Статті в журналах: "Heterogeneous Radio Network"

1

Singh, P. "Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 9 (September 2017): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v5i9.4651.

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2

Ogbodo, Emmanuel, David Dorrell, and Adnan Abu-Mahfouz. "Energy-efficient distributed heterogeneous clustered spectrum-aware cognitive radio sensor network for guaranteed quality of service in smart grid." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 7 (July 2021): 155014772110283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211028399.

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The development of a modern electric power grid has triggered the need for large-scale monitoring and communication in smart grids for efficient grid automation. This has led to the development of smart grids, which utilize cognitive radio sensor networks, which are combinations of cognitive radios and wireless sensor networks. Cognitive radio sensor networks can overcome spectrum limitations and interference challenges. The implementation of dense cognitive radio sensor networks, based on the specific topology of smart grids, is one of the critical issues for guaranteed quality of service through a communication network. In this article, various topologies of ZigBee cognitive radio sensor networks are investigated. Suitable topologies with energy-efficient spectrum-aware algorithms of ZigBee cognitive radio sensor networks in smart grids are proposed. The performance of the proposed ZigBee cognitive radio sensor network model with its control algorithms is analyzed and compared with existing ZigBee sensor network topologies within the smart grid environment. The quality of service metrics used for evaluating the performance are the end-to-end delay, bit error rate, and energy consumption. The simulation results confirm that the proposed topology model is preferable for sensor network deployment in smart grids based on reduced bit error rate, end-to-end delay (latency), and energy consumption. Smart grid applications require prompt, reliable, and efficient communication with low latency. Hence, the proposed topology model supports heterogeneous cognitive radio sensor networks and guarantees network connectivity with spectrum-awareness. Hence, it is suitable for efficient grid automation in cognitive radio sensor network–based smart grids. The traditional model lacks these capability features.

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3

Bendaoud, Fayssal, Marwen Abdennebi, and Fedoua Didi. "Network Selection in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks: a Survey." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 4 (December 28, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.126218.

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Heterogeneous wireless networks is a term referring to networks combining diﬀerent radio access technologies with the aim of establishing the best connection possible. In this case, users with multi-mode terminals can connect via diﬀerent wireless technologies, such as 802.16, 802.11, UMTS, HSPA and LTE, all at the same time. The problem consists in the selection of the most suitable from all radio access technologies available. The decision process is called network selection, and depends on several parameters, such as quality of service, mobility, cost, energy, battery life, etc. Several methods and approaches have been proposed in this context, with their objective being to oﬀer the best QoS to the users, and/or to maximize re-usability of the networks. This paper represents a survey of the network selection methods used. Multiple attribute-dependent decision-making methods are presented. Furthermore, the game theory concept is illustrated, the use of the fuzzy logic is presented, and the utility functions deﬁning the network selection process are discussed.

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4

Islam, Md Tahidul, Sithamparanathan Kandeepan, and Robin J. Evans. "Multi-Radio Based Rendezvous Technique for Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Sensor Network." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092997.

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In a distributed cognitive radio (CR) sensor network, transmission and reception on vacant channels require cognitive radio nodes to achieve rendezvous. Because of the lack of adequate assistance from the network environment, such as the central controller and other nodes, assisted rendezvous for distributed CR is inefficient in a dynamic network. As a result, non-assisted blind rendezvous, which is unaware of its counterpart node, has recently led to a lot of interest in the research arena. In this paper, we study a channel rendezvous method based on prime number theory and propose a new multi-radio-based technique for non-assisted rendezvous with the blind and heterogeneous condition. The required time and the optimal number of radios for the guaranteed rendezvous are calculated using probability-based measurement. Analytical expressions for probabilistic guaranteed rendezvous conditions are derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, the maximum time to rendezvous (MTTR) is derived in closed form using statistical and probabilistic analysis. Under different channel conditions, our proposed solution leads to a substantial time reduction for guaranteed rendezvous. For the sake of over-performance of our proposed system, the simulation outcome is compared to a recently proposed heterogeneous and blind rendezvous method. The Matlab simulation results show that our proposed system’s MTTR gains range from 11% to over 95% for various parametric values of the system model.

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5

Zhao, Zixiao, Qinghe Du, Dawei Wang, Xiao Tang, and Houbing Song. "Overview of Prospects for Service-Aware Radio Access towards 6G Networks." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2022): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081262.

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The integration of space–air–ground–sea networking in 6G, which is expected to not only achieve seamless coverage but also offer service-aware access and transmission, has introduced many new challenges for current mobile communications systems. Service awareness requires the 6G network to be aware of the demands of a diverse range of services as well as the occupation, utilization, and variation of network resources, which will enable the capability of deriving more intelligent and effective solutions for complicated heterogeneous resource configuration. Following this trend, this article investigates potential techniques that may improve service-aware radio access using the heterogeneous 6G network. We start with a discussion on the evolution of cloud-based RAN architectures from 5G to 6G, and then we present an intelligent radio access network (RAN) architecture for the integrated 6G network, which targets balancing the computation loads and fronthaul burden and achieving service-awareness for heterogeneous and distributed requests from users. In order for the service-aware access and transmissions to be equipped for future heterogeneous 6G networks, we analyze the challenges and potential solutions for the heterogeneous resource configuration, including a tightly coupled cross-layer design, resource service-aware sensing and allocation, transmission over multiple radio access technologies (RAT), and user socialization for cloud extension. Finally, we briefly explore some promising and crucial research topics on service-aware radio access for 6G networks.

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6

Andreev, Sergey, Mikhail Gerasimenko, Olga Galinina, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Shu-Ping Yeh, and Shilpa Talwar. "Intelligent access network selection in converged multi-radio heterogeneous networks." IEEE Wireless Communications 21, no. 6 (December 2014): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.7000976.

