sites of the anode material and facilitate the transport of ions, and N-doping can improve the conductivity. Moreover, the N-doped flexible carbon nanofiber with a porous structure can be directly used as the anode for lithium-ion batteries without adding an adhesive. It has a high first reversible capacity of 1108.9 mAh g−1, a stable cycle ability (954.3 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles), and excellent rate performance. This work provides a new strategy for the development of flexible anodes with high performance.

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Ren, Yuduo, and Shiting Zhang. "Long Cycle Life TiC Anode Fabricated via High-Energy Ball Mill for Li-Ion Battery." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (October 21, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5603086.

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Nano-TiC and nano-WC anodes for Li-ion battery were manufactured by high-energy ball milling. Pure titanium powder and toluene are mixed with a high-energy ball mill to prepare TiC powder. The powder is calcined at 750°C/1 h and secondary ball milled to make a negative electrode for lithium-ion battery. The phase composition and micromorphology of TiC powder are analyzed and observed, and the charge-discharge cycle performance of TiC anode material is tested. The results show that there are TiH2 and WC impurities in the product after primary ball milling. After calcination and secondary ball milling, TiH2 impurities are removed and the TiC grain size is refined, and TiC powder is obtained with a grain size of 12.5 nm. The specific discharge capacity of the TiC anode is stable during the long cycle discharge. When the current density is 1 A/g, the specific discharge capacity can still be maintained at 110 mAh/g after 3000 cycles. The results show that TiC anode materials have excellent long-cycle performance and could be used as the frame material of Si anode materials. Nano-WC powders are prepared by a ball milling method to investigate the effect of WC impurities on the performance of TiC lithium batteries. The charge and discharge capacity at 0.5 A/g current density is similar to that of TiC anode. After 2000 cycles, the discharge-specific capacity is about 100 mA/g, which is slightly lower than TiC, and the final capacity is maintained at 230 mA/g, but its low discharge capacity affects the performance of the TiC battery after a long ball milling. The results show that the performance of the TiC anode after the first 50 h of ball milling is poor. The main reason is the agglomeration of TiC nanoparticles.

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13

Zheng, Hao Ran. "Lithium Dendrite Growth Process and Research Progress of its Inhibition Methods." Materials Science Forum 1027 (April 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1027.42.

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Metal lithium anodes, with extremely high specific capacity, low density, and lowest potential, are considered to be the most promising anode materials for next-generation high-energy density batteries. However, in the process of repeated plating and stripping of lithium, lithium dendrites are easily grown on the surface of the metal lithium anode, which greatly reduces the capacity of the battery, even causes hidden safety risks and shortens the battery life. This paper reviews the modification methods of lithium anodes based on the growth process of lithium dendrites, and introduces several current modification methods, including electrolyte additives, artificial SEI and new structure of lithium anodes. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of metal lithium anodes are prospected.

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14

Dasari, Harika, and Eric Eisenbraun. "Predicting Capacity Fade in Silicon Anode-Based Li-Ion Batteries." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051448.

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While silicon anodes hold promise for use in lithium-ion batteries owing to their very high theoretical storage capacity and relatively low discharge potential, they possess a major problem related to their large volume expansion that occurs with battery aging. The resulting stress and strain can lead to mechanical separation of the anode from the current collector and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), resulting in capacity fade. Since capacity loss is in part dependent on the cell materials, two different electrodes, Lithium Nickel Oxide or LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC 111), were used in combination with silicon to study capacity fade effects using simulations in COMSOL version 5.5. The results of these studies provide insight into the effects of anode particle size and electrolyte volume fraction on the behavior of silicon anode-based batteries with different positive electrodes. It was observed that the performance of a porous matrix of solid active particles of silicon anode could be improved when the active particles were 150 nm or smaller. The range of optimized values of volume fraction of the electrolyte in the silicon anode were determined to be between 0.55 and 0.40. The silicon anode behaved differently in terms of cell time with NCA and NMC. However, NMC111 gave a high relative capacity in comparison to NCA and proved to be a better working electrode for the proposed silicon anode structure.

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Zhou, Xiangyang, Chucheng Luo, Jing Ding, Juan Yang, and Jingjing Tang. "WSi2 nanodot reinforced Si particles as anodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries." CrystEngComm 22, no. 39 (2020): 6574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01047b.

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Li, Yuqian, Liyuan Zhang, Xiuli Wang, Xinhui Xia, Dong Xie, Changdong Gu, and Jiangping Tu. "High Capacity and Superior Rate Performances Coexisting in Carbon-Based Sodium-Ion Battery Anode." Research 2019 (June 25, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/6930294.

