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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Direk, Mehmet, Cuneyt Tunckal, and Fikret Yuksel. "Comparative performance analysis of experimental frigorific air conditioning system using R-134a and HFO-1234yf as a refrigerant." Thermal Science 20, no. 6 (2016): 2065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140715130d.

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Анотація:

In this study, to evaluate the comparative experimental performances, a frigorific air conditioning system using HFO1234yf and R134a was developed and refrigerated air was introduced into a conditioned room. The experiment was carried out at different condenser inlet temperatures and using the refrigerants at different charges, 1250 g, 1500g, and 1750g. Experiments were conducted for a standard frigorific air conditioning system using the HFO1234yf and R-134a system. Air flow was introduced to the conditioned room for 60 minutes for each performance test. The results revealed that the temperature gradient in time was comparable for both refrigerants. The results of this investigation propose utilising HFO1234yf as a replacement for the currently favoured R134a in a frigorific air conditioning system.

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2

Solanki, Naveen, Akhilesh Arora, and S. C. Kaushik. "Effect of Condenser Fouling on Performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System." Journal of Thermodynamics 2015 (October 5, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756452.

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Анотація:

Effect of condenser fouling is evaluated on the performance of a vapour compression system with refrigerants HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze as an alternative to HFC134a. The condenser coolant temperature has been varied between 35 and 40°C to evaluate the effect of fouling at different condenser temperatures. A simulation model is developed in EES for computing the results. The results have been computed by varying condenser conductance. The same has been validated with literature available before calculating the results. It is observed that the condenser fouling has larger effect on compressor power (Wcp%) as it increases up to 9.12 for R1234yf and 7.41 for R1234ze, whereas for R134a its value increases up to 7.38. The cooling capacity (Qevap%) decreases up to 13.25 for R1234yf and 8.62 for R1234ze, whereas for R134a its value decreases up to 8.76. The maximum percentage of decrease in value of COP is up to 19.29 for R1234yf and 14.47 for R1234ze, whereas for R134a its value decreases up to 14.49. The second-law efficiency is also observed to decrease with decrease in the condenser conductance. The performance of HFO1234ze is found to be better under fouled conditions in comparison to R134a and R1234yf.

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3

Longo, Giovanni A., Simone Mancin, Giulia Righetti, and Claudio Zilio. "HFO1234ze(E) vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Comparison with HFC134a and HFO1234yf." International Journal of Refrigeration 67 (July 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.04.002.

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4

Righetti, Giulia, Claudio Zilio, and Giovanni A. Longo. "Comparative performance analysis of the low GWP refrigerants HFO1234yf, HFO1234ze(E) and HC600a inside a roll-bond evaporator." International Journal of Refrigeration 54 (June 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.02.010.

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5

Zhong, Quan, Xueqiang Dong, Haiyang Zhang, Huiya Li, Maoqiong Gong, Jun Shen та Jianfeng Wu. "Experimental study on the gaseous pρTx properties for (HFO1234yf+HC290)". Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 107 (квітень 2017): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2016.12.029.

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6

Lee, Yohan, Dong-Gyu Kang, Joo-Hyung Kim, and Dongsoo Jung. "Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of HFO1234yf on various enhanced surfaces." International Journal of Refrigeration 38 (February 2014): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.09.014.

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7

Matsunaga, Naoki. "Gaseous Diffusion Coefficients of HFC134a and HFO1234yf into Air, Nitrogen and Oxygen." Netsu Bussei 34, no. 1 (2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2963/jjtp.34.10.

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8

Lee, Yohan, Dong-gyu Kang, and Dongsoo Jung. "Performance of virtually non-flammable azeotropic HFO1234yf/HFC134a mixture for HFC134a applications." International Journal of Refrigeration 36, no. 4 (June 2013): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.02.015.

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9

Longo, Giovanni A. "Vaporisation of the low GWP refrigerant HFO1234yf inside a brazed plate heat exchanger." International Journal of Refrigeration 35, no. 4 (June 2012): 952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.12.012.

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10

Aprea, Ciro, Adriana Greco, and Angelo Maiorino. "An experimental investigation on the substitution of HFC134a with HFO1234YF in a domestic refrigerator." Applied Thermal Engineering 106 (August 2016): 959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.098.

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11

Lee, Yee-Ting, Sihui Hong, Liang-Han Chien, Chih-Jer Lin, and An-Shik Yang. "Heat transfer and pressure drop of film condensation in a horizontal minitube for HFO1234yf refrigerant." Applied Energy 274 (September 2020): 115183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115183.