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7

Lee, Ying Loong, Jonathan Loo, Teong Chee Chuah, and Li-Chun Wang. "Dynamic Network Slicing for Multitenant Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 17, no. 4 (April 2018): 2146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2789294.

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8

Bhutto, Zuhaibuddin, Jun-Hyuk Park, and Wonyong Yoon. "Characterizing Multi-radio Energy Consumption in Cellular/Wi-Fi Smartphones." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11916.

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<p>Cellular networks evolved to meet the ever increasing traffic demand by way of offloading mobile traffic to Wi-Fi network elements. Exploiting multi-radio interfaces on a smartphone has recently been examined with regards to heterogeneous bandwidth aggregation and radio switching. However, how a smartphone consumes its energy in driving cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio interfaces, is not well understood. In this paper, we revealed the energy consumption behavior of 3G cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio operations of a smartphone. We modified smartphone’s firmware to enable multi-radios operations simultaneously and we performed extensive measurements of multi-radio energy consumption in a real commercial network. From the measured data set, we established a realistic multi-radio energy consumption model and it gave 98% stability from the derived coefficients.</p>

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9

Bhutto, Zuhaibuddin, Jun-Hyuk Park, and Wonyong Yoon. "Characterizing Multi-radio Energy Consumption in Cellular/Wi-Fi Smartphones." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2920-2930.

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<p>Cellular networks evolved to meet the ever increasing traffic demand by way of offloading mobile traffic to Wi-Fi network elements. Exploiting multi-radio interfaces on a smartphone has recently been examined with regards to heterogeneous bandwidth aggregation and radio switching. However, how a smartphone consumes its energy in driving cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio interfaces, is not well understood. In this paper, we revealed the energy consumption behavior of 3G cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio operations of a smartphone. We modified smartphone’s firmware to enable multi-radios operations simultaneously and we performed extensive measurements of multi-radio energy consumption in a real commercial network. From the measured data set, we established a realistic multi-radio energy consumption model and it gave 98% stability from the derived coefficients.</p>

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10

Wang, Hao, and Hui Min Li. "Research on Cognition of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.595.

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With the broadband development of mobile network and the mobility development of broadband networks, all-IP based heterogeneous networks coexistence and integration is becoming an important feature of next generation wireless networks.This Paper firstly summarized the evolution and development tendency of heterogeneous wireless networks, then introduced and analyzed the cognitive radio and cognitive network technologies. Also the difficult Problems for future cognitive heterogeneous networks were also addressed on.

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11

Suresh Babu, Kolluru, and Srikanth Vemuru. "A Low-Cost Software Defined Radio Based Cognitive Radio Test-Bed for LTE Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.1 (August 4, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.1.16797.

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In this work, we present a low-cost implementation of a Cognitive Radio (CR) test-bed for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) Networks. The test-bed setup is implemented using highly integrated Software Defined Radio (SDR) platforms which are well suited for wireless communication. Each transceiver can be configured to work as a primary (resp. secondary) eNodeB or a primary (resp. secondary) user in a Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio framework. In this context, we study the problem of spectrum management in an LTE based heterogeneous network and propose simple distributed algorithms which the secondary eNodeB can employ to efficiently manage the spectral opportunities that arise in such a network. Experimental validation show significant improvement in the secondary link throughput.

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12

Więcek, Dariusz, Igor Michalski, Krzysztof Rzeźniczak, and Dariusz Wypiór. "Multi-RAT Orchestration Method for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 8281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188281.

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Currently, energy efficiency (EE) of wireless communication is essential where many wireless networks with different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist together. The RATs can be effectively selected and managed on a higher level to achieve maximum EE and save energy, e.g., save batteries. The approach to wireless traffic steering in mobile networks with a proof-of-concept solution is presented in this paper, owing to the developed high-level multi-RAT (multi-Radio Access Technology) heterogonous network orchestration approach. Based on the high-level network orchestrator, which traces network indicators, it is possible to decrease the user mobile terminal energy consumption, keeping traffic speed at an adequate level. The solution discussed was implemented in an experimental testbed with Software Defined Radio transmission systems. Downlink and uplink data links were toggled among different RATs according to the decisions that were taken by the end-to-end multi-RAT orchestrator based on the received proper network traffic-related indicators. The authors focused on finding an adequate algorithm that allowed for reduced power usage in the user terminal and made the attempt to verify how to reach the power reduction without introducing RAT-specific rules. The results showed that the proposed orchestration EE reduction was observed (from 11% to 42% for two different scenarios) in relation to the single LTE network deployment. The orchestration compared to the Wi-Fi network does not provide EE gain (−7% and 0%, respectively), but allows the user to achieve a higher data rate (23% and 39% gain, respectively), thus keeping the energy efficiency at almost the same level.

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13

Malviya, Abhishek, and Sudhakar Pandey. "Clustering Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in HC-RAN." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i11.5788.

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A wireless network is composed of several independent nodes or gadgets that communicate mutually through a wireless link. The most destructive challenge encountered in a wireless network is bandwidth allocation because it defines the amount the network will cost and how effectively it will function. The most cutting-edge network architecture in the present wireless communication system, cluster-based heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (HC-RANs), is what powers cloud computing in heterogeneous networks. In this research, we proposed an HC-RANs that may optimize energy consumption for wireless data transfer in the multi-hop device to device scenario. The proposed scheme offers bandwidth allocation in wireless environments where there are concerns about significant user mobility over the course of a given time. The above design, we used clustering with joint beam formation for the down link of heterogeneous cloud radio access network (HC-RAN), developed design to improved amount of FBS. Result outcomes helped in calculating Critical bandwidth usage (CBU).