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Amorphous carbon is considered as a prospective and serviceable anode for the storage of sodium. In this contribution, we illuminate the transformation rule of defect/void ratio and the restrictive relation between specific capacity and rate capability. Inspired by this mechanism, ratio of plateau/slope capacity is regulated via temperature-control pyrolysis. Moreover, pore-forming reaction is induced to create defects, open up the isolated voids, and build fast ion channels to further enhance the capacity and rate ability. Numerous fast ion channels, high ion-electron conductivity, and abundant defects lead the designed porous hard carbon/Co3O4 anode to realize a high specific capacity, prolonged circulation ability, and enhanced capacity at high rates. This research deepens the comprehension of sodium storage behavior and proposes a fabrication approach to achieve high performance carbonaceous anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

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Zhang, Xinghao, Denghui Wang, Siyuan Zhang, Xianglong Li, and Linjie Zhi. "A hierarchical layering design for stable, self-restrained and high volumetric binder-free lithium storage." Nanoscale 11, no. 45 (2019): 21728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08215h.

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A hierarchical layering design of silicon anodes is developed, showing excellent reversibility, superior volumetric capacity, and limited electrode volume variation when being directly used as the lithium ion battery anode.

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Li, Jiying, Jiawei Long, Tianli Han, Xirong Lin, Bai Sun, Shuguang Zhu, Jinjin Li, and Jinyun Liu. "A Hierarchical SnO2@Ni6MnO8 Composite for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 8847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248847.

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Semiconductor-based composites are potential anodes for Li-ion batteries, owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, low stability induced by large volumetric change in cycling restricts the applications of such composites. Here, a hierarchical SnO2@Ni6MnO8 composite comprising Ni6MnO8 nanoflakes growing on the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) SnO2 is developed by a hydrothermal synthesis method, achieving good electrochemical performance as a Li-ion battery anode. The composite provides spaces to buffer volume expansion, its hierarchical profile benefits the fast transport of Li+ ions and electrons, and the Ni6MnO8 coating on SnO2 improves conductivity. Compared to SnO2, the Ni6MnO8 coating significantly enhances the discharge capacity and stability. The SnO2@Ni6MnO8 anode displays 1030 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and exhibits 800 mAh g−1 under 0.5 A g−1, along with high Coulombic efficiency of 95%. Furthermore, stable rate performance can be achieved, indicating promising applications.

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Kwon, Minjae, Jongyoon Park, and Jongkook Hwang. "Conversion reaction-based transition metal oxides as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: recent progress and future prospects." Ceramist 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 218–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2022.25.2.03.

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The rapid increase in demand for high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has prompted the development of high capacity anode materials that can replace/complement the commercial graphite. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted great attention as high capacity anode materials because they can store multiple lithium ions (electrons) per unit formula via conversion reaction, resulting in high specific capacity (700-1,200 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>) and volumetric capacity (4,000-5,500 mAh cm<sup>-3</sup>). In addition, TMOs are cheap, earth-abundant, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. However, there have been no reports of practical LIBs using conversion-based TMO anodes, because of several major problems such as large voltage hysteresis, low initial Coulombic efficiency (large initial capacity loss), low electrical conductivity, and large volume changes (100~200%). This review summarizes the recent progress, challenges and opportunities for TMO anode materials. The conversion reaction mechanism, problems and solutions of TMO anode materials are discussed. Considering iron oxide as a promising candidate, future research directions and prospects for the practical use of TMO for LIB are presented.

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Ku, Nayoung, Jaeyeong Cheon, Kyunbae Lee, Yeonsu Jung, Seog-Young Yoon, and Taehoon Kim. "Hydrophilic and Conductive Carbon Nanotube Fibers for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 7822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247822.

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Carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) is a highly conductive and porous platform to grow active materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Here, we prepared SnO2@CNTF based on sulfonic acid-functionalized CNTF to be used in LIB anodes without binder, conductive agent, and current collector. The SnO2 nanoparticles were grown on the CNTF in an aqueous system without a hydrothermal method. The functionalized CNTF exhibited higher conductivity and effective water infiltration compared to the raw CNTF. Due to the enhanced water infiltration, the functionalized CNTF became SnO2@CNTF with an ideal core–shell structure coated with a thin SnO2 layer. The specific capacity and rate capability of SnO2@-functionalized CNTF were superior to those of SnO2@raw CNTF. Since the SnO2@CNTF-based anode was free of a binder, conductive agent, and current collector, the specific capacity of the anode studied in this work was higher than that of conventional anodes.

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21

Thi, May Tran, Chulsoo Kim, Seokhun Kwon, Hyunil Kang, Jang Myoun Ko, Junghyun Kim, and Wonseok Choi. "Investigation of the Properties of Anode Electrodes for Lithium–Ion Batteries Manufactured Using Cu, and Si-Coated Carbon Nanowall Materials." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041935.

