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1
Savinykh, Anna. "Framework for CLIL materials for Russian heritage language learners." International Journal of Multilingual Education X, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.18001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing number of immigrants made heritage language learning a crucial issue of 21-st century education. The neediness for an effective educational approach in this field leaded to CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning). CLIL materials are high-contextualized by age, skills, language, subject content, etc. So, teachers ought to become materials designers to provide their learners with an effective tool of learning. Usually, teachers did not specifically train for materials design. Thus, easy-to-use framework for materials is essential to provide high-quality materials. This article provides a framework for CLIL materials design for Russian heritage language learners. The framework is based on the main materials design principles, heritage learners` pedagogical needs, and CLIL-specific materials design principles. It is written in the easy-to-use form of a checklist. The checklist has seven sections and 32 questions. The framework may be used in different contexts of teachers from different countries who use CLIL to teach the Russian heritage language.
2
Wu, Yanming, and Qi Zhou. "Research on Reconstruction Design of Exterior Wall Materials and Structures of Industrial Architectural Heritage." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.604.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the advent of the post-industrial era, China’s traditional industrial industry has gradually declined or transformed, leaving a large number of industrial buildings abandoned and idle. A majority of these existing industrial building heritages were built with original facade design, which cannot meet the requirements of the time and no longer fits into the new urban interface. From the perspective of language relationship in architecture, building skin and building space are two vital interdependent elements, and the study of building materials as a carrier has a significant impetus to the exploration of building skin. Therefore, the external wall material has naturally become an important factor directly related to the design and performance of the renovation of the industrial building heritages. Its performance and form largely influence or determine the possible ways and means of the transformation of the heritage facades. How should material performance be used to preserve the historical imprint of industrial heritage while conforming to contemporary aesthetics? What are the rules of material performance in the renovation of industrial buildings? These are the issues that needs to be considered and studied in the transformation of industrial building heritage.This paper studies the exterior wall materials and structures in the renovation of industrial building heritage facades, and uses reconstruction theory as a methodology to sort out effective strategies and methods for the material performance of industrial building heritage facade renovation. First it summarizes and elaborates the classification and performance characteristics of the materials of heritage facades as well as the principles and methods of facades transformation. Later it focuses on the practice and development of the renovation of facades in China’s industrial building heritages, taking the reform practice of Nanjing Hutchison Factory as an example. Combing the analysis and summary of the practical project with the theory, this paper helps improve the theoretical system of architectural skin materials within the scope of architectural design theory, summarizes the design concepts consistent with the current view, and conclude the corresponding architectural skin design strategy and methods.
3
McCarthy, Tina M., and Eleni Evdokia Glekas. "Deconstructing heritage: enabling a dynamic materials practice." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-06-2019-0084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address a gap in current heritage practice within the USA, as defined by the US Secretary of Interior’s Standards, which offers no treatment for a building entering the end of its lifecycle. Design/methodology/approach Building on research conducted for “Deconstructing the Culture of Demolition,” Master of Design Studies thesis completed in 2018, this paper seeks to better understand how deconstruction industry practice could be changed by the inclusion of heritage values through a case study of the sustainability non-profit Emergent Structures of Savanah, Georgia. Findings The benefits of replacing demolition with deconstruction extend beyond the preservation of materials alone. Applying critical heritage theories to deconstruction practice addresses challenging issues in the discipline, such as mutability of heritage objects and equity in heritage practice. Deconstruction redefines the concept of death in the built environment, harnessing its energy to serve the heritage goals of memory, revival and sustainable community development. Practical implications The findings are based on real-world practice, linking heritage methodology to deconstruction practice. These examples will be useful to preservation professionals who deal with demolition in the course of their work, to rethink the idea of waste and value in heritage practice. Originality/value This paper explores best practices in promoting heritage value and community engagement through deconstruction. This insight will promote interdisciplinary communication around historic materials and their treatment, which remains unexplored in both deconstruction and heritage research.
4
Baglioni, Michele, Giovanna Poggi, David Chelazzi, and Piero Baglioni. "Advanced Materials in Cultural Heritage Conservation." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 3967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cultural Heritage is a crucial socioeconomic resource; yet, recurring degradation processes endanger its preservation. Serendipitous approaches in restoration practice need to be replaced by systematically addressing conservation issues through the development of advanced materials for the preservation of the artifacts. In the last few decades, materials and colloid science have provided valid solutions to counteract degradation, and we report here the main highlights in the formulation and application of materials and methodologies for the cleaning, protection and consolidation of works of art. Several types of artifacts are addressed, from murals to canvas paintings, metal objects, and paper artworks, comprising both classic and modern/contemporary art. Systems, such as nanoparticles, gels, nanostructured cleaning fluids, composites, and other functional materials, are reviewed. Future perspectives are also commented, outlining open issues and trends in this challenging and exciting field.