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14

Bendaoud, Fayssal. "A modified-SAW for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 15, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2017152.171312.

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In the context of heterogeneous networks, users with multi-mode terminals can connect to different radio access technologies such as 802.16, 802.11, HSPA and LTE at the same time. The challenge here is to achieve the Always Best Connected ABC concept; the main issue is the automatic choice of the suitable Radio Access Technology RAT from the list of the available RATs. This decision is called the network selection. In this paper, we propose a modified-SAW function to deal with the drawbacks of the existing solutions. Indeed, the existing MADMs methods suffer mainly from the famous problem of rank reversal once an alternative is added or removed, other problems occur in the legacy MADMs such as the sensitiveness to the user preference in TOPSIS; the penalization of the alternatives with poor attributes values in WPM. Our simulations brought out the lakes of the traditional MADMs approach in the context of network selection. We modify the SAW method intelligently and we use it to solve the network selection problem. Finally, we compare the performance of our solution with the previous works in different scenarios; the simulations show that our proposal outperforms the other existing methods.

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15

Preethi, J., and S. Palaniswami. "An Intelligent Particle Swarm Optimization for Fuzzy Based Heterogeneous Radio Access Technology (RAT) Selection." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiit.2012100103.

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The future wireless networks are heterogeneous in nature where different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist in the same coverage area. The user terminal has to select the best access technology among Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), and Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) etc. at its current location. Thus, selecting the appropriate RAT and cell becomes a complex problem in heterogeneous network due to number of variables involved in the selection process. The main objective of this work in the heterogeneous networks is to maximize the percentage of satisfied users who are assigned to the networks. Henceforth, this paper presents an innovative mechanism for the selection of heterogeneous networks such as WWAN and WLAN. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using 1000 datasets. From the simulation results, it is found that the proposed algorithm gives highest probability for mobile user satisfaction than the existing methods.

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16

Zou, Hong, Min Zhou, Yaping Cui, Peng He, Hong Zhang, and Ruyan Wang. "Service Provisioning in Sliced Cloud Radio Access Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 3, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7326172.

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Network slicing- (NS-) based cloud radio access networks (C-RANs) have emerged as a key paradigm to support various novel applications in 5G and beyond networks. However, it is still a challenge to allocate resources efficiently due to heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements of diverse services as well as competition among different network slices. In this paper, we consider a service provisioning allocation framework to guarantee resource utilization while ensuring the QoS of users. Specifically, an inter/intraslice bandwidth optimization strategy is developed to maximize the revenue of the system with multiple network slices. The proposed strategy is hierarchically structured, which decomposes into network-level slicing and packet scheduling level slicing. At the network level, resources are allocated to each slice. At the packet scheduling level, each slice allocates physical resource blocks (PRBs) among users associated with the slice. Numerical results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the revenue of the system while guaranteeing heterogeneous QoS requirements. For example, the revenue of the proposed strategy is 21% higher than that of the average allocation strategy.

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17

Awoyemi, B. S., B. T. Maharaj, and A. S. Alfa. "Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Buffered Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7385627.

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Resources available for operation in cognitive radio networks (CRN) are generally limited, making it imperative for efficient resource allocation (RA) models to be designed for them. However, in most RA designs, a significant limiting factor to the RA’s productivity has hitherto been mostly ignored, the fact that different users or user categories do have different delay tolerance profiles. To address this, in this paper, an appropriate RA model for heterogeneous CRN with delay considerations is developed and analysed. In the model, the demands of users are first categorised and then, based on the distances of users from the controlling secondary user base station and with the assumption that the users are mobile, the user demands are placed in different queues having different service capacities and the resulting network is analysed using queueing theory. Furthermore, to achieve optimality in the RA process, an important concept is introduced whereby some demands from one queue are moved to another queue where they have a better chance of enhanced service, thereby giving rise to the possibility of an improvement in the overall performance of the network. The performance results obtained from the analysis, particularly the blocking probability and network throughput, show that the queueing model incorporated into the RA process can help in achieving optimality for the heterogeneous CRN with buffered data.

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18

Bikram Kumar, B., Lokesh Sharma, and Shih-Lin Wu. "Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061412.

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Future-generation radio access networks (RAN) are projected to fulfill the diverse requirements of user equipment (UE) by adopting a heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. Necessary integration of different radio access technologies (RAT), such as 2G, 3G, 4G, wireless local area network (WLAN), and visible light communication (VLC) is inevitable. Moreover, UEs equipped with diverse requirements will be capable of accessing some or all the RATs. The complex HetNet environment with diverse requirements of UEs will present many challenges. The HetNet is likely to suffer severely from load imbalance among the base stations (BSs) from inheriting the traditional user association scheme such as max-SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)/max-RSSI (received signal strength indicator), unless some sophisticated schemes are invented. In this paper, a novel scheme is devised for a joint-user association for load balancing, where BSs are densely deployed and UEs typically have a certain degree of mobility. Unlike most of the present works, a dynamic network is considered where the position and channel condition of the UEs are not fixed. We develop two complex and distributed association schemes based on probability and d-choices, while carefully considering both loads of the BSs and SINR experienced by the UEs. Numerical results validate the efficiency of the proposed schemes by showing a received data-rate fairness among UEs and an improvement in the UE’s minimum received data rate.

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19

Iqbal, Muhammad Usman, Ejaz Ahmad Ansari, Saleem Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem Rafiq, Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam, and Beenish Hassan. "Hybrid Learning based Radio Resource Management in 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol6iss1pp92-97.

