Дисертації з теми "Hierarchy analysis method"

Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and remote sensing (RS) technologies have developed rapidly in recent years, and they have been widely used indaily life of ordinary people. The combination of these two remarkable technologies isuseful for location decision making and has been applied in different kinds of study cases.Guangyuan is one of the fastest developing cities in the southwest of China. Especiallyafter the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the development in economic and urbanreconstruction increased rapidly. Many infrastructure constructions and the reformprojects are in progress. At the same time, China's urban sewage treatment facilities areseriously inadequate. Only a small percentage of sewage has been treated by sewagetreatment plants in China. So the purpose of this study is to select an optimal site for asewage treatment plant in Guangyuan in a scientific way.In this particular study, based on GIS software and GIS-based multi-criteria analysis(MCA), a decision making model has been built for optimal site selection for a sewagetreatment plant. Two types of data were used in this study. Digital elevation model andsatellite image, several factor maps and constraint maps were created for the final analysis.The analytic hierarchy process was used to apply the weights for each factor along withformula method, in order to get the best result and find the optimal site. Finally, a MCAmodel has been made to be an example for future similar studies.In the end, an optimal site has been selected. Although aims are achieved in this study,there are still some limitations in different perspectives of the study. In the future, moreprecise data can be used in MCA studies, data limitations could be reduced with thedevelopment of RS techniques. In the future, more similar studies will be finished, whichmeans more scientific papers can provide reliable references of determining the criteriaand weights.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a powerful technique for relatively efficiency measurement and it is intensively used in different kind of disciplines but this technique has some drawbacks. In the conventional DEA technique, total number of inputs and outputs is determined by the number of evaluated firms. Therefore, this powerful efficiency measurement technique cannot be employed for limited number firm problems. DEA uses realized data so it can be used for objective evaluations. However, in some Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and mining cases, subjective evaluation is also very important so it should be included in DEA analyses. To get rid of these drawbacks, a new technique is developed with integration of DEA and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and it is named as AHP.DEA Method. The developed method creates an opportunity using more inputs and outputs in the relatively efficiency measurement for limited number firm cases. Therefore, reliability of the estimation is increased with increasing the number of inputs and outputs in the estimations. The AHP.DEA technique also integrates both subjective opinion of experts and objective evaluation. Combination of them can give more consistent results when compared only subjective or objective evaluation methods. After the application of AHP.DEA method in mining and OHS industry, managers of mining companies can compare their organizations with the competitors or their branches and they can identify strengths and weakness of them. Therefore, quantity and quality of output may be increased while number of accidents is decreased and also new opportunities can be identified to upgrade current operations.

Cette these traite de la detection d'objets mobiles dans des sequences d'images monoculaires acquises a l'aide d'un capteur en mouvement. Nous proposons une methodologie dediee a la detection de petits objets mobiles dans des images de scenes exterieures reelles dans le domaine visible ou infrarouge. De facon a pouvoir detecter des objets de tres faible vitesse apparente, nous privilegions une analyse de l'information sur un intervalle temporel etendu. Nous avons fait le choix de compenser le mouvement apparent dominant du au deplacement du capteur pour plusieurs images consecutives dans le but de former une sous-sequence de quelques images dans laquelle le capteur semble virtuellement fixe. Nous avons egalement developpe une technique de structuration d'une scene exterieure selon ses differents plans de profondeur pour traiter les cas ou le mouvement 2d du au deplacemente du capteur ne peut pas etre globalement modelise et compense. Cette etape de segmentation s'appuie sur une modelisation hierarchique a deux niveaux de modeles, l'un local (niveau pixel) et l'autre global (niveau region). Une decomposition temporelle adequate est ensuite utilisee pour renforcer le signal correspondant aux objets en mouvement dans la sous-sequence d'images. Le probleme de la detection des objets mobiles est formule comme un probleme d'etiquetage impliquant une regularisation statistique a l'aide de champs de markov. Ce cadre permet de traduire des connaissances a priori contextuelles sur les primitives correspondant aux objets mobiles a detecter. L'ensemble de notre methode a ete evalue et valide sur des sequences d'images variees, representatives de nombreuses situations reelles complexes

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O Plano de Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel do estado do CearÃ, elaborado e implementado em 1995, introduziu o conceito de Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel (DS) na seara das polÃticas pÃblicas cearenses e propÃs que a base de sua formaÃÃo fosse de maneira participativa e democrÃtica, constatando-se, assim, o despertar para a prÃtica da governanÃa. Sabe-se que a anÃlise da governanÃa apoia-se na base do conceito de DS, pois, està voltada para a elaboraÃÃo de polÃticas com diretrizes e normas direcionadas a todos os atores sociais na tentativa de amenizar e/ou finalizar os conflitos sociais alÃm de tornar bem visÃvel a participaÃÃo ativa da populaÃÃo nas tomadas de decisÃo do governo. O Banco Mundial considera governanÃa como sendo a capacidade do governo de formular e implementar polÃticas pÃblicas sÃlidas e com eficÃcia, para tanto, propÃe seis princÃpios para avaliar a Boa GovernanÃa: Voz e responsabilizaÃÃo, Estabilidade PolÃtica e AusÃncia de ViolÃncia/Terrorismo, EficÃcia Governamental, Qualidade RegulatÃria, Estado de Direito e Controle da CorrupÃÃo. Em 2003, o Programa Selo MunicÃpio Verde do estado do Cearà (PSMV) foi formulado e implementado com a finalidade de atribuir uma certificaÃÃo ambiental pÃblica que operacionalizasse o DS em nÃvel local. Dessa maneira, o PSMV pode deter instrumentos que possibilitem a garantia de uma Boa GovernanÃa para o DS, promover o envolvimento de todos os atores sociais alÃm de possibilitar a participaÃÃo ativa da populaÃÃo nas tomadas de decisÃo do governo. Nesse contexto, a atual pesquisa objetiva analisar o nÃvel de implementaÃÃo dos princÃpios da Boa GovernanÃa nas polÃticas pÃblicas para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel no estado do Cearà com uma visÃo a partir do PSMV. Para tanto, aplicou o MÃtodo Delphi e, para a melhor tomada de decisÃo a ser apontada, utilizou o MÃtodo MulticritÃrio de Apoio à DecisÃo â a AnÃlise de Processos HierÃrquicos para calcular o Ãndice de AvaliaÃÃo da Boa GovernanÃa para o PSMV. Os resultados mostraram que, apÃs 11 anos de implementaÃÃo, o PSMV pode ser considerado uma ferramenta que possibilita a boa governanÃa para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel no territÃrio cearense, pois, segundo os entrevistados, os cinquenta e quatro indicadores direcionados aos seis princÃpios estÃo sendo postos em prÃtica. PorÃm, ao inter-relacionÃ-los, a pesquisa verificou que o PSMV possui um nÃvel regular para a Boa GovernanÃa. Dentre os seis princÃpios analisados, o que menos contribuiu para esse Ãndice foi o princÃpio Controle da CorrupÃÃo e o que mais contribuiu positivamente foi o princÃpio Estado de Direito, refletindo que existe um forte aparato legal para o exercÃcio da Boa GovernanÃa no estado do CearÃ, porÃm, devem-se promover formas de controle e combate da corrupÃÃo na intenÃÃo de tornar o governo mais democrÃtico e transparente. Salienta-se que nenhum princÃpio foi classificado com um nÃvel de Boa GovernanÃa, logo, para o PSMV, todos os indicadores sÃo passÃveis de investimentos para se alcanÃar a Boa GovernanÃa para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel pregada pelo Banco Mundial. Finalmente, sugere-se que continuem sendo elaboradas e implementadas polÃticas pÃblicas que tenham a efetiva participaÃÃo popular em todos os nÃveis de decisÃo, buscando, dessa maneira, a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento com um mundo mais equÃnime e que promova a paz mundial.
The Sustainable Development Plan of the State of CearÃ, developed and implemented in 1995, introduced the concept of Sustainable Development (SD) on the likes of Cearà public policy and proposed that the basis of his training was participatory and democratic way, though there is, thus awakening to the practice of governance. It is known that the analysis of governance rests on the basis of the concept of SD therefore should be focused on the development of policy guidelines and standards aimed at all social actors in an attempt to mitigate and/or end social conflicts beyond to make conspicuous the active participation of people in decision making of the government. The World Bank considers governance as the government's ability to formulate and implement sound policies and effectively, then, propose s six principles for assessing Good Governance: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness , Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption. In 2003, the Selo Municipio Verde Program of the State of Cearà (SMVP) was formulated and implemented in order to assign a public environmental certification that operationalizes the SD at the local level. Thus, the SMVP may hold instruments that enable a guarantee of Good Governance for sustainable development, promote the involvement of all stakeholders to mitigate conflicts of interest and enable the active participation of people in decision making of the government. In this context, the current research aims to analyze the level of implementation of the principles of Good Governance in public policies for sustainable development in Cearà with a view from the SMV P. Therefore, the research applied the Delphi method, and for better decision making to be pointed out, used the method of Multiple Criteria Decision Support âAnalysis of Hierarchy Process to calculate the Evaluation Index of Good Governance for SMVP. The results showed that after 11 years of implementation, the SMVP can be considered a tool that enables Good Governance for sustainable development in Cearà territory because, according to respondents, fifty four indicators targeted to the six principles are being put into practice. However, the inter-relate them, the survey found that SMVP has a regular Good Governance level. Of all the principles discussed, which contributes least to this index was the Control of Corruption and contributed most positively was the principle Rule of Law, reflecting that there is a strong legal apparatus to exercise Good Governancein the state of Cearà but should promote ways of controlling and combating corruption in an attempt to make the government more democratic and transparent. It should be noted that no principle has been rated with a level of Good Governance. Hence for SMVP, all indicators are subject to investment to achieve Good Governance for sustainable development preached by the World Bank. Finally, it is suggested to continue being developed and implemented public policies that affect effective popular participation in all levels of decision making, seeking thus the sustainability of development with more equitable world and to promote world peace.