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Matusiak, Krystyna K., Ling Meng, Ewa Barczyk, and Chia-Jung Shih. "Multilingual metadata for cultural heritage materials." Electronic Library 33, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-08-2013-0141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore multilingual access in digital libraries and to present a case study of creating bilingual metadata records for the Tse-Tsung Chow Collection of Chinese Scrolls and Fan Paintings. The project, undertaken at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries, provides access to digital copies of calligraphic and painted Chinese scrolls and fans from the collection donated by Prof Tse-Tsung Chow (Cezong Zhou). Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the current approaches to multilingual indexing and retrieval in digital collections and presents a model of creating bilingual parallel records that combines translation with controlled vocabulary mapping. Findings – Creating multilingual metadata records for cultural heritage materials is in an early phase of development. Bilingual metadata created through human translation and controlled vocabulary mapping represents one of the approaches to multilingual access in digital libraries. Multilingual indexing of collections of international origin addresses the linguistic needs of the target audience, connects the digitized objects to their respective cultures and contributes to richer descriptive records. The approach that relies on human translation and research can be undertaken in small-scale digitization projects of rare cultural heritage materials. Language and subject expertise are required to create bilingual metadata records. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents the results of a case study. The approach to multilingual access that involves research, and it relies on human translation that can only be undertaken in small-scale projects. Practical implications – This case study of creating parallel records with a combination of translation and vocabulary mapping can be useful for designing similar bilingual digital collections. Social implications – This paper also discusses the obligations of holding institutions in undertaking digital conversion of the cultural heritage materials that originated in other countries, especially in regard to providing metadata records that reflect the language of the originating community. Originality/value – The research and practice in multilingual indexing of cultural heritage materials are very limited. There are no standardized models of how to approach building multilingual digital collections. This case study presents a model of providing bilingual access and enhancing the intellectual control of cultural heritage collections.
6
Vu Hoang, Khoa. "The benefits of preserving and promoting cultural heritage values for the sustainable development of the country." E3S Web of Conferences 234 (2021): 00076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cultural and natural heritages are considered invaluable resources, creating a unique tourist attraction for each country. However, knowing how to use this heritage for sustainable tourism development, while preserving and promoting the heritage value for future generations is not a simple task. This article focuses on the values of cultural heritage and the importance of maintaining and promoting it while integrating with the environment for the development of society. It discusses the current state of cultural heritage preservation and promotion in Vietnam, showing examples of development with disregard to the heritage and the environment, why it is necessary to have sustainable development in active culture conservation, as well as the relationship between the preservation, promotion of the cultural heritage and the socio-economic development and the environment. A perspective on the cultural heritage value in sustainable development is also given. Through the reading of supporting materials and the comparison of survey data, it is clear that the preservation of cultural values not only contribute directly to the socio-economic development of a country similar to Vietnam, but also to help create new values in later generations. Therefore, it is concluded that a sustainable approach to the conservation of cultural heritages is very important for the future handling of such irreplaceable resources.
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Ozeran, Megan. "Managing Metadata for Philatelic Materials." Information Technology and Libraries 36, no. 3 (September 17, 2017): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v36i3.10022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stamp collectors frequently donate their stamps to cultural heritage institutions. As digitization becomes more prevalent for other kinds of materials, it is worth exploring how cultural heritage institutions are digitizing their philatelic materials. This paper begins with a review of the literature about the purpose of metadata, current metadata standards, and metadata that are relevant to philatelists. The paper then examines the digital philatelic collections of four large cultural heritage institutions, discussing the metadata standards and elements employed by these institutions. The paper concludes with a recommendation to create international standards that describe metadata management explicitly for philatelic materials.
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Pampus, Mareike. "More Than Colonial Vestige? Afternoon Tea as Heritage Practice in Penang (Malaysia)." Heritage 6, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 2928–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article builds on insights from both critical heritage studies and Indian Ocean studies to argue that there is a need to delve deeply into how, by whom, and why heritage is practiced. Empirically, the practice of afternoon tea in Penang (Malaysia) provides insights into habits, manners, and customs in order to explore heritage as a social practice. Drawing on ethnographic field research on the island of Penang in Malaysia, this article demonstrates how the multiple forms, as well as the changing production, practice, and preservation, of local cultural heritage are used to strategically and situationally create identities in dependence of the “other” and in response to a national heritage narrative. In contrast to what is nowadays often considered a colonial vestige, I maintain that these cultural heritage elements are not foreign but part of specific local cultural heritages.
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Melo, Maria J., Austin Nevin, and Piero Baglioni. "Chemistry and Cultural Heritage*." Chemistry International 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The conservation of works of art makes them accessible, and will ensure the transfer of cultural heritage to future generations,. For long term preservation, the development of effective and sustainable conservation materials is of fundamental importance. Although in the past traditional approaches in restoration have used highly effective natural materials for cleaning, modern research has focused on the systematic design of materials and methodologies. For instance, during the nineteenth century conservators reported the use of materials such as vinegar, wine, lemon juice, and today saliva is still used in cleaning applications. Although it is now recognized that these materials contain components that are effective cleaning agents, until recently there has been a lack of systematic studies regarding the control of their structure and reactivity.
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Ganobjak, Michal, Samuel Brunner, and Jannis Wernery. "Aerogel materials for heritage buildings: Materials, properties and case studies." Journal of Cultural Heritage 42 (March 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.09.007.
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Wu, Qian, Bingjian Zhang, and Yulan Hu. "Comparison and Research Progress of Protein Detection Technology for Cultural Relic Materials." Coatings 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The analysis of historical materials is an essential component of cultural heritage conservation. Protein was one of the most important and pervasive organic substances in ancient human societies. Through the qualitative and quantitative examination of protein-based materials, it is possible to clarify their source and functions of substances in cultural heritages, investigate the manufacturing technology of cultural heritage, and identify their deterioration mechanism. On the basis of these analyses, corresponding measurements are therefore feasible. Currently, mass spectrometry, chromatography, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic, proteomics, and immunoassay are used to analyse protein materials. Proteomics techniques and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology are two of the most common methods for detecting ancient proteins. This article discusses the evolution of protein component detection in ancient materials, as well as the implementation of proteomics and ELISA techniques for the analysis of proteins. In addition, the characteristics of these two techniques were contrasted in order to propose the most recent analytical techniques and the direction of future research.
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Hadden, Sally, and Daniel R. Coquillette. "The Anglo-American Legal Heritage: Introductory Materials." New England Quarterly 73, no. 1 (March 2000): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/366752.
