Дисертації з теми "Hiérarchie de la structure prosodique"
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Catteau, Fanny. "Traduire la poésie en langue des signes : l’empreinte prosodique lors du changement de modalité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080061.
This research project focuses on the translation of poetry created in French Sign Language (LSF) into oral French, and, more specifically, on the impact of the prosodicstructure of LSF on that of French in the context of poetic translation. In all languages, both vocal and signed, prosody organizes discourse in relation to its informational structure, whether in terms of perception or production. The objective of this study is to determine if, in a context of poetic translation, the prosodic structure of LSF has animpact on the construction of oral French, and more specifically on its prosody.To conduct this study, a new protocol for data collection and analysis was developed, which combines the analysis of gestural and sound signals with the manual annotationof both languages. I collected eleven poems in LSF from five deaf artists and fifty-seven translations of them by nine translators specialized in poetry.In this study, I make an inventory of the prosodic phenomena that participate in thesegmentation of the poems in LSF, particularly in relation to hand and bust movements.The poems have therefore been segmented into constituents on several hierarchical levels. In addition, through an analysis of the French translations, I identify eighteen translatory strategies related to prosody. 74% of the prosodic constituents of the translations are identified as being directly related to the prosodic groups of the hierarchical structure of poems in LSF.The results show that, in the context of poetic translation, the prosodic structure of LSFdoes have an impact on the construction of the French
Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth. "Pour une approche parallèle de la structure prosodique : étude de l'organisation prosodique et rythmique de la phrase française." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20097.
The different possible prosodic structures of a given sentence cannot be correctly derived from the syntactic and semantic information. An important role is also played by rhythmic phenomena such as syllabic balancing between constituents and rhythmic alternation. A prosodic model should take into account both the linguistic and rhythmic information. In this dissertation, we propose a prosodic grammar developed within a theoretical framework that is based on constraints interaction and that allows constraint violation. The rhythmic and prosodic structures are seen as resulting from the interaction of the linguistic (syntactic and semantic) constraints and the rhythmic constraints (consequences of the biological and cognitive constraints) that have been inferred from the analysis of a corpus. A prosodic model developed in this framework improves prediction in contrast to derivational models and can express the fact that the speaker segments an utterance into prosodic units such that (I) he expresses the meaning of the message clearly (therefore, the prosodic segmentation preserves the integrity of some linguistic units), (II) he respects the rhythmic organisation that appears in almost any human activities and seems to have a cognitive reality
Cho, Hyong Sil. "Etude des propriétés acoustiques de la structure prosodique du coréen." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10076.
TINOTHAI, KITTIPOL. "Structure de l'enonce oral spontane en thai standard (siamois) : etude prosodique et enonciative." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030026.
Poincelot, Evelyne. "Théories du financement hiérarchique et structure financière." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOE003.
The aim of this thesis is to appreciate the explinations gived by the pecking order theories in the determination of capital structure. The thesis include two parts. Its first part has the objective to position the pecking order theories with respect to the determination of the theories of capital structure. It include three chapters. In which the compromise theories (tradeoff of the costs and benefits of different financing) and the pecking order theories (class the financings). Their principal characteristics and then an interpretation of the discovered differences between these two categories of models are successively presented. Its second part is centred on the appreciation of the pecking order theories. Considering the internal coherence (critical study of the hypothesis, reasoning, conclusion of models) and the external coherence (study of the explanatory power of every theory) and include three chapters. Empical tests were envisaged when predictions of pecking order theories are in contradiction with these of the compromise theories and these of models where the classification between financings was advocated
Benali, Ismaël. "La focalisation dans les parlers algérois et oranais : étude prosodique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC274.