De nombreuses industries ont mené des recherches en vue de choisir la méthode appropriée afin d'améliorer les résultats, notamment Lean manufacturing et Six Sigma. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse principalement à l’influence de l’implémentation de ces méthodes au sein des entreprises françaises, selon trois critères : financier, opérationnel et innovation. Les résultats de nos recherches montrent que les entreprises, appliquant Lean manufacturing et Six Sigma, sont plus efficacies pour l'amélioration des performances en matières financière et opérationnelle. Par ailleurs, les entreprises qui utilisent juste une partie des pratiques de Lean manufacturing et/ou de Six Sigma ont montré des améliorations limitées. En ce qui concerne le volet innovation, nous avons montré que l’implémentation de Lean manufacturing est suffisante pour avoir une amélioration des performances. En outre, nous avons constaté que les pratiques de Lean manufacturing et Six Sigma, telles que One Piece Flow, Kanban, 5S, etc. contribuent fortement à l’amélioration des performances. Les résultats statistiques montrent également que les facteurs clés, de la réussite de la mise en place de Lean et Six Sigma, peuvent être significativement différents selon la méthode
Many industries conduct research in order to decide on the appropriate methodology for delivering optimal performance outcomes such as Lean Manufacturing or Six Sigma. Therefore, this research shows the influence of different categories based on the implementation method against three criteria: financial performance, operational performance and innovation performance. Research results indicate that companies implementing Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma were more effective in improving company performance across financial and operational dynamics. Additionally, it shows companies who implemented Lean Manufacturing only saw improvements in innovation performance. Moreover, we found that Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma practices such as One Piece Flow, Kanban, 5S, etc, supported increases in companies’ performance. The statistical results also show that the key factors for the success of Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma implementation could differ depending on the method employed

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera onlineversionen av programvaran MakeItRational med avseende på metoden som används för att beräkna så kallade vikter (weights) på basis av parvisa jämförelser. Studiens teoretiska del bygger på T.L. Saatys analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Större vikt läggs på tillämpningen av AHP-metoden med tonvikt på beräkning av vikter och hantering av parvisa jämförelsematriser. Uppsatsen empiriska del bygger på två beslutsanalyser utförda med hjälp av onlineversionen av MakeItRational och motsvarande egna beräkningar. Studiens resultat indikerar att onlineversionen av MakeItRational använder högeregenvektorsmetoden för att beräkna vikter.

There are a number of decision making problems in which Geographical Information System (GIS) has employed to organize and facilitate the procedure of analyzing the problem. These GIS-based decision problems which typically include a number of different criteria and alternatives are generally analyzed by Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA).Different locations within a geographical area represent the alternatives by which the overall goal of the project is achieved. The quality of achieving the goal is evaluated by a set of criteria which should be considered in the work. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is a powerful method of MCDA generally can organize spatial problems and decides which alternatives are most suitable for the defined problems. However due to some intrinsic uncertainty in the method, a number of authors suggest fuzzifying the method while others are against fuzzification of the AHP.

The debate over fuzzifying AHP is going on and attempt for finding that was mostly in theory, and little, if any; practical comparison between the AHP and fuzzified AHP has done. This work presents a practical comparison of AHP and fuzzy AHP in a GIS-based problem, case study, for locating a dam in Costa Rica, considering different criteria. In order to perform the AHP and fuzzy AHP in the GIS-based problem and calculating weights of the criteria by the methods, some computer codes have written and developed in MATLAB.

The comparisons between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods are done on result weights and on the result final maps. The comparison between the weights is repeated on different levels of uncertainty in fuzzy AHP then all the results are compared with the result of AHP method. Also this study for checking the effect of fuzzification on results is suggested Chi-Square test as a suitable tool.

Comparisons between the resulting weights of the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods show some differences between the methods. Furthermore, the Chi-Square test shows that the higher level of uncertainty in the fuzzy AHP, the greater the difference in results between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods.

Структура та обсяг дипломної роботи Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, чотирьох розділів, висновку, переліку посилань з 41 найменувань, 4 додатки, і містить 15 рисунків, 20 таблиць. Повний обсяг магістерської дисертації складає 97 сторінок. Актуальність теми. Медичні інформаційні системи для пошуку лікарів створюються для підвищення ефективності надання медичних послуг. В умовах реформування медичної сфери, громадяни мають обирати сімейних лікарів самостійно. Тож існує необхідність у створені системи, яка би спростила вибір потрібного лікаря відповідно до пріоритетів пацієнтів. Мета дослідження полягає в розробці системи з підбору потенційного сімейного лікаря з використанням багатокритеріальних методів прийняття рішень. Для досягнення поставленої задачі були сформульовані наступні завдання дослідження, що визначили логіку дослідження та його структуру: − провести аналіз сучасних інформаційно-програмних засобів спрощення вибору працівників медичної сфери; − визначити основні вимоги до системи; − розробити інтерфейс додатку; − розробити систему відповідно до основних вимог; − зробити аналіз отриманих результатів. Об’єктом дослідження є інформаційні системи у медичній сфері. Предметом дослідження є вирішення проблеми вибору сімейного лікаря методами прийняття рішень у інформаційно-пошукових системах. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів. Наукова новизна полягає в удосконаленні методу аналізу ієрархій для отримання відносного та багатокритеріального рейтингу лікарів та у підвищенні об’єктивності оцінки лікарів у пошуковій системі за рахунок зменшення впливу суб’єктивних параметрів. Практичне значення одержаних результатів роботи полягає в розробці системи з підбору сімейного лікаря, яка надалі може використовуватись для пошуку та вибору сімейних лікарів. Публікації. Опубліковано статтю: Данііл Цвігун. Інформаційна система з підбору потенційного сімейного лікаря//Наука онлайн: Міжнародний електронний науковий журнал - 2018. - №12
Structure and volume of thesis The master's dissertation consists of an introduction, four sections, a conclusion, a list of references from 41 titles, 4 annexes, and contains 15 figures, 20 tables. The full volume of the master's dissertation is 97 pages. Actuality of theme. Medical information systems for the search of physicians are created to increase the efficiency of provision of medical services. In the context of the reform of the medical sector, citizens should choose their own family doctors. So there is a need for a system that would simplify the choice of the appropriate physician in accordance with the priorities of patients. The purpose of the study is to develop a system for selecting a potential family doctor using multi-criteria decision-making methods. To accomplish the task, the following research objectives were formulated, which determined the logic of the research and its structure: - to carry out an analysis of modern information and software tools for simplifying the selection of medical workers; - identify the basic requirements of the system; - develop the interface of the application; - to develop the system in accordance with the basic requirements; - to analyze the results obtained. The object of research is information systems in the medical field. The subject of the study is solving the problem of choosing a family doctor with methods of decision making in information retrieval systems. Scientific novelty of the obtained results. The scientific novelty is to improve the hierarchy analysis method for obtaining a relative and multi-criteria rating of doctors and to increase the objectivity of evaluating doctors in the search system by reducing the influence of subjective parameters. The practical value of the results of the work is to develop a system for the selection of a family doctor, which can then be used for the search and selection of family doctors. Publications Published article: Daniil Tsvihun. Information system for the potential family doctor selection//Science online: International Scientific e-zine - 2018. - №12.
Структура и объем дипломной работы Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, четырех глав, заключения, списка ссылок из 41 наименований, 4 приложения, и содержит 15 рисунков, 20 таблиц. Полный объем магистерской диссертации составляет 97 страниц. Актуальность темы. Медицинские информационные системы для поиска врачей создаются для повышения эффективности оказания медицинских услуг. В условиях реформирования медицинской сферы, граждане должны выбирать семейных врачей самостоятельно. Поэтому существует необходимость в создании системы, которая бы упростила выбор нужного врача в соответствии с приоритетами пациентов. Цель исследования заключается в разработке системы по подбору потенциального семейного врача с использованием многокритериальных методов принятия решений. Для достижения поставленной задачи были сформулированы следующие задачи исследования, определили логику исследования и его структуру: - провести анализ современных информационно-программных средств упрощения выбора работников медицинской сферы; - определить основные требования к системе; - разработать интерфейс приложения; - разработать систему в соответствии с основными требованиями; - сделать анализ полученных результатов. Объектом исследования являются системы в медицинской сфере. Предметом исследования является решение проблемы выбора семейного врача методами принятия решений в информационно-поисковых системах. Научная новизна полученных результатов. Научная новизна заключается в усовершенствовании метода анализа иерархий для получения относительного и многокритериального рейтинга врачей и в повышении объективности оценки врачей в поисковой системе за счет уменьшения влияния субъективных параметров. Практическое значение работы заключается в разработке системы по подбору семейного врача, которая в дальнейшем может использоваться для поиска и выбора семейных врачей. Публикации. Опубликована статья: Даниил Цвигун. Інформаційна система з підбору потенційного сімейного лікаря//Наука онлайн: Міжнародний електронний науковий журнал - 2018. - №12.

RODRIGUES, M. I. V. Os princípios da governança e as políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento sustentável - experiência do Programa Selo Município Verde no Estado do Ceará. 2014. 214 f. Tese (Doutorado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.
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O Plano de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do estado do Ceará, elaborado e implementado em 1995, introduziu o conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS) na seara das políticas públicas cearenses e propôs que a base de sua formação fosse de maneira participativa e democrática, constatando-se, assim, o despertar para a prática da governança. Sabe-se que a análise da governança apoia-se na base do conceito de DS, pois, está voltada para a elaboração de políticas com diretrizes e normas direcionadas a todos os atores sociais na tentativa de amenizar e/ou finalizar os conflitos sociais além de tornar bem visível a participação ativa da população nas tomadas de decisão do governo. O Banco Mundial considera governança como sendo a capacidade do governo de formular e implementar políticas públicas sólidas e com eficácia, para tanto, propõe seis princípios para avaliar a Boa Governança: Voz e responsabilização, Estabilidade Política e Ausência de Violência/Terrorismo, Eficácia Governamental, Qualidade Regulatória, Estado de Direito e Controle da Corrupção. Em 2003, o Programa Selo Município Verde do estado do Ceará (PSMV) foi formulado e implementado com a finalidade de atribuir uma certificação ambiental pública que operacionalizasse o DS em nível local. Dessa maneira, o PSMV pode deter instrumentos que possibilitem a garantia de uma Boa Governança para o DS, promover o envolvimento de todos os atores sociais além de possibilitar a participação ativa da população nas tomadas de decisão do governo. Nesse contexto, a atual pesquisa objetiva analisar o nível de implementação dos princípios da Boa Governança nas políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento sustentável no estado do Ceará com uma visão a partir do PSMV. Para tanto, aplicou o Método Delphi e, para a melhor tomada de decisão a ser apontada, utilizou o Método Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão – a Análise de Processos Hierárquicos para calcular o Índice de Avaliação da Boa Governança para o PSMV. Os resultados mostraram que, após 11 anos de implementação, o PSMV pode ser considerado uma ferramenta que possibilita a boa governança para o desenvolvimento sustentável no território cearense, pois, segundo os entrevistados, os cinquenta e quatro indicadores direcionados aos seis princípios estão sendo postos em prática. Porém, ao inter-relacioná-los, a pesquisa verificou que o PSMV possui um nível regular para a Boa Governança. Dentre os seis princípios analisados, o que menos contribuiu para esse índice foi o princípio Controle da Corrupção e o que mais contribuiu positivamente foi o princípio Estado de Direito, refletindo que existe um forte aparato legal para o exercício da Boa Governança no estado do Ceará, porém, devem-se promover formas de controle e combate da corrupção na intenção de tornar o governo mais democrático e transparente. Salienta-se que nenhum princípio foi classificado com um nível de Boa Governança, logo, para o PSMV, todos os indicadores são passíveis de investimentos para se alcançar a Boa Governança para o desenvolvimento sustentável pregada pelo Banco Mundial. Finalmente, sugere-se que continuem sendo elaboradas e implementadas políticas públicas que tenham a efetiva participação popular em todos os níveis de decisão, buscando, dessa maneira, a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento com um mundo mais equânime e que promova a paz mundial.

