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Статті в журналах з теми "Heterogeneous catalysis catalytic wet air oxidation"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Li, De-bin, Duo Wang, and Zi-sheng Jiang. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Sewage Sludge: A Review." Current Organocatalysis 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213337207999200819143311.

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Анотація:

Wet air oxidation (WAO) is an attractive technique for sewage sludge treatment. The WAO process and the factors influencing the process are examined in detail, together with the advantages and disadvantages. Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is emphasized because it can lower operational conditions, and the commonly-used and new homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are introduced. Homogeneous catalysts tend to be more appropriate for the CWAO treatment of sewage sludge, and Cu-based homogeneous catalysts such as CuSO4 are the most popular for industrial applications. Heterogeneous catalysts include non-noble metal catalysts, noble metal catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) catalysts, and non-metal catalysts. Non-noble metal catalysts typically contain hetero-elements as in Mo-based, Ce-based, Cu-based, Fe-based catalysts, multi-metal supported catalysts, and polyoxometalates catalysts. In general, Mo-based catalysts and Ce-based catalysts have higher activities than other metal-based catalysts. The commonly-used noble metal elements are based on Ru, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir. The MOF catalysts tend to have high catalytic activity, and the non-metallic carbon catalysts may be used in environments that would otherwise be toxic to traditional metal catalysts. To conclude, a summary of the challenges and prospects of WAO technology in sewage sludge treatment is given.

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2

Xu, Jun Qiang, Fang Guo, Jun Li, Xiu Zhi Ran, and Yan Tang. "Synthesis of the Cu/Flokite Catalysts and their Performances for Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation of Phenol." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.869.

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Анотація:

The supported Cu/Flokite catalysts were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysis oxidation degradation of phenol was carried out in heterogeneous catalyst and H2O2 process. The results indicated that the reaction system with catalyst and hydrogen peroxide was more benefit to degradation of phenol. When the phenol initial concentration was 100 mg/L, the phenol removal over the 2.5%Cu -2.5% Fe/Flokite catalyst could reach 96%. The peroxide catalytic oxidation process over the enhanced heterogeneous catalyst would be a novel technique for the treatment of phenol wastewater.

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3

Ovejero, G., J. L. Sotelo, F. Martínez, and L. Gordo. "Novel heterogeneous catalysts in the wet peroxide oxidation of phenol." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0275.

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Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of diluted aqueous solutions of phenol has been studied over a series of heterogeneous catalysts at 100°C under 1MPa air pressure. Several catalysts were prepared and tested including zeolitic materials exchanged with metallic ions such as Fe and Cu and different mixed oxides. Likewise, a Fe-TS- zeolite was synthesised by isomorphous substitution of Si atoms by Fe and Ti into the MFI zeolitic framework through hydrothermal synthesis of wetness-impregnated Fe2O3-TiO2-SiO2 xerogels. This material showed a complete phenol removal and TOC reduction of up to 68% under the reaction conditions, with a low leaching of iron species as compared to Fe-exchanged zeolitic materials. Perovskite of type LaTi0.45Cu0.55O3 was also tested, showing copper leaching of 22%, with a TOC conversion of 93% and total phenol removal. The capacity of Fe and Cu containing catalysts to promote free radicals in the presence of H2O2 as well as the thermal decomposition of the oxidant under the reaction conditions have also been studied. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, Fe and Cu catalysts were not effective in order to decrease TOC content.

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4

Yang, Xin, Junhai Wang, Qi Zhang, Xu Wang, Linlin Xu, Hongbo Wu, Xuee Jiang, and Fang Chai. "Fabrication of Core-Shell Structural SiO2@H3[PM12O40] Material and Its Catalytic Activity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/835931.

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Анотація:

Through a natural tree grain template and sol-gel technology, the heterogeneous catalytic materials based on polyoxometalate compounds H3[PM12O40] encapsulating SiO2: SiO2@H3[PM12O40] (SiO2@PM12, M = W, Mo) with core-shell structure had been prepared. The structure and morphology of the core-shell microspheres were characterized by the XRD, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorbance, and SEM. These microsphere materials can be used as heterogeneous catalysts with high activity and stability for catalytic wet air oxidation of pollutant dyes safranine T (ST) at room condition. The results show that the catalysts have excellent catalytic activity in treatment of wastewater containing 10 mg/L ST, and 94% of color can be removed within 60 min. Under different cycling runs, it is shown that the catalysts are stable under such operating conditions and the leaching tests show negligible leaching effect owing to the lesser dissolution.