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Ultradensification using different types of small cells (SCs) is one of the key enabling solutions to meet the multiple stringent requirements of 5G cellular networks. However, radio resource management (RRM) in ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is not easy due to interferences in multi-tiered architecture and dynamic network conditions. Interferences in 5G HetNets can be efficiently managed only through the techniques which are adaptive and self-organizing to handle dynamic conditions in 5G HetNets. In this article, a machine learning (ML) based self-adaptive resource allocation scheme is proposed based on the combination of independent and cooperative learning and evaluated for ultra-dense 5G HetNets. The proposed scheme aims to improve the QoS of all users associated with different network tiers in ultra-dense HetNets simultaneously. The proposed solution adaptively optimizes the SCs transmit power either through independent learning or cooperative learning based on the varying density of small cells to minimize the interferences and ensure minimum QoS requirements for all users in different network tiers. The proposed scheme not only maintains the minimum required capacities for QoS provision to all users simultaneously but has also shown a significant improvement in the capacities of users in different network tiers in high interference scenarios as compared to the use of a single learning scheme.

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20

Al-Medhwahi, Mohammed, Fazirulhisyam Hashim, Borhanuddin Mohd Ali, A. Sali, and Abdulsalam Alkholidi. "Resource allocation in heterogeneous cognitive radio sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 7 (July 2019): 155014771985194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719851944.

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Cognitive radio sensor networks offer a promising means of meeting rapidly expanding demand for wireless sensor network applications in new monitoring and objects tracking fields. Several challenges, particularly in terms of quality of service provisioning, arise because of the inherited capability-limitation of end-sensor nodes. In this article, an efficient resource allocation scheme, improved Pliable Cognitive Medium Access Protocol, is proposed to tackle multilevel of heterogeneity in cognitive radio sensor networks. The first level is the network’s application heterogeneity, and the second level is the heterogeneity of the radio environment. The proposed scheme addresses scheduling and radio channel allocation issues. Allocation-decision making is centralized, whereas spectrum sensing is distributed, thereby increasing efficiency and limiting interference. Despite the limited capabilities of the sensor’s networks, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme also includes increasing the opportunity to utilize a wider range of the radio spectrum. improved Pliable Cognitive Medium Access protocol is quite appropriate for critical communications that gain attention in the next 5G of wireless networks. Simulation results and the comparison of the proposed protocol with other protocols indicate the robust performance of the proposed scheme. The results reveal the significant effectiveness, with only a slight trade-off in terms of complexity.

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21

Chang, Gee-Kung, and Lin Cheng. "The benefits of convergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0442.

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A multi-tier radio access network (RAN) combining the strength of fibre-optic and radio access technologies employing adaptive microwave photonics interfaces and radio-over-fibre (RoF) techniques is envisioned for future heterogeneous wireless communications. All-band radio spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GHz will be used to deliver wireless services with high capacity, high link speed and low latency. The multi-tier RAN will improve the cell-edge performance in an integrated heterogeneous environment enabled by fibre–wireless integration and networking for mobile fronthaul/backhaul, resource sharing and all-layer centralization of multiple standards with different frequency bands and modulation formats. In essence, this is a ‘no-more-cells’ architecture in which carrier aggregation among multiple frequency bands can be easily achieved with seamless handover between cells. In this way, current and future mobile network standards such as 4G and 5G can coexist with optimized and continuous cell coverage using multi-tier RoF regardless of the underlying network topology or protocol. In terms of users’ experience, the future-proof approach achieves the goals of system capacity, link speed, latency and continuous heterogeneous cell coverage while overcoming the bandwidth crunch in next-generation communication networks.

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22

Wu, Xiao Bo, Yu Ming Mao, Fan Wu, Qin Yu, and Su Peng Leng. "A Concurrent Transmission Scheme for in Heterogeneous Wireless Network." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1314.

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Integration of the wireless LANs (WLAN) and 3G networks, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS), has been intensively studied recently due to their complementary characteristics. In this paper, we design and implement a flexible protocol stack architecture which can support concurrent transmission via multiple radio interfaces. Furthermore, the multiple services with various QoS requirements are differentiated and transported in the best wireless access network which is determined by the proposed network selection criterion-- Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), in the heterogeneous wireless network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed concurrent transmission scheme improves the network utility and provide the QoS services among the multiple wireless access networks more efficiently.

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23

Othman, Nurzati Iwani, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, Khairayu Badron, Wahidah Hashim, and Sofia Pinardi. "Improvements for Uplink Long Term Evolution (UL-LTE) in Heterogeneous Network using Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Technique." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 14, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2022.14602.

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Several interference mitigation strategies can be used in LTE networks to meet the consumers' increasing need for faster data speeds. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA), which maintains spectrum in a converged radio system and distributes it across all participating radio terminals, is one of the most promising solutions. However, the fundamental obstacle to achieving increased network capacities is increased inter-cell interference. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of a newly proposed DSA technique by comparing its bit error rate (BER) and throughput (TP) with a typical uplink LTE configuration. To maximise throughput in a heterogeneous network, the suggested DSA technique utilises the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) scheme, a cooperative game theory that could correlate with the bit error rate. The software tool GNU Radio, which offers signal-processing blocks to develop softwaredefined radios and signal-processing systems, was used to create the setups. After the simulations were performed, the BER values were recorded and compared, while the TP values were established and computed appropriately. According to the results, the uplink (UL-LTE) architecture with DSA has an improved TP and a lower BER value. As a result, spectral efficiency can also be improved.

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24

Wu, Leijia, and Kumbesan Sandrasegaran. "A Study on RAT Selection Algorithms in Combined UMTS/GSM Networks." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.200862.171789.