Palms support the largest leaves in the world and have evolved on Earth for over 120 million years. They are often reported to be the only structure left standing post-hurricane. Cross-sectional shapes of cantilevered structures are important design factors affecting torsional and bending performance. Understanding the shape contribution of natural sections such as palm petioles (modified leaf stalks) is more difficult than those for simple 2D shapes because conventional methods of calculating section properties are not well suited to these irregular shapes. The role of internal structure, material properties and external shape of palm petioles in cantilever performance has been investigated and three main contributions to knowledge result from this research. Firstly, 3D mapping, i.e., the size, orientation and position, of vascular bundles in the Trachycarpus fortunei palm petiole reveals the distributions of stress and Young’s modulus values, providing a more detailed understanding of petioles than previous work. Secondly, bulk elastic material properties along the longitudinal axis of the same petiole are then input to a bi-layered model of the same petiole establishing the Young’s modulus of the two layers without mechanically testing them individually and for determining that the outer layer is not lignified. Thirdly, the largest contribution is the introduction of modified shape transformers employing the use of circular envelopes, eliminating error caused by approximating second moment of area with the torsional constant. This leads to a novel Shape Edge Mapping (SEM) technique which deconstructs petiole cross section shape elements and enables the structural contribution of these elements to be calculated, improving the understanding of the petiole section and how it relates to its mechanical function. This thesis makes a valuable addition to the knowledge of palm function and presents novel techniques for non-destructive extraction of natural shape data for abstraction and use in preliminary engineering design.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Software development organizations are involved in different scenarios with distinct projects in relation to specific project characteristics and demands. There isn´t a software process model appropriate for all projects and/or organizations. The best process depends of the project context. Situational Method Engineering (SME) proposes the building of specific software development methods for each project according to its situational characteristics from method fragments stored in a repository. This work proposes a systematic approach for building a specific development software process for each project through tailoring process based on SME concepts, called OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA uses stored method fragments which include practices recommended by agile and planned process. These fragments are retrieved according to one or more tailoring criteria (tailoring process requirements) and are prioritized from contextual factors defined by Octopus Model. The technique used for this prioritization is Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to guide the process engineers in choosing the best fragments to include into organization s standard software process (PSPO). A metamodel was proposed to define method fragments. A support tool was developed to validate the proposed approach through case studies which use project risks as tailoring criteria.
As organizações de desenvolvimento de software estão envolvidas em um ambiente dinâmico, com diferentes cenários de acordo com as características e demandas específicas de cada projeto de software. Não há um processo de software que atenda as necessidades específicas de todos os projetos e/ou organizações. Assim, a adequação de um processo de desenvolvimento de software depende do contexto do projeto. Situational Method Engineering (SME) propõe a construção de métodos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto de acordo com as características situacionais dos mesmos a partir de fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem sistemática para a construção de processos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto a partir da adaptação de processos, com base em conceitos de SME, chamada OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA utiliza fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório, os quais incluem práticas preconizadas por processos ágeis e planejados. Tais fragmentos são recuperados de acordo com um ou mais critério de adaptação, ou requisitos para o processo adaptado, e são priorizados de acordo com fatores de contextualização de projetos de software definidos no Octopus Model. A técnica usada para esta priorização é Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), para guiar os engenheiros de processo na escolha dos melhores fragmentos para serem incluídos no processo de software padrão da organização (PSPO), dando origem ao processo adaptado, específico para o projeto. Um metamodelo foi proposto para a definição de fragmentos de métodos para serem utilizados na abordagem. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta para apoiar a abordagem proposta. Estudos de caso considerando riscos do projeto como critério de adaptação foram elaborados para validar a abordagem.

Nowadays the mitigation of climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gases are one of the priorities in the international affairs. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the products generated according to this request. For China, CDM brings advanced technologies in terms of energy saving and emission reduction, and driving forces for sustainable development, hereby the development of CDM projects is in full swing in China so far. However, it is not easy to decide which type of CDM projects is suitable for a certain city or region, which project contributes more to sustainable development compared with others, when it comes to several alternatives. In this case, decision-makers require a tool to help make a rational decision. As one of the approaches of assisting in making decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is able to provide assistance for decision-makers to compare the contribution of discrepant CDM projects to sustainable development. Moreover, a case study is taken between two typical CDM projects: HFC23 decomposition project and small-scale hydropower project, so as to check if AHP is useable. The result of the case study indicates that HFC23 decomposition project contributes more than small-scale hydropower plant project to sustainable development, which is not in line with China’s CDM development trend for these two projects (NCCCC, 2005), due to the different represented interests of the study group and the real decision-makers. Nevertheless, the result is rational and valid since there is nothing wrong with the AHP method and its application. In addition, in order to improve the effect of assisting in decision making, AHP was tried to be improved in three respects: impairing subjectiveness, avoiding rank reversal and improving accuracy. Even though for AHP itself, DEA/AHP approach could successfully eliminate the subjectiveness, however when it comes to this very case: compare CDM projects in terms of contribution to sustainable development in China, it cannot play an effective role. Moreover, PCA/AHP method cannot eliminate the subjectiveness at the root either. The framework method provides a possibility in theory to increase objectiveness. Two expects provided a feasible way to avoid rank reversal in their article, and the two pathways of improving results accuracy mentioned in this thesis are considered inappropriate in this case. On the other side, concerning AHP application, how to covert realistic issues to AHP structure, how to get desirable initial information, and how to avoid limitation generated by considerable criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives are considered as the difficulties which should be paid attention. In future, AHP could be applied frequently and effectively concerning providing assistance in making decisions in China, if the stakeholders as many as possible are involved in decision-making process.

The overall objective of this study is, to understand how the prehistoric individual experienced her “being in the world”. This is done by examining the spatial relationships of prehistoric remains in order to understand hierarchies. The foundation of the thesis is constructed by using data from the prehistoric settlement of Letolo in Samoa (Independent State of Samoa) in West-Polynesia and Hanga Ho´onu on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in East-Polynesia. These data are stored and analysed in a Geographical Information System (GIS). In the Samoan case the intention is to make previously unpublished surveys available. An aim is to develop a method to interpret social information from the spatial relations of built structures. It is questioned if it is possible to interpret the degree of hierarchy in a prehistoric society only from the spatial relations of features. It is concluded that such an inquiry needs to be paired with preunderstanding and analogies, such as ethnohistorical data, since it otherwise is problematic to ascribe meaning to different built structures. The thesis uses ethnohistory for preunderstanding and analogy. The thesis further examines the worldviews and structures that are shown in the repeated practice of groups in the two settlements.
Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande studie är att komma närmare den förhistoriska människans upplevelse av varat, att komma närmare hennes upplevelse av att finnas till i världen. Detta görs genom att undersöka fornlämningars spatiala relationer för att förstå  hierarkier. I uppsatsen redovisas två databaser och Geografiska Informationssystem som har konstruerats utifrån fornlämningsdata från förhistoriska bosättningar på Samoa i västpolynesien och Rapa Nui i östpolynesien. På Samoa är det Letolodalen på ön Savai´i som undersöks, och på Rapa Nui är det Hanga Ho´onu vid La Pérouse-bukten som undersöks. Uppsatsen ämnar tillgängliggöra opublicerade inventeringar av Letolo på Samoa. En intention är att utarbeta specifika kriterier för att utläsa social information från den spatiala utbredningen av fornlämningar. Arbetet ifrågasätter om det är möjligt att läsa ut graden av hierarki i ett förhistoriskt samhälle utifrån de spatiala relationerna mellan fornlämningar. Svaret är att det går om analogier och förförståelse används då det annars är problematiskt att tillskriva mening till fornlämningar. Eftersom Polynesien är väl dokumenterat utifrån ett etnohistoriskt perspektiv används analogier och förförståelse från dessa berättelser. I uppsatsen undersöks vidare mentala världar och strukturer som visar sig i gruppers upprepade praktiker i de två bosättningarna.

Network screening and countermeasure selection are two crucial steps in the highway improvement process. In network screening, potential improvement locations are ranked and prioritized based on a specific method with a set of criteria. The most common practice by transportation agencies has been to use a simple scoring method, which, in general, weighs and scores each criterion and then ranks the locations based on their relative overall scoring. The method does not deal well with criteria that are qualitative in nature, nor does it account for the impacts of correlation among the criteria. The introduction of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides agencies with a method to include both quantitative and qualitative criteria. However, it does not address the issue on correlation. This dissertation explores the use of both Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) for their potential capabilities to address both issues. Using urban four-lane divided highways in Florida for bicycle safety improvements, both ANP and FANP were shown to provide more reasonable rankings than AHP, with FANP providing the best results among the methods. After the locations are ranked and prioritized for improvements, the next step is to evaluate the potential countermeasures for improvements at the selected top-ranked locations. In this step, the standard practice has been to use Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) to quantify the potential impacts from implementing specific countermeasures. In this research, CMFs for bicycle crashes on urban facilities in Florida were developed using the Generalized Linear Model approach with a Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) distribution. The CMFs were tested for their spatial and temporal transferability and the results show only limited transferability both spatially and temporally. The CMFs show that, in general, wider lanes, lower speed limits, and presence of vegetation in the median reduce bicycle crashes, while presence of sidewalk and sidewalk barrier increase bicycle crashes. The research further considered bicycle exposure using the bicycle activity data from the Strava smartphone application. It was found that increased bicycle activity reduces bicycle crash probabilities on segments but increases bicycle crash probabilities at signalized intersections. Also, presence of bus stops and use of permissive signal phasing at intersections were found to increase bicycle crash probabilities.

