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Статті в журналах з теми "Higgs, LHC, Silicon Detectors"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Bortoletto, Daniela. "The importance of silicon detectors for the Higgs boson discovery and the study of its properties." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 38 (December 9, 2014): 1430041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300419.

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Анотація:

Recent studies are presented demonstrating the important role played by silicon detectors in the discovery of the Higgs boson. CMS is planning to replace it in an extended technical stop of the LHC in the winter of 2016. We present results showing that this replacement will significantly increase the sample of Higgs bosons that will be reconstructed enabling precision studies of this particle.

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2

Yuan, Zhiyang, Huirong Qi, Haiyun Wang, Hongliang Dai, Yuanbo Chen, Qun Ouyang, Jian Zhang, Yiming Cai, and Yulan Li. "Feasibility study of TPC tracker detector for the circular collider." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 15n16 (June 6, 2020): 2041014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20410146.

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Анотація:

The discovery of a SM Higgs boson at the LHC brought about great opportunity to investigate the feasibility of a Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) operating at center-of-mass energy of 240 GeV, as a Higgs factory, with designed luminosity of about [Formula: see text]. The CEPC provides a much cleaner collision environment than the LHC, it is ideally suited for studying the properties of Higgs boson with greater precision. Another advantage of the CEPC over the LHC is that the Higgs boson can be detected through the recoil mass method by only reconstructing [Formula: see text] boson decay without examining the Higgs decays. In Concept Design Report (CDR), the circumference of CEPC is 100 km, with two interaction points available for exploring different detector design scenarios and technologies. The baseline design of CEPC detector is an ILD-like concept, with a superconducting solenoid of 3.0 Tesla surrounding the inner silicon detector, TPC tracker detector and the calorimetry system. Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) have been extensively studied and used in many fields, especially in particle physics experiments, including STAR and ALICE. The TPC detector will operate in continuous mode on the circular machine. To fulfill the physics goals of the future circular collider and meet Higgs/[Formula: see text] run, a TPC with excellent performance is required. We have proposed and investigated the ions controlling performance of a novel configuration detector module. The aim of this study is to suppress ion backflow (IBF) continually. In this paper, some update results of the feasibility and limitation on TPC detector technology R&D will be given using the hybrid gaseous detector module.

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3

Parkes, C. "Silicon detectors at the LHC." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 117 (April 2003): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)90700-6.

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4

MY, SALVATORE. "CMS SILICON STRIP DETECTORS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0100893x.

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Анотація:

Robust tracking is an essential tool to address the full range of physics which can be accessed at LHC. The CMS Collaboration has chosen the detector technology for the Si-licon Strip tracking system. Over the last few years considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the operation of silicon strip detector in the harsh environment of the LHC. An overview of recent results is given with particular emphasis on resistivity and crystal orientation of the substrate, strip capacitance and breakdown voltage.

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5

Taševský, Marek. "Review of central exclusive production of the Higgs boson beyond the Standard Model." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 28 (November 10, 2014): 1446012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14460129.

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Анотація:

We review activities in the field of theoretical, phenomenological and experimental studies related to the production of the Higgs boson in central exclusive processes at LHC in models beyond Standard Model. Prospects in the context of the Higgs boson discovery at LHC in 2012 and of proposals to build forward proton detectors at ATLAS and CMS side are summarized.

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6

Seidel, Sally. "Silicon detectors for the super LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 628, no. 1 (February 2011): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.334.

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7

Zareef, F., A. Oblakowska-Mucha, and T. Szumlak. "Silicon detectors beyond LHC — RD50 status report." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11004.

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Abstract The last decade showed the leading role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments in particle physics. To fully exploit its physics potential, the significant increase of LHC luminosity is planned. At the High luminosity Phase-II Upgrade (HL-LHC), foreseen for 2027, a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm−2, with an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 is expected. The experiments will be subjected to radiation levels up to 2 × 1016 neq/cm2 at the innermost layers of the detectors. Since more than a decade the RD50 collaboration has been conducting a significant R&D program across experimental boundaries to create silicon sensors with adequate radiation tolerance for HL-LHC trackers. HV-CMOS sensors, 3D detectors, and low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are important areas of detector research and development. We will discuss the current state of research and development in numerous silicon detector domains, with a focus on 3D and LGAD detectors. We will also discuss the alternatives for detector selection experiments outside of the LHC, using the FCC as an example.

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8

Hartmann, Frank. "Silicon-based detectors at the HL-LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 924 (April 2019): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.101.