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The fabrication of high-capacity, binder-free Li–ion battery anodes using a simple and efficient manufacturing process was reported in this research. The anode material for lithium–ion batteries utilized is a combination of two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanowalls (CNWs) and Cu nanoparticles (improved rate performance and capacity retention) or Si (high capacity) nanoparticles. A methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) gas mixture was employed to synthesize CNWs on copper foil through microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The Cu or Si nanoparticles were then deposited on the CNW surface using an RF magnetron sputtering equipment with four-inch targets. To analyze the electrochemical performance of the LIBs, CR2032 coin-type cells were fabricated using anode materials based on CNWs and other components. It was confirmed that the Cu−CNW demonstrates improved rate performance, increased specific capacity, and capacity retention compared with traditional anodes. Additionally, CNW combined with Si nanoparticles has enhanced the capacity of LIB and minimized volume changes during LIB operation.

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22

Kim, Taek Rae, Ji Na Lee, Yun Soo Lim, and Myung Soo Kim. "Preparation and Characterization of High-Power Anode Materials Using Soft Carbon Precursors for Lithium Ion Battery." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1029.

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In order to apply to the high-power anode materials of lithium ion battery, various cokes samples were prepared by milling, pitch coating, and following heat treatment. The samples were milled and the larger particles were removed by sieving. Two types of raw cokes and four pitch coated cokes treated at different temperatures were tested as the anode materials for lithium ion battery, and their electrical performance was compared with the cokes without pitch coating. Although the anode materials prepared with cokes showed lower charge-discharge capacity than the graphite anode materials, their power capability was superior to that of graphite. The electrochemical performance of various anodes with the pitch coated cokes was demonstrated as a function of preparation conditions.

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23

Pandey, Gaind P., Kobi Jones, Emery Brown, Jun Li, and Lamartine Meda. "High Performance Tin-coated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Array Anode for Lithium-ion Batteries." MRS Advances 3, no. 60 (2018): 3519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.520.

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ABSTRACTThis study reports a high-performance tin (Sn)-coated vertically aligned carbon nanofiber array anode for lithium-ion batteries. The array electrodes have been prepared by coaxial sputter-coating of tin (Sn) shells on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) cores. The robust brush-like highly conductive VACNFs effectively connect high-capacity Sn shells for lithium-ion storage. A high specific capacity of 815 mAh g-1 of Sn was obtained at C/20 rate, reaching toward the maximum value of Sn. However, the electrode shows poor cycling performance with conventional LiPF6 based organic electrolyte. The addition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) improve the performance significantly and the Sn-coated VACNFs anode shows stable cycling performance. The Sn-coated VACNF array anodes exhibit outstanding capacity retention in the half-cell tests with electrolyte containing 10 wt.% FEC and could deliver a reversible capacity of 480 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at C/3 rate.

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24

Long, Zhiwen, Luhan Yuan, Chu Shi, Caiqin Wu, Hui Qiao, and Keliang Wang. "Porous Fe2O3 nanorod-decorated hollow carbon nanofibers for high-rate lithium storage." Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00397-9.

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AbstractTransition metal oxides (TMOs) are considered as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries in comparison with conventional graphite anode. However, TMO anodes suffer severe volume expansion during charge/discharge process. In this respect, a porous Fe2O3 nanorod-decorated hollow carbon nanofiber (HNF) anode is designed via a combined electrospinning and hydrothermal method followed by proper annealing. FeOOH/PAN was prepared as precursors and sacrificial templates, and porous hollow Fe2O3@carbon nanofiber (HNF-450) composite is formed at 450 °C in air. As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, HNF-450 exhibits outstanding rate performance and cycling stability with a reversible discharge capacity of 1398 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Specific capacities 1682, 1515, 1293, 987, and 687 mAh g−1 of HNF-450 are achieved at multiple current densities of 200, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA g−1, respectively. When coupled with commercial LiCoO2 cathode, the full cell delivered an outstanding initial charge/discharge capacity of 614/437 mAh g−1 and stability at different current densities. The improved electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the free space provided by the unique porous hollow structure, which effectively alleviates the volume expansion and facilitates the exposure of more active sites during the lithiation/delithiation process. Graphical abstract Porous Fe2O3 nanorod-decorated hollow carbon nanofibers exhibit outstanding rate performance and cycling stability with a high reversible discharge capacity.

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25

Zhao, Nahong, Lijun Fu, Lichun Yang, Tao Zhang, Gaojun Wang, Yuping Wu, and Teunis van Ree. "Nanostructured anode materials for Li-ion batteries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 2283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880112283.

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This paper focuses on the latest progress in the preparation of a series of nanostructured anode materials in our laboratory and their electrochemical properties for Li-ion batteries. These anode materials include core-shell structured Si nanocomposites, TiO2 nanocomposites, novel MoO2 anode material, and carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated SnO2 nanowires (NWs). The substantial advantages of these nanostructured anodes provide greatly improved electrochemical performance including high capacity, better cycling behavior, and rate capability.

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26

Wang, Ying, Wei Ruan, Ren Heng Tang, Fang Ming Xiao, Tai Sun, and Ling Huang. "Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Si@C/Graphite Composite as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Key Engineering Materials 807 (June 2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.807.74.