Valet av IT-system kan vara en omfattande process som trots många iblandade kan resultera i ett misslyckade, vilket kan leda till stora och oförutsedda kostnader. Om jämförelsen inte sker enligt en säker och beprövad process är risken större att valet blir fel då det snarare grundas på känsla och marknadsföring än en opartisk jämförelse. Företaget Genero Solutions erbjuder en IT-lösning för säljstyrning som bland annat tillhandahåller rapporter över fältsäljkårers besöksstatistik och ser ett behov av ett bättre rapportsystem som ger granskare av dessa rapporter större frihet vid exploatering av data. Många leverantörer av IT-system inom Business Intelligence erbjuder den här typen av rapportsystem, vilket gör det än svårare att välja vilket system som passar Genero Solutions bäst. Eftersom det finns en väldig mängd av dessa system är risken stor att valet blir fel om jämförelsen inte sker enligt en säker process, utan istället grundas på känsla och marknadsföring. Denna rapport innehåller en metod som jämför tre olika rapportsystem baserad på en etablerad jämförelsemetod för att undersöka möjligheten att åstadkomma ett vetenskapligt resultat. Jämförelsen granskar de tre Business Intelligence systemen Microsoft Powber BI, The Diver Solution och Qlik Sense och baseras på Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Rapporten resulterar i motiverad metod som är lämpad för undersökningen samt en rekommendation till Genero Solutions av det rapportsystem som är bäst lämpat.
Selecting the right IT-system might be an extensive process which, despite many people involved, might lead to a failure which can mean high and unforeseen costs. If the comparison of systems isn’t done according to a proven method there is a higher risk that the final choice of IT-system is based on emotions and good marketing rather than a straight and fair comparison. Genero Solutions offers an IT-solution for sales control which is partly providing reports containing statistics from the sales force on field. Genero Solutions is in need of a better reporting system which gives the inspector of the reports more flexibility when exploring data. There are many providers within Business Intelligence who is offering this kind of reporting service, which makes it even harder choosing the system fitting Genero Solutions needs. This report develops a method which is based on scientific theories and the established comparison method Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), aiming to achieve a scientifically proved result and apply it by examine the Business Intelligence systems Microsoft Power BI, The Diver Solution and Qlik Sense The result of this report in a motivated method that is suited for this investigation and also a recommendation for which system that is best suited for Genero Solutions needs.

This report deals with the managing of the waste of a company, Ericsson- site of Borås, in an analytical context. Based on sustainability (concept and aspects), they are interested to have a method to check their waste management capability whether they are in right direction. Among all studied methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is utilized. This method works based on a mathematical algorithm starting by making a hierarchy, continuing with pairwise comparisons between correspondent items, then doing calculations and finally checking and reviewing to be certain of the correctness of the whole process by an eligible team of decision makers. In spite of some critiques that scientifically are accepted, it remains reliable for the purpose.The method is applied to some instances of waste items, wood boxes and pallets and hard plastics, in Ericsson. Then, two controversial issues of the selected method, consistency and rank reversal, are investigated and discussed on the mentioned waste items. Application of the method for their future use is foreseen thereafter.

In this research paper, it evaluates the benefits achievable from static testing framework by analyzing and transforming the JUnit3.8 source code and static execution of transformed code. Static structure enables us to analyze the code statically during creation and execution of test cases. The concept of research is by now well established in static analysis and testing development. The research approach is also increasingly affecting the static testing process and such research oriented work has proved particularly valuable for those of us who want to understand the reflective behavior of JUnit3.8 Framework.

JUnit3.8 Framework uses Java Reflection API to invoke core functionality (test cases creation and execution) dynamically. However, Java Reflection API allows developers to access and modify structure and behavior of a program.  Reflection provides flexible solution for creating test cases and controlling the execution of test cases. Java reflection helps to encapsulate test cases in a single object representing the test suite. It also helps to associate each test method with a test object. Where reflection is a powerful tool to perform potential operations, on the other hand, it limits static analysis. Static analysis tools often cannot work effectively with reflection.

In order to avoid the reflection, Static Testing Framework provides a static platform to analyze the JUnit3.8 source code and transform it into non-reflective version that emulates the dynamic behavior of JUnit3.8. The transformed source code has possible leverage to replace reflection with static code and does same things in an execution environment of Static Testing Framework that reflection does in JUnit3.8. More besides, the transformed code also enables execution environment of Static Testing Framework to run test methods statically. In order to measure the degree of efficiency, the implemented tool is evaluated. The evaluation of Static Testing Framework draws results for different Java projects and these statistical data is compared with JUnit3.8 results to measure the effectiveness of Static Testing Framework. As a result of evaluation, STF can be used for static creation and execution of test cases up to JUnit3.8 where test cases are not creating within a test class and where real definition of constructors is not required. These problems can be dealt as future work by introducing a middle layer to execute test fixtures for each test method and by generating test classes as per real definition of constructors.

Кузнецов , В. Г. Розвиток теоретичних основ енергозбереження в системах електропостачання тяги поїздів постійного струму : авт. дис. д-ра т. н.: 05.22.09 / В. Г. Кузнецов ; Днепропетр. нац. ун-т ж.-д. тр-та им. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Д. : Вид-во Днiпропетр. нац. ун-ту залізн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна, 2012. УДК 629.423.3:621.331.024 ГРНТИ 55.41.29 Захист - 6 грудня 2012 р.
UK: Дисертація присвячена розвитку теоретичних основ енергозбереження в системах електропостачання тяги поїздів постійного струму для підвищення енергетичної та економічної ефективності процесу перевезень. У даній роботі проблема енергозбереження в системах тяги поїздів постійного струму розглядається як комплексна, багаторівнева й багатофакторна проблема. Створено методологічні підходи до вибору енергозберігаючих заходів у системах електропостачання тяги поїздів постійного струму. Удосконалено метод розрахунку систем тягового електропостачання на основі потоків відновлення для визначення втрат потужності та електроенергії в елементах тягових підстанцій. Розроблено метод визначення раціональних режимів систем тягового електропостачання постійного струму на основі генетичного алгоритму, визначено раціональні регламенти перемикань. Розроблено науково обґрунтовані методи визначення норм витрат електроенергії на потреби стаціонарних споживачів та на власні потреби тягових підстанцій, постів секціонування й пунктів паралельного з'єднання. Надано науково обґрунтовані рекомендації зі зниження небалансів електроенергії. Розроблені моделі й методи в сукупності складають теоретичні основи вирішення комплексних завдань енергозбереження, що виникають під час експлуатації систем електропостачання тяги поїздів постійного струму.
RU: Диссертация посвящена развитию теоретических основ энергосбережения в системах электроснабжения тяги поездов постоянного тока для повышения энергетической и экономической эффективности процесса перевозок. В данной работе проблема энергосбережения в системах тяги поездов постоянного тока рассматривается как комплексная, многоуровневая и многофакторная проблема. В работе созданы методологические основы выбора энергосберегающих мероприятий в системах тягового электроснабжения на основе определения потенциала энергосбережения с учетом системного эффекта, выбора альтернатив на предложенной графовой модели, инвариантно-согласованного метода анализа иерархий. На основе разработанных методологических основ предложены научные подходы к модернизации тяговых подстанций с учетом возможности перевода тяги поездов на высший класс напряжения. Разработаны новые научные подходы к определению условий рациональных режимов систем тягового электроснабжения. Показано, что при принятии решений необходимо учитывать возможность расчетов за потребленную электроэнергию по переменным в течение дня тарифам за электроэнергию. Также необходимо учитывать надежность силового оборудования, участвующего в регулировании. Составлена структурно-логическая схема для расчета показателей потока отказов при осуществлении регулирования режимов. На основе информации о величине потока отказов и типовых калькуляций работ определены величины экономического ущерба от возможных отказов при осуществлении регулирования. Усовершенствован метод расчета систем тягового электроснабжения на базе потоков восстановления в части дополнения его расчетными выражениями для определения потерь мощности и электроэнергии в элементах тяговых подстанций с учетом регулировочных воздействий. Разработан генетический алгоритм для решения задачи определения рациональных режимов системы электроснабжения тяги поездов постоянного тока. Разработан метод расчета регламента переключений оборудования фидерного участка, в котором учитываются современные возможности оплаты за электроэнергию по двух, трехзонным тарифам и оптовым ценам, потери надежности оборудования при переключениях, а также соответствующее программное обеспечение. Установлена зависимость величины потерь мощности в тяговой сети от дислокации поездов и расстояния между ними. Показано, что имеется существенный резерв по снижению потерь в контактной сети за счет подбора рациональной дислокации поездов. Вариация потерь мощности в зависимости от дислокации и расстояния между поездами достигает 3,5 раза на одной из межподстанционных зон постоянного тока. Разработаны усовершенствованные методологические основы и создана нормативная документация по определению норм расхода электроэнергии на нужды стационарных потребителей железных дорог Украины. При этом нормы расхода электроэнергии определяются по регрессионным зависимостям. Предложенная методология легла в основу методических указаний ЦЕ-0015. Созданы научные подходы и нормативная документация по определению норм расходов электроэнергии на собственные нужды тяговых подстанций, постов секционирования и пунктов параллельного соединения. Показано, что расход электроэнергии на собственные нужды распределительных устройств 3,3 кВ целесообразно определять по установленной мощности и продолжительности работы оборудования. На основе предложенных подходов создана инструкция ЦЕ-0018. Установлено, что причиной сверхнормативных небалансов электроэнергии является низкая загрузка измерительных трансформаторов тока и напряжения. Для подтверждения нормируемых метрологических характеристик трансформаторов напряжения согласно их классам точности 0,5 при действительных значениях мощностей и коэффициентов мощности их вторичной нагрузки было предложено мощность вторичной нагрузки обмоток и коэффициенты мощности вторичной нагрузки трансформатора напряжения привести в соответствие с требованиями ГОСТ-1983 и ГОСТ-7746 соответственно. Для этой цели предложено подключать к вторичной обмотке трансформатора напряжения добавочное сопротивление. Разработанные модели и методы в совокупности составляют теоретические основы по решению комплексных задач энергосбережения, возникающих при эксплуатации систем электроснабжения тяги поездов постоянного тока.
EN: The thesis is dedicated to the development of theoretical bases of DC traction power supply systems to increase energy and economic efficiency of the transport. In this paper the energy saving problem in DC traction systems is considered as a complex, multilevel and multifactorial problem. It’s created a methodological approach to the selection of energy saving measures in the DC traction power supply systems. It’s improved the method for calculating the traction power supply systems based on the restoration flows for estimating the power and energy losses in the elements of traction substations. It’s developed the method for determination of rational modes of DC traction power supply systems based on genetic algorithm, defined the rational switching rules. The author developed scientific justified methods for determining norms of electricity needs for stationary consumers and for self needs of traction substations, sectioning posts and points of parallel connection. Provided scientific and reasonable guidelines for reducing power unbalances. The developed models and methods together form the theoretical basis for solving complex energy saving problems during exploitation of electrical DC traction systems.