Algiers and Oran varieties of Arabic are characterized by regional accents which are more easily recognized by Algerian listeners thanks to segmental and lexical rather than suprasegmental informations. In a first experiment, we found that intonation patterns which characterize Algiers and Oran varieties were more intense in emphatic contexts. To study this phenomenon and its influence in the identification of these two dialects from prosody, we compared prosodic features (mainly FO movements) associated with different types of focus: broad focus, emphatic narrow focus, contrastive narrow focus and interrogative focus. It appears from the acoustical analysis of the speakers' productions that recurrences of prosodic patterns that differentiate the two dialects were observed in only two types of focus: the emphatic narrow focus when it is placed at the edge of an intonation phrase and the interrogative focus. Emphatic focus is produced in the Algiers dialect by a rising falling contour and in the Oran dialect, this focus is realized either with a contour which is flat or slightly rising. In the interrogative focus we find the same intonation contours but these are more amplified in the case of Algiers speakers than for Oran speakers: for the latter, the last syllable is always rising and is preceded by a falling contour. They also produce more lengthening in contrastive focus. The analysis of the interaction between the identification of the two dialects and the four types of focus showed that Algiers and Oran speakers are better identified when their utterances are produced with emphatic narrow focus and interrogative focus
Compaore, Laetitia. "Essai d'analyse de la prosodie du Mooré : ton et intonation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC170/document.
This dissertation describes the role of prosody in the organization of oral speech in Moore (a tone language spoken in Burkina Faso). It investigates the realization of intonation as a sign of prosodic structure in an African tone language. The main problem dealt in this study is: how does intonation work in moore, a tone language in which tone has already an important phonological role?The aim of the analysis is to explain the realization of tone and intonation in order to identify a prosodic structure which will account for the prosodic organization in moore. The theoretical framework is based on P. Martin’s theory of intonation in romance languages (2009, 2013, and 2015). Of course amendments were necessary to adapt it to moore.This dissertation is made up of two sections; the first one is dedicated to defining some important notions of the study and presenting general characteristics of moore. In the second section, experiments were carried out to address the main issues.The phonetic realization of tone was first examined. This study confirms that the relative height of the pitch is the main acoustic parameter used to distinguish the two types of tones in moore.Then the analysis of the relation between tone and intonation reveals that the realization of tones is affected by intonation especially at prosodic boundaries. When downstep is applied, tonal rules determine the realization of tones. However, the domain of the downstep is also marked out by prosodic boundaries (place of the realization of intonation).Finally, based on the identification of prosodic events, the study of moore oral speech (both spontaneous and reading speech) organization shows that acoustic parameters such as: duration of pauses, final syllable lengthening and F0 variations are found with perceived boundaries. The analysis of reading speech reveals that F0 resetting and variations of boundary syllables duration are the major indices which mark the limits of prosodic phrases. In spontaneous speech, the results suggest the existence of a trading relationship between pauses duration and boundary syllables duration. Therefore, the prosodic organization of utterances in moore derives from the combination of F0 variations and the trading relationship
Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent. "On the growth and structure of social systems following preferential attachment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25331.
Social systems are notoriously unfair. In this thesis, we focus on the distribution and structure of shared resources and activities. Through this lens, their extreme inequalities tend to roughly follow a universal pattern known as scale independence which manifests itself through the absence of a characteristic scale. In physical systems, scale-independent organizations are known to occur at critical points in phase transition theory. The position of this critical behaviour being very specific, it is reasonable to expect that the distribution of a social resource might also imply specific mechanisms. This analogy is the basis of this work, whose goal is to apply tools of statistical physics to varied social activities. As a first step, we show that a system whose resource distribution is growing towards scale independence is subject to two constraints. The first is the well-known preferential attachment principle, a mathematical principle roughly stating that the rich get richer. The second is a new general form of delayed temporal scaling between the population size and the amount of available resource. These constraints pave a precise evolution path, such that even an instantaneous snapshot of a distribution is enough to reconstruct its temporal evolution and predict its future states. We validate our approach on diverse spheres of human activities ranging from scientific and artistic productivity, to sexual relations and online traffic. We then broaden our framework to not only focus on resource distribution, but to also consider the resulting structure. We thus apply our framework to the theory of complex networks which describes the connectivity structure of social, technological or biological systems. In so doing, we propose that an important class of complex systems can be modelled as a construction of potentially infinitely many levels of organization all following the same universal growth principle known as preferential attachment. We show how real complex networks can be interpreted as a projection of our model, from which naturally emerge not only their scale independence, but also their clustering or modularity, their hierarchy, their fractality and their navigability. Our results suggest that social networks can be quite simple, and that the apparent complexity of their structure is largely a reflection of the complex hierarchical nature of our world.