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Gimisheva, Angelina, and Vanya Ruseva. "NBU Digital Collection “Bulgarian Cultural Heritage Materials”." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 2 (September 30, 2012): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2012.2.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our experience in maintaining digital collections is described, which urged us to go deep in the process and build centralized digitalization policy. It instigated developing new strategy, adopting new technological solutions and staff training. The emphasis falls is placed on our digital collection “Bulgarian Cultural Heritage Materials” as an example of a focused digitization at the New Bulgarian University (NBU) Library and our answer to modern trends in launching digital collections. Our future digitization plans are also discussed.
14
Mohanu, Ileana, Dan Mohanu, Ioana Gomoiu, Roxana-Magdalena Fechet, Adriana Moanţă, and Ionela Petre. "Restoration Materials Compatible with Heritage Wall Paintings." Proceedings 29, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019029116.
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15
Lyall, Jan. "Determining the Significance of Documentary Heritage Materials." Australian Academic & Research Libraries 24, no. 2 (January 1993): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048623.1993.10754818.
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Li, Lanxin, and Yue Tang. "Towards the Contemporary Conservation of Cultural Heritages: An Overview of Their Conservation History." Heritage 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper seeks contemporary cultural heritage conservation principles by reviewing its history, starting from the 18th century, in practices, international documents, and the literature on this topic. It intends to lay a foundation to avoid damaging cultural heritages by misconducting conservation. This study first found that the conservation objects of cultural heritage include particularly important ones and general ones that are closely related to daily life, and they involve tangible and intangible aspects. Second, cultural heritage conservation involves document-based restoration when necessary as well as identifying the value of them to play their role nowadays. Third, integrating cultural heritage conservation within the context of sustainable development goals is essential for successfully balancing the relationship between the built and natural environments. Fourth, mobilising the public to participate in cultural heritage conservation enables the implementation of conservation to meet the expectations of the public, and may have a positive influence on people’s consciousness. Fifth, as a treasure, cultural heritage conservation is a global responsibility that involves conjoint cooperation. Sixth, more cultural heritage conservation interdisciplinary methods have been developed and could be applied, but this should be limited in order to not destruct their authenticity and integrity.
17
Wi, Sang-hee, and Hyoung-Ki Ahn. "A Study on the Direction of Digital Heritage in the Post-Covid Era." Academic Association of Global Cultural Contents 56 (August 31, 2023): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32611/jgcc.2023.8.56.57.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the covid-19 pandemic, the environment for enjoying cultural heritage has changed dramatically. As a response to this, the development and distribution of digital heritage contents has become important. This study is a study on the direction of digital heritage content in the post-corona era. To this end, the changes in the form of viewing cultural heritage and the introduction of digital heritage after covid19 were reviewed, and the changes in digital heritage contents in the post-covid era were analyzed. Changes in cultural policies for the dissemination of digital heritage and the active introduction and utilization of digital technology have played a significant role in the dissemination of cultural heritage. However, one-time exhibition contents, temporary fads of specific contents or technologies, lack of the roadmap, and lack of storytelling and business model bring about the weakening of Digital Heritage's competitiveness. In order to overcome this, it is necessary to develop a platform that can share basic data for storytelling that understands the intrinsic value of cultural heritage, development of digital heritage contents for the underprivileged, and production of cultural heritage contents. This will help develop and spread the digital heritage field. High-quality digital heritage can inspire the selection of materials for other cultural contents such as movies, dramas, animations, and games, and can greatly help popularize cultural heritage, develop related industries, and nurture professional human resources.
18
Rahmadina, M., NR Kusuma, and E. Arvanda. "Wall finishing materials and heritage science in the adaptive reuse of Jakarta heritage buildings." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 523 (July 8, 2019): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/523/1/012055.
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Njuguna, Mugwima B., Ephraim W. Wahome, and Anne Marie Deisser. "The Role of the National Construction Authority in the Conservation of Vernacular Architectural Heritage." East African Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eaje.2.1.178.
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Vernacular architecture is a malleable concept that encompasses structures produced by empirical/ experiential builders. It is sometimes referred to as indigenous, primitive, ethnic or even architecture without architects. Vernacular architectural heritage often found in rural areas and historic urban areas and villages represent a cultural heritage that has been handed down from one generation to the next. This heritage is under threat from modernising forces which cause deterioration in cultural and historical continuity. It is important to conserve this architecture and associated technologies for posterity. Both tangible and intangible heritage of vernacular architecture is threatened through blatant negligence, emergent and more profitable modes of construction, and lack of funds for minimum maintenance. To a large extent, this heritage is quickly deteriorating and disappearing into the hands of vandals and illegal traders due to the lack of appropriate conservation, sensitisation and training for the public and heritage professionals in the conservation of materials and practices. The paper explores the vernacular heritage in Kenya, the state of its conservation and the risks associated with its conservation. It is argued that since NCA is mandated inter alia to undertake research into any matter relating to the construction industry, it should complement the efforts of the National Museums of Kenya in the conservation of cultural heritage in so far as materials and building technologies are concerned. There is no clear legal framework for the conservation of vernacular architecture in place and it is often lumped together with other popular forms of architecture which have well-defined and documented historical trends. Emphasis has been on urban architecture in Kenya. The paper established that vernacular heritage has only been haphazardly conserved, with no clear management, documentation and preservation policies. The paper found that no resources are specifically set aside for the conservation of these heritages. The theoretical analysis concludes that vernacular architecture in Kenya has been neglected and exposed to deterioration. It also points out that the level of public sensitisation on the heritage is low and its conservation and management needs have been ignored. The study, therefore, recommends public sensitisation, preventive and interventive conservation and appropriate policies to save the heritage from imminent loss. It further suggests that detailed documentation of vernacular building materials and technology should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.