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12

Aprea, Ciro, Adriana Greco, Angelo Maiorino, Claudia Masselli, and Antonio Metallo. "HFO1234yf as a Drop-in Replacement for R134a in Domestic Refrigerators: A Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis." International Journal of Heat and Technology 34, S2 (October 31, 2016): S212—S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.34s204.

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13

Aprea, Ciro, Adriana Greco, Angelo Maiorino, Claudia Masselli, and Antonio Metallo. "HFO1234yf as a drop-in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators: a life cycle climate performance analysis." International Journal of Heat and Technology 34, Special Issue 2 (October 30, 2016): S212—S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.34sp0204.

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14

Sun, Yanjun, Xiaopo Wang, Dongbo Wang, and Liwen Jin. "Measurement and correlation for phase equilibrium of HFO1234yf with three pentaerythritol esters from 293.15 K to 348.15 K." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 112 (September 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2017.04.020.

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15

Wang, Linlin, Chaobin Dang, and Eiji Hihara. "Experimental study on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of low GWP refrigerant HFO1234yf in a horizontal tube." International Journal of Refrigeration 35, no. 5 (August 2012): 1418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.04.006.

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16

Li, Minxia, Chaobin Dang, and Eiji Hihara. "Flow boiling heat transfer of HFO1234yf and R32 refrigerant mixtures in a smooth horizontal tube: Part I. Experimental investigation." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 13-14 (June 2012): 3437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.002.

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17

Aprea, C., A. Greco, and A. Maiorino. "An experimental investigation of the energetic performances of HFO1234yf and its binary mixtures with HFC134a in a household refrigerator." International Journal of Refrigeration 76 (April 2017): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.02.005.

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18

Li, Minxia, Chaobin Dang, and Eiji Hihara. "Flow boiling heat transfer of HFO1234yf and HFC32 refrigerant mixtures in a smooth horizontal tube: Part II. Prediction method." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 64 (September 2013): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.04.047.

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19

Thu, Kyaw, Kosei Takezato, Nobuo Takata, Takahiko Miyazaki, and Yukihiro Higashi. "Performance evaluation of a heat pump system using an HFC32/HFO1234yf blend with GWP below 150 for heating applications." Applied Thermal Engineering 182 (January 2021): 115952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115952.

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20

Zhang, Kai, Hongyu Chen, Zhen Yang, and Yuanyuan Duan. "Speed of sound in the gaseous phase for HFO1234yf from 308 K to 370 K at pressures up to 1 MPa." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 151 (December 2020): 106247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106247.

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21

Koch, M., and C. M. Franck. "High voltage insulation properties of HFO1234ze." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 22, no. 6 (December 2015): 3260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2015.005118.

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22

Ranjan, P., L. Chen, A. Alabani, F. O. Bahdad, I. Cotton, and L. van der Zel. "Anomalous First Breakdown Behavior for HFO1234ze(E)." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 28, no. 5 (October 2021): 1620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2021.009676.

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23

Chachereau, A., M. Rabie, and C. M. Franck. "Electron swarm parameters of the hydrofluoroolefine HFO1234ze." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 25, no. 4 (May 26, 2016): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/25/4/045005.

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24

Hosl, Andreas, Juriy Pachin, Eda Eguz, Alise Chachereau, and Christian M. Franck. "Positive synergy of SF6 and HFO1234ze(E)." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 27, no. 1 (February 2020): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2019.008406.

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25

Nguyen, Van Vu, Szabolcs Varga, and Vaclav Dvorak. "HFO1234ze(e) As an Alternative Refrigerant for Ejector Cooling Technology." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214045.

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Анотація:

The paper presented a mathematical assessment of selected refrigerants for the ejector cooling purpose. R1234ze(e) and R1234yf are the well-known refrigerants of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), the fourth-generation halocarbon refrigerants. Nature working fluids, R600a and R290, and third-generation refrigerant of halocarbon (hydrofluorocarbon, HFC), R32 and R152a, were selected in the assessment. A detail mathematical model of the ejector, as well as other components of the cycle, was built. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of R1234ze(e) was significantly higher than R600a at the same operating conditions. R1234yf’s performance was compatible with R290, and both were about 5% less than the previous two. The results also indicated that R152a offered the best performance among the selected refrigerants, but due to the high value of global warming potential, it did not fulfill the requirements of the current European refrigerant regulations. On the other hand, R1234ze(e) was the most suitable working fluid for the ejector cooling technology, thanks to its overall performance.