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The future wireless network is expected to be a heterogeneous system, which integrates different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) through a common platform. A major challenge arising from this heterogeneous network is Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategy. Common RRM (CRRM) has been proposed in the literature to jointly manage radio resources among a number of overlapped RATs in an optimized way. Currently, the RAT selection algorithm is one of the key research areas of CRRM. This paper studies RAT selection algorithms in co-located UMTS/GSM networks. In this paper, a three complex algorithm called IN*VG*Load is proposed based on improvements on the IN*VG algorithm. The simulation results show that the IN*VG*Load algorithm can optimize the system performance in highly loaded combined UMTS/GSM networks. A new algorithm suitable for low to medium loaded UMTS/GSM networks is also proposed and simulation results are presented in this paper.

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25

G, Manjula, Pratibha Deshmukh, Udaya Kumar N. L., Víctor Daniel Jiménez Macedo, Vikhyath K B, Achyutha Prasad N, and Amit Kumar Tiwari. "Resource Allocation Energy Efficient Algorithm for H-CRAN in 5G." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 3s (March 11, 2023): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i3s.6172.

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In today's generation, the demand for data rates has also increased due to the rapid surge in the number of users. With this increasing growth, there is a need to develop the next fifth generation network keeping in mind the need to replace the current 4G cellular network. The fifth generation (5G) design in mobile communication technology has been developed keeping in mind all the communication needs of the users. Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network (H-CRAN) has emerged as a capable architecture for the newly emerging network infrastructure for energy efficient networks and high data rate enablement. It is considered as the main technology. Better service quality has been achieved by developing small cells into macro cells through this type of network. In addition, the reuse of radio resources is much better than that of homogeneous networks. In the present paper, we propose the H-CRAN energy-efficient methods. This energy-efficient algorithm incorporates an energy efficient resource allocation management design to deal to heterogeneous cloud radio access networks in 5G. System throughput fulfillment is elevating by incorporating an efficient resource allocation design by the energy consumption model. The simulation results have been demonstrated by comparing the efficiency of the introduced design with the existing related design.

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26

Penhoat, J., K. Guillouard, N. Omnès, J. Zhang, T. Lemlouma, and M. Salaun. "Proposal of a Hierarchical and Distributed Method for Selecting a Radio Network and a Transmission Mode." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2013100104.

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The deployment of heterogeneous radio networks and the deployment of Unicast Internet Protocol (IP)/Multicast IP architectures can impact the quality of services received by the users. The authors think that they will accept these quality variations if they have the possibility to choose the radio network and the transmission mode, multicast versus unicast. But, when choosing a radio network or a transmission mode, the choices of the users can be opposed to the choices of the operators managing the networks. To overcome this drawback, the authors defined a method allowing the users, the operators managing the networks and the service providers to cooperate in the selection process.

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27

Wu, Jin, Jing Liu, Zhangpeng Huang, Chen Du, Hui Zhao, and Yu Bai. "Intelligent network selection for data offloading in 5G multi-radio heterogeneous networks." China Communications 12, Supplement (December 2015): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2015.7386161.

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28

Shnaiwer, Yousef N., Sameh Sorour, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri, and Samir N. Al-Ghadhban. "Opportunistic Network Coding-Assisted Cloud Offloading in Heterogeneous Fog Radio Access Networks." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 56147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913860.

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Chen, Hsing-Chung, Marsha Violetta, Chien-Erh Weng, and Tzu-Liang Kung. "Cognitive RBAC in mobile heterogeneous networks." Computer Science and Information Systems 10, no. 2 (2013): 779–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis121110034c.

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In communication networks, a cognitive network (CN) is a new type of data network which is used to solve some of the problems that face current networks. Cognitive radio (CR) is part of a cognitive network and a smart wireless communication system. CR is conscious of its surrounding environment, and learns from the environment. It adapts its internal states by making corresponding real-time changes in certain operating parameters. In this paper, we propose a novel Cognitive RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) scheme which can be applied to Mobile Heterogeneous Networks (MHNs). The MHNs consist of mobile communication systems and Wi-Fi systems. The required new definitions for the RBAC model are proposed in this paper. They can improve the ability of conventional RBAC model to meet new challenges. In our scheme, we assume that a Cognitive Server (CS) provides and manages the permissions of services, and Network Providers support and manage a variety CRs and CNs, individually. For more efficiently managing CR and CN and meeting the large scale heterogeneous networks, we let mobile user can perceive network candidate actively to access services, in which the permissions are depending to the contract made by CS with each Network Provider. In this paper, the new generalized cognitive RBAC model and their definitions are proposed, and could be applied to new applications in a MHNs environment.

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30

Hu, Jingzhi, Zijie Zheng, Boya Di, and Lingyang Song. "Multi-Layer Radio Network Slicing for Heterogeneous Communication Systems." IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2020.3016031.

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Tata, Chafika, and Michel Kadoch. "Efficient Priority Access to the Shared Commercial Radio with Offloading for Public Safety in LTE Heterogeneous Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/597425.

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This paper presents the algorithm Courteous Priority Access to the shared commercial radio with offloading (CPAwO), for public safety network (PSN) over LTE heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We propose a solution for prioritization of PSN users with access to the commercial radio network resources. Our model offers additional radio resources to the PSN. Furthermore, it ensures a certain priority for commercial users by assigning quantities of additional radio resources through the courteous scheme. This allows delaying preemption and blocking bearers when the radio resources are limited. The other part of CPAwO model is to apply the principle of offloading in order to reduce the impact of the macrocell congestion. This technique is to switch the new bearers arriving at the LTE macrocells to small cells, in order to decrease the number of the blocked and interrupted bearers in the network. The results of the simulation showed that the allocation of radio resources via the courteous mechanism with offloading of new bearers to small cells reduces the rate of blocking bearers and delays the preemption of active bearers present in the LTE HetNets. It also reduces the cost of the end-to-end communications, thanks to the reallocation of free frequencies.