Braud, Laurent. "The structure of orders in the pushdown hierarchy." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587409.
Billon, Kevin. "Composites périodiques fonctionnels pour l'absorption vibroacoustique large bande." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2018/document.
The understanding of wave propagation in periodic structures is proposed in this work. Periodic structures exhibit very specific properties in terms of wave propagation. First, some numerical tools for dispersion analysis of periodic structures are presented. The classical Floquet-Bloch approach is first presented, as a reference. This technique uses proper boundary conditions on the unit cell, but dealing with damping is not easy for 2D or 3D cases. Secondly, a metamaterial with hierarchical, auxetic (negative Poisson ratio) rectangular perforations is presented using the Floquet-Bloch method as a reference. Some numerical eigenvalue tools are used for the dispersion analysis of this structure. A geometric parametric investigation of these rectangular perforations using a numerical asymptotic homogenisation finite element approach is done. The experimental validation is performed with a network based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using a 3D scanning vibrometer. Third, the Shift cell operator technique is described. It consists in a reformulation of the PDE problem by shifting in terms of wave number the space derivatives appearing in the mechanical behavior operator inside the cell, while imposing continuity boundary conditions on the borders of the domain. Damping effects can be introduced in the system. This strategy make it possible to solve the problem with an arbitrary frequency dependency of the physical properties of the cell. A focus is proposed on tools for the post-processing of dispersion diagrams in damped configurations like group velocity. Finally, an adaptive metamaterial based on the combination of metallic parts with highly dissipative polymeric interface is designed. In order to validate the design and the adaptive character of the metamaterial, results issued from a full 3D model of a finite structure embedding an interface composed by a distributed set of the unit cells are presented. After this step, a comparison between the results obtained using the tunable structure simulation and the experimental results is presented
Sarzo, Matteo. "La structure de l'obligation internationale et l'effet direct." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010272.
The thesis attempts to draw some general guidelines relating to the interpretation and implementation of international obligations within domestic law. An international rule, whereby States are obliged to achieve a certain result or to impede it, in most cases only prescribes a course of conduct. Therefore, it is through the application of domestic rules, intended as “means”, that the compliance with international law is ensured. From this point of view, domestic law in its entirety enables the implementation of international obligations, to the extent that the former grants to the organs of the State the power to behave in a precise manner in order to achieve a given objective. The issue of self-executing rules in international law is generally linked to the fact that the individual can successfully invoke against the domestic authorities the respect of an international rule accruing to him. International sub-systems, aimed at the protection of human rights, offer a standing point for validating this hypothesis, whenever they provide individuals for an access to international adjudication. Notably, an international judge may ascertain the domestic legal reasons whereby the organs of a State have breached an international obligation. In determining whether and how a domestic power has been performed, or directly assessing its conformity with the international rule breached, the international judge not only assesses the domestic conduct which gave rise to the breach, but also pinpoints the legal consequences flowing from it. On the contrary, if the international sub-system does not provide for international adjudication, the interpretation of the international rule is completely left to the organs of the State, which can discretionally find its self-executing character after examining its structure. For instance, an international obligation of “progressive” realization or due diligence would difficulty be applied by the organs of the State. Moreover, in certain areas of international law, in particular in economic relations, States excludes the domestic application of the international rule, thereby reserving to them the power to manage, at the interstate level, their commitments
Feltgen, Didier Lydie. "La limite supraforestière dans les Alpes : un nouveau regard sur sa structure et sa dynamique, à la lumière des successions post-pastorales et grâce à la théorie de la hiérarchie (l'exemple des gorges houillères en moyenne Maurienne, dans les Alpes françaises du Nord)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10063.