The complexity in the vehicles production process is due mainly to the large number of Assembled components that are generally characterized by a high technological content. The castings, one of these components, fit perfectly in this category and they only can be made at a competitive quality and cost level if a proper tooling is available. The molds and dies manufacturing process requires modern computer technologies and materials of high reliability and performance. Although made to mass production, toolings are unique products whose manufacturing requires technical knowledge and familiarity with the casting process where they will be employed. The selection of a casting tooling supplier is usually a complicated and time- consuming issue. The decision process is based on several criteria that can be conflicting or superposed, objective or subjective. In the present paper the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to select a tooling supplier for the manufacturing of a transmission housing by the die casting process. Several qualitative and quantitative criteria for the tooling supplier selection were identified through the technical literature review and discussion with foundry specialists. Subsequently, the criteria hierarchy was established in three levels and comparison matrixes were developed to determine the priorities among them. The consistency ratio for each matrix was calculated and the final score of each potential supplier was determined. The study was concluded with a sensitivity analysis that contributed to confirm the choice of the selected supplier. The application of the methodology improved the selection process by reducing the subjectivity and by weighing the major selection criteria.
A complexidade no processo de produção de veículos deve-se, entre outras razões, aos inúmeros componentes utilizados na montagem, que em geral tem elevado conteúdo tecnológico. Os fundidos enquadram-se perfeitamente nesta categoria e somente podem ser produzidos com qualidade e custo competitivo com o emprego de moldes apropriados. A fabricação destes moldes é feita usando-se modernas tecnologias computacionais e materiais de alto desempenho e confiabilidade. Embora destinados à produção em massa, cada molde é um produto único cuja manufatura requer conhecimento técnico específico e familiaridade com o processo de fundição onde serão utilizados. A escolha de um fornecedor para moldes de fundição é normalmente um problema complicado e que consome tempo, a análise envolve múltiplos critérios, que podem ser conflitantes ou superpostos, objetivos ou subjetivos. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a utilização do processo hierárquico analítico (AHP) para selecionar um fornecedor de um molde para uso no processo de fundição sob pressão, para produção de uma carcaça de transmissão. Através da revisão de literatura técnica e contatos com especialistas, diversos critérios qualitativos e quantitativos foram identificados para a escolha do fornecedor. Posteriormente estes critérios foram hierarquizados em três níveis e as prioridades entre eles identificadas em matrizes de comparação. A seguir, calculou-se a razão de consistência para cada uma das matrizes e obteve-se o escore final de cada fornecedor em potencial. O estudo foi concluído com uma análise de sensibilidade, que contribuiu para ratificar a escolha do fornecedor selecionado. A aplicação do método melhorou o processo de seleção pela redução da subjetividade e pela ponderação dos critérios julgados importantes em um fabricante de moldes complexos.

The U.S. market for geospatial services totaled US $2.2 billion in 2010, representing 50% of the global market. Data-processing firms subcontract labor-intensive portions of data services to offshore providers in South and East Asia and Eastern Europe. In general, half of all offshore contracts fail within the first 5 years because one or more parties consider the relationship unsuccessful. Despite the high failure rates, no study has examined the offshore vendor selection process in the geospatial industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the list of key offshore vendor selection criteria and the efficacy of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for ranking the criteria that North American geospatial companies consider in the offshore vendor selection process. After the selection of the initial list of factors from the literature and their validation in a pilot study, a final survey instrument was developed and administered to 15 subject matter experts (SMEs) in North America. The SMEs expressed their preferences for one criterion over another by pairwise comparisons, which served as input to the AHP procedure. The results showed that the quality of deliverables was the top ranked (out of 26) factors, instead of the price, which ranked third. Similarly, SMEs considered social and environmental consciousness on the vendor side as irrelevant. More importantly, the findings indicated that the structured AHP process provides a useful and effective methodology whose application may considerably improve the quality of the overall vendor selection process. Last, improved and stabilized business relationships leading to predictable budgets might catalyze social change, supporting stable employment. Consumers could benefit from derivative improvements in product quality and pricing.

Nous présentons ici plusieurs améliorations d'un algorithme de modélisation de l'éclairage, la méthode de radiosité. Pour commencer, une analyse détaillée de la méthode de radiosité hiérarchique permet de souligner ses points faibles et de mettre en évidence deux améliorations simples : une évaluation paresseuse des interactions entre les objets, et un nouveau critère de raffinement qui élimine en grande partie les raffinements inutiles. Un bref rappel des propriétés des fonctions de plusieurs variables et de leurs dérivées suit, qui permet d'abord de déduire une réécriture de l'expression de la radiosité, d'où un calcul numérique plus précis. Les méthodes d'estimation de l'erreur produite au cours du processus de modélisation de la lumière sont introduites. Nous voyons alors comment les propriétés de concavité de la fonction de radiosité permettent -- grâce au calcul des dérivées successives de la radiosité -- un contrôle complet de l'erreur commise dans la modélisation des interactions entre les objets, et donc un encadrement précis de la radiosité. Nous présentons un critère de raffinement basé sur cette modélisation des interactions, et un algorithme complet de radiosité hiérarchique intégrant ce critère de raffinement, et donc permettant un contrôle de l'erreur commise sur la radiosité au cours de la résolution. Finalement, nous présentons les méthodes de calcul pratique des dérivées successives de la radiosité (gradient et Hessien) dans le cas d'un émetteur constant sans obstacles tout d'abord, puis dans le cas d'un émetteur constant en présence d'obstacles et dans le cas d'un émetteur sur lequel la radiosité varie de façon linéaire.

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As Instituições Federais de Ensino buscam, constantemente, implementar avanços em um de seus principais instrumentos de planejamento e controle, o orçamento público anual. Em vista da natureza e das características especiais destas instituições, o seu processo orçamentário se reveste de especificidades e exige estudos e análise para melhor compreensão desse fenômeno. Surge, então, como um instrumento de auxílio na gestão orçamentária a avaliação de desempenho através de indicadores. A pesquisa avança para a proposição de um modelo que melhor trate o objeto deste estudo. Logo, para a realização deste trabalho, foi utilizada a DSR como método de pesquisa, apoiada pelo método AHP. Assim, o presente estudo se propôs a desenvolver um modelo de distribuição de recursos orçamentários, baseado em indicadores de desempenho para as unidades de ensino que compõem um Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. A instituição escolhida localiza-se na região Norte. O modelo proposto foi aplicado no processo de distribuição de orçamento para oito unidades que compõem a referida instituição, adotando dois critérios, número de discentes regularmente matriculados e a avaliação de indicadores de desempenho. Três etapas integradas entre si, mas com finalidades diferentes estruturam o modelo proposto. A primeira etapa do modelo consiste na avaliação dos indicadores de desempenho, por meio do método AHP, indicadores estes selecionados por um grupo de nove especialistas. A segunda etapa consiste na obtenção de uma pontuação para cada unidade de ensino da instituição pesquisada, de acordo com a avaliação dos indicadores de desempenho. A terceira e última etapa consiste na definição de um peso para cada unidade de ensino para aplicação no orçamento de 2016 da instituição. Como principal resultado, verificou-se que o modelo proposto, quando comparado com o modelo atual, imprime uma nova postura no processo orçamentário da instituição, implementando mecanismos que permitem valorizar o esforço acadêmico de suas unidades através do uso dos indicadores de desempenho, proporcionando uma equalização entre as unidades que compõem a instituição.
Federal Education Institutions constantly seek to implement advances in one of their main planning and control tools, which is the annual public budget. Due to their nature and special features the institutions’ budget process is very specific, so it demands studies and analysis in order to better understand this phenomenon. As a result of this, and like an aid in budget management, arises the performance evaluation through indicators. The research goes forward for the proposition of a model that better addresses the subject of this study. So, to accomplish this work, it was used the DSR (Design Science Research) as the research method which was supported by AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Thus, the present study had as its proposal to develop a distribution model of budget resources, based on performance indicators for the teaching units that comprise a Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology. The chosen institution is located in the North of Brazil. The proposed model was applied on the budget allocation process in eight units that are part of the institution mentioned above. Two criteria were adopted: the number of enrolled students and the performance indicators evaluation. Three integrated steps, but with different purposes, have structured the proposed model. The first step consists in the performance indicators evaluation, through the AHP method; such indicators were selected by a group of nine experts. The second step consists in obtaining a score for each teaching unit of the researched institution, according to the assessment of performance indicators. The third and final step consists in defining a weight for each teaching unit for using in the 2016 budget of the institution. As the main result, it was found out that the proposed model, when compared to the current one, presents a new approach in the institution budget process, implementing tools that enhance the academic effort of its units by using the performance indicators, providing equalization between the units that comprise the institution.

Дисертація присвячена вирішенню актуального наукового завдання – розробленню моделей та методів підтримки прийняття рішень в інформаційних процесах дуальної освіти.
The thesis is devoted to the solution of an important scientific problem concerning the development of models and methods for decision making support in informational processes of dual education.

Freqüentemente os profissionais da construção naval tomam decisões para selecionar os elementos que devem ser especificados na composição de determinado projeto. Além da experiência e do conhecimento necessários para optar por um caminho adequado, a escolha deve atender eficientemente ao problema proposto e às preferências do projetista. A seleção de componentes do projeto de estruturas flutuantes para exploração de campos de petróleo no mar envolve aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. O trabalho apresenta e aplica alguns métodos de auxílio à tomada de decisão possibilitando ao projetista aprimorar sua sensibilidade. O objetivo da pesquisa é apresentar de forma sumária as duas bases para a decisão sobre o projeto, que são os métodos de apoio e os requisitos que as instalações FPSO devem atender, fornecendo como resultado um procedimento que permitirá aos usuários a melhor escolha dos componentes e aumentar a sensibilidade dos projetistas na seleção entre as possíveis opções (fazer totalmente novo ou aproveitar o existente). O trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios da análise da decisão, informações sobre métodos de apoio à decisão, os dados de entrada do problema proposto, o método de projetos navais, os requisitos básicos para construção de estruturas flutuantes de exploração de petróleo no mar e os requisitos básicos para uma instalação FPSO. Para a solução do problema se aplicaram os métodos de árvore de decisão, para a parte correspondente às decisões sob risco e o método de análise hierárquica AHP para as decisões tomadas sob certeza.
Frequently, naval construction engineers take decisions to select the elements which must specified for the composition of a determined project. Besides the necessary experience and the knowledge to choose a proper way, the option must fulfil efficiently the problem requirements and the preferences of the designer. The choice of components in the design off-shore structures for production in sea oilfields, involves objective and subjective aspects. This work introduces and uses a few methods of decision aids, helping the designer to improve his sensibility. The objective of this research is to present in a simple way two foundations to decide about the project, which are the aid decision methods and the requirements which the FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading System) must fulfil, supplying a procedure that enables the designer to take the best choice of components and to increase his sensibility referring to the selection among the possible options, wich are to make a completely new FPSO or to use an existing one. This work offers a revision of the principles of the decision analysis theory, the data input of the problem, the classic naval design method, the basic requirements to build floating structures to off-shore oil extraction, and the basic requirements for a FPSO installation. To solve the problem the decision tree method, for decision under risk, and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), for decision under certainty, were applied.