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5

Yoon, C. H., S. H. Cho, S. H. Kim, and S. R. Ha. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) aqueous solution using multi-component heterogeneous catalysts." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0094.

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Анотація:

This study investigated the decomposition of high strength p-nitrophenol (PNP) of 2,000 mg/l (3,400 mg of COD/1,250 mg of TOC) by catalytic wet air oxidation. Multi-component heterogeneous catalysts were used as catalysts for this purpose. The study results using a batch reactor showed that catalyst “D” (Mn-Ce-Zr 22.4 g plus CuSO4 1.0 g; Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4]) was more effective (56˜74%) than catalyst “A” (Mn-Ce-Zr 22.4 g) under the given conditions (O2 partial pressure of 1.0 MPa; temperature of 170˜190°C; 30 min of reaction time). The best result was obtained when 2 g of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] was used per 1L of PNP aqueous solution. COD and TOC removal efficiencies were 18% and 23% without catalysts during 20 min of reaction at 190°C. They were improved to 79% and 71% with 2 g/L of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] under the same conditions. The ratio of BOD5/COD was measured to evaluate biodegradability. It was 0.05 without catalyst and increased to 0.33 with 2 g/L of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] for 20 min of reaction.

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6

Pham, Thien, Viet Bui, Thi Phan, and Ha Than. "CO oxidation over alumina monolith impregnated with oxides of copper and manganese." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 86, no. 6 (2021): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200509004p.

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Анотація:

In this work, simple methods for the preparation of highly efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts for the low-temperature oxidation of CO are described. The main advantages of the reaction are high yields. The catalysts based on oxides of copper and manganese supported on alumina monoliths were prepared by different methods: plasma corona discharge and wet impregnation. Structure and physical properties of catalysts were characterized by FT- -IR, XRD, TEM, EDX and TG/DTA. The results showed that the use of a plasma corona discharge at atmospheric pressure for the preparation of the catalysts resulted in smaller particle size and uniform dispersion when compared with the catalysts prepared by wet impregnation methods. The catalytic activities of these catalysts were investigated for complete oxidation of carbon monoxide (3000 ppm) to carbon dioxide in the air at atmospheric pressure. On a single oxide catalyst, 10CuO/monolith was better than 10MnO2/monolith under the same experimental conditions. With multi-oxide catalysts, all catalyst samples are more active than a single-oxide catalyst with the same impregnated content. In particular, the catalyst prepared by plasma corona discharge indicates the best oxidation capacity of carbon monoxide.

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7

Maicaneanu, S. Andrada, Breanna McGhee, Razvan Stefan, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Christopher Sedwick, and Charles H. Lake. "Investigations on Cationic Dye Degradation Using Iron-Doped Carbon Xerogel." ChemEngineering 3, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3030061.

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Iron-doped carbon xerogels were prepared using sol-gel synthesis, with potassium-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and formaldehyde as starting materials, followed by an ion exchange step. The obtained samples were characterized (XRD, FTIR, SED-EDX, TEM) and investigated as catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) processes. Experiments were conducted in the same conditions (0.1 g catalysts, 25 mL of 100 mg/L dye solution, 25 °C, initial solution pH, 3 h) in thermostated batch reaction tubes (shaking water bath, 50 rpm) at atmospheric pressure. A series of three cationic dyes were considered: Brilliant green (BG), crystal violet (CV), and methyl green (MG). Dyes and TOC removal efficiencies up to 99% and 92%, respectively, were obtained, in strong correlation with the iron content of the catalyst. Iron content measured in solution at the end of the reaction, indicated that its amount was less than 2 ppm for all tested catalysts.

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8

Arena, Francesco, Cristina Italiano, Antonino Raneri, and Concetta Saja. "Mechanistic and kinetic insights into the wet air oxidation of phenol with oxygen (CWAO) by homogeneous and heterogeneous transition-metal catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 99, no. 1-2 (August 2010): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.06.039.

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9

Zhang, L., S. X. Wang, Q. R. Wu, F. Y. Wang, C. J. Lin, L. M. Zhang, M. L. Hui, and J. M. Hao. "Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 22 (November 24, 2015): 32889–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-32889-2015.

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Abstract. Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, municipal solid waste incinerators, and biomass burning. Mercury in coal, ores and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 °C to below 300 °C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg2+), with a portion of Hg2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g.,TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34–85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hgp, and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60–95 % of Hg2+. In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg0 is converted to Hg2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hgp accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher fraction (66–82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg2+ fraction (29–90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron/steel production. The higher Hg2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

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10

Zhang, Lei, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Fengyang Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Leiming Zhang, Mulin Hui, Mei Yang, Haitao Su, and Jiming Hao. "Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 2417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016.