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9

Mandić, Igor. "Silicon sensors for HL-LHC tracking detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 732 (December 2013): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.030.

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10

RICHTER-WAS, ELŻBIETA, DANIEL FROIDEVAUX, FABIOLA GIANOTTI, LUC POGGIOLI, DONATELLA CAVALLI, and SILVIA RESCONI. "MINIMAL SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD MODEL HIGGS RATES AND BACKGROUNDS IN ATLAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 09 (April 10, 1998): 1371–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98000640.

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Анотація:

This study presents an overview of the potential of the ATLAS detector at LHC for the observation of the Higgs boson of the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The expected rates, backgrounds and significances are discussed channel by channel using realistic assumptions for the detector performance. As final results, the ranges of the MSSM parameter space projected on the (mA, tan β) and (mh, tan β) planes, for which the expected significances for the discovery of the different channels exceed a 5σ value, are shown for the ATLAS detector alone and for combined results from the ATLAS and CMS detectors. It is concluded that the combined potential of the two LHC detectors should fully cover the Higgs sector of the MSSM parameter space. The sensitivity of the results to the upper limit of the allowed mass for the lightest Higgs boson is extensively discussed. The direct impact of the SUSY particle sector on such searches is neglected in this paper.

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11

Straessner, Arno. "HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE LHC." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (December 18, 2013): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0518.

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Анотація:

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the two multi-purpose detectors, ATLAS and CMS, have been operated successfully at record centre-of-mass energies of 7 ÷ 8TeV. This paper presents the main physics results from proton–proton collisions based on a total luminosity of 2 × 5 fb<sup>−1</sup>. The most recent results from Standard Model measurements, Standard Model and MSSM Higgs searches, as well as searches for supersymmetric and exotic particles are reported. Prospects for ongoing and future data taking are presented.

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12

ASAI, S. "THE LATEST STATUS OF LHC AND THE EWSB PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 27n28 (November 10, 2010): 5196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10050962.

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Анотація:

The latest status of LHC and the performances of ATLAS and CMS detectors are summarized in the first part. Physics potential to solve the origin of the ElectroWeak Symmetry Breaking is summarized in the 2nd part, focusing especially on two major scenarios, (1) the light Higgs boson plus SUSY and (2) the Strong Coupling Gauge Theory. Both ATLAS and CMS detectors have the excellent potential to discover them, and we can perform crucial test on the ElectroWeak Symmetry Breaking.

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13

Wiehe, Moritz. "Silicon Detectors for the LHC Phase-II Upgrade and Beyond – RD50 Status Report." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012167.

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Анотація:

A large R&D program has been underway to develop silicon sensors with sufficient radiation tolerance for LHC-Phase-II trackers and the next generation of collision experiments. Key areas of recent RD50 research include new technologies such as CMOS and Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs), where a dedicated multiplication layer to create a high field region is built into the sensor. We also seek for a deeper understanding of the connection between macroscopic sensor properties such as radiation-induced increase of leakage current, effective doping concentration and trapping, and the microscopic properties at the defect level. Another strong activity is the development of advanced sensor types, like 3D silicon detectors. We will present the state of the art in silicon detectors at radiation levels corresponding to LHC-Phase-II fluences and beyond. Based on our results, we will give an outlook towards the silicon detectors to be used for particle detectors at future colliders like the FCC.

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14

Wells, Pippa S. "The upgraded ATLAS and CMS detectors and their physics capabilities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2032 (January 13, 2015): 20140046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0046.

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Анотація:

The update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics from 2013 states that Europe's top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting 10 times more data than in the initial design. The plans for upgrading the ATLAS and CMS detectors so as to maintain their performance and meet the challenges of increasing luminosity are presented here. A cornerstone of the physics programme is to measure the properties of the 125 GeV Higgs boson with the highest possible precision, to test its consistency with the Standard Model. The high-luminosity data will allow precise measurements of the dominant production and decay modes, and offer the possibility of observing rare modes including Higgs boson pair production. Direct and indirect searches for additional Higgs bosons beyond the Standard Model will also continue.

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15

Lange, J., M. Carulla Areste, E. Cavallaro, F. Förster, S. Grinstein, I. López Paz, M. Manna, et al. "3D silicon pixel detectors for the High-Luminosity LHC." Journal of Instrumentation 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2016): C11024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/c11024.

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16

Dervan, P. J. "Silicon strip detectors for the ATLAS HL-LHC upgrade." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 03 (March 12, 2012): C03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/03/c03019.