[ES] Este trabajo tiene como objetivo aumentar el conocimiento sobre las funcionalidades de los sistemas operativos de terminales (TOS) gestionando terminales de cualquier tipo (portuarias, interiores) con el fin de mejorar su desempeño y contribuir a la reducción de esa congestión. 117 funcionalidades han sido agrupadas en 6 clusters principales: Almacén, Operaciones marítimas, Puerta, Master Data, Comunicaciones y ERP Dashboard. Los resultados muestran que el traqueo del timing de los buques, la optimización de espacio, el desarrollo de listas de carga y/o descarga y la optimización de las ubicaciones de los contenedores son las funcionalidades más importantes de una TOS, y no deberían de faltar en ninguna de ellas que se precie para ser un buen cerebro de una terminal. Posteriormente, mediante una simulación en ambiente real, se perseguía el objetivo de verificar si profundizar en esas funcionalidades de una TOS efectivamente producía una mejora en los indicadores clave de desempeño de una terminal.
[CA] Aquest treball té com a objectiu augmentar el coneixement de les funcionalitats de les TOS gestionant terminales de qualsevol tipus (portuaries, interiors) amb la fi de millorar el seu acompliment i contribuir a la reducció d'eixa congestió. 117 funcionalitats han sigut agrupades en 6 clusters principales: Magatzem, Operacions marítimes, Porta, Master Data, Comunicacions i ERP Dashboard. El resultats mostren que el seguiment del timing del barcs, la optimització de l'espai, el desenvolupament de llistes de càrrega o descàrrega i la optimització de les ubicacions dels contenidors son les funcionalitats més importants d'una TOS, i no deurien de faltar en ninguna que vullga ser un bon cervell d'una terminal. Posteriorment, mitjançant una simulació en ambient reial, es perseguia l'objectiu de verificar si, profunditzant en eixes funcionalitats d'una TOS, efectivament es produïa una millora en el indicadors claus d'acompliment d'una terminal.
[EN] This work aims to improve the knowledge about the functionalities of Terminal Operating Systems (TOS) managing container terminales of sea, river, and dry ports, with the aim of improving their performance and contributing to reducing congestion and GHG emissions to achieve a higher sustainability. One hundred and seven functionalities were grouped into six main clusters: Warehouse, Maritime Operations, Gate, Master Data, Communications, and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Dashboard. The results show that time tracking of vessels, space optimization, development of loading and unloading lists, and optimization of container locations are the most important functionalities of a TOS. After this, using a simulation on a real environment, the target sought was to verify, if deepening in these functionalities of a TOS, there was an improvement of the terminal key performance indicators.
Hervás Peralta, M. (2021). Identificación y ponderación de las funcionalidades de una TOS (Terminal Operating System) mediante aplicación de método de análisis jerárquico (AHP). Microsimulación de resultados en ambiente real simulado [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171470
TESIS

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
工業工程與管理系
103
When it comes to human decision-making problems such as selection, evaluation and forecasting the decision maker may encounter the situation of information uncertainty and incompleteness that make the decision-making problems ill-definition and fuzziness. This study addresses two approaches which are used to deal with the multi-criteria decision-making problems. They are fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and extent analysis method (EAM). The calculation processes and variation associating with these two approaches will be discussed in this study. A catering service provider selection problem happened in Turkey will be employed to illustrate the weighting process as well as the difference of the weights that calculated according to the two approaches. We also justify some points of view and modifications suggested by researchers by this example. Based on the example, although the sequences of the weights obtained by the two approaches are similar due to the zero weights obtained by the EAM approach, a deep study is conducted. The experience earning by this study would be valuable for decision maker as they face multi-criteria decision-making problems.

碩士
中興大學
生物產業推廣暨經營學系所
95
This article is mainly about the critical success factors of the community building, providing a good reference resource for the community residents and the related institutions or organizations. By reviewing the records, the research initially collect the factors which influence the community building and design a specialized questionnaire applied by the Modified Delphi Method to modify the factors which influence the community building and adjust the initial Analytical Hierarchy framework. At last, through the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method and Excel operational software, the research figure out the priority of the factors which influence the community building and regard the factors weighting above 0.05 as the critical success factors for community building According to the research result, the professionals and the scholars regard “the operational method of community building” as the most important measurement for the second Analytical Hierarchy framework. For the third Analytical Hierarchy framework, “the existent mental characteristics of the residents before the community building” and “Identification with the community of the residents” are regarded the most important. As to the measurement of “the existent social features of the residents before the community building”, the most important is “the ability of the public affair discussion and reaching a mutual understanding”. As to the measurement of “the interaction and operation management among the residents during the community building”, the most important is “good communication”. As to the measurement of “the interaction between the community and the outside during the community building”, the most important is “the interaction among the community networks”. As to the measurement of “the interaction among the community networks during the community building”, the most important is “the coordination for the organization conflict”. As to the measurement of “the operational method of community building”, the most important is “the ambition for challenges”. According to the entire research result, among the 32 affecting factors of the community building, there are six critical success factors weighting above 0.05. The most important is “the ambition for challenges”, the secondly is “creativity”, the thirdly is “the coordination for the organization conflict”, the fourthly is “support from the community networks”, the fifthly is “continuous arising of leaders”, and the sixthly is “good communication”.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
商船學系所
95
Ship maneuver is an art. The factors affecting it are many. For example, ship type, horse power, types of propellers , size of rudder, cargo loading, deck area facing wind, and characteristics of vessel; eexternal factors such as weather, tide, current, geology, complexity of maneuvering water area, tug, vessel traffic system; and ship handlers themselves. Safety and efficiency of ship maneuver are considered as an important research issue by the international shipping industry. Excellent ship maneuver aims to pursue ship operational safety and efficient sailing as well as protect environment. However, as those numerous factors are of complexity so ship handlers have not particularly noticed the importance of individual factor on ship maneuver. This study selected large vessels in and out the Port of Kaohsiung as research objects and applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and importance-performance analysis (IPA) to systematically evaluate and analyze the maneuvering factors which affect the safety and efficiency of a very large vessel’s berthing operation. The results show that in terms of the interactions among ‘people’, ‘ship’ and ‘environment’, factors such as characteristics of ship manoeuvre, geographic conditions, traffic conditions and support conditions to the ship tightly correlate to each other and will contribute to an efficient and safe berth operation at a port. Furthermore, this study will provide a reference to a pilot to adopt an efficient and safe ship maneuvering process for a large vessel calling at port.

碩士
崑山科技大學
視覺傳達設計研究所
103
Industry-academy (public) collaborations in local cultural and creative industries have become more extensive in recent years. However, it still leaves systematic review and theorizing to be learned. Industry-academy collaborations, which are formed by local firms, university incubation center, and public sectors, can be viewed as one type of public-private partnerships. This study explores how industry-academy collaborations co-create value in cultural and creative industries based on public-private partnerships and value-based strategies. This result found that resources and capabilities of the local firm that combines complementary assets have moderating effects of how industry-academy collaborations co-create value. Finally, we provide a tentative research framework, implications, and discussion for industry-academy collaborations. The investigation results indicate in the second level under the four facets, the teacher motivation for participation in university-industry cooperation is the Education most important.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
運輸科學系
104
There are many different methods of analysis in multiple criteria decision making(MCDM). For the past few years, the combination of analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and data envelopment analysis(DEA) extends DEAHP, however using DEA to assess the efficiency of DMU, it will find the group of the best weight for every DMU, therefore lots of DMU is efficient. For improving the identification of DEA, Wang et al.(2008) raised DEA/AR, it increases the limit of the maximum and the minimum. After adding the upper bound of eigenvalue, local weights of DMU will significantly reduce and the identification will improve, but the result of calculating is only favorable for DMU. Therefore this research is a kind of Peer-appraisal, and it takes its average for DMU. In the future, it can be provided for decision-making in the future. Key words: Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), DEAHP, DEA/AR, Cross Efficiency.

碩士
義守大學
工業工程與管理學系碩士班
98
Because of the longterm recession, enterprises adapt the policy to reduce personnel expense, and employees pay more attentions to their employability in stead of their seniority. In this research use Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi Method and try to find out the factors of employability from those documents and opinions of the human resources experts. According to the study, the basic skills is the most important point for an individual, and the communication skill, teamwork, adaptability, expertise, discipline and morality are the key factors among relative factors. In the end, we are willing to offer our achievement to those employees who desire to figure out their employability, and to school as the direction of students’ employability training.

碩士
南台科技大學
資訊管理系
97
Emergence and progression of Internet technology have been bringing us radical convenience in regular life, but due to some factors such as unfair resource distribution, ethnic difference, and educational attainment have still resulted in more aggravated digital divides in the Taiwan. To ease off foregoing circumstance and to enhance national competition capability, the Government has performed “Create Digital Opportunity for Rural Areas Promotion Plan” since 2005. The Computer Center of M.O.E. coordinated community resources of outlying villages and established hopefully three hundreds Digital Opportunity Centers, "DOC" for short, in 168 outlying villages in Taiwan within future four years to improve information- related capabilities and to pursue permanent development. Self-running and sustainable development are the major problems which many DOCs want to face. The critical success factors of how to operate DOC can provide guidelines for all DOCs in outlying villages. This study uses modified Delphi method to develop CSF’s hierarchy structure of DOC, and to proceed with further analysis from industrial, official, and scholarly experts by means of analytic hierarchy process method.

碩士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
100
Aiming at the enhancement of the national competitiveness and performance is through the industrial development and talent training. The cooperation between the government and industrial companies, and the training in different professional fields can increase economic values for sustainable development in the industrial companies and also promote national competitiveness in a global economy. The government proposes a set of the national science and technology programs in order to assist the integration of the resources effectively for forward-looking technologies and innovations. Through those strategies will further strengthen the competitiveness of the industries and also improve the quality of our life. In order to evaluate the performance of the national science and technology programs, our study aims at studying a survey of the previous works on evaluating programs and also comparing their strategies as benchmarking. Moreover, we adopt UNISON to construct the hierarchical structure model and use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to deconstruct the target hierarchy from the top-down analysis and then achieve the goal from the bottom-up analysis. In addition, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used for analyzing the efficiency and the performance evaluation of the responsible entity. At last, we verify our analysis model with NPIE as a case study and our method provides a referable direction of improving the performance of national science and technology programs. Keywords: Technology management, UNISON, DEA, Efficiency analysis, Performance evaluation

碩士
義守大學
工業管理學系
101
The traditional analytic hierarchy process (AHP) can quantitatively analyze the subjective and uncertain data with logical concept, but the ambiguity concept cannot clearly describe the fuzzy thoughts of the decision makers the uncertainty toward subjective matters. This research combines interval number and traditional AHP to improve the linear programming model in the similar weight method proposed by Entani and Tanaka (2007). The method is to interview experts from all departments, and obtain the hierarchy factors for selecting engine-fastener suppliers based on expert experiences and related historical data. The evaluation values rated by the experts were quantified using the internal AHP proposed by this study, and the importance of the factors was ranked for priority using the interval ranking method. Finally, the hypothesis testing was used to compare the research method proposed by Entani and Tanaka (2007) and that by this study. The results proved that the interval AHP proposed this study can more accurately include the single point value of traditional AHP, in comparison to the research method proposed by Entani and Tanaka (2007), and effectively improve clarify ideas for decision makers. It can effectively solve the fuzzy thoughts of decision makers and reduce the average width of the intervals, so that the decisions can be more comprehensive.