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Анотація:

Abstract. Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, waste incinerators, biomass burning and so on. Mercury in coal, ores, and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 °C to below 300 °C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of Hg0 to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg2+), with a portion of Hg2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g., TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34–85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hgp, and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60–95 % of Hg2+. In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg0 is converted to Hg2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hgp accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher Hg0 fraction (66–82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg2+ fraction (29–90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron and/or steel production. The higher Hg2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

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11

Xu, Jun Qiang, Fang Guo, Jun Li, and Xue Jun Quan. "Preparation of the Modified Mesoporous Beta Materials and its Application in Wet Catalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1381.

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Анотація:

The heterogeneous beta-supported transition metal catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalytic oxidation degradation of methyl orange was carried over the heterogeneous catalyst in the peroxide catalytic oxidation process. The pure beta materials showed quick adsorption equilibrium characterization, and the adsorption ratio was only 30%. Compared with the adsorption of the pure beta carrier, the Cu/beta and Fe/beta catalyst could effectively degrade methyl orange with high catalytic activity and easy catalyst separation from the solution using hydrogen peroxide as oxide. The methyl orange removal efficiency could reach 99% in the optimum experimental conditions. The optimal mental content for Cu, Ag, Mn, Fe and Co was 5%, 8%, 0.3%, 1% and 0.3%, respectively.

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12

Rao, Reshma R. "(Invited) Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of Oxygen Electrocatalysis on Metal Oxides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461714mtgabs.

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Анотація:

Improving the kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis is key to increasing the efficiency of hydrogen production from renewable sources, production of carbon-neutral fuels such as ethylene and rechargeable metal-air batteries1. Metal oxides exhibit state-of-the-art activity, but fundamental atomic-level insights into the reaction mechanism are often unknown. Particularly, various differences between materials, including the differences in active surface area, chemical state of the metal cations, fractional coverage of oxidized species and the range of ordered structure, renders it difficult to identify the origin of the differing activity. Thus far, ambiguities in measuring the number of sites participating in the reaction have prevented the accurate measurement of intrinsic catalytic activity, or turnover frequency. Furthermore, while recent studies have indicated that the density of oxidized species can enhance reaction rates on metal oxides surfaces via cooperative effects between adjacent adsorbates2-4, extending these mechanistic implications to a range of oxides remains a challenge. In this talk, I will present developments in time-resolved optical spectroscopy to identify the density of different oxidized species as a function of potential and establish how this controls the reaction kinetics. These results will be combined with (i) X-ray absorption spectroscopy to measure the oxidation state and coordination of the active site (ii) time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to measure the depth of redox active states5 and (iii) on chip electrochemical mass spectrometry to measure the degree of lattice oxygen participation. As an example, a range of iridium-based catalysts – namely monolayers of molecular iridium dimers6, amorphous7 and crystalline oxides will be compared for the water oxidation reaction. For all the catalysts investigated, three redox transitions can be observed, and the physical origin of these redox processes can be assigned using density functional theory studies. Although similar oxidized species are found to accumulate at water oxidation potentials, the correlation between the density of oxidized species and water oxidation kinetics is very different. On molecular catalysts, there is limited interaction between isolated iridium centres, and thus the intrinsic activity per oxidized site is invariant with potential5. On the contrary, for heterogeneous oxide catalysts, a high degree of cooperative effects results in faster kinetics with increasing accumulation of oxidized species on the surface. The potential for accumulation for oxidized species and the degree of interaction of these oxidized species will be compared for the amorphous and crystalline oxides. Therefore, through this work, I will highlight the power of operando time-resolved spectroscopy in unravelling the critical role of oxidized species in facilitating water oxidation kinetics. The author would like to acknowledge the funding and technical support from BP through the BP International Centre for Advanced Materials (bp-ICAM), which made this research possible. References: Wei, C., Rao, R.R., Peng, J., Huang, B., Stephens, I.E., Risch, M., Xu, Z.J. and Shao‐Horn, Y., 2019. Advanced Materials, 31(31), p.1806296. Nong, H.N., Falling, L.J., Bergmann, A., Klingenhof, M., Tran, H.P., Spöri, C., Mom, R., Timoshenko, J., Zichittella, G., Knop-Gericke, A., Piccinin, S., Pérez-Ramírez, J., Roldan Cuenya, B., Schlögl, R., Strasser, P., Teschner, D. and Jones, T.E., 2020. Nature, 587(7834), pp.408-413. Rao, R. R., Stephens, I. E., & Durrant, J. R., 2021. Joule, 5(1), 16-18. Rao R.R., Corby S., Bucci A., García-Tecedor A., Mesa C.A., Rossmeisl J., Giménez S., Lloret-Fillol J., Stephens I.E.L. and Durrant J.R., 2022. Journal of the American Chemical Society, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c08152 Hadden, J.H., Ryan, M.P. and Riley, D.J., 2020. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3(3), pp.2803-2810. Bozal-Ginesta, C., Rao, R.R., Mesa, C.A., Wang, Y., Hu, G., Antón-García, D., Stephens, I.E.L., Reisner, E., Brudvig, G.W., Wang, D. and Durrant, J.R., 2022. under review Bozal-Ginesta, C., Rao, R.R., ..., Stephens, I.E.L. and Durrant, J.R., 2021. ACS Catalysis, 11(24), pp.15013-15025.