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In this study, Si@C/Graphite composite anodes were synthesized through spray drying and pyrolysis using silica, artificial graphite, and two kinds of organics (phenolic resin or pitch). The Si@PR-C/Graphite exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. The first charge-discharge specific capacity is 512.8mAh/g and 621.8mAh/g, respectively, the initial coulombic efficiency is 82.5% at 100mA/g, and its capacity retention rate reached as high as 85.4% with the capacity fade rate of less than 0.18% per cycle after 85 cycles. The Si@PI-C/Graphite also presents excellent discharge specific capacity of 702.8mAh/g with the capacity retention rate of 76.9% after 30 cycles. Mechanisms for high electrochemical performances of the Si@C/Graphite composite anode are discussed. It found that the enhanced electrochemical performance due to the formation of core/shell microstructure. These encouraging experimental results suggest that proper organic carbon source has great potential for improvement of electrochemical properties of pure silicon as anode. Key words:lithium-ion batteries; anode; Si@C/Graphite composite; electrochemical performance

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27

Zheng, Peng, Ting Liu, Jinzheng Zhang, Lifeng Zhang, Yi Liu, Jianfeng Huang, and Shouwu Guo. "Sweet potato-derived carbon nanoparticles as anode for lithium ion battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 51 (2015): 40737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03482e.

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28

Tokumitsu, Katsuhisa, Hiroyuki Fujimoto, Akihiro Mabuchi, and Takahiro Kasuh. "High capacity carbon anode for Li-ion battery." Carbon 37, no. 10 (January 1999): 1599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(99)00031-7.

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29

Kim, Youngjin, Kwang-Ho Ha, Seung M. Oh, and Kyu Tae Lee. "High-Capacity Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Chemistry - A European Journal 20, no. 38 (August 11, 2014): 11980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201402511.

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Kim, Hoejin, Mohammad Arif Ishtiaque Shuvo, Hasanul Karim, Juan C. Noveron, Tzu-liang Tseng, and Yirong Lin. "Synthesis and characterization of CeO2 nanoparticles on porous carbon for Li-ion battery." MRS Advances 2, no. 54 (2017): 3299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.443.

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Анотація:

ABSTRACTCarbon based materials have long been investigated as anodes for lithium ion batteries. Among these materials, porous carbon holds several advantages such as high stability, high specific surface area, and excellent cycling capability. To further enhance the energy storage performance, ceramic nanomaterials have been combined with carbon based materials as hybrid anodes for enhanced specific capacity. The use of metal oxide ceramic nanomaterials could enhance the surface electrochemical reactivity thus leads to the increasing of capacity retention at higher number of cycles. In this research, we synthesized ceria (CeO2) nano-particles on porous carbon to form inorganic-organic hybrid composites as an anode material for Li-ion battery. The high redox potential of ceria is expected to increase the specific capacity and energy density of the system. The electrochemical performance was determined by a battery analyzer. It is observed that the specific capacity could be improved by 77% using hybrid composites anode. The material morphology, crystal structure, and thermal stability were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).

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31

Sun, Yuandong, Kewei Liu, and Yu Zhu. "Recent Progress in Synthesis and Application of Low-Dimensional Silicon Based Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4780905.

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Silicon is regarded as the next generation anode material for LIBs with its ultra-high theoretical capacity and abundance. Nevertheless, the severe capacity degradation resulting from the huge volume change and accumulative solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation hinders the silicon based anode material for further practical applications. Hence, a variety of methods have been applied to enhance electrochemical performances in terms of the electrochemical stability and rate performance of the silicon anodes such as designing nanostructured Si, combining with carbonaceous material, exploring multifunctional polymer binders, and developing artificial SEI layers. Silicon anodes with low-dimensional structures (0D, 1D, and 2D), compared with bulky silicon anodes, are strongly believed to have several advanced characteristics including larger surface area, fast electron transfer, and shortened lithium diffusion pathway as well as better accommodation with volume changes, which leads to improved electrochemical behaviors. In this review, recent progress of silicon anode synthesis methodologies generating low-dimensional structures for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) applications is listed and discussed.

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32

Yi, Ran, Sujong Chae, Yaobin Xu, Hyung-Seok Lim, Dusan Velickovic, Xiaolin Li, Qiuyan Li, Chongmin Wang, and Ji-Guang Zhang. "Scalable Synthesis of High Performance Silicon Anode by Impregnation of Pitch in Nanoporous Silicon." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026629mtgabs.