Gosme, Marie. "Modélisation du développement spatio-temporel des maladies d'origine tellurique." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130776.
Frankhauser, Pierre. "La fractalité des structures urbaines." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010558.
Urban patterns show often an irregular morphology. The fact that this phenomenon appears often despite of the intensions of planers and that it is not related to a particular historical situation, incites to suppose the existence of self-organisation process, promoting such an evolution. To get more insight in these aspects of urban growth, it has been investigated, whether there exists appropriated quantitative measures to characterize the irregular structures. The analysis of the build-up area of a certain number of agglomerations of the scale of metropolitan areas has shown, that the urban patterns follow an interior order principle, and that they may be characterized by fractal dimensions. Thus the spatial organization of agglomerations follows a hierarchization principle, which appears on the scale of metropolitan areas as a radial dilution of the build-up area, according to a pareto-distribution. The fact that urban patterns follow such an order principle allowed to give an interpretation, based on sociological theories, of the socio-economic interactions giving rise to such an irregular growth. For some of these interactions it has been shown by use of a simulation model that these effects give really rise to a fractal urban pattern. The fractal analysis has been used too, to investigate the spatial organization of transportation networks. For town quarters, this method describes the hierarchical organization of the street pattern, and for metropolitan areas the accessibility, assured by the network, is measured
Sarzo, Matteo. "La struttura dell'obbligo internazionale e l'effetto diretto La structure de l'obligation internationale et l'effet direct." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423594.
La struttura dell’obbligazione internazionale, letta nell’ottica del suo effetto diretto è finora stata oggetto di una trattazione completa solo nei limiti di alcuni studi riguardanti i diritti umani. Il concetto di effetto diretto è generalmente inteso come il fatto che il giudice interno applichi, nel corso di un processo, la regola internazionale per risolvere la questione giuridica sottopostagli. In questo caso, una delle parti allega che la regola internazionale è stata violata nei propri confronti nella misura in cui essa impone agli organi statali di riconoscerle un vantaggio materiale. Questa interpretazione dell’effetto diretto, intesto nel senso di effetto processuale, spiega solo in parte l’interazione fra il diritto internazionale e il diritto interno. In effetti, gli organi statali tengono determinati comportamenti per raggiungere un risultato pratico, materiale, in virtù di una regola interna che conferisce loro il potere di agire. D’altronde, anche le obbligazioni internazionali prescrivono spesso la realizzazione di un evento materiale. Da quest’ottica, tutte le norme interne dovrebbero permettere agli organi di tenere dei comportamenti volti al conseguimento dell’effetto utile dell’obbligo internazionale. In tale aspetto si scorge il presupposto logico di funzionamento del diritto internazionale, che si pone come superiore all’ordinamento giuridico nazionale. D’altronde, tale conseguenza dipende anche dalla struttura dell’obbligo internazionale. Nel momento in cui esso è formulato come obbligo negativo o positivo, di diligenza o di risultato, immediato o soggetto a termine, altrettanto diverse saranno le ricadute applicative nel diritto interno e l’accertamento di una sua violazione. Può ad esempio accadere che l’obbligo internazionale primario impegni lo Stato a realizzare un vantaggio nei confronti di un singolo e, al tempo stesso, lasciare liberi gli Stati di gestire le conseguenze giuridiche di tale violazione nell’ordinamento internazionale. Questa sembra la regola nei casi in cui una specifica regola pattizia non attribuisca all’individuo leso un diritto d’azione per far constatare un’eventuale violazione di fronte a un giudice sovra statuale. Ciò può benissimo accadere tanto se l’obbligo internazionale tutela un diritto dell’uomo quanto nel caso in cui esso regoli rapporti economici. Rispetto a quest’ultimo ambito, si rivela l’essenza dell’effetto diretto, una volta messi a confronto i meccanismi del diritto dell’unione europea con i trattati che compongono l’OMC. Appare così evidente che gli Stati hanno voluto limitare gli effetti interni della norma internazionale, così riservandosi un ampio margine di discrezionalità per gestire fra loro l’adempimento dei trattati e le conseguenze che derivino dalla loro violazione.