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17

Affolder, Anthony. "Silicon Strip Detectors for the ATLAS HL-LHC Upgrade." Physics Procedia 37 (2012): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.429.

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18

Civinini, C. "Silicon microstrip detectors for the CMS experiment at LHC." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 61, no. 3 (February 1998): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00561-6.

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19

Tuovinen, Esa, Jaakko Härkönen, Panja Luukka, Teppo Mäenpää, Henri Moilanen, Ivan Kassamakov, and Eija Tuominen. "Magnetic Czochralski silicon strip detectors for Super-LHC experiments." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 636, no. 1 (April 2011): S79—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.089.

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20

Oblakowska-Mucha, A. "Radiation Hard Silicon Particle Detectors for Phase-II LHC Trackers." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 02 (February 16, 2017): C02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/02/c02054.

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21

Hara, K., and Y. Ikegami. "Silicon strip detectors for ATLAS at the HL-LHC upgrade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 731 (December 2013): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.04.013.

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22

Della Marina, R., D. Passeri, P. Ciampolini, and G. M. Bilei. "Silicon strip detectors for LHC: Comprehensive process and device analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 392, no. 1-3 (June 1997): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00303-3.

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23

Wheadon, R. "Radiation tolerance studies of silicon microstrip detectors for the LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 342, no. 1 (March 1994): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91418-4.

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24

Cervelli, A. "Searches for Supersymmetry in ATLAS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 47 (January 2018): 1860088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600881.

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Анотація:

After the discovery of the Higgs boson in ATLAS first run of data taking, and due to the lack of observation of new physics, searches for new particles such as Supersymmetric states are one of the main area of interest for the general purpose detectors operating at LHC. In this talk we will present a review of the searches for Supersymmetric particles, performed by the ATLAS experiment

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25

Härkönen, Jaakko, Esa Tuovinen, Panja Luukka, Eija Tuominen, Zheng Li, Vladimir Eremin, and Elena Verbitskaya. "Radiation Hard Silicon for Medical, Space and High Energy Physics Applications." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.215.

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Анотація:

The objective of this paper is to give an overview on how silicon particle detector would survive operational in extremely harsh radiation environment after luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The Super-LHC would result in an integrated fluence 1×1016 p/cm2 and that is well beyond the radiation tolerance of even the most advanced semiconductor detectors fabricated by commonly adopted technologies. The Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) has intrinsically high oxygen concentration. Therefore Cz-Si is considered as a promising material for the tracking systems in future very high luminosity colliders. The fabrication process issues of Cz-Si are discussed and the formation of thermal donors is especially emphasized. N+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ detectors have been processed on magnetic Czochralski (MCz-Si) wafers. We show measurement data of AC-coupled strip detectors and single pad detectors as well as experimental results of intentional TD doping. Data of spatial homogeneity of electrical properties, full depletion voltage and leakage current, is shown and n and p-type devices are compared. Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high quality n+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ particle detectors from high resistivity Czochralski silicon.

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26

Verbitskaya, E., V. Eremin, A. Zabrodskii, A. Bogdanov, A. Shepelev, B. Dehning, M. R. Bartosik, et al. "Development of silicon detectors for Beam Loss Monitoring at HL-LHC." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 03 (March 9, 2017): C03036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/c03036.

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27

Matthews, John A. J., Peter Berdusis, Mark Frautschi, Joachim Schuler, Hartmut Sadrozinski, Kathy O'Shaughnessy, Lenny Spiegel, et al. "Bulk radiation damage in silicon detectors and implications for LHC experiments." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381, no. 2-3 (November 1996): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00491-3.

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28

Rihl, M. "Imaging the LHC beams with silicon and scintillating fibre vertex detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 845 (February 2017): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.04.051.

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29

Terzo, S. "Radiation hard silicon particle detectors for HL-LHC—RD50 status report." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 845 (February 2017): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.05.035.

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30

Brient, J. C., R. Rusack, and F. Sefkow. "Silicon Calorimeters." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 68, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021053.

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Анотація:

We review the development of silicon-based calorimeters from the very first applications of small calorimeters used in collider experiments to the large-scale systems that are being designed today. We discuss silicon-based electromagnetic calorimeters for future e− e+ colliders and for the upgrade of the CMS experiment's endcap calorimeter to be used in the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. We present the intrinsic advantages of silicon as an active detector material and highlight the enabling technologies that have made calorimeters with very high channel densities feasible. We end by discussing the outlook for further extensions to the silicon calorimeter concept, such as calorimeters with fine-pitched pixel detectors.