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Silicon (Si) has been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation LIBs with high energy density because it has 10 times higher theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g) than that of graphite. However, severe volume change (~300%) of Si during lithiation and delithiation hinders the practical application of Si anode by 1) particle fracture and pulverization, 2) disintegration of electrode, and 3) continuous electrolyte-decomposition at the newly exposed Si surface. A novel process has been developed for the preparation of porous Si/C composite-based anode which demonstrate highly stable cycling stability. The enabling factor is a wet chemical, low temperature pitch coating process that uses readily available, low-cost, and abundant precursors. The porous Si nanostructure can be preserved by impregnating petroleum pitch before high-temperature treatment. A full cell with 80 wt% pitch-derived carbon/nanoporous Si in the anode has been demonstrated with 80% capacity retention after 450 cycles. Low swelling in both particle and electrode levels has also been observed. It is expected that the unique process developed in this work is also applicable for the development of other alloying-type anodes that require preservation of the desired nanostructures during high temperature treatment.

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33

Kumar, Kuldeep, Ian L. Matts, Andrei Klementov, Scott Sisco, Dennis A. Simpson, Edward R. Millero, Kareem Kaleem, Gina M. Terrago, and Se Ryeon Lee. "Improving Fundamental Understanding of Si-Based Anodes Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Binder for High Energy Lithium Ion Battery Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012420mtgabs.

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Анотація:

With increasing demand of high energy density lithium ion batteries, silicon (Si) based anodes are an obvious substitute of graphite based systems due to their high capacity. However, large volume changes of Si during lithiation and delithiation processes causes pulverization of silicon particles. The resulting reduction in electrical continuity and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth within the anode leads to a fast depletion of lithium reservoirs and an accelerates battery failure. High energy lithium ion battery applications such as electrical vehicles and electronic devices require high capacity retention over extended cycling, so improving performance of Si-based anodes is a critical need for many applications. Commonly, a combination of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is used as a binder for waterborne Si anode slurries. In these systems, carboxyl (-COOH) groups on CMC form chemical bonding with hydroxyl (-OH) groups on Si active material surface and SBR addition provides enhanced flexibility in the anode layer. Several reports on electrode integrity improvement through adhesion promoters, increased crosslinking, different binding groups, etc. are available in the literature. Delving deeper into the weak mechanical integrity of Si based anodes, and understanding the parameters influencing the fabrication process and subsequent properties, is important. This presentation will focus on several variations in Si based anode slurries and electrodes using CMC-SBR binders. Physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties are extensively studied as a function of these parameters and will be discussed.

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34

Helms, Brett, SungJu Cho, Julian Self, Emily Carino, Kee Sung Han, and Kristin A. Persson. "Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes for Multivalent Anode Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011128mtgabs.

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Magnesium is attractive as an anode owing to its high capacity and abundance in the Earth's crust. It remains a challenge to realize efficient plating and stripping in electrochemical cells with a Mg anode, due to its reactivity with conventional liquid electrolytes comprising fluorinated salts. We hypothesized that the reactivity of species in the electrolyte may be controlled through solvation structure in concentrated electrolytes as well as those featuring a fluorinated diluent, which aids in reducing the viscosity and maintaining high ionic conductivity. Here, I will describe our efforts to understand solvation structure and reactivity at Mg–electrolyte interfaces. In turn, I will highlight how specific compositions are impactful in sustaining the electroreversibility of Mg anodes for hundreds of hours of continuous operation with low overpotential. I will tie this behavior to the structure of the interphase, whose composition is divergent from what is typically observed for dilute and concentrated electrolytes. There are emerging implications stemming from our work that motivates the future design of artificial interphases for Mg anodes obviating the use of chlorides, which would otherwise corrode other components of the cell.

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35

Bui, Vu Khac Hoang, Tuyet Nhung Pham, Jaehyun Hur, and Young-Chul Lee. "Review of ZnO Binary and Ternary Composite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082001.

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To enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries, zinc oxide (ZnO) has generated interest as an anode candidate owing to its high theoretical capacity. However, because of its limitations such as its slow chemical reaction kinetics, intense capacity fading on potential cycling, and low rate capability, composite anodes of ZnO and other materials are manufactured. In this study, we introduce binary and ternary composites of ZnO with other metal oxides (MOs) and carbon-based materials. Most ZnO-based composite anodes exhibit a higher specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability than a single ZnO anode. The synergistic effects between ZnO and the other MOs or carbon-based materials can explain the superior electrochemical characteristics of these ZnO-based composites. This review also discusses some of their current limitations.

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36

Schulze, Maxwell C., Kae Fink, Jack Palmer, Mike Michael Carroll, Nikita Dutta, Christof Zweifel, Chaiwat Engtrakul, Sang-Don Han, Nathan R. Neale, and Bertrand J. Tremolet de Villers. "Reduced Electrolyte Reactivity of Pitch-Carbon Coated Si Nanoparticles for Li-Ion Battery Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024491mtgabs.