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13

Duprez, D. "Recent developments in catalytic wet air oxidation." Applied Catalysis A: General 153, no. 1-2 (May 1997): N3—N4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(97)90123-x.

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14

Bhargava, Suresh K., James Tardio, Harit Jani, Deepak B. Akolekar, Karl Föger, and Manh Hoang. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Industrial Aqueous Streams." Catalysis Surveys from Asia 11, no. 1-2 (July 14, 2007): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10563-007-9020-6.

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15

Gomes, H. T., J. L. Figueiredo, and J. L. Faria. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of olive mill wastewater." Catalysis Today 124, no. 3-4 (June 2007): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.03.043.

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16

Zhang, Yuan, Hai Sheng Yan, Rui Huang, Quan Yin, Shu Jie Ren та Wei Chang Xu. "Regeneration of CuZnO_x/γ-Al₂O₃ as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in CWPO Process". Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (травень 2011): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1437.

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Анотація:

This paper evaluates the catalytic effectiveness of CuZnOx/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for the degradation of an azo dye, acid red GR, using H2O2 as an oxidant, under very mild conditions (atmospheric pressure and t = 40 ). In the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) process, the results show that it is possible to remove 80% of COD during the initial 30 h. But a considerable drop of catalytic activity is found after prolonged run. As characterization datas shown, the deactivation of the catalyst is caused by the depositon of intermediates on the surface and serious coverage of the active sites. However, calcination method which is possible to burn the organic species that trapped in the catalyst reaches complete restoration of the spent catalyst.

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17

Rodríguez, A., J. García, G. Ovejero, and M. Mestanza. "Wet air and catalytic wet air oxidation of several azodyes from wastewaters: the beneficial role of catalysis." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 8 (October 1, 2009): 1989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.526.

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Анотація:

Degradation of several azo dyes, Acid Orange 7 (AO7), Acid Orange 74 (AO74), Direct Blue 71 (DB71), Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Eriochrome Blue Black B (EBBB), well-known non-biodegradable mono, di and tri azo dyes has been studied using, wet-air oxidation (WAO) and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO). The efficiency of substrate decolorization and mineralization in each process has been comparatively discussed by evolution concentration, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon content and toxicity of dyes solutions. The most efficient method on decolorization and mineralization (TOC) was observed to be CWAO process. Mineralization efficiency with wet air and catalytic wet air oxidation essays was observed in the order of mono-azo > di-azo > tri-azo dye. Final solutions of CWAO applications after 180 min treatment can be disposed safely to environment.

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18

Lousteau, Cédric, Michèle Besson, and Claude Descorme. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of ammonia over supported noble metals." Catalysis Today 241 (March 2015): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.043.

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19

Posada, Diana, Paulino Betancourt, Fernando Liendo, and Joaquín L. Brito. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Aqueous Solutions of Substituted Phenols." Catalysis Letters 106, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-005-9195-2.

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20

Lin, S. H., and S. J. Ho. "Catalytic wet-air oxidation of high strength industrial wastewater." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 9, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(96)90077-6.

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21

Pham Minh, Doan, Pierre Gallezot, Samia Azabou, Sami Sayadi, and Michèle Besson. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of olive oil mill effluents." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 84, no. 3-4 (December 2008): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.06.013.