Yes
Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a proactive, highly structured, and systematic approach for failure analysis. It has been also applied as a risk assessment tool, by ranking potential risks based on the estimation of Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs). This paper develops an improved FMEA methodology for strategic risk analysis. The proposed approach combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique with the Exponential and Weighted Geometric Mean method (EWGM) to support risk analysis. AHP is applied to estimate the weights of three risk factors: Severity (S), Occurrence (O) and Detection (D), which integrate the RPN for each risk. The EWGM method is applied for ranking RPNs. Combining AHP with EWGM allows avoiding repetition of FMEA results. The results of the developed methodology reveal that duplication of RPNs has been decreased, and facilitating an effective risk ranking by offering a unique value for each risk. The proposed methodology focuses not only on high severity values for risk ranking but also it considers other risk factors (O and D), resulting in an enhanced risk assessment process. Furthermore, the weights of the three risk factors are considered. In this way, the developed methodology offers unique value for each risk in a simple way which makes the risk assessment results more accurate. This methodology provides a practical and systematic approach to support decision-makers in assessing and ranking risks that could affect long-term strategy implementation. The methodology was validated through the case study of a power plant in the Middle East, assessing 84 risks within 9 risk categories. The case study revealed that top management should pay more attention to key risks associated with electricity price, gas emissions, lost-time injuries, bad odor, and production.
This research has been supported by Hashemite University, Jordan.

碩士
致理技術學院
服務業經營管理研究所
100
The aim of this research is to investigate the personality trait of becoming top sales. The study is carried out through the used of questionnaires which are answered by top sales from one single life insurance company. The data is then analyzed by using Delphi method and AHP method. The result will be used in two ways. Firstly, it will be provided to newly joined sales to evaluate if they have the chance to become top sales in the selected life insurance company for their future job prospect planning. Secondly, those factors will be provided to the sales recruitment department as a basis for selecting the appropriate sales in future. Keywords: Personality trait, top sales

碩士
致理技術學院
服務業經營管理研究所
100
I have been working in the insurance business for more than 20 years. I hope to generalize the key points in success for an agency from researching the crucial factors of the successful case studied agency. Reflecting my personal success and growing course, I can generalize the successful factors of an agency from the practical aspect. The subject of this research is the agencies of the north district of Nan Shan Life. According to the results of the above mentioned purpose, I composed a research questionnaire and analyzed it with Delphi method and AHP method so as to conclude the key factors for a successful agency. The results can be provided to the supervisors who want to set up his/her agency as the references to measure whether they have the criteria to do so. Also, this can be provided to the case studied company for references in cultivating and finding talents when developing agencies.

碩士
南台科技大學
企業管理系
94
With the arrival of the times of knowledge-based economy, the intellectual capital (IC) has already become importance that a lot of enterprises have been used for promoting the competitiveness and managed tools. Though the management of the intellectual capital has already been paid attention to day by day, found from literatures that mostly do the describing introduction only to their concepts , or understand the important influence of intellectual capital on enterprises by case study , or attempt to construct intellectual capital measurement indicators, still few concretely measurement of enterprise's intellectual capital performance , and further make the comparative analysis of applying the subjective and objective method to the measurement of enterprise's intellectual capital performance, have not also found relevant literatures so far. According to the present situation of industrial circles, applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to find relative importance of enterprise's core competence among four types of intellectual capital: Human capital, structural capital, relational capital and innovation capital.After empirical study of semi-conductor industry and opto-electronic industry, find that human capital more importantly determine enterprise's core competence than other capital in semi-conductor industry. The second important capital is innovation capital, the third is relational capital, the final is structural capital; The results in opto-electronic industry show that innovation capital more importantly determine enterprise's core competence than other capital. The second important capital is relational capital, the third is human capital, the final is structural capital. The results in semi-conductor industry and opto-electronic industry both show that innovation capital more importantly determine enterprise's core competence than other capital. The second important capital is human capital, the third is relational capital, the final is structural capital. Measuring enterprise's intellectual capital performance concretely, this article use AHP to extract weights(subjective) and DEA-RG model to calculate weights(objective) among IC indicators, The results of Spearman Rank Correlation test show that there was a significant relationship between the rank of management efficiency of intellectual capital under AHP method and DEA-RG model.Therefore according to the sample of this thesis,it shows that no matter AHP method and DEA-RG model, there was a significant relationship between the rank of management efficiency of intellectual capital under AHP method and DEA-RG model.It meant the conclusions of two kinds of methods have a significant consistency.

У роботі проведено огляд сучасного стану розвитку ресторанного бізнесу, визначено тенденції та перспективи розвитку закладів ресторанного господарства України та м. Одеси. Проаналізовано розвиток та конкуренцію на ринку ресторанного бізнесу в Одесі за допомогою методу аналізу ієрархій. Розроблено імітаційну модель для аналізу основних процесів діяльності підприємства ресторанного господарства «Апшерон», у тому числі операційної діяльності, управління запасами продуктів, кадрової політики. Проведено аналіз та прогнозування основних показників діяльності підприємства ресторанного господарства «Апшерон», головними з яких є: об’єми реалізації, валовий прибуток, рентабельність продажів ресторану, показників ефективності діяльності ресторану та ін.
Diploma thesis deals with overview of the current state of development of the restaurant business, identified trends and prospects for the development of restaurants in Ukraine and Odessa. The development and competition in the Restaurant Business in Odessa are analyzed by the method of hierarchy analysis. The simulation model for the analysis of the main processes of activity of the enterprise of restaurant business «Apsheron», including operations, product inventory management, personnel policy. The basic indicators of restaurant business «Apsheron». the main ones are: sales volume, gross profit, profitability of restaurant sales, performance indicators of the restaurant, etc.

У роботі проведено огляд сучасного стану розвитку оптової та роздрібної торгівлі, визначено проблеми та перспективи розвитку торговельних підприємств та споживчого ринку України. Проаналізовано розвиток та конкуренцію роздрібних торгівельних підприємств в Одесі за допомогою методу аналізу ієрархій. Розроблено імітаційну модель для аналізу основних процесів діяльності торговельного підприємства «Два шага», у тому числі процесу реалізації продукції, рівня запасів, операційної та маркетингової діяльності, кадрової політики. Проведено аналіз та прогнозування основних показників діяльності торговельного підприємства «Два шага», головними з яких є: доходи та витрати підприємства, об’єм реалізації і виручки від реалізації продукції, валовий прибуток, прибуток від операційної діяльності, показники ефективності торгівельної площі та кадрів, аналіз запасів продукції в динаміці, маркетингову активність та ін.
The paper reviews the current state of development of wholesale and retail trade, identifies problems and prospects for the development of trade enterprises and the consumer market of Ukraine. The development and competition of retail trade enterprises in Odessa by the method of hierarchy analysis is analyzed. A simulation model for the analysis of the main processes of activity of the trade enterprise "Two Steps", including the process of product sales, inventory level, operational and marketing activities, personnel policy, was developed. The analysis and forecasting of the main indicators of the activity of the trading company "Two Steps", the main of which are: income and expenses of the enterprise, volume of sales and revenues from sales of products, gross profit, profit from operating activities, indicators of efficiency of the trading area and personnel, dynamic inventory analysis, marketing activity, etc.

The article offers a methodology for solving the problem of allocating investments to optimize the work of the bank. For this, a hierarchy of criteria is formed based on the use of expert information. After that, a formalized presentation of the problem is given: how to allocate the amount of investment according to the criteria in the optimal way. Due to the fact that the evaluation criteria are contradictory, a utility function is built on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy sets to solve the problem. The result of the work is a mathematical model for solving the problem of distribution of investments.

Praca dotyczy zarządzania w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski jako procesu zapewniania przez władze RP warunków niezbędnych do współpracy (relacji) między przemysłem obronnym, siłami zbrojnymi, nauką i polityką. Odwołano się do dorobku podejścia systemowego i teorii podejmowania decyzji. Praca posiada charakter metodologiczny i stanowi studium przypadku dla metod wielokryterialnych na przykładzie: AHP, ANP, REMBRANDT, DEMATEL. W badaniu wzięło udział 75 osób należących do czterech grup: przemysł obronny, siły zbrojne, nauka, polityka i dyplomacja. Dla każdej grupy opracowano hierarchie czynników, subczynników, wariantów oraz przeprowadzono analizę korzyści, szans, kosztów i ryzyka (BOCR) w odniesieniu do zarządzania w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa narodowego RP. Respondentami byli eksperci i decydenci, z których cześć pełni (lub pełniła) najbardziej odpowiedzialne funkcje publiczne w państwie.
This doctoral thesis is a study of management in the fields of national security and state assurance of conditions for cooperation between defense industry, armed forces, science and policy base on a system approach and theory of decision. The dissertation looks into the methodologies and presents a case study of multi-criteria methods based on the examples of AHP, ANP, REMBRANDT, DEMATEL. Seventy-five interviewees were divided into four groups of experts: defense industry, armed forces, science, policy and diplomacy. For each group, hierarchies of factors, sub-factors, alternatives with a reference to managing the national security and analysis of benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks (BOCR) were determined. Respondents include experts, decidents and those holding prominent positions in the public service sector.

Celem niniejszej dysertacji jest analiza i ocena strategii zarządzania bezpieczeństwem w polskim sektorze gospodarki gazem ziemnym oraz opracowanie alternatywnych strategii zarządzania w ujęciu korzyści, kosztów, szans i ryzyka. W celu weryfikacji hipotezy głównej i hipotez szczegółowych oprócz badań jakościowych przeprowadzono badania o charakterze ilościowym na wybranej grupie respondentów, z wykorzystaniem eksperckiej metody wspomagania decyzji wielokryterialnych – AHP (Analityczny Proces Hierarchiczny). Zgromadzony materiał badawczy, oparty o 1678 porównań parami każdy z każdym czynników, dokonanych przez każdego z ekspertów, stanowił podstawę do weryfikacji postawionych hipotez oraz do określenia alternatywnej strategii zarządzania w polskim sektorze gospodarki gazem ziemnym.Wykorzystanie w pracy interdyscyplinarnego podejścia metodologicznego oraz przeprowadzenie analizy z wykorzystaniem teorii organizacji i zarządzania ma na celu poszerzenie spektrum badanego problemu o nieeksplorowane dotychczas ujęcia analityczne.
The dissertation attempts to analyse and evaluate the security management strategy in the Polish sector of natural gas and build alternative management strategies in terms of benefits, costs, opportunities and risks (BOCR).In order to verify the main assumptions of the thesis, apart from qualitative research, quantitative decision-making methods such as Analytic Hierarchy Process were applied on a selected group of experts. The collected research material, based on 1678 pairwise comparisons of all indicators made by each of the experts, was the basis for the verification of dissertation’s main assumptions and identification of alternative management strategies in the Polish natural gas sector.Application of interdisciplinary methodological approaches as well as research in the content of the theory of organization and management significantly broadened the spectrum of the problem by a previously unexplored analytical perspective.