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31

Brüning, Oliver, Heather Gray, Katja Klein, Mike Lamont, Meenakshi Narain, Richard Polifka, and Lucio Rossi. "The scientific potential and technological challenges of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider program." Reports on Progress in Physics 85, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 046201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ac5106.

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Анотація:

Abstract We present an overview of the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), its scientific potential and technological challenges for both the accelerator and detectors. The HL-LHC program is expected to start circa 2027 and aims to increase the integrated luminosity delivered by the LHC by an order of magnitude at the collision energy of 14 TeV. This requires upgrades to the injector system, accelerator complex and luminosity levelling. The two experiments, ATLAS and CMS, require substantial upgrades to most of their systems in order to cope with the increased interaction rate, and much higher radiation levels than at the current LHC. We present selected examples based on novel ideas and technologies for applications at a hadron collider. Both experiments will replace their tracking systems. We describe the ATLAS pixel detector upgrade featuring novel tilted modules, and the CMS Outer Tracker upgrade with a new module design enabling use of tracks in the level-1 trigger system. CMS will also install state-of-the-art highly segmented calorimeter endcaps. Finally, we describe new picosecond precision timing detectors of both experiments. In addition, we discuss how the upgrades will enhance the physics performance of the experiments, and solve the computing challenges posed by the expected large data sets. The physics program of the HL-LHC is focused on precision measurements probing the limits of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and discovering new physics. We present a selection of studies that have been carried out to motivate the HL-LHC program. A central topic of exploration will be the characterization of the Higgs boson. The large HL-LHC data samples will extend the sensitivity of searches for new particles or new interactions whose existence has been hypothesized in order to explain shortcomings of the SM. Finally, we comment on the nature of large scientific collaborations.

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32

Li, Zheng. "Radiation Damage Effects in Si Materials and Detectors." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.216.

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Анотація:

Silicon sensors, widely used in high energy and nuclear physics experiments, suffer severe radiation damage that leads to degradations in sensor performance. These degradations include significant increases in leakage current, bulk resistivity, space charge concentration, and free carrier trapping. For LHC (Large Hadron Collider) applications, where the total fluence is in the order of 1x1015neq/cm2for 10 years, the increase in space charge concentration has been the main problem since it can significantly increase the sensor full depletion voltage, causing either breakdown if operated at high biases or charge collection loss if operated at lower biases than full depletion. For LHC Upgrade, or the sLHC, however, with an increased total fluence up to 1x1016neq/cm2, the main limiting factor for Si detector operation is the severe trapping of free carriers by radiation-induced defect levels.

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33

Ivanchenko, Vladimir, Alexander Bagulya, Samer Bakr, Marilena Bandieramonte, Denis Bernard, Marie-Claude Bordage, Helmut Burkhardt, et al. "Geant4 electromagnetic physics progress." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502009.

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Анотація:

The Geant4 electromagnetic (EM) physics sub-packages are a component of LHC experiment simulations. During long shutdown 2 for LHC, these packages are under intensive development and we report progress of EM physics in Geant4 versions 10.5 and 10.6, which includes faster computation, more accurate EM models, and extensions to the validation suite. New approaches are developed to simulate radiation damage for silicon vertex detectors and for configuration of multiple scattering per detector region. Improvements in user interfaces developed for low-energy and the Geant4-DNA project are used also for LHC simulation optimisation.

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34

Esfandi, Fatemeh, Shahyar Saramad, and Mohammad Amin Jalilvand. "Finite Element Simulation of a Novel Nano 3D Semiconductor Detector Fabricated by Anodizing the Aluminium." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.212.

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Анотація:

The unique geometry of micro 3D semiconductor detectors, presents several advantages over conventional planar silicon detectors. But, manufacturing these kind of detectors requires high technology. The novel idea to achieve a high performance and low cost semiconductor detector is using the nanopattern of anodized aluminium as a mask to create nano3D detectors. The simulation results show that this novel nano3D radiation hard semiconductor detector with collection time less than 10 ps and full depletion voltage less than one volt can become increasingly important for possible future upgrades of 3D detectors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and also medical imaging applications.

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35

Schott, Matthias, and Junjie Zhu. "Diboson production in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7~{\rm TeV}$." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 26 (October 16, 2014): 1430053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300531.