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Chen, Chen, and Baoyi Peng. "Virtual and Actual Combination of Memory Reflection: Design Enabling Digital Presentation Path of Cultural Heritage Valve." Advances in Social Development and Education Research 1, no. 2 (April 18, 2024): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.61935/asder.2.1.2024.p194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As an open way for people to share information and pass on heritage's value, based on the variety of the main background and value elements, displaying heritage value has changed from a matter of protecting space and form to a more complicated matter of building social value systems. As an open way for people to share information and pass on cultural heritage's value, based on the variety of the main background and value elements, displaying heritage value has changed from a matter of protecting space and form to a more complicated matter of building social value systems. In order to explore the diversified value of heritage and the way to display design empowerment in the digital age, this study selected the world irrigation project heritage of Sangyuanwei as an example based on the theory of cultural memory and explored four value dimensions of the heritage. It is used to associate material ontological features with subjective emotional memory and to extract the memory picture of village buildings, trade fairs, and business markets. And then, through information visualization, it puts forward the value of a virtual and real symbiosis in a digital creative design scheme. Thus, images and scenes are used to strengthen the relationship between heritage materials, characters, and historical events (activities) and to empower the regional cultural inheritance of Sangyuanwei heritage through creative design. Its purpose is to strengthen the sense of group identity and contribute ideas to solve problems for the restoration and protection of Sangyuanwei heritage.
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Kun, Jiang, and Shao Lingchun. "Research on Personalized Recommendation Method of Intangible Social Heritage and Materials in Schools under Double Reduction Policy." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (September 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8916050.
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Individualized recommendation of imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools under the double reduction policy is to evaluate and judge students’ learning interests and specialties and recommend suitable imperceptible social heritage and materials to students. Aiming at the problem that the collaborative filtering recommendation method does not match the individualized needs of primary and secondary school students under the double reduction policy, in this paper, we suggest a personalized recommendation system of imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools under the double reduction policy based on joint template feature matching and interest feature point mining. First, taking the information management platform of imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools as the structural model, the grading model and homomorphic distribution attribute model of imperceptible social heritage and materials for primary and secondary school students under the double reduction policy are constructed. Second, the probability density characteristic analysis method of joint template matching is used to construct the personalized recommendation model of the imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools. Third, then the personalized characteristic distribution and fitness parameter extraction of the imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools under the double reduction policy are carried out, so as to realize the reasonable matching of personalized characteristic requirements and project interest points and realize the personalized recommendation of imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools under the double reduction policy. Finally, a simulation experiment was carried out to test and evaluate the outcomes. The outcomes express that the personalized recommendation items of imperceptible social heritage and materials in schools with this method have higher scores, and the average absolute error and root mean square error are smaller, which improves the quality of dynamic and accurate matching between imperceptible social heritage and materials and students’ hobby characteristics.
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Abdullah, Siti Maryam, Lilawati Ab Wahab, and Wan Faida Wan Azmi. "Challenges in Material Management for Heritage Building Conservation in Malacca’s UNESCO World Heritage Site." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. X (2024): 3315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8100280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conservation projects differ significantly from conventional construction projects. Conservation work, especially regarding materials, requires specialized knowledge and experience. The materials used in conservation are distinct from those in typical construction because conservation efforts prioritize using appropriate expertise and authentic materials. In heritage building conservation projects, the choice of materials is crucial. As projects increase in scale, managing the resources for conservation materials becomes more complex, demanding advanced technologies to ensure timely and effective delivery. This research aims to explore the challenges in material management for conservation of heritage buildings in Malacca. The objectives are to identify current practices in managing conservation materials for the conservation of heritage buildings in the Malacca UNESCO World Heritage Site and to explore the challenges faced during this process. A qualitative methodology is employed, involving systematic interviews with stakeholders involved in a heritage building conservation project in Malacca. Six participants were interviewed. The findings underscore the challenges that always been faced in conservation projects and it is hoped that this research will benefit stakeholders to prepare in finding solution to overcome the challenges and contribute to more effective conservation project.
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Bonacchi, Chiara, Mark Altaweel, and Marta Krzyzanska. "The heritage of Brexit: Roles of the past in the construction of political identities through social media." Journal of Social Archaeology 18, no. 2 (March 9, 2018): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605318759713.
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This article assesses the role of the pre-modern past in the construction of political identities relating to the UK’s membership in the European Union by examining how materials and ideas from Iron Age to Early Medieval Britain and Europe were leveraged by those who discussed the topic of Brexit in over 1.4 million messages published in dedicated Facebook pages. Through a combination of data-intensive and qualitative investigations of textual data, we identify the ‘heritages’ invoked in support of pro- or anti-Brexit sentiments. We show how these heritages are centred around myths of origins, resistance and collapse that incorporate tensions and binary divisions . We highlight the strong influence of past expert practices in shaping such deeply entrenched dualistic thinking and reflect over the longue durée agency of heritage expertise. This is the first systematic study of public perceptions and experience of the past in contemporary society undertaken through digital heritage research fuelled by big data. As such, the article contributes novel methodological approaches and substantially advances theory in cultural heritage studies. It is also the first published work to analyse the role of heritage in the construction of political identities in relation to Brexit via extensive social research.
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Anglos, Demetrios, Savas Georgiou, and Costas Fotakis. "Lasers in the Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials." Journal of Nano Research 8 (September 2009): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.8.47.
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This article reviews laser-based analytical techniques, which find applications in the field of cultural heritage diagnostics, providing information about the chemical composition of materials, at the atomic or molecular level. Lasers are intense sources of light featuring unique characteristics that have been exploited in order to enhance the performance of certain spectroscopic techniques such as Raman or fluorescence spectroscopy, or even produce new schemes of analysis, including, for instance, non-linear or remote sensing spectroscopy as well as laser ablative sampling and excitation. In parallel, with advances in laser and detector technology, compact, mobile instrumentation is becoming available that permits broader use of such laser-based techniques for analysis of materials in works of art and archaeological findings.
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Fierascu, Irina, Radu Claudiu Fierascu, Iulia Florentina Dana-Negula, Ioana Popitiu, Gabriel Rustoiu, Constantin Ioan Inel, and Alina Ortan. "Nanotechnology – Materials and Techniques for Safeguarding Cultural Heritage." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 8 (September 3, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2018.8.16.
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The presented project aims to provide practical solutions for ceramic and paper artifacts, based on new antifungal recipes, in order to reduce the impact of biodegradation of cultural heritage artifacts. The developed recipes, specific for each type of support material (ceramic and paper), will be based on the use of soft nanomaterials, applicable in the form of xerogels or spraying. The recipes will take into consideration the interaction between the developed materials and the support materials.
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Houben, Hugo, Alejandro Alva Balderrama, and Stefan Simon. "Our Earthen Architectural Heritage: Materials Research and Conservation." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 5 (May 2004): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.101.
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AbstractEarth construction is the oldest and most universal architectural expression on our planet. The most ancient human settlements were built with raw earth, and even today at least 30% of the world's population still lives in earthen homes. The conservation of earthen architecture depends of two aspects of a global strategy. One part involves intervention to preserve existing structures, and the second involves continuing to use the construction methods and materials in contemporary and future building practices. Traditionally, earth construction has been approached in an empirical way. Only recently have those involved in the field felt it necessary to develop a specific materials research attitude. This has resulted in major technological progress over the last 20 years. The wide range of building systems emphasizes the technological diversity of earth construction. This article presents a historical perspective, along with a review of the characteristics of earth as a building material, stabilization processes, and construction methods, and a report on an ongoing research program aimed at identifying and characterizing the fundamental binding mechanisms responsible for cohesion properties in earthen construction.
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Artioli, Gilberto. "Symmetry, light, materials: the crystallography of cultural heritage." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 71, a1 (August 23, 2015): s182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331509734x.
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ION, Rodica-Mariana, Miron ZAPCIU, Monica Costei Marinca, Lorena IANCU, and Ramona Marina GRIGORESCU. "CIRCULARITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Engineering Sciences 16, no. 2 (September 15, 2024): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscieng.2024.2.17.
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Historic buildings represent an ensemble of related to architecture, materials and technology of the era in which they were built and contribute to the knowledge of contemporary ones. Materials resulting from the demolition of old buildings, such as: bricks, wood and vegetal materials, concrete, gravel, stone and sand, masonry and rubble, metals, plastic, glass, drywall, cardboard and paper, sanitary fixtures, fibers (asbestos, glass, steel, natural), can get a new life, becoming part of a new building, streets, facades or even a city, in the context of circular architecture and the Smart City concept. The case of the specimens based on polyurethane waste will be discussed in this paper, as partial substitutes in the composition of new building structures. Also, methods for characterization and testing of these new compositions will be discussed and evaluated.
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Layne-Worthey, Glen, and J. Stephen Downie. "Guest editorial: Artificial intelligence for cultural heritage materials." Journal of Documentation 80, no. 5 (September 3, 2024): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-09-2024-275.
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Kirby, Daniel P., Michael Buckley, Ellen Promise, Sunia A. Trauger, and T. Rose Holdcraft. "Identification of collagen-based materials in cultural heritage." Analyst 138, no. 17 (2013): 4849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3an00925d.
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Barbakadze, Khatuna, Witold Brostow, Nathalie Hnatchuk, Giorgi Lekishvili, Badri Arziani, Krzysztof Zagórski, and Nodar Lekishvili. "Antibiocorrosive Hybrid Materials with High Durability." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.04.500.
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We have developed novel antibiocorrosive multifunctional hybrid materials based on functionalizedperfluoroalkylmethacrylate copolymerswith epoxy groups in main chainsand selected biologically active compounds.The hybrids are transparent, showgood adhesion to various surfaces (plastic, wood),high viscoelastic recovery in scratch testing,low wear rates and glass transitions above 323 K. No phase separation is seen in scanning electron micrography. Enhanced mechanical strength and good abrasion resistance are advantages for uses of our protective and antibiocorrosive coatings in various applications including protection of cultural heritage.
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Doni, Mihaela, Irina Fierascu, and Radu Claudiu Fierascu. "Recent Developments in Materials Science for the Conservation and Restoration of Historic Artifacts." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (December 5, 2024): 11363. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311363.
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The preservation of cultural heritage artifacts presents complex challenges that require innovative solutions to prevent deterioration and extend the lifespan of priceless historical objects. Advances in materials science are revolutionizing the field of cultural heritage conservation and restoration, offering new techniques and materials that enhance the protection, stability, and aesthetic integrity of artifacts. This review explores cutting-edge technologies and materials developed for the conservation and restoration of heritage artifacts, including nanomaterials, smart materials, and bio-inspired polymers. Case studies highlight successful applications of these technologies on various artifacts, from ancient manuscripts to architectural heritage. This review also addresses the challenges associated with integrating modern materials into conservation practices, including compatibility, reversibility, and long-term effects. By synthesizing current research and technological advancements, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how advanced materials are transforming the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, ensuring the preservation of human history for future generations.
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Shirvani Dastgerdi, Ahmadreza, Flavio Stimilli, Carlo Pisano, Massimo Sargolini, and Giuseppe De Luca. "Heritage waste management." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-07-2019-0087.
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Purpose The considerable volume of rubble generated by the 2016–2017 earthquakes in central Italy reveals a significant issue in the post-disaster reconstruction phase. Drawing from the experience of Macerata province and the city of Camerino, the purpose of this paper is to explore a possible change of attitude in the reuse of heritage waste materials in the reconstruction process of damaged historical villages and towns in Italy. Design/methodology/approach This research outlines a comparison between national and regional directives on the rubble management on the one hand, and the praxis on the other, carrying out semi-structured interviews with experts who have been involved in the reconstruction process of Macerata province and Camerino, in Marche region. Findings The research reveals that the current vision in Italy for the management of disaster waste is still very close to the traditional paradigm that gives heritage waste an intrinsic value, worthy of great efforts for its collection, catalogue and preservation in view of the likely philological restoration of the damaged heritage. The most recent experiences in Camerino show that institutions responsible for the conservation of cultural heritage may accept a possible paradigm shift towards a more innovative and less expert-driven approach to heritage waste materials and their possible upcycling. Originality/value Within a critique of the traditional restoration paradigm, this article links disaster waste management to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, to enhance the long-term sustainability of historical villages and towns in Italy.
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Kang, Soyeong. "A Study on the Analysis of Cultural Heritage Guide Materials as Public Language: Focusing on the Analysis of Cultural Heritage Guide in Andong." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.5.44.5.1.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the cultural heritage guide data, which can be said to be a representative type of public language from the perspective of immigrants living in Korea, to clarify problems, and to suggest improvement directions so that they can efficiently understand the information of cultural assets through public language. The cultural heritage guide material is a guide material for immigrants to understand the culture and values of Korea, and has useful value as an actual educational material. In particular, cultural heritage information materials have the characteristics of a public language that conveys Korean history and cultural facts at tourist attractions. To this end, data on Hahoe Village, Confucian academy(Seowon: Byeongsanseowon, Dosanseowon), and Manhyujeong were collected and analyzed among the representative cultural heritages of the Andong region to communicate the official language of foreign migrants. Information materials were used as research subjects for information, guidebooks, and video-produced content materials that can be used as real education materials. Problem analysis derived problems at the level of language regulation, vocabulary level, information level, and culture level based on accuracy and communication from the perspective of immigrants. As a result of the analysis, in terms of accuracy, there are many misrepresentations of the language regulations, and vocabulary grades are also difficult to understand due to the high-level vocabulary. It was confirmed that there was also a problem with the degree of communication in the level of information and culture. In the future, the direction of public language should be renewed by expanding immigrants to members of society, and in order to communicate and coexist with them, cultural heritage guidance materials should be carefully reviewed in terms of accuracy and communication and continuously improved.
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Achille, Cristiana, and Fausta Fiorillo. "Teaching and Learning of Cultural Heritage: Engaging Education, Professional Training, and Experimental Activities." Heritage 5, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 2565–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030134.
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The preservation of cultural heritage through education and training has always been a relevant issue and, sure enough, can contribute to the accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030 (e.g., 4: Quality education, 8: Decent work and economic growth, 11: Sustainable cities and communities). The pandemic experience substantially influenced this topic for two key reasons. First, it has revolutionized the approach to teaching and learning activities, involving technological and digital innovations in this area for extreme and urgent necessities. The second aspect is that it has encouraged the rediscovery of minor heritages closer to one’s own territorial identity, strengthening the link with the local community. Understanding the role and importance of cultural heritage begins in the school; therefore, education is an essential and indispensable stage. At all educational levels, beginning with primary school, the necessary training activities for specific professional figures should be implemented. The transformation related to the cultural heritage professional figure must include both awareness of heritage value and excellent practical and theoretical skills. The research presented focuses on proposing new training paradigms that are highly professionalizing and involving.
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Zhang, Qian. "Harmonizing and Accreting between History and Reality of the European Architectural Heritage." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1358.
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There are a lot of architectural heritage be reused in practical life in Europe. The history and the reality can be harmonized and accreted together in these architectural heritages. The original appearance, the building structure and the stone materials are retained of the architectural heritage when they undertake the new social function. When the architectural heritage shows their new face to the people, they also demonstrate their own history and cultural characteristics. All of this is useful for a city to illustrate its development of local culture context. This topic focus on the designing practice of the Musee d'Art Contemporain de Bordeaux of France. From analyzing the designing concept and the designing means of the architects in transferring an old storehouse into a modern museum, the topic does research of the successful experiment in continuing the historic and cultural context and adapting the new function of the architectural heritage itself and its environment. And these researches can give us some inspiration and reference in our correlative research work.
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Wang, Ximo, Huimin Li, Yufei Wang, and Xiaofan Zhao. "Quantifying the Potential Co-Benefit of Air Quality Improvement on Cultural Heritage in China." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 28, 2023): 8709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118709.
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Atmospheric pollutants can corrode heritage materials, especially stone, which can cause a great loss that goes far beyond the economic losses of the degraded materials. Over the past decades, conventional air pollutants have been slashed owing to clean air actions in China, which produces a significant co-benefit for heritage conservation. However, the benefits may be offset by increases in the photochemical oxidants in smog, such as ozone, which damage heritage materials. This study employed dose–response functions to quantify the impacts of air pollutants on the surface recession of the limestone of heritage structures in China, and assessed the potential benefits of air quality improvement for heritage conservation. The results show that the annual recession rate decreased from 9.69 μmy−1 in 2006 to 6.71 μmy−1 in 2020, resulting in a 41.4% increase in the number of heritage sites meeting the ICP Materials (International Co-operative Program on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments) control target of 8 µmy−1 for 2020. The air quality improvement avoided CNY 136.2 million in heritage site maintenance costs. The recession risk shows distinct regional differences; the southern and northwest regions are still at a higher material corrosion level than the northern and Qinghai–Tibet regions. Nationwide, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) is the main risk factor responsible for the surface recession of limestone material of heritage structures in China. The study provides evidence for the benefits of air quality improvement for heritage conservation. Further, the study also puts forward policy recommendations for heritage conservation, including assessing pollution risk, promoting heritage conservation through social sustainability, and implementing differentiated conservation strategies.