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26

Zhang, Haiyang, Maoqiong Gong, Huiya Li, Hao Guo, Xueqiang Dong та Jianfeng Wu. "Gaseous pρTx properties for binary mixtures of HFO1234ze(E) + HC290". Fluid Phase Equilibria 408 (січень 2016): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2015.09.010.

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27

TANAKA, Katsuyuki. "Measurement of Critical Parameters for Low GWP Working Fluid HFO1234ze(Z)." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2017.27 (2017): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2017.27.432.

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28

Aprea, C., A. Greco, A. Maiorino, and C. Masselli. "The drop-in of HFC134a with HFO1234ze in a household refrigerator." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 127 (May 2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.01.026.

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29

Zhang, Kai, Hongyu Chen, Zhen Yang, and Yuanyuan Duan. "Experimental pvT property for the liquid HFO1234ze(E) using the isochoric method." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 149 (October 2020): 106160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106160.

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30

MIYATA, Kazushi, Hideo MORI, Takahiro TANIGUCHI, Shuichi UMEZAWA, and Katsuhiko SUGITA. "Cooling heat transfer of supercritical pressure HFO1234ze(E) in a plate heat exchanger." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 83, no. 855 (2017): 17–00280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.17-00280.

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31

Longo, Giovanni A., Claudio Zilio, Giulia Righetti, and J. Steven Brown. "Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFO1234ze(E) inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger." International Journal of Refrigeration 38 (February 2014): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.08.013.

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32

Aprea, Ciro, Adriana Greco, Angelo Maiorino, Claudia Masselli, and Antonio Metallo. "HFO1234ze as Drop-in Replacement for R134a in Domestic Refrigerators: An Environmental Impact Analysis." Energy Procedia 101 (November 2016): 964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.122.

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33

Gong, Maoqiong, Haiyang Zhang, Huiya Li, Quan Zhong, Xueqiang Dong, Jun Shen, and Jianfeng Wu. "Vapor pressures and saturated liquid densities of HFO1234ze(E) at temperatures from 253.343 to 293.318 K." International Journal of Refrigeration 64 (April 2016): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.01.007.

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34

Gupta, Sachin, Narasimha Kalyan Karanam, Ramakrishna Konijeti, and Abhishek Dasore. "Thermodynamic Analysis and Effects of Replacing HFC by Fourth-Generation Refrigerants in VCR Systems." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251850013x.

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Анотація:

The third-generation refrigerants belonging to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) do not contribute to ozone depletion. However, HFCs are listed as greenhouse gases by Kyoto Protocol because of their relatively high global-warming potential (GWP). At present the research is now mainly focused on refrigerants with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and less GWP, which are termed as Fourth generation refrigerants. This paper analyzes the advancement in refrigerants, and presented the different options in choosing a refrigerant with respect to international agreements to curb the stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. The hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) i.e., fourth generation refrigerants are available in limited quantities and also their performance is not completely tested in different applications. Hence this paper aims at assessing the performance of fourth generation refrigerants in terms of their mass flow rate requirement and COP for a specified cooling load and compared with the existing third generation refrigerants in usage. It is found that fourth generation refrigerants COP is low and mass flow rate and power requirements are high. However, HFO1234ze(E) can replace R134a as its performance is almost similar to R134a with an added advantage of low GWP.

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35

Liu, Heng, Qingmin Li, Jingrui Wang, Yuheng Jiang, and A. Manu Haddad. "Inhibition Effect of Solid Products and DC Breakdown Characteristics of the HFO1234Ze(E)–N2–O2 Ternary Gas Mixture." ACS Omega 6, no. 36 (August 31, 2021): 23281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03020.

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36

Longo, Giovanni A., Simone Mancin, Giulia Righetti, and Claudio Zilio. "Saturated flow boiling of HFC134a and its low GWP substitute HFO1234ze(E) inside a 4 mm horizontal smooth tube." International Journal of Refrigeration 64 (April 2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.01.015.

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37

Aprea, Ciro, Adriana Greco, and Angelo Maiorino. "Comparative performance analysis of HFO1234ze/HFC134a binary mixtures working as a drop-in of HFC134a in a domestic refrigerator." International Journal of Refrigeration 82 (October 2017): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.07.001.

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38

Ali, Wahid. "Design and optimization of the sustainable natural gas liquefaction process plant: A process system engineering approach." YMER Digital 21, no. 04 (April 4, 2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.04/02.