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Silicon-based anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIB) have the potential to increase the energy density over graphite-based LIB anodes. However, silicon anodes exhibit poor cycle and calendar lifetimes due to mechanical instabilities and high chemical reactivity with the carbonate-based electrolytes that are typically used in LIBs. In this work, we synthesize a pitch-carbon coated silicon nanoparticle composite active material for LIB anodes that exhibits reduced chemical reactivity with the carbonate electrolyte compared to an uncoated silicon anode. Silicon primary particle sizes <10 nm minimize micro-scale mechanical degradation of the anode composite, while conformal coatings of pitch-carbon minimized the parasitic reactions between the silicon and the electrolyte. When matched with a high voltage NMC811 cathode, the pitch-carbon coated Si anode retains ~75% of its initial capacity over 1000 cycles. Efforts to increase the areal loading of the pitch-carbon coated silicon anodes to realize real energy density improvements over graphite anodes results in severe mechanical degradation on the electrode level. Developing procedures to engineer the architecture of the composite silicon anode may be a solution to this mechanical challenge. Figure 1

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37

Ben, Liubin, Jin Zhou, Hongxiang Ji, Hailong Yu, Wenwu Zhao, and Xuejie Huang. "Si nanoparticles seeded in carbon-coated Sn nanowires as an anode for high-energy and high-rate lithium-ion batteries." Materials Futures 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 015101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/ac3257.

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Abstract High-capacity and high-rate anode materials are desperately desired for applications in the next generation lithium-ion batteries. Here, we report preparation of an anode showing a structure of Si nanoparticles wrapped inside Sn nanowires. This anode inherits the advantages of both Si and Sn, endowing lithiation/delithiation of Si nanoparticles inside the conducting networks of Sn nanowires. It demonstrates a high and reversible capacity of ∼1500 mAh g−1 over 300 cycles at 0.2 °C and a good rate capability (0.2 °C–5 °C) equivalent to Sn. The excellent cycling performance is attributed to the novel structure of the anode as well as the strong mechanical strength of the nanowires which is directly confirmed by in-situ lithiation and bending experiments.

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38

Galashev, Alexander. "Computational Modeling of Doped 2D Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020704.

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Анотація:

Development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is boosted by the needs of the modern automotive industry and the wide expansion of all kinds of electronic devices. First of all, improvements should be associated with an increase in the specific capacity and charging rate as well as the cyclic stability of electrode materials. The complexity of experimental anode material selection is now the main limiting factor in improving LIB performance. Computer selection of anode materials based on first-principles and classical molecular dynamics modeling can be considered as the main paths to success. However, even combined anodes cannot always provide high LIB characteristics and it is necessary to resort to their alloying. Transmutation neutron doping (NTD) is the most appropriate way to improve the properties of thin film silicon anodes. In this review, the effectiveness of the NTD procedure for silicene/graphite (nickel) anodes is shown. With moderate P doping (up to 6%), the increase in the capacity of a silicene channel on a Ni substrate can be 15–20%, while maintaining the safety margin of silicene during cycling. This review can serve as a starting point for meaningful selection and optimization of the performance of anode materials.

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39

Chen, Yanxu, Yajing Yan, Xiaoli Liu, Yan Zhao, Xiaoyu Wu, Jun Zhou, and Zhifeng Wang. "Porous Si/Fe2O3 Dual Network Anode for Lithium–Ion Battery Application." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122331.

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Анотація:

Benefiting from ultra-high theoretical capacity, silicon (Si) is popular for use in energy storage fields as a Li–ion battery anode material because of its high-performance. However, a serious volume variation happens towards Si anodes in the lithiation/delithiation process, triggering the pulverization of Si and a fast decay in its capacity, which greatly limits its commercial application. In our study, a porous Si/Fe2O3 dual network anode was fabricated using the melt-spinning, ball-milling and dealloying method. The anode material shows good electrochemical performance, delivering a reversible capacity of 697.2 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. The high Li storage property is ascribed to the rich mesoporous distribution of the dual network structure, which may adapt the volume variation of the material during the lithiation/delithiation process, shorten the Li–ion diffusion distance and improve the electron transport speed. This study offers a new idea for developing natural ferrosilicon ores into the porous Si-based materials and may prompt the development of natural ores in energy storage fields.

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Nguyen, Thang Phan, and Il Tae Kim. "Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated MoS2 Nanosheets for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance in Lithium Storage." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030626.

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Анотація:

Metallic phase 1T MoS2 is a well-known potential anode for enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries owing to its mechanical/chemical stability and high conductivity. However, during the lithiation/delithiation process, MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) tend to restack to form bulky structures that deteriorate the cycling performance of bare MoS2 anodes. In this study, we prepared Ag nanoparticle (NP)-decorated 1T MoS2 NSs via a liquid exfoliation method with lithium intercalation and simple reduction of AgNO3 in NaBH4. Ag NPs were uniformly distributed on the MoS2 surface with the assistance of 3-mercapto propionic acid. Ag NPs with the size of a few nanometers enhanced the conductivity of the MoS2 NS and improved the electrochemical performance of the MoS2 anode. Specifically, the anode designated as Ag3@MoS2 (prepared with AgNO3 and MoS2 in a weight ratio of 1:10) exhibited the best cycling performance and delivered a reversible specific capacity of 510 mAh·g−1 (approximately 73% of the initial capacity) after 100 cycles. Moreover, the rate performance of this sample had a remarkable recovery capacity of ~100% when the current decreased from 1 to 0.1 A·g−1. The results indicate that the Ag nanoparticle-decorated 1T MoS2 can be employed as a high-rate capacity anode in lithium-ion storage applications.