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Gadde, Nagaraja, Basavaraj Jakkali, Ramesh Babu Halasinanagenahalli Siddamallaih, and Gowrishankar Gowrishankar. "Quality of experience aware network selection model for service provisioning in heterogeneous network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1839-1848.

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Heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) are capable of integrating the different radio access technologies that make it possible to connect mobile users based on the performance parameters. Further quality of service (QoS) is one of the major topics for HWNs, moreover existing radio access technology (RAT) methodology are designed to provide network QoS criteria. However, limited work has been carried out for the RAT selection mechanism considering user QoS preference and existing models are developed based on the multi-mode terminal under a given minimal density network. For overcoming research issues this paper present quality of experience (QoE) RAT (QOE-RAT) selection methodology, incorporating both network performance criteria and user preference considering multiple call and multi-mode HWNs environment. First, this paper presents fuzzy preference aware weight (FPAW) and multi-mode terminal preference aware TOPSIS (MMTPA-TOPSIS) for choosing the best RAT for gaining multi-services. Experiment outcomes show the QOE-RAT selection method achieves much superior packet transmission outcomes when compared with state-of-art Rat selection methodologies.

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Mathonsi, Topside E., Tshimangadzo Mavin Tshilongamulenzhe, and Bongisizwe Erasmus Buthelezi. "Enhanced Resource Allocation Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0763.

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In heterogeneous wireless networks, service providers typically employ multiple radio access technologies to satisfy the requirements of quality of service (QoS) and improve the system performance. However, many challenges remain when using modern cellular mobile communications radio access technologies (e.g., wireless local area network, long-term evolution, and fifth generation), such as inefficient allocation and management of wireless network resources in heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs). This problem is caused by the sharing of available resources by several users, random distribution of wireless channels, scarcity of wireless spectral resources, and dynamic behavior of generated traffic. Previously, resource allocation schemes have been proposed for HWNs. However, these schemes focus on resource allocation and management, whereas traffic class is not considered. Hence, these existing schemes significantly increase the end-to-end delay and packet loss, resulting in poor user QoS and network throughput in HWNs. Therefore, this study attempts to solve the identified problem by designing an enhanced resource allocation (ERA) algorithm to address the inefficient allocation of available resources vs. QoS challenges. Computer simulation was performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed ERA algorithm by comparing it with a joint power bandwidth allocation algorithm and a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm. On average, the proposed ERA algorithm demonstrates a 98.2% bandwidth allocation, 0.75 s end-to-end delay, 1.1% packet loss, and 98.9% improved throughput performance at a time interval of 100 s.

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34

Mannweiler, C., A. Klein, J. Schneider, and H. D. Schotten. "Context-based user grouping for multi-casting in heterogeneous radio networks." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-187-2011.

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Abstract. Along with the rise of sophisticated smartphones and smart spaces, the availability of both static and dynamic context information has steadily been increasing in recent years. Due to the popularity of social networks, these data are complemented by profile information about individual users. Making use of this information by classifying users in wireless networks enables targeted content and advertisement delivery as well as optimizing network resources, in particular bandwidth utilization, by facilitating group-based multi-casting. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a web service for advanced user classification based on user, network, and environmental context information. The service employs simple and advanced clustering algorithms for forming classes of users. Available service functionalities include group formation, context-aware adaptation, and deletion as well as the exposure of group characteristics. Moreover, the results of a performance evaluation, where the service has been integrated in a simulator modeling user behavior in heterogeneous wireless systems, are presented.

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35

Cao, Yu Xi. "Lightweight Data Synchronization Scheme in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1283.

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Data synchronization is critical for many sensor network operations including collaborative sensing, sensor scheduling and data fusion. Currently, large number of synchronization schemes have been proposed for the sensor network under the assumption that sensors work with the same network structure, network protocol and radio module. These techniques cannot survive in the heterogeneous sensor networks with the development of internet of things. In this paper, we propose a lightweight data synchronization scheme with low power which consists of two phases: first, we propose a heterogeneous clock synchronization algorithm based on the gateway which can synchronize the multi-hop sensor network with the TCP/IP network immediately without introducing amount of communication overhead; then, we also propose a synchronization control scheme in the gateway and we can balance the synchronization requirements through the adaptive buffer management. We implement the proposed scheme in real heterogeneous sensor network platform, and the experiment results show that our scheme can achieve high synchronization accuracy.

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36

Huang, Lian-Fen, Sha-Li Zhou, Yi-Feng Zhao, and Han-Chieh Chao. "A Study on the Distributed Antenna Based Heterogeneous Cognitive Wireless Network Synchronous MAC Protocol." Mobile Information Systems 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/868346.

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This paper introduces distributed antennas into a cognitive radio network and presents a heterogeneous network. The best contribution of this paper is that it designs a synchronous cognitive MAC protocol (DAHCWNS-MAC protocol: distributed antenna based heterogeneous cognitive wireless network synchronous MAC protocol). The novel protocol aims at combining the advantages of cognitive radio and distributed antennas to fully utilize the licensed spectrum, broaden the communication range, and improve throughput. This paper carries out the mathematical modeling and performance simulation to demonstrate its superiority in improving the network throughput at the cost of increasing antenna hardware costs.

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37

Gabilondo, Álvaro, Zaloa Fernández, Roberto Viola, Ángel Martín, Mikel Zorrilla, Pablo Angueira, and Jon Montalbán. "Traffic Classification for Network Slicing in Mobile Networks." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071097.