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Анотація:

This review summarizes results on the production cross-section measurements of electroweak boson pairs (WW, WZ, ZZ, Wγ and Zγ) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of [Formula: see text]. The two general-purpose detectors at the LHC, ATLAS and CMS recorded an integrated luminosity of ≈5 fb -1 in 2011, which offered the possibility to study the properties of diboson production to high precision. These measurements test predictions of the Standard Model (SM) in a new energy regime and are crucial for the understanding and the measurement of the SM Higgs boson and other new particles. In this review, special emphasis is drawn on the combination of results from both experiments and a common interpretation with respect to state-of-the-art SM predictions.

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36

Kaplon, J., and W. Dabrowski. "Fast CMOS binary front end for silicon strip detectors at LHC experiments." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 6 (December 2005): 2713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2005.862826.

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37

Khomenkov, V., D. Bisello, M. Boscardin, Mara Bruzzi, A. Candelori, G. F. Dalla Betta, A. P. Litovchenko, et al. "Bulk Radiation Damage Induced in Thin Epitaxial Silicon Detectors by 24 GeV Protons." Solid State Phenomena 108-109 (December 2005): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.108-109.315.

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Radiation hardness of silicon detectors based on thin epitaxial layer for the LHC upgrade was studied. No type inversion was observed after irradiation by 24 GeV protons in the fluence range (1.5–10)⋅1015 cm–2 due to overcompensating donor generation. After long-term annealing highly irradiated devices show decrease of effective doping concentration and then undergo type inversion. All mentioned means that thin epitaxial devices might be used for innermost layers of vertex detectors and need moderate cooling during beam off time. Properly chosen scenario might help to restore their working characteristics.

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38

Kopciewicz, P., S. Maccolini, and T. Szumlak. "The LHCb vertex locator upgrade — the detector calibration overview." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01046.

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Abstract The Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon tracking detector in the spectrometer of the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment. LHCb explores and investigates CP violation phenomena in b- and c- hadron decays and is one of the experiments operating on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. After run 1 and run 2 of LHC data taking (2011–2018), the LHCb detectors are being modernized within the LHCb upgrade I program. The upgrade aims to adjust the spectrometer to readout at full LHC 40 MHz frequency, which requires radical changes to the technologies currently used in LHCb. The hardware trigger is removed, and some of the detectors replaced. The VELO changes its tracking technology and silicon strips are replaced by 55 μm pitch silicon pixels. The readout chip for the VELO upgrade is the VeloPix ASIC. The number of readout channels increases to over 40 million, and the hottest ASIC is expected to produce the output data rate of 15 Gbit/s. New conditions challenge the software and the hardware side of the readout system and put special attention on the detector monitoring. This paper presents the upgraded VELO design and outlines the software aspects of the detector calibration in the upgrade I. An overview of the challenges foreseen for the upgrade II is given.

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39

Liu, Manwen, Xinqing Li, Wenzheng Cheng, Zheng Li, and Zhihua Li. "Radiation Hardness Property of Ultra-Fast 3D-Trench Electrode Silicon Detector on N-Type Substrate." Micromachines 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2021): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111400.

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The radiation fluence of high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is predicted up to 1 × 1016 1 MeV neq/cm2 in the ATLAS and CMS experiments for the pixel detectors at the innermost layers. The increased radiation leads to the degradation of the detector properties, such as increased leakage current and full depletion voltage, and reduced signals and charge collection efficiency, which means it is necessary to develop the radiation hard semiconductor devices for very high luminosity colliders. In our previous study about ultra-fast 3D-trench electrode silicon detectors, through induced transient current simulation with different minimum ionizing particle (MIP) hitting positions, the ultra-fast response times ranging from 30 ps to 140 ps were verified. In this work, the full depletion voltage, breakdown voltage, leakage current, capacitance, weighting field and MIP induced transient current (signal) of the detector after radiation at different fluences will be simulated and calculated with professional software, namely the finite-element Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) software frameworks. From analysis of the simulation results, one can predict the performance of the detector in heavy radiation environment. The fabrication of pixel detectors will be carried out in CMOS process platform of IMECAS based on ultra-pure high resistivity (up to 104 ohm·cm) silicon material.

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40

Bozzi, C., S. Albergo, M. M. Angarano, P. Azzi, E. Babucci, N. Bacchetta, A. Bader, et al. "Test results on heavily irradiated silicon detectors for the CMS experiment at LHC." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, no. 6 (2000): 2092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.903854.

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41

Kramberger, G. "Reasons for high charge collection efficiency of silicon detectors at HL-LHC fluences." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 924 (April 2019): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.034.

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42

Currás, E., J. Duarte-Campderrós, M. Fernández, A. García, G. Gómez, J. González, R. Jaramillo, et al. "Study of small-cell 3D silicon pixel detectors for the high luminosity LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 931 (July 2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.04.037.