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Xu, Wei, Connor Welty, Margaret R. Peterson, Jeffrey A. Read, and Nicholas P. Stadie. "Exploring the Limits of the Rapid-Charging Performance of Graphite as the Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4b87.

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Анотація:

Graphite is, in principle, applicable as a high-power anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) given its high intralayer lithium diffusivity at room temperature. However, such cells are known to exhibit poor capacity retention and/or undergo irreversible side reactions including lithium plating when charged at current rates above ∼2 C (∼740 mA g−1). To explore the inherent materials properties that limit graphite anodes in rapid-charge applications, a series of full-cells consisting of graphite as the anode and a standard Li[Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1]O2 (NMC811) cathode was investigated. Instead of a conventional cathode-limited cell design, an anode-limited approach was used in this work to ensure that the overall cell capacity is only determined by the graphite electrode of interest. The optimized N:P capacity ratio was determined as N/P = 0.67, enabling stable cycling across a wide range of charging rates (4–20 C) without inhibition by the NMC811 cathode. The results show that unmodified, highly crystalline graphite can be an excellent anode for rapid-charge applications at up to 8 C, even with a standard electrolyte and NMC811 cathode and in cells with 1.0 mAh cm−2 loadings. As a rule, capacity and specific energy are inversely proportional to crystallite size at high rates; performance can likely be improved by electrolyte/cathode tuning.

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Liu, Congyin, Yangyang Xie, Huangxu Li, Jingyu Xu, and Zhian Zhang. "In Situ Construction of Sodiophilic Alloy Interface Enabled Homogenous Na Nucleation and Deposition for Sodium Metal Anode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 080521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac8a1c.

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Анотація:

The sodium (Na) metal anode is a desirable anode for the next-generation batteries because of its abundant resources and the high specific capacity. However, the poor cyclic stability hinders its practical application. In this study, we report a facile strategy of in situ constructing sodiophilic alloying sites for Na metal anodes by using zinc (Zn) foil as the current collector, which enables smooth and compact deposition morphology and excellent cyclic stability. The Zn current collector and the initial deposited Na generate a NaZn13 alloy interface, which can guide the subsequent plating/stripping behavior of Na. As a result, the Na metal anode with Zn current collector exhibits ultrahigh stability with Coulombic efficiency of 99.87% (over 450 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 for 1 mAh cm−2). Furthermore, the impressive capacity retention (98.5% after 40 cycles at 0.5 C) in Zn∣∣NVP (Na3V2(PO4)3) batteries suggests the anticipated application prospect of Zn current collector in anode-free Na metal batteries, which opens up a new way for the evolution of the next generation of safe and efficient Na metal anodes.

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Maça, Rudi Ruben, and Vinodkumar Etacheri. "Effect of Vinylene Carbonate Electrolyte Additive on the Surface Chemistry and Pseudocapacitive Sodium-Ion Storage of TiO2 Nanosheet Anodes." Batteries 7, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010001.

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Анотація:

Although titanium dioxide has gained much attention as a sodium-ion battery anode material, obtaining high specific capacity and cycling stability remains a challenge. Herein, we report significantly improved surface chemistry and pseudocapacitive Na-ion storage performance of TiO2 nanosheet anode in vinylene carbonate (VC)-containing electrolyte solution. In addition to the excellent pseudocapacitance (~87%), the TiO2 anodes also exhibited increased high-specific capacity (219 mAh/g), rate performance (40 mAh/g @ 1 A/g), coulombic efficiency (~100%), and cycling stability (~90% after 750 cycles). Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed polycarbonate based solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation in VC-containing electrolyte solution. The superior electrochemical performance of the TiO2 nanosheet anode in VC-containing electrolyte solution is credited to the improved pseudocapacitive Na-ion diffusion through the polycarbonate based SEI (coefficients of 1.65 × 10−14 for PC-VC vs. 6.42 × 10−16 for PC). This study emphasizes the crucial role of the electrolyte solution and electrode–electrolyte interfaces in the improved pseudocapacitive Na-ion storage performance of TiO2 anodes.

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Yan, Chao, Qianru Liu, Jianzhi Gao, Zhibo Yang, and Deyan He. "Phosphorus-doped silicon nanorod anodes for high power lithium-ion batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (January 23, 2017): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.24.