Ebert, Rolf. "Développement d'un environnement de simulation de systèmes complexes. Application aux bâtiments." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523619.
Bourret, Simon. "Neutrino oscillations and earth tomography with KM3NeT-ORCA." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC247.
Neutrino flavour oscillations, discovered at the turn of the 21st century, currently provide the most direct window on physics beyond the Standard Model. The KM3NeT collaboration has started the construction of a megaton-scale Cherenkov neutrino detector deep underwater in the Mediterranean: ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss). ORCA's main goal will be the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy, a major unknown in the current understanding of neutrino oscillations, via the detection of large samples of atmospheric neutrinos crossing the Earth and the analysis of their flavour oscillations. These oscillations are enhanced by matter effects, sensitive to the electron density along the neutrino paths. Beyond the neutrino mass hierarchy and the measurement of atmospheric oscillation parameters, this will allow ORCA to measure the electron density of the deep Earth, and possibly provide constraints on the chemical composition of its innermost layers. This thesis presents a new study, undertaken within the KM3NeT collaboration, of the sensitivity of ORCA to the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy, oscillation parameters, and the electron density in the outer core and lower mantle of the Earth. The focus is given to the development of a new analysis methodology intended to account for detector effects as precisely as possible by the use of a Monte Carlo based correlated model of detector response. Statistical methods and systematic uncertainties are also addressed in some detail. The methodology allows for a preliminary exploration of the potential of improved analysis strategies. Sensitivity studies show that ORCA is expected to achieve a median sensitivity to the NMH determination at the level of 3 sigma or better after a few years of operation, depending on the true hierarchy and true value of the oscillation parameters. Competitive performance for the measurement of atmospheric oscillation parameters is also expected. Assuming a normal mass hierarchy, the electron density can be measured with a precision of about 5% in the lower mantle, and 7% in the outer core
Etcheverry, Arnaud. "Simulation de la dynamique des dislocations à très grande échelle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0263/document.
This research work focuses on bringing performances in 3D dislocation dynamics simulation, to run efficiently on modern computers. First of all, we introduce some algorithmic technics, to reduce the complexity in order to target large scale simulations. Second of all, we focus on data structure to take into account both memory hierachie and algorithmic data access. On one side we build this adaptive data structure to handle dynamism of data and on the other side we use an Octree to combine hierachie decompostion and data locality in order to face intensive arithmetics with force field computation and collision detection. Finnaly, we introduce some parallel aspects of our simulation. We propose a classical hybrid parallelism, with task based openMP threads and domain decomposition technics for MPI
Guyon, Charles. "L'influence des normes supranationales sur le droit du travail français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020067.
No one is deemed ignorant of the law… including supranational standards. The “censure” of the provisions relating to the “new hiring” employment contract vigorously demonstrated so. The influence of supranational standards has never been so strong: they progressively cover all of the fields of French Labour Law. All stakeholders, whether public or private, need to look beyond French borders. The stated aim is to control the spread of supranational standards, without which there is no acceptance by its recipients, and apprehend the resulting transformations of French Labour Law. New legal methodologies and instruments need to be implemented in this respect
Mehdizadeh, Rasool. "Dynamic and multi-perspective risk management of construction projects using tailor-made Risk Breakdown Structures." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14521/document.