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22

Kayan, Berkant, A. Murat Gizir, and Ferruh Erdogdu. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of 2-nitrotoluidine and 2,4-dinitrotoluene." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 81, no. 2 (2004): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:reac.0000019429.16029.ca.

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23

Eftaxias, A., J. Font, A. Fortuny, A. Fabregat, and F. Stüber. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol over active carbon catalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 67, no. 1-2 (September 2006): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.04.012.

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24

Wang, Jianbing, Wanpeng Zhu, Shaoxia Yang, Wei Wang, and Yunrui Zhou. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with pelletized ruthenium catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 78, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.08.014.

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25

Zhao, Jun, Yuan Wei, ZongJian Liu, Lin Zhang, Qun Cui, and HaiYan Wang. "Study on heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation process of high concentration MDEA-containing wastewater." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 171 (January 2022): 108744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108744.

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26

Kim, Kyoung-Hun, and Son-Ki Ihm. "Heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters: A review." Journal of Hazardous Materials 186, no. 1 (February 2011): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.011.

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27

Rocha, Raquel P., Olívia Salomé G. P. Soares, José J. M. Órfão, Manuel Fernando R. Pereira, and José L. Figueiredo. "Heteroatom (N, S) Co-Doped CNTs in the Phenol Oxidation by Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050578.

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The N, S-co-doping of commercial carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was performed by a solvent-free mechanothermal approach using thiourea. CNTs were mixed with the N, S-dual precursor in a ball-milling apparatus, and further thermally treated under inert atmosphere between 600 and 1000 °C. The influence of the temperature applied during the thermal procedure was investigated. Textural properties of the materials were not significantly affected either by the mechanical step or by the heating phase. Concerning surface chemistry, the developed methodology allowed the incorporation of N (up to 1.43%) and S (up to 1.3%), distributed by pyridinic (N6), pyrrolic (N5), and quaternary N (NQ) groups, and C–S–, C–S–O, and sulphate functionalities. Catalytic activities of the N, S-doped CNTs were evaluated for the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of phenol in a batch mode. Although the samples revealed a similar catalytic activity for phenol degradation, a higher total organic carbon removal (60%) was observed using the sample thermally treated at 900 °C. The improved catalytic activity of this sample was attributed to the presence of N6, NQ, and thiophenic groups. This sample was further tested in the oxidation of phenol under a continuous mode, at around 30% of conversion being achieved in the steady-state.

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28

Stüber, F., J. Font, A. Fortuny, C. Bengoa, A. Eftaxias, and A. Fabregat. "Carbon materials and catalytic wet air oxidation of organic pollutants in wastewater." Topics in Catalysis 33, no. 1-4 (April 2005): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-2497-1.

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29

Doluda, V. Yu, E. M. Sulman, V. G. Matveeva, M. G. Sulman, A. V. Bykov, N. V. Lakina, A. I. Sidorov, P. M. Valetsky, and L. M. Bronstein. "Phenol Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation Over Ru Nanoparticles Formed in Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene." Topics in Catalysis 56, no. 9-10 (April 16, 2013): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-013-0028-z.

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30

Wang, Jianbing, Wanpeng Zhu, Xuwen He, and Shaoxia Yang. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of acetic acid over different ruthenium catalysts." Catalysis Communications 9, no. 13 (July 2008): 2163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.04.019.

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31

Cybulski, Andrzej, and Janusz Trawczyński. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol over platinum and ruthenium catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 47, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00327-8.

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32

Minh, Doan Pham, Pierre Gallezot, and Michèle Besson. "Degradation of olive oil mill effluents by catalytic wet air oxidation." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 63, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.009.

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33

Shih, Cheng-Chieh, and Jen-Ray Chang. "Pt/C stabilization for catalytic wet-air oxidation: Use of grafted TiO2." Journal of Catalysis 240, no. 2 (June 10, 2006): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2006.03.019.

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34

Béziat, Jean-Christophe, Michèle Besson, Pierre Gallezot, and Sylvain Durécu. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Carboxylic Acids on TiO2-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 182, no. 1 (February 1999): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1998.2352.

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35

Gallezot, Pierre, Stéphane Chaumet, Alain Perrard, and Pascal Isnard. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Acetic Acid on Carbon-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 168, no. 1 (May 1997): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1997.1633.

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36

Rubalcaba, Alicia, María Eugenia Suárez-Ojeda, Julián Carrera, Josep Font, Frank Stüber, Christophe Bengoa, Agustí Fortuny, and Azael Fabregat. "Biodegradability enhancement of phenolic compounds by Hydrogen Peroxide Promoted Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation." Catalysis Today 124, no. 3-4 (June 2007): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.03.037.