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43

Szumlak, T. "Silicon detectors for the LHC Phase-II upgrade and beyond RD50 Status report." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 958 (April 2020): 162187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.028.

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44

Miñano, M., F. Campabadal, C. Escobar, C. García, S. González, C. Lacasta, M. Lozano, et al. "Characterization of irradiated detectors fabricated on p-type silicon substrates for super-LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 583, no. 1 (December 2007): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.210.

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45

Mastrolorenzo, L. "The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter for HL-LHC." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (January 2018): 1860075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600753.

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The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will integrate 10 times more luminosity than the LHC, posing significant challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup on detectors, especially for forward calorimetry, and hallmarks the issue for future colliders. As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS Collaboration is designing a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It features unprecedented transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow (PF) calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance pileup rejection and particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E and a large fraction of CE-H will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors of [Formula: see text] cell size, with the remainder of the CE-H based on highly-segmented scintillators with SiPM readout. The intrinsic high-precision timing capabilities of the silicon sensors will add an extra dimension to event reconstruction, especially in terms of pileup rejection. An overview of the HGCAL project is presented in this paper.

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46

HARKONEN, J., M. ABREU, P. ANBINDERIS, T. ANBINDERIS, N. DAMBROSIO, W. DEBOER, E. BORCHI, K. BORER, M. BRUZZI, and S. BUONTEMPO. "Recent results from the CERN RD39 Collaboration on super-radiation hard cryogenic silicon detectors for LHC and LHC upgrade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 535, no. 1-2 (December 11, 2004): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(04)01693-6.

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47

Härkönen, J., M. Abreu, P. Anbinderis, T. Anbinderis, N. D’Ambrosio, W. de Boer, E. Borchi, et al. "Recent results from the CERN RD39 Collaboration on super-radiation hard cryogenic silicon detectors for LHC and LHC upgrade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 535, no. 1-2 (December 2004): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.07.157.

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48

Koppenhöfer, R., T. Barvich, J. Braach, A. Dierlamm, U. Husemann, S. Maier, Th Müller, et al. "Beam test results of silicon sensor module prototypes for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): C12033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12033.

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Abstract The start of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in 2027 requires upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. In the scope of the upgrade program the complete silicon tracking detector will be replaced. The new CMS Tracker will be equipped with silicon pixel detectors in the inner layers closest to the interaction point and silicon strip detectors in the outer layers. The new CMS Outer Tracker will consist of two different kinds of detector modules called PS and 2S modules. Each module will be made of two parallel silicon sensors (a macro-pixel sensor and a strip sensor for the PS modules and two strip sensors for the 2S modules). Combining the hit information of both sensor layers, it is possible to estimate the transverse momentum of particles in the magnetic field of 3.8 T at the full bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz directly on the module. This information will be used as an input for the first trigger stage of CMS. It is necessary to validate the Outer Tracker module functionality before installing the modules in the CMS experiment. Besides laboratory-based tests several 2S module prototypes have been studied at test beam facilities at CERN, DESY and FNAL. This article concentrates on the beam tests at DESY during which the functionality of the module concept was investigated using the full final readout chain for the first time. Additionally the performance of a 2S module assembled with irradiated sensors was studied. By choosing an irradiation fluence expected for 2S modules at the end of HL-LHC operation, it was possible to investigate the particle detection efficiency and study the trigger capabilities of the module at the beginning and end of the runtime of the CMS experiment.

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49

Beolè, S., P. Burger, E. Cantatore, G. Casse, F. Corsi, M. Cuomo, W. Dąabrowski, et al. "Steps towards the use of silicon drift detectors in heavy ion collisions at LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 360, no. 1-2 (June 1995): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01223-7.

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50

Bossini, Edoardo. "The Timing System of the TOTEM Experiment." Instruments 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2040021.

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The new proton timing stations of the Totem experiment are based on UltraFast Silicon Detectors installed in Roman Pots at 220 m from the interaction point 5 at LHC. The sensors have shown in beam test a timing resolution in the range 30–100 ps, depending on the pixel size. The readout is performed through a fast sampler chip: the SAMPIC. The best timing resolution can indeed be obtained only by recording the full waveform of the detector signal. The challenges to integrate the chip and the detector in the Totem-CMS DAQ and control systems will be discussed, together with the solutions adopted. The system has been successfully operated in LHC during some commissioning runs and during the special run in July 2018.

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