In recent years, intensive research and development have been done in the area of construction projects risk management. The construction projects involve numerous participants whose interests and demands need to be considered in the managerial decision-making to ensure the success of the project. Risk Breakdown Structure is a hierarchically organized depiction of the identified project risks arranged by risk categories and subcategories that identifies the various areas and causes of potential risks. This type of representation has many advantages and is a suitable tool especially for risk management of construction projects since: it offers a synthetic view on risks, each stakeholder can have his own view on the project and it is compatible with evolutionary and dynamic nature of project risks. However, RBS suffers several drawbacks such as lack of consensus on how to develop an RBS for a new project, lack of clarity and inconsistencies in definition of risk categories and lack of rules enabling transfer of qualitative/quantitative information of risks across the tree. In this PhD thesis, we propose a methodology for the development of tailor-made RBS's which are adapted to several constraints: being fitted to the stage and degree of development of the project, being able to offer different views for the different partners. This makes it possible to establish a dynamic, multi-scale and multi-perspective approach in which each partner, at each desired stage, can focus on selected specific risks and divide the RBS's up into a greater number of subcategories in specific fields. It allows to identify and manage the construction project risks in a more formal, efficient and systematic way. In parallel, efforts have been devoted to the development of an advanced method for analysis and propagation of risk values through RBS. The aim was to develop a more coherent approach in order to get more realistic results without suffering from the usual weaknesses of available methods in literature to calculate the risk value of categories in RBS. The method combines consistently the quantitative and qualitative approaches, allowing the user to choose the best one for risk assessment at any level based on the available information and required accuracy.Special care was taken in the development of the risk knowledge database in order to ensure the data's consistency. A database which has three interactive components of risk events, risk categories and micro trees, and have been developed based on a thorough analysis of literature. This knowledge base is general enough to cover all construction projects but at the same time, specific enough to be adapted to a given particular project. This database provides a common language within which the project risks can be described and discussed. The RBS rebuilding process is driven in such a way as to make it possible to compare different possible RBS's according to several criteria (degree of development, user satisfaction and highlighting the contrast of risk values). The database is constructed in such a way as to facilitate further developments and updating