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37

Gomes, H. T., Ph Serp, Ph Kalck, J. L. Figueiredo, and J. L. Faria. "Carbon supported platinum catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation of refractory carboxylic acids." Topics in Catalysis 33, no. 1-4 (April 2005): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-2505-5.

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38

Dobrynkin, N. M., M. V. Batygina, A. S. Noskov, P. G. Tsyrulnikov, D. A. Shlyapin, V. V. Schegolev, D. A. Astrova, and B. M. Laskin. "Catalysts Ru–CeO2/Sibunit for catalytic wet air oxidation of aniline and phenol." Topics in Catalysis 33, no. 1-4 (April 2005): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-2507-3.

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39

Xu, Jun Qiang, Fang Guo, Shu Shu Zou, and Xue Jun Quan. "Optimization of the Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation of Phenol over the Fe/NH₄Y Catalyst." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.640.

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The heterogeneous NH4Y zeolite-supported iron catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysis oxidation degradation of phenol was carried over the heterogeneous catalyst in the peroxide catalytic oxidation process. Compared with the homogeneous Fenton process, the Fe/ NH4Y-acid catalyst can effectively degrade contaminants with high catalytic activity and easy catalyst separation from the solution. The phenol removal efficiency could reach 96% in the optimum experimental conditions. These process conditions were as follows: iron content is 5%, reaction time was 60 min, reaction temperature was 70 oC, the catalyst dosage was 1g/L, the H2O2 concentration was 1.65g/L.

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40

Centi, Gabriele, Siglinda Perathoner, Teresa Torre, and Maria Grazia Verduna. "Catalytic wet oxidation with H2O2 of carboxylic acids on homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts." Catalysis Today 55, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00226-6.

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41

Gallezot, Pierre, Nathalie Laurain, and Pascal Isnard. "Catalytic wet-air oxidation of carboxylic acids on carbon-supported platinum catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 9, no. 1-4 (September 1996): L11—L17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(96)90070-3.

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42

Zhao, Shun, Xiaohong Wang, and Mingxin Huo. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with air and micellar molybdovanadophosphoric polyoxometalates under room condition." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 97, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2010): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.03.032.

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43

Garcia, J., H. T. Gomes, P. Serp, P. Kalck, J. L. Figueiredo, and J. L. Faria. "Platinum catalysts supported on MWNT for catalytic wet air oxidation of nitrogen containing compounds." Catalysis Today 102-103 (May 2005): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.02.013.

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44

Iojoiu, Eduard Emil, Emmanuel Landrivon, Henrik Raeder, Eddy G. Torp, Sylvain Miachon, and Jean-Alain Dalmon. "The “Watercatox” process: Wet air oxidation of industrial effluents in a catalytic membrane reactor." Catalysis Today 118, no. 1-2 (October 2006): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2006.01.045.

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45

Besson, Michèle, and Pierre Gallezot. "Stability of ruthenium catalysts supported on TiO2 or ZrO2 in catalytic wet air oxidation." Topics in Catalysis 33, no. 1-4 (April 2005): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-2517-1.

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46

Bernardi, Marco, Didier Cretenot, Stéphane Deleris, Claude Descorme, Julien Chauzy, and Michèle Besson. "Performances of soluble metallic salts in the catalytic wet air oxidation of sewage sludge." Catalysis Today 157, no. 1-4 (November 17, 2010): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.01.030.

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47

Dhaouadi, Anissa, and Nafaâ Adhoum. "Heterogeneous catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of paraquat in the presence of modified activated carbon." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 97, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2010): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.04.006.

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48

Zhang, Yang, Dongliu Li, Yang Chen, Xiaohong Wang, and Shengtian Wang. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of dye pollutants by polyoxomolybdate nanotubes under room condition." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 86, no. 3-4 (February 2009): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.08.010.

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49

Levasseur, Benoît, Benoist Renard, Jacques Barbier Jr., and Daniel Duprez. "Catalytic wet air oxidation of oleic acid on ceria-supported platinum catalyst.effect of pH." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 87, no. 2 (April 2006): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-006-0034-2.

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50

Mei, Jian Guo, Shao Ming Yu, and Jun Cheng. "Heterogeneous catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over delaminated Fe–Ti-PILC employing microwave irradiation." Catalysis Communications 5, no. 8 (August 2004): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2004.05.009.

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