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Lafta, Naseer Sabbar. "Prospects for preserving Iraq's architectural heritage." Akkad Journal Of Law And Public Policy 1, no. 4 (March 18, 2022): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.55202/ajlpp.v1i4.86.
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The Iraqi Antiquities and Heritage Act No. 55 of 2002, through its provisions to the Archaeological Authority, allowed the disposal of heritage materials through specific legal conditions by displaying heritage materials to the public, preserving them, or evacuating heritage areas in the event of a threat to them, as well as the possibility of showing them for scientific study purposes, as well as to be communicated to the public in museums and exhibitions inside Iraq. However, all these legal conditions permitted by the legislator to the archaeological authority are not without dangers that may accompany them, including vandalism, extinction, demolition, theft, and fire, and this causes an irreparable loss. In this study, we try to establish the possibility of securing materials for Iraq's architectural heritage, which we are trying to provide through the general rules of the insurance contract. We divided this research into two types of research that were the first title on the concept of the danger of securing architectural heritage materials. The second topic is entitled The Benefits of this insurance by putting the insurance of architectural heritage materials into practice
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Podder, Apurba K. "ORDINARY HERITAGE." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 12, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i2.1534.
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The motives behind the selection of heritage buildings for conservation are conventionally founded on an elitist sense of historicity and romantic nostalgia of the past. This paper argues that such an approach has a tendency to be temporally rigid, object-focused and exoticism-biased. Often many of the buildings selected as heritage are those built by extensive labour and expensive materials and patronized by the wealthy. Little, however, has been explored on the relation between heritage and aspects of ordinary life, where, in many cases, the latter continue to infuse meaning into the former’s present heritage status. This paper uses a non-participant observational lens to examine an old market tissue in Khulna, an ex-colonial city in Bangladesh and proposes a new notion called ‘ordinary heritage’. Ordinary heritage, as argued, relies on historically persistent socio-economic transactions of the common and the ordinary in their everyday and occasional pursuit for livelihood. These transactions of ordinary people, which are temporally non-static and evolving, take place within and around the architecture of the built environment, making the production of architecture to be fluid, dynamic and most importantly temporary. It forces architecture to constantly evolve, while negotiating the aspiration, needs, aesthetic and reasoning of ordinary subjects. Ordinary heritage thus manifests as a socio-spatial-temporal assemblage innate to an urban tissue that runs as a single organism.
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Rabinovich, Daniel. "Cultural Heritage Chemistry." Chemistry International 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0234.
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Abstract The tools of analytical chemistry, and the expertise and enthusiasm of many of its practitioners, have had a profound influence in the field of cultural heritage [1, 2]. Analytical techniques, especially those involving non-destructive methods of examination, have played a key role in the characterization, restoration, and preservation of an incredible range of works of art and cultural heritage, including ceramics, textiles, paintings, books, drawings, sculptures, jewelry, and a myriad of artifacts made of glass, wood, or metal. In addition, modern analytical instrumentation has been successfully applied to study the techniques used to produce heritage materials, to verify the authorship or estimate the date of pieces of art, and to detect reproductions and forgeries.
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Grigoryeva, Elena. "heritage without alternatives." проект байкал 19, no. 74 (January 5, 2023): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/pb.74.25.
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There are subjects for which there should be no alternatives. It is not a question whether it is necessary to protect and study cultural and historical heritage. There should not be any alternatives.We continue to publish materials on the heritage of different periods of history and different parts of the world. The Russian-Chinese theme is consistently studied in the works of Pacific University scholars. Even when careless officials remove cultural monuments from the lists, the public and the professional community speak up. This time, an entire historic quarter in Irkutsk is under threat. Students and professionals stood up to defend two old stone buildings. They backed up their position with the development of the ensemble and the creation of a new system of public spaces inlaid in the historic centre of the city.
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Spence, Jaqueline. "Preserving the cultural heritage." Aslib Proceedings 58, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00012530610713597.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to assess the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) model from the perspective of small organisations and to offer a tentative methodology for the provision of a standard framework to serve the movement and preservation of digital materials and associated metadata between organisations, maintaining OAIS compliance throughout.Design/methodology/approachStructured analysis of the INGEST function, moving through three scenario‐based transfers of digital materials, using Lavoie's economic models for digital preservation to demonstrate the relevance of the function and sub‐functions.FindingsProvides a conceptual example of how the OAIS model can be used in a multiple transfer context, working through three scenarios for one function of the standard. Describes how the research will be carried forward to complete the analytical framework and test with a real digital deposit.Practical implicationsProvides a means by which small organisations can begin to consider the preservation of their digital assets and assess their position in relation to the OAIS model.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the difficulties of practical implementation of the OAIS model and suggests a way forward for achieving seamless transfer of digital records that can be used by both small donor organisations and larger receiving institutions.
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Jo, Sang Yoon, Jung Hae Park, and Soo Chul Kim. "Experimental Study for Consolidating Materials for Conservation Treatment of Woodblock." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.2.10.