در طي سالهاي اخير، تحقيقات گستردهاي در زمينه مديريت ريسک پروژههاي ساخت و ساز و زيربنايي انجام گرفته است. غالبا اين نوع از پروژهها در برگيرنده تعداد زيادي ذينفع (مالک، پيمانکاران، طراحان فني و معماري، سرمايه¬گذار، بيمهگر و ...) ميباشند که مدنظر قرار دادن منافع، اهداف و مطالبات آن¬ها در اتخاذ تصميمها يکي از موارد لازم براي اطمينان از موفقيت پروژه ميباشد.ساختار درختي ريسک (Risk Breakdown Structure) که بازنمودي طبقه¬بندي شده از ريسکهاي پروژه ارائه مينمايد، متشکل از گروهها و زير¬گروههاي سازمان يافته ريسک بوده و ابزاري بسيار موثر در شناسايي منابع و آثار محتمل ريسکها ميباشد. اين نوع باز¬نمود ريسکها داراي مزاياي فراواني ميباشد به خصوص در مديريت ريسک پروژههاي عمراني و زيربنايي. بخشي از دلايل اين مدعا عبارتند از: توانايي RBS در تجزيه وتحليل ريسکهاي پروژه و اينکه با استفاده از RBS هريک از اعضاي ذينفع پروژه ميتواند ديدگاه خاص خود را نسبت به ريسکهاي پروژه داشته باشد که اين قضيه با ماهيت ديناميک و تکاملي پروژهها به خوبي سازگار ميباشد. با اين¬حال، عليرغم قابليتهاي فوق العاده اين ابزار، RBS داراي چندين ضعف اساسي ميباشد از قبيل: عدم وجود راهنما، روش و اجماع در چگونگي طراحي RBS جديد براي يک پروژه جديد با ويژه¬گيهاي خاص خود، وجود تعاريف مبهم و بعضا متناقض ريسکها و گروههاي ريسک در RBSهاي موجود، عدم وجود روشي مشترک و موثر براي انتقال اطلاعات کمي و کيفي وقايع ريسک بر روي ساختار درختي RBS به منظور محاسبه مقادير ريسک هر گروه ريسک.در اين رساله دکتري، روشي نوين براي طراحي RBSهاي سازگار براي هر پروژه يا شرايط خاص ارائه ميگردد. اين RBSها با مقطع زماني و ميزان پيشرفت پروژه و همچنين ديدگاههاي متفاوت ذينفعان پروژه نسبت به ريسکها سازگار ميباشند. اين روش متضمن اعمال مديريت ريسک پويا و ديناميک، چند مقياسي و چند بعدي در پروژهها بوده و هر يک از اعضاي پروژه در هر مقطع زمانی خاص قادر خواهد بود بر ريسکهاي مورد نظر خود تمرکز نموده و براي کسب اطلاعات جامعتر، هر گروه ريسک در RBS را به تعداد بيشتري زير گروه تجزيه نمايد. چنين رويهاي ابزار و روش لازم براي شناسايي و مديريت سيستماتيک، موثرتر و رسميتر ريسکهاي پروژه را فراهم مينمايد.همزمان با توسعه روش مذکور براي طراحي RBSهاي سفارشي براي هر مورد خاص، تلاش ويژه¬اي براي ابداع روشي نوين به منظور کسب نتايج واقع¬بينانه¬تر در آناليز و توزيع مقادير ريسک بر روي شاخه¬هاي RBS اعمال گرديد. روش پيشنهادي، ترکيبي سازگار از رويکرد¬هاي کمي و کيفي ارائه نموده و کاربر قادر خواهد بود بر اساس ميزان اطلاعات موجود و دقت مورد نياز بهترين گزينه را انتخاب نمايد.براي اطمينان از سازگاري اطلاعات مورد استفاده در روش¬هاي فوق الذکر و ايجاد ادبياتي مشترک واستاندارد براي توصيف و بحث پيرامون ريسک¬هاي پروژه، دقت خاصي در توسعه ديتا¬بيس (بانک اطلاعات) ريسک اتخاذ گرديد. اين پايگاه¬داده که بر اساس مطالعه و تجزيه و تحليل دقيق متون موجود، استاندارها و گزارشات فني پيرامون مديريت ريسک پروژه¬هاي عمراني تهيه گرديده است متشکل از سه بخش اساسي پويا و توسعه پذير مي¬باشد: وقايع ريسک، گروه¬هاي ريسک و ميکرو درخت¬ها. در عين جامعيت اين ديتا¬بيس براي تحت پوشش قرار دادن انواع پروژه¬هاي عمراني، ساختار اطلاعات به گونه¬اي طراحي گرديده که توسعه آن براي تمرکز بر نوع خاصي از پروژه (تونل، سازه¬هاي موقت، ...) امکان¬پذير مي¬باشد.فرايند طراحي RBSهاي سفارشي با بازسازي تمامي RBSهاي ممکن از طريق ترکيب ميکرو درخت¬هاي موجود در ديتا¬بيس آغاز گرديده و سپس براي انتخاب بهترين درخت ريسک، تمامي گزينه¬هاي ممکن به واسطه معيار¬هاي کيفيت تعريف شده RBS (ميزان توسعه ساختار درخت ريسک، تناسب ساختار RBS با مطالبات و اهداف کاربر و کنتراست مقادير ريسک بر روي شاخه¬هاي RBS) مقايسه مي¬گردند.براي تسهيل کاربرد عملي روش¬هاي ارئه شده در پروژه¬هاي واقعي، نرم افزار خاصي بر اساس تمامي مفاهيم و الگوريتم¬هاي موجود در روش-هاي توسعه داده شده تهيه گرديده است. اين نرم افزار با واسط کاربر پسند، ابتدا تمامي RBSهاي ممکن را توليد نموده، مقادير ريسک گروه¬هاي ريسک را محاسبه کرده و به طور اتوماتيک براي هر RBS پنج فاکتور کيفيت محاسبه مي¬نمايد. در گام دوم، تمامي RBSهاي ايجاد شده با استفاده از يکي از روش¬هاي تصميم¬گيري چند¬معياري رتبه¬بندي شده، کاربر قادر خواهد بود بهترين RBS را انتخاب نمايد. نرم افزار قادر است به طور گرافيکي ساختار درختي تمامي RBSهاي طراحي شده را به همراه مقادير ريسک محاسبه شده و توزيع وقايع ريسک بر روي شاخه¬هاي RBS نمايش دهد
Gilbert, Annie. "Contrainte sur la mémoire immédiate des groupes intonatifs comme principe de structuration de la prosodie." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16574.