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Network slicing is a promising technique used in the smart delivery of traffic and can satisfy the requirements of specific applications or systems based on the features of the 5G network. To this end, an appropriate slice needs to be selected for each data flow to efficiently transmit data for different applications and heterogeneous requirements. To apply the slicing paradigm at the radio segment of a cellular network, this paper presents two approaches for dynamically classifying the traffic types of individual flows and transmitting them through a specific slice with an associated 5G quality-of-service identifier (5QI). Finally, using a 5G standalone (SA) experimental network solution, we apply the radio resource sharing configuration to prioritize traffic that is dispatched through the most suitable slice. The results demonstrate that the use of network slicing allows for higher efficiency and reliability for the most critical data in terms of packet loss or jitter.

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38

Bisio, Igor, and Andrea Sciarrone. "Fast Multiattribute Network Selection Technique for Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Emergency Communication Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (April 16, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8587932.

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The telecommunication infrastructure in emergency scenarios is necessarily composed of heterogeneous radio/mobile portions. Mobile Nodes (MNs) equipped with multiple network interfaces can assure continuous communications when different Radio Access Networks (RANs) that employ different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) are available. In this context, the paper proposes the definition of a Decision Maker (DM), within the protocol stack of the MN, in charge of performing network selections and handover decisions. The DM has been designed to optimize one or more performance metrics and it is based on Multiattribute Decision Making (MADM) methods. Among several MADM techniques considered, taken from the literature, the work is then focused on the TOPSIS approach, which allows introducing some improvements aimed at reducing the computational burden needed to select the RAT to be employed. The enhanced method is called Dynamic-TOPSIS (D-TOPSIS). Finally, the numerical results, obtained through a large simulative campaign and aimed at comparing the performance and the running time of the D-TOPSIS, the TOPSIS, and the algorithms found in the literature, are reported and discussed.

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39

Rady, Mina, Quentin Lampin, Dominique Barthel, and Thomas Watteyne. "6DYN : 6TiSCH with Heterogeneous Slot Durations." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051611.

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New radio chips implement different physical layers, allowing firmware to change modulation, datarate and frequency dynamically. This technological development is an opportunity for industrial low-power wireless networks to offer even higher determinism, including latency predictability. This article introduces 6DYN, an extension to the IETF 6TiSCH standards-based protocol stack. In a 6DYN network, nodes switch physical layer dynamically on a link-by-link basis, in order to exploit the diversity offered by this new technology agility. To offer low latency and high network capacity, 6DYN uses heterogeneous slot durations: the length of a slot in the 6TiSCH schedule depends on the physical layer used. This article shows how reserved bits in 6TiSCH headers can be used to standardize 6DYN and details its implementation in OpenWSN, a reference implementation of 6TiSCH.

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40

Shuminoski, Tomislav, and Toni Janevski. "Radio Network Aggregation for 5G Mobile Terminals in Heterogeneous Wireless and Mobile Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 78, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 1211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1813-0.

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41

Ratkóczy, Péter, and Attila Mitcsenkov. "Joint Dimensioning of Outdoor Heterogeneous Radio Access Networks (HetNet) using Monte Carlo Simulation." MACRo 2015 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macro-2015-0013.

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AbstractThe experienced mobile traffic increase in the recent years made traffic capacity the bottleneck instead of the coverage constraints, calling for significantly higher density of the base stations. Heterogeneous radio access networks (HetNet) provide a possible solution to this problem, combining various wireless technologies. In this paper we investigated the joint dimensioning of the co-existent radio access networks, the relation between the required macro and small cell densities to meet a certain traffic demand, and compared the two main, competing technological solutions, namely small cells and Wi-Fi, suitable to complement an LTE (macrocell) network.

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42

Kolesnikov, Igor, Natalya Yaronova, Janibek Kurbanov, and Nozima Khusnidinova. "Intelligent railway transport radio communication based on neural networks." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405044.

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The article is devoted to the features of GSM-R as a basis for organizing a digital radio communication system on the railway to apply the European Integrated Radio Communication for the railways of Uzbekistan. The role of GSM-R for the interaction of digital radio communication with the European integrated system for expanding the functions of railway radio communication and safe movement of high-speed trains is shown. The article identifies the possibilities of building modern digital communication of the railway. The GSM-R communication network, its services and architecture for organizing digital communication were also defined. Recommendations on the use of GSM-R on the railway of Uzbekistan are given. It has been established that mobile communications should be a heterogeneous (heterogeneous) architecture. Also, it must have a variety of access networks that could operate in any frequency ranges.

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43

Nencioni, Gianfranco, Rosario G. Garroppo, Andres J. Gonzalez, Bjarne E. Helvik, and Gregorio Procissi. "Orchestration and Control in Software-Defined 5G Networks: Research Challenges." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (August 13, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6923867.

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The fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks promises to be a major step in the evolution of wireless technology. 5G is planned to be used in a very broad set of application scenarios. These scenarios have strict heterogeneous requirements that will be accomplished by enhancements on the radio access network and a collection of innovative wireless technologies. Softwarization technologies, such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), will play a key role in integrating these different technologies. Network slicing emerges as a cost-efficient solution for the implementation of the diverse 5G requirements and verticals. The 5G radio access and core networks will be based on a SDN/NFV infrastructure, which will be able to orchestrate the resources and control the network in order to efficiently and flexibly and with scalability provide network services. In this paper, we present the up-to-date status of the software-defined 5G radio access and core networks and a broad range of future research challenges on the orchestration and control aspects.