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Анотація:

With the rapid development of the world economy and technologies, the energy demand is increasing. Based on the current regulations energy sectors need low-emission and low-carbon energy solutions. Natural gas (NG) is considered a green future fuel that is usually stored and transported as compressed gas or cryogenic liquid. The liquefied NG has 1/600th of its volume which helps in transportation. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) operations are the most energyintensive techniques. During refrigeration and liquefaction, the units of the LNG consume around ∼40−50% of the entire LNG supply chain energy. To date, the simplest single mixed refrigerant (SMR) cycle-based NG liquefaction plants have exergy efficiencies of around 26.97%. Moreover, the conventional SMR process utilizes a hydrocarbon-based mixed refrigerant (i.e., C1 to C3 and N2) mixture that is further harmful to the ecosystem. In this research work, it was found that the addition of eco-friendly hydro-fluoro-olefin (HFO123yf) with conventionally used refrigerants reduces energy consumption under the same conditions. Further hydraulic turbines were proposed to replace the expansion valves require for the Joule Thompson cooling effect that further increasing the process reversibility and energy efficiency. Hence, this research utilizes the optimization of the HFO based modified mixed refrigerant mixture (HSMR) for optimal operation of the LNG plant. The evaluated result shows that the proposed stochastic biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm successfully reduces the overall energy consumption by 0.232 kW/kg-NG. This energy consumption is about 41.709 % compared to our base case study and it was 36% more efficient compared to the conventional SMR published study. This research further explores the sensitive decision variables that affect power consumption using the sensitivity analysis index method. The sensitivity indices may enable us to operate the plant in any abrupt changing or uncertain conditions when needed quick optimization using only a few key sensitive optimizing variables which are useful for real-time plant optimization. Moreover, the economic analysis of the proposed plant shows a total annualized cost of 6,158,000 USD with a 20% rate of return, per year.

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39

Takezato, Kosei, Shou Senba, Takahiko Miyazaki, Nobuo Takata, Yukihiro Higashi, and Kyaw Thu. "Heat Pump Cycle Using Refrigerant Mixtures of HFC32 and HFO1234yf." Heat Transfer Engineering, June 26, 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2020.1776997.

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40

Li, Ming, Yuan Luo, Yan Jiang, Wangrui Wei, and Miao Wang. "Experimental Research on Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannel with Refrigerant HFO1234yf." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, December 21, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.t6064.

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41

Olivier, Jonathan A., Jackson B. Marcinichen, Arnaud Bruch, and John Thome. "Green Cooling of High Performance Microprocessors: Parametric Study Between Flow Boiling and Water Cooling." Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 3, no. 4 (October 24, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004435.

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Анотація:

Due to the increase in energy prices and spiralling consumption, there is a need to greatly reduce the cost of electricity within data centers, where it makes up to 50% of the total cost of the IT infrastructure. A technological solution to this is using on-chip cooling with a single-phase or evaporating liquid to replace energy intensive air-cooling. The energy carried away by the liquid or vapor can also potentially be used in district heating, as an example. Thus, the important issue here is “what is the most energy efficient heat removal process?” As an answer, this paper presents a direct comparison of single-phase water, a 50% water–ethylene glycol mixture and several two-phase refrigerants, including the new fourth generation refrigerants HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze. Two-phase cooling using HFC134a had an average junction temperature from 9 to 15 °C lower than for single-phase cooling, while the required pumping power for the central processing unit cooling element for single-phase cooling was on the order of 20–130 times higher to achieve the same junction temperature uniformity. Hot-spot simulations also showed that two-phase refrigerant cooling was able to adjust to local hot-spots because of flow boiling’s dependency on the local heat flux, with junction temperatures being 20 to 30 °C lower when compared to water and the 50% water–ethylene glycol mixture, respectively. An exergy analysis was developed considering a cooling cycle composed by a pump, a condenser, and a multimicrochannel cooler. The focus was to show the exergetic efficiency of each component and of the entire cycle when the subject energy recovery is considered. Water and HFC134a were the working fluids evaluated in such analysis. The overall exergetic efficiency was higher when using HFC134a (about 2%), and the exergy destroyed, i.e., irreversibilities, showed that the cooling cycle proposed still have a huge potential to increase the thermodynamic performance.

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42

Meng, Zhaofeng, Xiangna Cui, Yin Liu, Rusheng Hu, Shun Wang, and Chenyang Du. "Research on the Application of an HFO1234yf/HFC134a Mixture in a Vehicle Air-Conditioner System with an Internal Heat Exchanger." ACS Omega, September 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03309.

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43

Li, Yi, Yifan Wang, Song Xiao, Zhen Li, Nian Tang, Yongyan Zhou, Li Li, Yifan Zhang, Ju Tang, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Partial discharge induced decomposition and by-products generation properties of HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2: a new eco-friendly gas insulating medium." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, March 1, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acc03f.