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test piece was produced using deteriorated pine tree for the conservation treatment of woodblocks cultural heritage, and weight change, color change and penetration diffusion characteristics of the test piece according to the application of Dammar, Wax, Paraloid B-72, Animal glue and H.P.C treatment agent. As a result, it was confirmed that Dammar is the most suitable treatment agent for the strengthening of the material while maintaining the original color of the wood. A test piece was produced using deteriorated porous natural wood, which the damage condition is similar to that of woodblocks cultural heritage and the main tree of woodblocks cultural heritage based on above result, and the application of each Dammar concentration (2%, 5%) and wetting of each Dammar concentration (10%, 15%) were conducted in order to find out the application concentration and treatment method of Dammar, and weight change, penetration diffusion characteristics, etc. were observed. As a result, it was found that the Dammar 2% application was the best as an effective method for the strengthening of the material while maintaining the original color of the wood. Therefore, it is judged that Dammar 2% application is most suitable for the strengthening treatment of woodblocks cultural heritage with severe insect damage and degradation.
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Prieto Mochales, Luis. "On the importance of materials in the Monegros colonisation settlements." ZARCH, no. 13 (September 28, 2019): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2019133919.
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Two central elements converge in the heritage values of Spain’s colonisation settlements in general and of those in the Los Monegros region in particular: the notion of the single unit and the fusion of modernity and tradition. Materials play an important role in both aspects. This analysis seeks to identify the values in the original projects that are essential in order to recognise colonisation settlements as examples of architectural and urban heritage. The premise of this analysis is that the materials used to build these towns and villages have inherent value and, as such, must be maintained and conserved.
This paper forms part of a larger research framework, a doctoral thesis currently underway, in which the present conditions, degree of conservation and causes of deterioration observed in the colonisation settlements of Los Monegros are being analysed. After a series of general reflections on the architectural heritage of the materials, and after subsequent study of their current condition of the materials, guidelines are proposed for the improvement of their conservation. A series of possible criteria are also set out that can serve as a guide for any interventions to be made to the architectural heritage of these settlements, which are part of the overall history of Spain’s agrarian colonisation project.
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Gibbons, Patti. "Assessing Risk and Safeguarding Rare Library Materials During Exhibition Loans." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 5, no. 1 (January 2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2016010102.
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Rare book and archival materials on loan to libraries and other cultural heritage institutions are very often historically significant, highly valuable, and frequently irreplaceable. Lenders minimize risks present during exhibitions loans of these valuable materials by identifying and addressing possible threats during the loan review process. This article provides information on specific ways special collection libraries assess and limit risks presented during exhibition loans to better safeguard important cultural heritage materials.
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Birara, Desalegn. "Oromumma is Anti-Vestige Ideology Destroying Heritages in Ethiopia." Global Journal of Cultural Studies 2 (September 17, 2023): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2817-2310.2023.02.06.
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This research has been undertaken to assess the empirical implications of the ruling political ideology, since 2018, on the endeavors of protecting cultural heritage in Ethiopia. The study employed critical reviews of the grand-development projects emphasizing the impacts of reconstruction/reestablishment interventions on heritages. Longitudinal data of cases has been collected using site observations and key informant interviews to analyze the status & impacts of interventions. A cross-sectional in-depth interview with key informants and site observation at the Monasteries of lake Tana was undertaken, besides the case follow-up of Heritage houses in Addis Ababa. In both research contexts the assessment uncovered the same pattern of events that destroyed heritages. Heritage houses & items that memorize the monarchical era and the Orthodox Christianity are beleaguered intervention contexts. The construction projects entirely changed their context and features, erasing their cultural and historical background. It is asserted that Oromumma is a political & sociocultural ideology that erases existing features to lay its foundations on a scratch. In the case of the island Monasteries, frescoes are found to be dilapidated because of renovation deprivation. The style of painting and the raw materials used to make the paint for making these frescoes in the medieval era is not available anymore. Hence, discussions with heritage owners and expert opinions commend consideration of revitalizing the ancient knowledge of making and curating frescoes in the academic curriculum to produce capable human power.
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Clark, Julia, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Alicia Ventresca Miller, Sandra Vanderwarf, Isaac Hart, Gino Caspari, and William Timothy Treal Taylor. "Mongolia’s Frozen Heritage." Journal of Glacial Archaeology 5 (August 15, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jga.19784.
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While pastoral cultures from Mongolia and the dry steppes of eastern Eurasia have had an outsized impact on Eurasian history, the region’s geomorphology, reliance on organic materials, and a nomadic culture that lacks long-lasting architecture on the landscape have conspired to limit our knowledge of important anthropological processes in the deep past. Frozen archaeological sites, including permafrost and finds from glaciers and ice patches, serve as a key exception to this rule, providing detailed snapshots into the ancient lifeways of Mongolia’s mountain zones. However, these sites pose unique challenges for archaeological conservation, and rapid climate warming, paired with other issues like looting, threatens to degrade them faster than they can be identified, studied, or preserved. Here we summarize the known frozen heritage of Mongolia and highlight a recent to-date unpublished case study on salvaging and studying frozen archaeological sites.
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Analytical Methods Committee AMCTB No. 109. "X-ray micro-computed tomography for heritage building materials." Analytical Methods 13, no. 48 (2021): 5875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay90154k.
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X-ray micro-computed tomography can provide information about the composition and internal structure of materials commonly found in heritage buildings such as natural stone, mortar, brick, concrete and wood.
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Charola, A. Elena. "Conserving Stone Heritage. Traditional and Innovative Materials and Techniques." Journal of Cultural Heritage 55 (May 2022): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.04.001.
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Ranogajec, J., S. Paμaliμ, H. Hirμenberger, and S. Vujovic. "Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects with Multifunctional Advanced Materials." International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 1, no. 1_suppl (January 2012): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2047-4970.1.0.255.
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