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44

Thakur, Prabhat, Alok Kumar, Shweta Pandit, Ghanshyam Singh, and Samji N. Satashia. "Spectrum monitoring in heterogeneous cognitive radio network: How to cooperate?" IET Communications 12, no. 17 (October 30, 2018): 2110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5457.

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45

Hung, Shao-Chou, Hsiang Hsu, Shin-Ming Cheng, Qimei Cui, and Kwang-Cheng Chen. "Delay Guaranteed Network Association for Mobile Machines in Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 2744–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2815702.

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46

Srividhya, Venkatasubramanian, and Thangavelu Shankar. "Energy proficient clustering technique for lifetime enhancement of cognitive radio–based heterogeneous wireless sensor network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 155014771876759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718767598.

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Utilizing the available spectrum in a more optimized manner and selecting a proper routing technique for transferring the data, without any data collision, from the sensor node to the base station play a major role in any network for increasing their network lifetime. Cognitive radio techniques play a major role to achieve the same, and when combined with wireless sensor networks the above-said requirements can be greatly accomplished. In this article, a novel energy-efficient distance-based clustering and routing algorithm using multi-hop communication approach is proposed. Based on distance, the given heterogeneous cognitive radio–based wireless sensor networks are divided into regions and are allocated with a unique spectrum. Dynamic clustering through distance calculation and routing of data through multi-hop communication is done. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm has improved energy efficiency and is more stable. The first node death and 80% node death illustrate the improved scalability. Also, the increased throughput aids in maintaining the residual energy of the network, which further solves the problem of load balancing among nodes. All the above results combined with half node death analysis show that the proposed algorithm also has an improved network lifetime.

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47

Penhoat, J., K. Guillouard, S. Bonjour, and P. Seïté. "A Proposal for Enhancing the Mobility Management in the Future 3GPP Architectures." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2011040105.

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The management of the mobility between radio networks composed of heterogeneous radio technologies, called inter-access mobility management, provides the capability to tie together heterogeneous radio networks into an integrated network. The 3GPP architectures with well-designed inter-access mobility management capabilities are a part of the solution to cope with the growth of the mobile data traffic. This paper reviews the 3GPP architectures to highlight those with these capabilities. In order to evaluate if the mobility management is well-designed into these architectures, the authors describe the phases making up the management of the mobility and design an evaluation grid to assess the integration of these phases into the highlighted architectures. Since the assessment shows the existence of loopholes in the design of the inter-access mobility management, this paper proposes to enhance the 3GPP architectures by implementing a method called Hierarchical and Distributed Handover.

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48

Bronk, Krzysztof, Adam Lipka, and Rafał Niski. "Link Quality Assessment Algorithm for Heterogeneous Self-organizing Maritime Communications Network." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 2 (June 29, 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.121217.

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The article introduces a method of performing a radio link quality assessment based on the Link Quality Indicator (LQI) which will be calculated for every system that is available. The method presented has been developed during the netBaltic project completed in Poland and generally applies to the so-called maritime zone A, i.e. the sea area where ships are still within the range of shore-based radio communication systems, particularly 3G/LTE cellular networks. The algorithm was developed based on the results of measurements obtained during two separate campaigns. That measurement data served as a basis for the method’s initial assumptions and was utilized during the method’s veriﬁcation.

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49

Arnold, Paul, and Dirk von Hugo. "Future integrated communication network architectures enabling heterogeneous service provision." Advances in Radio Science 16 (September 4, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-59-2018.

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Abstract. This paper summarizes expectations and requirements towards future converged communication systems denoted by 5th Generation (5G). Multiple research and standardization activities globally contribute to the definition and specification of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to provide business customers and residential users with both, existing and future upcoming services which demand for higher data rates and granted performance figures in terms of QoS parameters, such as low latency and high reliability. Representative use case families are threefold and represented as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Internet of Things (mIoT), and Critical Communication, i.e. Ultra-Low Latency (ULL)/Ultra-High Reliability (UHR). To deploy and operate a dedicated network for each service or use case separately would raise the expenses and service costs to an unduly high amount. Instead provision of a commonly shared physical infrastructure offering resources for transport, processing, and storage of data to several separated logical networks (slices) individually managed and configured by potentially multiple service providers is the main concept of this new approach. Beside a multitude of other initiatives the EU-funded 5G NORMA project (5G Novel Radio Multiservice adaptive network Architecture) has developed an architecture which enables not only network programmability (configurability in software), but also network slicing and Multi Tenancy (allowing independent 3rd parties to offer an end-to-end service tailored according to their needs) in a mobile network. Major aspects dealt with here are the selectable support of mobility (on-demand) and service-aware QoE/QoS (Quality of Experience/Service) control. Specifically we will report on the outcome of the analysis of design criteria for Mobility Management schemes and the result of an exemplary application of the modular mobility function to scenarios with variable service requirements (e.g. high-terminal speed vs. on-demand mobility or portability of devices). An efficient sharing of scarce frequency resources in new radio systems demands for tight coordination of orchestration and assignment (scheduling) of resources for the different network slices as per capacity and priority (QoS) demand. Dynamicity aspects in changing algorithms and schemes to manage, configure, and optimize the resources at the radio base stations according to slice specific Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are investigated. It has been shown that architectural issues in terms of hierarchy (centralized vs. distributed) and layering, i.e. separation of control (signaling) and (user) data plane will play an essential role to increase the elasticity of network infrastructures which is in focus of applying SDN (Software Defined Networking) and NFV (Network Function Virtualization) to next generation communication systems. An outlook towards follow-on standardization and open research questions within different SDOs (Standards Defining Organizations) and recently started cooperative projects concludes the contribution.

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50

N. Sirhan, Najem, and Manel Martinez-Ramon. "QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14401.

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The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.

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