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Heavy-phosphorus-doped silicon anodes were fabricated on CuO nanorods for application in high power lithium-ion batteries. Since the conductivity of lithiated CuO is significantly better than that of CuO, after the first discharge, the voltage cut-off window was then set to the range covering only the discharge–charge range of Si. Thus, the CuO core was in situ lithiated and acts merely as the electronic conductor in the following cycles. The Si anode presented herein exhibited a capacity of 990 mAh/g at the rate of 9 A/g after 100 cycles. The anode also presented a stable rate performance even at a current density as high as 20 A/g.

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45

Lim, Young Rok, Fazel Shojaei, Kidong Park, Chan Su Jung, Jeunghee Park, Won Il Cho, and Hong Seok Kang. "Arsenic for high-capacity lithium- and sodium-ion batteries." Nanoscale 10, no. 15 (2018): 7047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00276b.

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46

Liu, Jie, Yuxue Xuan, Dilini G. D. Galpaya, Yuanxiang Gu, Zhan Lin, Shanqing Zhang, Cheng Yan, Shouhua Feng, and Lei Wang. "A high-volumetric-capacity and high-areal-capacity ZnCo2O4 anode for Li-ion batteries enabled by a robust biopolymer binder." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 40 (2018): 19455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07840h.

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47

Kong, Ling Long, Jie Zhao, Zhi Yuan Wang, Lei Li, Ning Xu, and Xu Ma. "Preparation of High Performance Silicon/Carbon Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Battery by High Energy Ball Milling." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1050.

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Silicon/carbon anode materials of different proportions for lithium ion battery were prepared by high energy ball milling. The composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical performance of the composites was tested by means of galvanostatic testing system. The results indicated that the initial reversible capacity reached to 2162 mAh•g-1, which was much larger than the theoretical capacity of carbon negative materials at the ratio of 6:4 (Si: C). The capacity maintained to 1042 mAh•g-1 after 50 cycles. High capacity and good cycle property of the Si/C composites revealed that they were potential to take the place of the traditional carbon anode materials.

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48

Liu, Xuyan, Xinjie Zhu, and Deng Pan. "Solutions for the problems of silicon–carbon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (June 2018): 172370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172370.

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Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various industries, such as portable electronic devices, mobile phones, new energy car batteries, etc., and show great potential for more demanding applications like electric vehicles. Among advanced anode materials applied to lithium-ion batteries, silicon–carbon anodes have been explored extensively due to their high capacity, good operation potential, environmental friendliness and high abundance. Silicon–carbon anodes have demonstrated great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because they have perfectly improved the problems that existed in silicon anodes, such as the particle pulverization, shedding and failures of electrochemical performance during lithiation and delithiation. However, there are still some problems, such as low first discharge efficiency, poor conductivity and poor cycling performance, which need to be improved. This paper mainly presents some methods for solving the existing problems of silicon–carbon anode materials through different perspectives.

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49

Wang, Xuechen, Lu Zhou, Jianjiang Li, Na Han, Xiaohua Li, Gang Liu, Dongchen Jia, et al. "The Positive Effect of ZnS in Waste Tire Carbon as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092178.

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There is great demand for high-performance, low-cost electrode materials for anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report the recovery of carbon materials by treating waste tire rubber via a facile one-step carbonization process. Electrochemical studies revealed that the waste tire carbon anode had a higher reversible capacity than that of commercial graphite and shows the positive effect of ZnS in the waste tire carbon. When used as the anode for LIBs, waste tire carbon shows a high specific capacity of 510.6 mAh·g−1 at 100 mA·g−1 with almost 97% capacity retention after 100 cycles. Even at a high rate of 1 A·g−1, the carbon electrode presents an excellent cyclic capability of 255.1 mAh·g−1 after 3000 cycles. This high-performance carbon material has many potential applications in LIBs and provide an alternative avenue for the recycling of waste tires.

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50

DiLeo, Roberta A., Matthew J. Ganter, Brian J. Landi, and Ryne P. Raffaelle. "Germanium–single-wall carbon nanotube anodes for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0184.

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High-capacity thin-film germanium was coupled with free-standing single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) current collectors as a novel lithium ion battery anode. A series of Ge–SWCNT compositions were fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The lithium ion storage capacities of the anodes were measured to be proportional to the Ge weight loading, with a 40 wt% Ge–SWCNT electrode measuring 800 mAh/g. Full batteries comprising a Ge–SWCNT anode in concert with a LiCoO2 cathode have demonstrated a nominal voltage of 3.35 V and anode energy densities 3× the conventional graphite-based value. The higher observed energy density for Ge–SWCNT anodes has been used to calculate the relative improvement in full battery performance when capacity matched with conventional cathodes (e.g., LiCoO2, LiNiCoAlO2, and LiFePO4). The results show a >50% increase in both specific and volumetric energy densities, with values approaching 275 Wh/kg and 700 Wh/L.

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