Pilarski, Alexandra. "Étude descriptive de la variation prosodique des marques d'association spatiale dans la structure du récit en langue des signes québécoise." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2530/1/M11116.pdf.
Raham, Djamel. "Les Structures Spatiales de l'Est Algérien. Les maillages territoriaux, urbains et routiers." Phd thesis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00288867.
C'est ainsi que l'objectif qui a déterminé la démarche de notre étude a été d'essayer de dépeindre la configuration spatiale antérieure et actuelle de l'Algérie à travers sa partie orientale qui est "l'Est Algérien". Pour tenter d'y parvenir, nous avons pris en considération trois types de maillages qui sont les territoires (wilayas et communes), le réseau urbain (toute taille confondue) et le réseau des voies de communication avec la trame routière et le réseau ferroviaire. Pour chaque type de réseau (territoires, réseau urbain et voies de communication), il a été à chaque fois nécessaire de présenter son évolution depuis presque l'antiquité, d'étudier sa configuration actuelle puis de la confronter avec des modèles théoriques en utilisant des outils d'analyse et d'investigation mis au point dans ce contexte.
Il ressort cependant que quel que soit le réseau ou le maillage pris en considération, l'Est Algérien s'est toujours montré comme un exemple typique d'un espace qui présente des formes opposées identifiables quelle que soit la méthode d'analyse utilisée. Il en résulte ainsi que la région, c'est à dire l'Est Algérien, est dominée par deux systèmes spatiaux dualistes :
+ un système classique traditionnel caractérisant les régions périphériques (partie occidentale du Tell, sud des Hautes Plaines ou la Steppe, les Nememcha, la région du Hodna et l'Atlas Saharien) qui accusent souvent des retards et des décalages négatifs dans tous les domaines;
+ un système spatial hérité légué principalement par le pouvoir colonial et qui se présente globalement comme une région polarisée linéairement le long des principales voies de communication en reliant les villes les plus importantes.
Il s'agit en fait du modèle de la région anisotropique qui se présente sous la forme d'une succession de sous-régions polarisées autour de grands centres urbains et bien connectés par les voies de communication suivant un axe préferentiel. De part et d'autre de ce premier système hérité subsistent des sous-systèmes spatiaux marginaux.
Kroumi, Dhaker. "Étude de quelques populations structurées : processus de coalescence et abondance d’une stratégie." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15876.
Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la théorie des jeux évolutionnaires dans quelques exemples de populations structurées. En particulier, nous analysons l’évolution de la coopération en déterminant des conditions qui la favorisent dans le cas des interactions par paire. On s’intéresse à l’évolution de la coopération dans un espace phénotypique de dimension quelconque. Puis on étudie la coopération dans une population finie, subdivisée en groupes de même quelconques avec une hiérarchie entre les groupes. Finalement, on présente l’effet de l’aspiration sur le processus évolutif dans une population finie répartie sur un cercle où il y a des positions à occuper.
In this thesis, we study some examples of structured populations. In particular, we analyze the evolution of cooperation in the sense of determining conditions that favor it. We study the evolution of cooperation in a phenotype space of any size. We study also the evolution of cooperation in a finite population subdivided into hierarchical groups of any size. Finally, we study the effect of aspiration on the evolutionary process in a finite population distributed on a circle with only a local interaction by pairwise.