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Анотація:

Abstract HFO-1234ze(E) is introduced as a new eco-friendly gas insulating medium to substitute SF6 for medium-voltage gas insulated equipment (MV-GIE). However, there are few reports on the partial discharge (PD) induced decomposition and gaseous, solid by-products generation characteristics of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2. Herein, the PD decomposition characteristics of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2 were explored based on a needle-plate electrode that simulates the metal protrusion defect in MV-GIE. The PDIV, PRPD of HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2 under different mixing ratio, PD intensity and duration time were obtained. Meanwhile, the PD induced decomposition and generation of gaseous, solid by-products of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2 gas mixture were analyzed. A three-zone model that describes the gas-solid metal interface interaction was proposed for the first time. It is found that the increase of HFO1234ze(E) content brings superior insulation performance of the gas mixture, while the precipitation of gaseous (CF4, C2F6, CHF3, C3HF7) and solid by-products gradually aggravated. In order to avoid the negative impact of PD-induced decomposition on the insulation and service life of MV-GIE, the optimal HFO1234ze(E) content of 30% is recommended. This work provides guidance for the development of HFO1234ze(E) based MV-GIE and helps understand the solid by-products precipitation mechanism of eco-friendly gas insulating medium.

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44

Egüz, Eda Akile, Juriy Pachin, Hanut Vemulapalli, and Christian M. Franck. "Synergism in SF₆ mixtures with C=C-C backbone compounds." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, May 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acd705.

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Анотація:

Abstract A positive synergy in the electric strength was observed in a previous study in SF6/HFO1234ze(E) mixtures which was shown to result from a strong electron energy moderation capability of HFO1234ze(E) combined with thermal electron attachment of SF6 [1]. In the present work, the electron energy moderation properties of compounds having similar C=C-C backbone is investigated. Swarm and breakdown measurements are performed in pure gases and in mixtures with SF6. Compounds having a trifluoromethyl group (-CF3) showed lower characteristic energy and as a consequence a positive synergism with SF6. Descriptors related to electron energy moderation are identified and computed; a clear trend is found from the analysis of descriptors related to inelastic processes which suggest(s) that vibrational excitations may be the main source of electron energy loss in the compounds showing positive synergy.

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45

Eguz, Eda Akile, Juriy Pachin, and Christian M. Franck. "Discussion on the mechanism leading to positive synergism in SF6 mixtures with HFO1234ze(E)." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, May 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac6cb5.

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Анотація:

Abstract The electric strength in HFO1234ze(E)/SF6 mixtures is investigated with swarm and breakdown experiments. The density-reduced critical electric field as well as the breakdown voltage measured with both techniques, are found to be higher than that of the pure gases in mixtures with more than 10% SF6. The underlying mechanism for the observed positive synergy is investigated and the explanation proposed by Hunter and Christophorou in [1] is discussed for this mixture. The pressure-dependent attachment rate is found to increase with SF6 ratio thus satisfying the main requirement of the proposed mechanism in [1]. It appears nevertheless that due to the fast saturation with pressure and low rates in the mixtures, the three-body attachment processes account only for a small increase in the electric strength. An alternative hypothesis is proposed which considers the strong reduction of electron energies via inelastic processes in HFO1234ze(E), and is qualitatively demonstrated based on measurements and simulations.

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46

Soulié, Simon, Nelly Bonifaci, Olivier Lesaint, and François Gentils. "Streamer and leader characterization in HFO1234ze(E) gas, in a divergent electric field." Journal of Physics Communications, February 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/acbae3.

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Анотація:

Abstract Pre-breakdown phenomena in HFO1234ze-(E) gas, considered as a potential replacement of SF6 for medium voltage insulation, are studied in needle-plane electrode systems versus pressure (0.01 to 0.3 MPa) under positive impulse voltage. Measurements are also carried out in air and SF6 in the same conditions for comparison. At the lowest pressure in HFO, the propagation of fast streamers is observed. Above 0.03 MPa, breakdown is the consequence of the propagation of stepped leaders, with shapes and velocities nearly identical to those observed in SF6. Several leader features (minimum inception voltage, propagation length) show that leader formation and propagation is easier in HFO compared to SF6. In turn, this allow explaining why breakdown voltages in HFO are slightly lower than in SF6.

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47

Basu, Devayan, Juriy Pachin, Eda Eguz, and Christian Franck. "Improved Estimation of Uniform AC Electric Breakdown Field Strength of HFO1234ze(E)." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2022, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2022.3214179.

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