Die Abwasserbeseitigung der Großstädte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland steht vor großen Herausforderungen durch demografische, wirtschaftliche und soziale wie auch durch klimatische Veränderungen bei sich wandelnden technischen, rechtlichen und planerischen Anforderungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeichnet sich ein Paradigmenwechsel beim Umgang mit Niederschlagswasser im urbanen Raum ab. Während Niederschlagswasser zumeist vollständig und so schnell wie möglich über ein zentrales Entwässerungssystem beseitigt wird, erlaubt die naturnahe Regenwasserbewirtschaftung einen natürlicheren Umgang mit Niederschlagswasser. Sie zielt darauf ab, Niederschlagswasser möglichst ortsnah zu speichern, zu behandeln bzw. zu reinigen und/oder gedrosselt abzuleiten. Für die planungsrelevanten Akteure der Stadt- und Infrastrukturentwicklung (Stakeholder) ergeben sich unterschiedliche Ansätze zur Dezentralisierung, die im Siedlungsbestand einen aufwändigen Transformationsprozess nach sich ziehen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Einflussfaktoren auf die Entwässerungssysteme und damit, wie sich diese Einflüsse auf die Motivation der Stakeholder zum Ausbau der naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im Mischwassersystem deutscher Großstädte auswirken. Ziel ist es, motivationsgetriebene Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster zu identifizieren und Zusammenhänge mit den räumlichen Gegebenheiten, aber auch mit den Handlungsorientierungen der Stakeholder detailliert aufzuzeigen. Hierfür werden einerseits die großstädtischen Rahmenbedingungen untersucht und andererseits die Vertreter der fünf Fachbereiche Aufgabenträger der Abwasserbeseitigung, Amt für Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung, Amt für Umweltplanung, Amt für Wasserwirtschaft und Fachausschuss/gremium als Schlüsselakteure des gesamtstädtischen niederschlagswasserbezogenen Planungsprozesses befragt. Für die Erfassung und Strukturierung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes wird auf Grundlage des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus ein Analyseschema hergeleitet, welches die Analyse und Bewertung der räumlichen Gegebenheiten und Handlungsorientierungen der Stakeholder unterstützt. Mithilfe des Analytischen-Hierarchie-Prozesses wird eine multikriterielle Bewertungs- und Entscheidungsmethode implementiert, anhand derer die Stakeholder den Beitrag der naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung bewerten. Durch eine bundesweite Befragung wird aufgezeigt, dass die Stakeholder drei vergleichbare Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster aufweisen, die aber nicht eindeutig mit den abwasserwirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen der jeweiligen Großstadt oder mit den kommunalen Aufgaben der Stakeholder zusammenhängen. Daraufhin lässt sich kein auf die Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster ausgerichtetes Maßnahmenprogramm oder Werkzeug für den künftigen Umgang mit Niederschlagswasser im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Stadt- und Infrastrukturentwicklung aufzeigen und anwenden. Als Herausforderung stellt sich insbesondere die transparente Typisierung der stakeholderbezogenen Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster basierend auf einer geringen Datengüte dar, woraufhin auch die Merkmalsausprägungen der großstädtischen Einflussfaktoren auf einer höheren Ebene zu generalisieren sind. Angesichts einer angestrebten nachhaltigen städtischen und infrastrukturellen Entwicklung unter Berücksichtigung der zunehmenden und komplexer werdenden abwasserwirtschaftlichen Bedürfnisse wird schließlich eine verallgemeinerbare hierarchische Handlungsempfehlung abgeleitet, die Stakeholder in der Entscheidungsfindung zur naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung unterstützen kann.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Datenblattverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Gegenwärtiger Umgang mit Niederschlagswasser im urbanen Raum 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Einflussfaktoren und deren Auswirkungen auf die urbane Abwasserbeseitigung 2.1 Abwasserwirtschaft im urbanen Raum 2.2 Demografischer, sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Wandel 2.3 Klimawandel 2.4 Paradigmenwechsel – der Wandel zur naturnahen 3 Methodisches Vorgehen zur Beschreibung der Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster 3.1 Ansätze zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse niederschlagswasserbezogener Planungen 3.2 Ansätze zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse stakeholderbezogener Präferenzen 3.3 Ansätze zur Erhebung stakeholderbezogener Präferenzen 3.4 Ansätze zur Typenbildung von Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmustern 4 Charakterisierung der deutschen Großstädte 4.1 Wahl qualifizier- und quantifizierbarer großstädtischer Merkmale und deren räumliche wie auch zeitliche Auflösung 4.2 Extraktion der Merkmale für die Untersuchung 4.3 Räumliche Muster der großstädtischen Merkmale 5 Ergebnisse 5.1 Qualität der onlinebasierten Befragung 5.2 Bildung von Motivations-Typen 5.3 Prüfung der Hypothesen 5.4 Prüfung der niederschlagswasserbezogenen Wahrnehmungen der Stakeholder 6 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung 6.1 Herausforderungen bei der Behandlung von Niederschlagswasser deutscher Großstädte im Mischwassersystem 6.2 Methoden zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse motivationsgetriebener Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster der Stakeholder 6.3 Zusammenhänge zwischen den motivationsgetriebenen Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmustern der Stakeholder und den sich wandelnden großstädtischen Rahmenbedingungen 6.4 Empfehlungen zum Einsatz der naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im großstädtischen Siedlungsbestand 6.5 Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen einer flächendeckenden naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im Siedlungsbestand und deren Konsequenzen für die Stakeholder 7 Ausblick 8 Thesenbasierte Zusammenfassung Anhang Danksagung Quellenverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung
In view of the changing needs regarding residential water management – informed by demographic, economic, social as well as climatic shifts, added to technical, legal and planning requirements – a paradigm shift in the usage of rainwater in urban areas is becoming apparent. Whereas rainwater is currently drained as quickly and thoroughly as possible via a centrally managed infrastructure, a near to nature rainwater management permits a more natural handling of rainwater. This approach aims at the most local storage, treatment or respectively purification and/or restricted discharge. For the responsible urban and infrastructure development planners this leads to varying approaches to decentralisation, involving extensive transformational processes in existing settlements. Therefore this research paper deals with the factors influencing the decision making behaviour of planning-relevant actors regarding the utilisation of semi-natural rainwater management in the mixed-water-system of major cities in Germany. The objective is to identify motivational and behavioural patterns and illustrate the correlations to regional conditions as well as the stakeholders’ activity orientation in detail. To this end the surrounding metropolitan conditions as well as the five departments for wastewater disposal, Office for Urban and Landscape Planning, Office for Environmental Planning, Office for Water Usage and expert committee/panel as key actors in the comprehensive urban planning process regarding rainwater, are to be examined. To enable determination and structuring of the subject relevant to the study, a framework for analysis is derived on the basis of actor-centric institutionalism, which supports the analysis and assessment of the local conditions and activity-orientation of the stakeholders. Using an analytic hierarchical method, a multi-criteria procedure for evaluation and decision-making is implemented, whereby the stakeholder's contribution to the near to nature rainwater usage can be established and determined. It is pointed out that the nationwide interviewed stakeholders demonstrate three comparable action and behaviour patterns, which are not explicitly linked to the urban water management of a metropolis or the communal responsibilities of the stakeholders. This does not allow for the demonstration of differentiated or future application of measures and tools, aimed at action and behavioural patterns, for future handling of rainwater in the sense of a sustainable urban and infrastructure development. A particular challenge is the transparent typification of the stakeholders' action and behavioural patterns owing to poor data quality, whereupon the characteristic values of the study-relevant influences are to be generalised on higher levels. In view of the target sustainable urban and infrastructural development, while taking into account the growing and increasingly complex residential water management needs, the conclusion is a generalisable five-stage recommended action plan for the relevant planning actors, which supports the decision-making process regarding the optimal utilisation of semi-natural rainwater management.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Datenblattverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Gegenwärtiger Umgang mit Niederschlagswasser im urbanen Raum 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Einflussfaktoren und deren Auswirkungen auf die urbane Abwasserbeseitigung 2.1 Abwasserwirtschaft im urbanen Raum 2.2 Demografischer, sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Wandel 2.3 Klimawandel 2.4 Paradigmenwechsel – der Wandel zur naturnahen 3 Methodisches Vorgehen zur Beschreibung der Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster 3.1 Ansätze zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse niederschlagswasserbezogener Planungen 3.2 Ansätze zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse stakeholderbezogener Präferenzen 3.3 Ansätze zur Erhebung stakeholderbezogener Präferenzen 3.4 Ansätze zur Typenbildung von Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmustern 4 Charakterisierung der deutschen Großstädte 4.1 Wahl qualifizier- und quantifizierbarer großstädtischer Merkmale und deren räumliche wie auch zeitliche Auflösung 4.2 Extraktion der Merkmale für die Untersuchung 4.3 Räumliche Muster der großstädtischen Merkmale 5 Ergebnisse 5.1 Qualität der onlinebasierten Befragung 5.2 Bildung von Motivations-Typen 5.3 Prüfung der Hypothesen 5.4 Prüfung der niederschlagswasserbezogenen Wahrnehmungen der Stakeholder 6 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung 6.1 Herausforderungen bei der Behandlung von Niederschlagswasser deutscher Großstädte im Mischwassersystem 6.2 Methoden zur Erfassung, Ordnung und Analyse motivationsgetriebener Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmuster der Stakeholder 6.3 Zusammenhänge zwischen den motivationsgetriebenen Entscheidungs- und Verhaltensmustern der Stakeholder und den sich wandelnden großstädtischen Rahmenbedingungen 6.4 Empfehlungen zum Einsatz der naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im großstädtischen Siedlungsbestand 6.5 Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen einer flächendeckenden naturnahen Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im Siedlungsbestand und deren Konsequenzen für die Stakeholder 7 Ausblick 8 Thesenbasierte Zusammenfassung Anhang Danksagung Quellenverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung