Дисертації з теми "Heritage approach"

ABSTRACT AN APPROACH FOR CONSERVATION OF RAILWAY HERITAGE
ASSESSING AND EXPERIENCING THE iZMiR &ndash
AYDIN RAILWAY LINE Kö
Sgeroglu, Fahrettin Emrah M.S., Department of Architecture in Restoration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neriman Sahin Gü
ç
han July 2005, 209 pages The aim of this thesis is to prepare a conservation project proposal for the first railway line in Anatolia which is the izmir &ndash
Aydin Railway Line constructed between 1856 and 1866. The historical, political and social background is included in to the subject as well as the recent international debates on railway heritage conservation which provides main frame for the thesis. Here, the problems regarding the Anatolian railway heritage will be defined and to develop a framework for the necessary conservation activities will be suggested including a proposal for the izmir &ndash
Aydin railway line as the case study. Considering the multidimensional aspects of railway heritage the architecture of the railway stations were chosen as the main focus of the thesis. The station complexes were examined in detail for this purpose. In addition to architectural survey, the history of the line, its political background, the geography in which the line is placed are included into this thesis. The evaluation and the proposal have been developed according to this wide set of information.

When designing educational programme in the field of heritage conservation, community service learning approach may not be the first thing that comes to most heritage conservation educator’s mind. In this study the researcher has engaged in a discussion of the association of community service learning to heritage conservation education. The researcher have tried to make clear why she believe that community service learning, as an innovative pedagogical approach, has important things to say about today’s heritage conservation education. Proceeding from fieldworks, through analysis to explanation, based on direct and participant observations and interviews; two heritage training projects are reviewed to illustrate how community service learning can facilitate heritage conservation education. The researcher hope that other researchers will learn from the study, and educators will be able to critically examine which kind of pedagogical approach is more appropriate for today’s heritage conservation education.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

This doctoral thesis explores community participation in heritage tourism planning as a sustainable solution to real-world cultural heritage problems, such as neglect and degradation at economically-deprived areas. In particular, the study examines how the strategic design of heritage tourism can accommodate the active involvement of destination hosts, such as local residents and business owners, and their meaningful collaboration with heritage managers and policymakers. The literature suggests that destination communities are heavily affected by tourism activity and their contribution to tourism planning is vital for achieving commitment to sustainability goals. Although the theoretical grounds of community involvement are well set, heritage tourism management has been slow in applying participatory approaches. Consequently, there is little empirical work on the practical implications of realising a more pluralist governance for heritage tourism and limited evidence to convince current ‘power-holders’ such as state officials to share their power with non-expert stakeholders. This project aspires to fill this void by exploring the process and particularities of instigating community participation at destination level in areas with no previous participatory experience. By adopting the case-study approach, it explores Kastoria, a peripheral emerging destination in Greece, conducting for the first time an ex-ante assessment of the challenges and complexities involved in pursuing community involvement on Arnstein’s (1969) rungs of ‘citizen power’. Following a novel mixed methodological approach, the study generates primary fieldwork data through semi-structured interviews, an attitudinal questionnaire survey and a quasi-field economic experiment applied to the tourism field for the first time. By doing so it provides important empirical evidence and draws useful theoretical and practical conclusions that increase our knowledge of community-inclusive planning in critical issues, such as the drivers of participation and the dynamics of collaborative decision-making.

This thesis through Bakhtinian philosophy addresses extensive disagreement with official, monologic and monumentalist discourse of Mirase Farhangui, and widespread anxiety about loss of heritage fabric in Iran. It argues that Iranian heritage is polyphonic and answers the question of what is the best way to conceptualise Iranian heritage that would ensure a stronger conservation? It theorises Yadegar as a dialogic and familiar discourse, entrenched in Iranian culture, which provides better protection for Iranian heritage sites.

This thesis deals with Taiwan as a post-colonial nation, with an identity that remains somewhat ambiguous, from both internal and external perspectives. Specifically, in this thesis, the complexities of its Taiwan’s multicultural legacies are explored through the presentation in industrial heritage sites. Industrial heritage in Taiwan is mainly the product of the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945, which spans the first half of the twentieth century. This fifty-year colonial industrialisation is arguably Taiwan’s most influential industrial heritage because it began a rapid process of modernisation that is continuing today. The key to this process is the industrialisation that led to the development of main parts of the island, catalysed new communities and social patterns and structured daily life. These industrial locations have now become heritage sites for tourism and creative development, Moreover, the interpretation of these sites highlights the re-contextualisation of the Taiwanese legacy from both political and economic perspectives. However, these sites also reveal some highly problematic place-related aspects of the colonial narrative. This thesis examines how this heritage is produced in a society that remains connected to Japanese culture, a society in which industrial heritage is influenced by the increasing convergence between cultural tourism, museumification and commercialisation Furthermore, new relationships are identified, which reflect the patterns and trends of wider economic, social and cultural changes. The thesis concludes by offering a deeper understanding of the valorisation of industrial heritage in Taiwan and its influence on broader Taiwanese narratives of geopolitics and global heritage agenda.

This study presents the findings of cross-sectional psycholinguistic research investigating the first-language acquisition of Turkish among heritage speakers in Germany. Studies in heritage language acquisition in the last decades have provided increasing evidence that heritage speakers do not always converge on the grammars of native speakers, which is predominantly explained in relation to estimates of reduced input and output conditions. Nonetheless, Montrul (2010) underlines the fact that estimates of input cannot be used as measurements and addresses the need for a well-established theoretical framework that will account for the development of heritage speakers’ linguistic system to explain why heritage speakers succeed - or fail - in language acquisition in the ways that they do. This study aims to fill this gap by looking at the phenomena from a developmental perspective within the formalisms of Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998, 2005), a well-established crosslinguistic approach to acquisition based on the architecture of the human language processor, but which has not previously been applied to Turkish. This study investigated the grammatical competence of twenty-four young heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany by testing their online processing of various Turkish grammatical structures, focusing on passives and subject relative clauses. The results demonstrate that the language acquisition of Turkish heritage speakers is developmentally constrained by availability of processing mechanisms. The participants displayed a clear hierarchy in their development, with competence in the processing of basic grammatical structures that are canonically mapped, but with gaps in the processing of complex structures such as passives and subject relative clauses that are non-canonically mapped and involve long-distance dependencies. This study thus contributes important insights both to theoretical accounts of acquisition of Turkish, and to the wider study of heritage language acquisition.

The UNESCO World heritage inscription has become popular with 1000+ sites nowadays, when it was introduced after the Second World War in order to protect significant areas such as landscapes and buildings. The popularity is visible in terms of touristic benefits and shows an attractive feature for the designated site, transforming the World Heritage label into a brand. However, this research finds the World Heritage brand is becoming weak in its ability to attract tourists which is in contrast with prevailing views found in preceding studies. The point of departure of this research is the situation on World Heritage Southern Öland what has influenced the scope of research focusing mainly on Nordic perspectives (Sweden, Denmark and Germany). The purpose of this paper is to call for improved stakeholder management at World Heritage sites to improve the brand and analyses the situation and practices in Sweden, Denmark and to a very limited extent, Germany. The research is based on theoretical stakeholder framework and cross-case analysis based on two case studies done in Denmark and Sweden employing data collection by interviews and questionnaires. It describes the stakeholder management and networking as contributors to the branding of the World Heritage sites. This paper shows various limitations of using the World Heritage brand and how World Heritage sites may attempt to strengthen themselves by creating a common network as well as using it as a local destination brand for commercial purpose.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business and Management Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
This study is aimed at determining whether the potential exists for further developing cultural and heritage tourism activities in the redeveloping District Six. A rich and diverse cultural heritage provides the basis from which the study examines whether the implementation of a cultural heritage tourism plan in the redeveloping area, is appropriate, will help address issues of restitution and ultimately contribute to the country’s cultural heritage tourism assets. Currently no formal tourism plan for District Six exists. A historical study provides an assessment of the areas’ cultural heritage assets, manifested in politics, music and dance, art, literature, and architecture. A search of existing cultural and heritage tourism literature was conducted in order to gain insight into the descriptive, theoretical and conceptual research questions identified. Relevant development policies and frameworks impacting and supporting potential tourism development in the area were examined. These include the DFD6 (2011) and the National Heritage Tourism Strategy (2012). Creative tourism was further examined as a tool to augment the tourism product and positively contribute to cultural regeneration. Business and functional linkages to assist the integration of District Six tourism into the broader economy were then identified. A comparative analysis of the introduction of a cultural heritage tourism plan in Genadendal is made. This area experienced similar socio- political and historical conditions as District Six. Thus, parallels of the potential challenges were drawn and opportunities identified. A theoretical model for cultural heritage tourism in District Six is then presented by identifying and explaining elements of model theory, discussing models applicable to the research area and adapting a normative framework for cultural heritage tourism on the Cape Flats. The model recommends solutions to problems such as a lack of capacity and skills, funding and investment, public participation and stakeholder engagement. Furthermore, an empirical survey in the form of in-depth interviews was administered to seventeen relevant academics, heritage and tourism practitioners, resident representatives and development consultants. The methodology included extracting qualitative data through transcribing interviews and thematically presenting and analysing the data. Finally, a list of recommendations is provided.

Recent observations have shown that many sandstone buildings, including important components of the UK's cultural heritage, are becoming covered with green algal growths. This is likely to result from recent changes in air quality and the impacts of a changing climate. The northern regions of the UK in particular have an abundance of sandstone heritage and, given the likelihood of warmer, wetter winters here, algal growth on vulnerable monuments is likely to become a primary conservation concern over the next 50 years. Observations of sandstone monuments in the northern regions of the UK, in particular in Belfast (Northern Ireland), Sheffield and Edinburgh have highlighted that algal greening is notably patchy. This is likely due to the array of factors which affect the bioreceptivity of host substrates such as sandstone. The bioreceptivity of a substrate (its ability to become colonised by microbes such as green algae) is dependent on inherent, external and architectural factors. The role of these factors and the interrelationships between them requires further study. This thesis aims to investigate the inherent, external and architectural factors which encourage colonisation of sandstone by green algae through an integrated programme of laboratory and field experimentation. The primary objectives of this study are: to develop improved laboratory experimental methods to control and monitor algal growth, to investigate the role of external, inherent and architectural factors and to explore the fundamental role of moisture in the development of algal greening. In order to address these objectives, laboratory and field experiments have been linked within an integrated overall methodology. Short-term laboratory experiments have investigated the bioreceptivity of four British sandstones (Peak Moor, Dungannon, St Bees and 'baluster stone') to single and mixed green algal treatment with Stichococcus bacillaris, Chlorella vulgaris and Desmococcus olivaceus, under controlled conditions. Two field experiments have also been conducted. The first exposed unweathered blocks of Dungannon sandstone in the wet environment of Derrygonnelly, Northern Ireland for 30 months. The second exposed reclaimed sandstone balusters in a shaded and exposed site in central Oxford for 12 months. The laboratory and field experiments presented utlilise a range of simple and accessible methods to monitor biofilm development (for example novel methods to map biomass) and changes in substrate condition (such as monitoring surface moisture movements with weight change and hand-held moisture meters, and using light microscopy to help visualise the impact of green algal biofilms). The results presented in this thesis confirm that moisture plays a fundamental role in the development of green algal biofilms. In laboratory experiments, colonisation often occurred within a consistent moisture zone and preferential greening in field experiments was observed in areas of frequent moisture movement. External factors have been shown to have a strong influence, in laboratory experiments where marine salts were applied, these were found to delay colonisation by around seven days. Furthermore, salts resulted in inhomogeneous patterns of colonisation, similar to those observed in scoping studies conducted in Sheffield. Laboratory experiments have also demonstrated that inherent substrate factors such as high porosity and presence of certain minerals (such as clay laminations in Dungannon) can increase the primary bioreceptivity of sandstone surfaces. Field experiments have demonstrated that architectural factors such as aspect and geometry can increase the bioreceptivity of exposed samples. In particular, preferential greening was observed on the dynamically wetted south west facing blocks in Derrygonnelly and on exposed compared with shaded balusters in Oxford. Greening was also concentrated in areas of rainwater flows and stores. Investigation of the role of external, inherent and architectural factors in the development of algal greening as provided by this project, supplies useful information for those managing our sandstone cultural heritage. This will enable more informed decisions to be made over appropriate management and conservation strategies for the future.

Urban relics, memories of bygone eras, sit desolate and disregarded on the Northern and Southern fringes of the City of Tshwane’s inner-city, also known as Pretoria. Flaking facades, uninviting margins and deflected gazes have resulted in forgotten city  narratives, narratives that are immortalised in these monuments.  These compositions of culture, and remnants of the past, have fallen prey to the swift progress of the city and have been left forgotten as they retreat into the shadows of their former grandeur. Dwarfed by the bustle of the city and it’s towering urban fabric, a generation unknowing pass these urban gems daily, unaware of their past splendour. Existing now only as  urban scars, these buildings become spectators to the continued advancing and changing cityscape, they become invisible remnants of the city’s cultural and historical landscape.  The dissertation aims to generate a landscape design proposal for the Old Staatsmuseum building as an attempt to reactivate one such urban relic, to return it to some of its historic grandeur, and imagining new ways for old buildings to inject meaning into the cityscape. Drawing inspiration from creative industries, such as art, media and functional creations, the project investigates landscape architecture’s potential to; regenerate and remodel buildings into creative sites, prevent their further decay, celebrate their inherent adaptive history and  make them accessible to the new generation of city dwellers and visitors. Furthermore, such an attempt also seeks to connect and enhance the otherwise fragmented urban nature within the City of Tshwane, by connecting the Old Staatsmusem, to its context of the National Zoological Gardens, and further afield to the grassland landscapes of Gauteng. Landscape architecture is therefore used to present an allusion of the “continuation of cultural phenomena through built infrastructure” (Wong 2017:30) and as a catalyst for urban regeneration in the Pretoria inner-city.
Mini Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Architecture
ML (Prof)
Unrestricted

This thesis examines the meaning-making processes of cultural heritage in Jordan. Although the term `cultural heritage' is used in the title because of its universal acceptance to indicate the physical material of the past, it is frequently questioned in this thesis, and the term `material of the past' is used instead. The first part of the thesis sets out the conventional approaches to identification, evaluation and management of `material of the past' in Jordan within their broader contexts. It investigates the dominant theories and practices that evolved and developed in the West, and that were imposed on, and accepted by, other parts of the world, through different processes such as colonisation, Westernisation, and the unchallenged implementation of universal charters and conventions. It then questions the universality and applicability of Western approaches in post-colonial contexts such as Jordan. Empowering people using cultural heritage is an essential element for establishing a sustainable approach to `material of the past': therefore, sustainability is investigated as a social process that highlights the ordinary, and empowers the marginalised, rather than as a product of the dominant `top-down' approaches. The relationship between people and places with temporal depth, and the significance of memories and stories in meaning-making processes of cultural heritage, are investigated within the context of literature on `sense of place'. The second part of the thesis examines conventional approaches to `material of the past' in Jordan, with specific emphasis on archaeological sites. Critical engagement with the discourses that are used to shape the modem Jordanian identity allows for new insights into meanings and uses of `material of the past'. The fieldwork of this study examines Jordanian communities' perceptions of, and attitudes towards, archaeological sites, using a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews conducted in three selected places (Hesban, the Citadel and Khreibt al-Suq) provide an understanding of the mechanisms through which local communities in Jordan create meanings for archaeological sites, and in some cases, transform them into cultural heritage: something that is closely relevant to their contemporary contexts and daily lives. The research then triangulates the data obtained from the two parts of the thesis to formulate an alternative approach to `material of the past' in Jordan. This approach is community-based, context-oriented and culture-led. It therefore constitutes a sustainable alternative to the tourism-oriented, monument-based and `top-down' conventional approach.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-105).
Conservation practice in Bhutan is based on two sets of guidelines. One, the Traditional Architectural guidelines that illustrates the entitlement of different architectural features based on the type of building. The other guideline is the Bhutan Building Rules that makes it compulsory to incorporate certain traditional architectural features in all other construction. Although these guidelines have succeeded in preserving the historic structures individually, through the piecemeal approach, it lacks the holistic approach to conservation that takes the neighborhood fabric into consideration which is an important component of vernacular Bhutanese Architecture. This thesis is an attempt to come up with an alternative approach to conservation practices in Bhutan, the holistic approach which is the adaptation of the Historic district concept to better achieve the conservation objective. I analyze the conservation practices in the United States by specifically looking at two historic districts - Beacon Hill in Boston and Charleston in South Carolina. Based on the analysis, my recommendations for the alternative approach to conservation in Bhutan - the Historic district concept includes a set of design guidelines applicable within the historic districts while also looking at ways to make the historic district sustainable economically.
by Sonam Gayleg.
M.C.P.

This dissertation research examines how shared aspects of identity are constructed among the Druze in Lebanon and how it contributes to conceptualizations of heritage. Assessing the educational resources focused on aspects of Druze heritage, the barriers to cultural preservation were elucidated. Utilizing a number of qualitative research methods, participants’ feedback constructed a narrative that considers what they believe to be at risk for their community. These issues included addressing a perceived knowledge gap wherein the majority of Druze expressed a need to expand the educational resources in their community. Participants defined the kinds of resources and social supports that are lacking and explained how existing texts, lectures, and seminars should be improved, increased, and made more accessible. This dissertation is a result of ethnographic fieldwork which I conducted throughout 2014. Having lived in the town of Aley, Lebanon, I conducted research interviews with individuals that represented a broad spectrum of society, taking into account women and men of different ages with diverse social, economic, and educational backgrounds. Through participant observation, I shared many of the daily experiences of research participants and observed the Druze in their regular lives, their social gatherings, and at sites of historical significance. Using a political economic theoretical framework, this research also explored the diversity of ways in which social phenomena are contested among the Druze in Lebanon. While much of the anthropological and social science research on heritage focuses on its material components, utilizing pre-established models that conflate heritage with tangible symbolic expressions, a political economic approach insists that the context of social structures are taken into account. This also lends itself to a conceptualization of heritage as a process by which individuals create meaning in their lives, which are shaped by social contexts such as history and contemporary culture. This research highlights the fact that a priori models that fail to consider both social structures and the fundamental perspectives of participants are based upon ideologies that lack a critical academic lens. This dissertation demonstrates that while Druze particularism often necessitated a level of conformity and ascription to traditional values, the diversity of individual approaches to shared identity contributed to the plasticity of cultural forms and varieties of self-expression. As well, expanded and improved educational resources that encourage individuals to learn more about their history and the basic tenets of their faith were widely seen as a valued means of ensuring the society’s continuation.

The thesis shows the study behind the design process and the realization of the robotic solution for museum purposes called Virgil. The research started with the literature review on museums management and the critic analysis of signi cant digital experiences in the museum eld. Then, it continues analyzing the museum and its relation with the territory and the cultural heritage. From this preliminary analysis stage, signi cant issue related to museum management analysis comes out: nowadays many museum areas are not accessible to visitors because of issues related to security or architectural barriers. Make explorable these areas is one of the important topics in the cultural debate related to the visiting experience. This rst stage gave the knowledge to develop the outlines which brought to the realization of an ef cient service design then realized following robot ethical design values. One of the pillars of the robot ethical design is the necessity to involve all the stakeholders in the early project phases, for this reason, the second stage of the research was the study of the empathic relations between museum and visitors. In this phase, facilitator factors of this relation are de ned and transformed into guidelines for the product system performances. To perform this stage, it has been necessary create a relation between all the stakeholders of the project, which are: Politecnico di Torino, Tim (Telecom Italia Mobile) JOL CRAB research laboratory and Terre dei Savoia which is the association in charge of the Racconiggi’s Castle, the context scenario of the research. The third stage of the research, provided the realization of a prototype of the robot, in this stage telepresence robot piloted the Museum Guide it is used to show, in real time, the inaccessible areas of the museum enriched with multimedia contents. This stage concludes with the nal test user, from the test session feedback analysis, many of people want to drive themselves the robot. To give an answer to user feedback an interactive game has been developed. The game is based both on the robot ability to be driven by the visitors and also on the capacity of the robot to be used as a platform for the digital telling. To be effective, the whole experience it has been designed and tested with the support of high school students, which are one of the categories less interested in the traditional museum visit. This experience wants to demonstrate that the conscious and ethical use of the robotic device is effectively competitive, in term of performances, with the other solutions of digital visit: because it allows a more interactive digital experience in addition to the satisfaction of the physical visit at the museum.

The development of modern architecture, which was first introduced to Taiwan by the Japanese when they occupied the island, has destroyed the identity and continuity of traditional Taiwanese architecture. Modern architecture, with its emphasis on materialistic and technological aspects, is fundamentally different from traditional architecture. The former depends on denying what is essential to the latter. However, modern technology is genuinely international and most people in Taiwan seem to want to enjoy its advantages, such as new methods of building construction, which have offered a better technical solution to many problems than traditional architecture could. However, architecture is not merely a technological product, it is also an embodiment of the worldview of the people of a region. The most important question in the contemporary architectural development of Taiwan is, therefore, to see how modern innovations could be embedded in the regional heritage so as to achieve a new architecture within the parameters of modern referents while maintaining a quality relying on nourishment from regional traditions. The thesis is an inquiry into the prospect of developing such a new architecture for Taiwan, which, it is argued, can be achieved by a Critical Regionalist approach. Critical Regionalism is a concept as well as an approach that attempts to evoke a condition of authenticity in which a new architecture can be consciously originated out of the traditional architectural characteristics of a particular region in order to withstand the domination of Modernism. The contents of the thesis are centred on the following themes: differences between traditional and modern architecture; problems of the contemporary architectural development of Taiwan; the development of Post-Modernism, Alexander's Pattern Language, the Phenomenology of Architecture, and Regionalism in architecture; the dialectics of Critical Regionalism; characteristics of traditional Taiwanese architecture; and the discussion of the regional consciousness in contemporary Taiwanese architecture. Today, society in Taiwan is no longer completely traditional although a number of traditions still survive. People live in a society codified according to two different sets of values and beliefs. The problem of how to preserve the valuable aspects of the regional heritage, including regional architecture, in a situation where tradition is in rapid decline is crucial. It is demonstrated in the thesis that Critical Regionalism presents a possibility that an authentic architecture can be developed out of contradictory elements and sources. In the past, most criticisms of modern architectural development were based on either the purely functional aspects or the style of the building which are only parts of architecture. The Critical Regionalist approach enables both architects and critics to emancipate themselves from such narrow interpretations. With the help of this approach, both architects and critics can now look at architecture from a much broader point of view. The thesis aims to show the way towards this new understanding of architecture.

This research attempts to describe the material culture of the Gaelic labouring classes living in western Ulster in the Late Medieval period. The research combines ethnohistorical contextual and technical scientific analysis of ‘chance’ finds discovered in the region’s bogs. Technical analysis dates fifteen museum objects, characterises the materials from which they were made, and explores their cultural significance. Absolute dating indicates that one third of the 15 objects analysed relate to the Gaelic lordships of late medieval western Ulster, with the remainder reflecting aspects of Iron Age and Post-Medieval material culture and related cultural pracrices. Contextual analysis of the later medieval objects and their find locations provides new insights into Gaelic Irish culture and landscape interactions in this period and place. In addition, the research explores the trajectory of indigenous materiality in western Ulster beyond the Late Medieval period. To this end, the thesis examines the relationship between Late Medieval indigenous materiality, and the folk material culture that emerges in western Ulster in the Modern period.
Heritage Consortium, Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK)

This thesis tries to define &lsquo
landscape archaeology&rsquo
as a concept
it describes and analyzes the key landscape archaeology types, dynamics, and approaches. Then, it aims to define the landscape archaeological characteristics of the Troad Region in this context. The archaeological landscape character of the Troad Region shapes the importance of the area, not only for the Anatolian culture, but also for the European cultures and for archaeology discipline. Hence, the necessity of conservation works for the area with the horizon of this concept gains importance. Thesis defines what had been done for the area in terms of conservation and reviews the Long Term Development Plan prepared for the Troia Historical National Park Area. With a critical view of what has been done and what has not been done, it tries to emphasize the importance of grasping the landscape archaeological character of the area in conservation and management plan works. It gives a general guideline to ensure a sustainable future for the historic, cultural, social, economic and environmental nature and qualities of these kinds of areas.

Language has been seen as a central pillar to ethnic identity. When languages are at risk, therefore, the relationship between language and ethnic identity can become particularly salient (Edwards, 1991). Heritage languages, in particular, often face what has been called a language shift, where the heritage language is replaced by the dominant language. When the heritage language is threatened, what happens to the heritage identity? In an attempt to answer this question, this study investigated the relationship between language and ethnic identity among 75 Gaelic learners living in eastern Nova Scotia. In order to identify the specific processes of heritage language use, the Gaelic learners were compared to non-learners of Gaelic and French learners living in the same milieu. Path analyses indicated that, among Gaelic learners, there is an initial separation of language and ethnic identity, but that, over time, ethnic identity is a direct outcome of language use. This finding was unique to the heritage language learners. Further, desired language vitality was a direct precursor to contact, language confidence, Gaelic and Anglophone identity and willingness to communicate among Gaelic learners. Actual language vitality played no role in the language use process among Gaelic learners, suggesting that vitality perceptions that are egocentric are better predictors of language use than those that are exocentric. The implications of these findings are discussed not only in relation to the future of Gaelic in Nova Scotia, but also to the survival of heritage languages in general.

Fair face lime-based brickwork is one of the most popular types of fa?ade in early colonial buildings in Hong Kong. A good proportion of such buildings are slowly but inexorably disappearing. Since the sixties, the awareness of the general public in heritage preservation of Hong Kong started in its embryonic form, gradually evolved through the seventies and eighties, gaining momentum to active involvement in the nineties, and finally to the organized and pragmatic approach of today. In 1976, the Hong Kong Government enacted the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance to ensure that the best examples of Hong Kong’s heritage are protected. With the establishment of the Antiquities and Monuments Office in at the same year, a number of buildings with historical and architectural values have been declared as monument or included in the list of graded heritage buildings since then and their conditions are being concerned. However, conservation principles have not been highlighted in our local heritage building maintenance practices. Perhaps, due to client’s intention, funding constrains, and/or lacking of skillful craftsmen and expert supervision, incompatible building materials and inappropriate methods have been applied on those fair face brickwork fa?ade. More and more evidence shows that such maintenance practices worsen the condition of the historic fa?ade and causing damages to the heritage. No doubt, fa?ades of those deteriorating heritage buildings are deserved proper maintenance and repair under appropriate conservation approaches. The focus of this dissertation is upon the understanding the issue of brickwork failure particularly owning to the saturation of soluble salt in brickwork attributed to various inappropriate maintenance approaches. To establish a guideline for lime-based brickwork fa?ade maintenance to ensure longevity, reduce costs and improve value.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Community-driven approach to Heritage Conservation has been increasingly discussed internationally. One of the principles in the Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas drawn up by International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) stated “the participation and the involvement of the residents are essential for the success of the conservation programme and should be encouraged.” (ICOMOS 1987) One of the more well-known bottom-up approaches is Machizukuri from Japan. 　　The origin of Machizukuri in Japan largely stems from the desire of local residents to maintain and develop aspects of their living environment that can otherwise be threatened by external forces. The need to voice out on behalf of their own community is often a relatable trait for various communities all around the world. 　　In the case of Machizukuri, its origin was cast in the backdrop of a post-war Japan, where at first glance the entire country seemed to homogeneously focus solely on modernisation and economic development regardless of costs (Siegenthaler 2004, 3). But as the truth revealed, many local communities—far away from the Japan National Government in Tokyo and its consideration when shaping the country’s urban planning scheme of the time—often differ from the opinions of top-down decision makers on how their own neighbourhood should be developed. 　　When this Japanese concept of bottom-up approach first started, the leaders of these organisations were mainly made up of local non-professional residents, contrasting greatly to the conventional decision makers comprised of scholars and bureaucrats—the “traditional elite”. And yet, despite its modest beginning, after decades of development, Machizukuri is seen as a proven method to effectively solve a wide-range of issues in areas such as planning, heritage conservation, and disaster relief. 　　Over time, the Japan National Government gradually accepted the merits of Machizukuri, eventually incorporating it into national planning law. It was evident that local inputs often improved upon planning decisions made by top-down approach, and thereby increased the chance of successful implementation. 　　After several decades, Machizukuri is recognised as a proven bottom-up, community-driven concept that aimed for the improvement of quality of living through the participation of local citizens of Japan. It represents an important development in local politics and urban management in Japan. The recent citizen movement of Hong Kong, since the 1997 Handover, shared similarities to the situation that led to the creation of the Machizukuri movement in Japan at that time. 　　 　　As Machizukuri gradually matures over the past decades, it became fully recognised in Japan and internationally as an effective method to conduct community-driven citizen participation activities. It can be a viable option for Hong Kong to consider as the citizens are exploring bottom-up conservation solutions.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Solomon Islands along with other Pacific Islands nations is adopting legislation designed to protect traditional knowledge and expressions of culture from misappropriation, attrition and loss of economic opportunity for owners. These developments require the state to engage across a highly pluralistic customary and social landscape. Ethnographic studies have shown that owing to such plurality unintended consequences may arise from attempts to rationalise indigenous conceptualisations such as customary laws to render them accessible to outside interests. The preservation of intangible cultural heritage requires understanding of the communicative processes that maintain its significance and value and which are involved in its continuation, transformation and transmission. This study approaches this challenge from the perspective of social knowledge; the common-sense and empirical reality experienced by the owners of a representative aspect of the culture. The case chosen for this research is the ritual taukuka tattooing practice of the Bellonese people of Solomon Islands. Social representations theory is used to show that the field of representation of this cultural practice is heterogeneous with consensual and non-consensual features. Whilst revival of the taukuka is unlikely due to prerequisite religious ontology, its preservation as significant heritage where ownership remains with the lineages and families may best be assured through cultural education and artistic representations.

Reconciling heritage conservation and development within the management of historic urban environments is recognised as one of the most challenging issues in the field of heritage conservation and urban management by academics and practioners. Existing urban heritage conservation policies, regulatory frameworks and tools operating around the world proved to be inadequate or insufficient in regulating urban transformations in historic urban environments. The "heritage versus development dilemma" has been a central argument in the 21 st international discourse on urban heritage conservation management and development. UNESCO, the United Nations, ICOMOS and the Council of Europe have tried to overcome this persisting dichotomy through the adoption of a series of international texts. The evolution of a 21 st century international discourse represents the international recognition that a "new paradigm for urban heritage conservation and management" has gradually taken shape since the beginning of the century. From this moment, urban heritage conservation can be seen as an all- encompassing, integrated urban management strategy, which incorporates the perspectives of urban planning and socio-economic development. The contemporary approach suggests moving beyond existing regulatory and management frameworks, recommending a revision of local practices so that they are consistent with the key principles of the new paradigm. However, there is still a need to carry out further research in order to understand how existing and consolidated urban management systems currently operate. This is a fundamental step towards effectively implementing the new paradigm into local practices. This interdisciplinary study aims to advance knowledge in the field of urban heritage conservation and management through a detailed assessment of the level of consistency of existing policies with the key principles of the 21 st century approach. To the knowledge of the author, this is the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of multi-scalar (at national, regional, provincial and local levels) and multi-sectorial (including heritage conservation, urban planning and socio-economic development) urban management policies that has been carried out so far. To conduct this study, an original assessment framework was developed by the author with the objective of providing a qualitative evaluation tool which was able to link the international theory with local practices. The thesis focused on the two World Heritage cities of Florence (Italy) and Edinburgh (UK). It systematically demonstrated how some of the key principles of the new paradigm are already integrated into local urban management policies of these two historic urban environments. The study was first conducted by testing the assessment framework on the two case studies. Subsequently, a critical analysis of the two urban management systems was carried out, integrating the assessment results with data collected through semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders involved in the definition and implementation of the assessed policies. Finally, a comparison of Florence and Edinburgh's approaches to urban heritage conservation, management and development were illustrated and discussed. In this way, it was possible to discuss the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of different urban management systems in incorporating a 21 st century international approach. Moreover, the study identified existing similarities and discrepancies between different approaches and to highlight good practices and critical aspects. The research findings constitute a step towards understanding whether a revision of existing policies and tools is necessary and how this could be done. The assessment results could be used by national and local governments to revise their current urban management policies according to the contemporary international approach to urban heritage conservation, management and development.

Reconciling heritage conservation and development within the management of historic urban environments is recognised as one of the most challenging issues in the field of heritage conservation and urban management by academics and practioners. Existing urban heritage conservation policies, regulatory frameworks and tools operating around the world proved to be inadequate or insufficient in regulating urban transformations in historic urban environments. The “heritage versus development dilemma” has been a central argument in the 21st international discourse on urban heritage conservation management and development. UNESCO, the United Nations, ICOMOS and the Council of Europe have tried to overcome this persisting dichotomy through the adoption of a series of international texts. The evolution of a 21st century international discourse represents the international recognition that a “new paradigm for urban heritage conservation and management” has gradually taken shape since the beginning of the century. From this moment, urban heritage conservation can be seen as an all-encompassing, integrated urban management strategy, which incorporates the perspectives of urban planning and socio-economic development. The contemporary approach suggests moving beyond existing regulatory and management frameworks, recommending a revision of local practices so that they are consistent with the key principles of the new paradigm. However, there is still a need to carry out further research in order to understand how existing and consolidated urban management systems currently operate. This is a fundamental step towards effectively implementing the new paradigm into local practices. This interdisciplinary study aims to advance knowledge in the field of urban heritage conservation and management through a detailed assessment of the level of consistency of existing policies with the key principles of the 21st century approach. To the knowledge of the author, this is the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of multi-scalar (at national, regional, provincial and local levels) and multi-sectorial (including heritage conservation, urban planning and socio-economic development) urban management policies that has been carried out so far. To conduct this study, an original assessment framework was developed by the author with the objective of providing a qualitative evaluation tool which was able to link the international theory with local practices. The thesis focused on the two World Heritage cities of Florence (Italy) and Edinburgh (UK). It systematically demonstrated how some of the key principles of the new paradigm are already integrated into local urban management policies of these two historic urban environments. The study was first conducted by testing the assessment framework on the two case studies. Subsequently, a critical analysis of the two urban management systems was carried out, integrating the assessment results with data collected through semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders involved in the definition and implementation of the assessed policies. Finally, a comparison of Florence and Edinburgh’s approaches to urban heritage conservation, management and development were illustrated and discussed. In this way, it was possible to discuss the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of different urban management systems in incorporating a 21st century international approach. Moreover, the study identified existing similarities and discrepancies between different approaches and to highlight good practices and critical aspects. The research findings constitute a step towards understanding whether a revision of existing policies and tools is necessary and how this could be done. The assessment results could be used by national and local governments to revise their current urban management policies according to the contemporary international approach to urban heritage conservation, management and development.

At a time when the world is becoming more monotonous under the effect of globalization, diversity has become precious. To retain the different colours of culture, cultural heritage conservation has been widely practiced in many countries. Starting from the 1970s, international conservation organizations have been advocating for area-based conservation. They believe that the goal of heritage conservation, which includes the conservation of both tangible and intangible assets, can be better achieved by conserving areas at an urban scale. In order to facilitate area-based conservation, many countries have integrated conservation with town planning. In Hong Kong, heritage conservation does not protect areas at an urban scale. It only serves an advisory function to town planning and fails to protect the landscape around historic buildings/sites. Under the fast pace of development, this building-based conservation approach has created a fragmented cityscape of Hong Kong as bits and bobs of historic structures are surrounded by incompatible features such as parking garage, flyovers, highways and skyscrapers. This ruins the spirit of the place, decreases the heritage value of the site and consequently diminishes the character of the city. This study attempts to improve heritage conservation in Hong Kong by finding out the feasibility of setting up conservation areas in the city. It explores the importance of heritage conservation, the significance of area-based conservation, and the success factors for setting conservation areas in Singapore, which has shown successful in preserving historic districts and areas of special character by area-based conservation. By reviewing Hong Kong‟s current practice in heritage conservation and town planning against these success factors, several recommendations are conducted at the end.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

Marketing material used in promotion of industrial heritage sites for tourism creates representations of said cultural heritage. In order to increase the touristic value of the historical industrial sites marketers can create or make a place attractive through careful selection of images and texts. It is believed that simplifying the image can make it comprehensible and thus more attractive to potential visitors. However, simplifying images of heritage can result in creation of stereotypical representations. This research aimed to analyse what representations of the industrial heritage of Bergslagen, in the middle of Sweden, could be found in marketing material of tourism destinations today. Post-feminist theory was applied as a tool for analysis of the content as a contextual and critical perspective in order to interpret what meanings these representations found were conveying. By understanding the data in relation to androcentric discourse and the context of Bergslagen as a patriarchal system representations of continued polarization of gender was found. By conducting a content analysis of three destinations, Långban, Engelsbergs bruk and Axmar Bruk, four dominating themes of their representations in visual and textual promotional material were found. The narratives in the re-imagination and reproduction of the sites and their industrial heritage were also discovered during the analysis. The findings thus indicated that the marketing perpetuated stereotypes of the inherent gender roles that have existed in the past but were accentuated even through the modern mediums. As tourism is a tool for rejuvenation of industrial heritage sites it is important to note that, the need for increasing the attractiveness by consciously or unconsciously deciding which narratives should be told, marketers act as facilitators of generic ideas and impositions. When trying to simplify something as complex as a heritage, meaning can become lost in translation. The representations can become distorted, which they have in Bergslagen, according to the findings of this research. Representations can thus inform us of what is being marginalized. The understanding and interpretations of the representations can therefore become a resource in the marketing the real and genuine heritage.

This thesis examines a participatory approach to interpretive planning, employed in the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia. At the project outset relations between the conservation agency responsible for administering World Heritage and the local community were strained, and complicated by a history of conflict over the World Heritage listing and subsequent management of the area. A participatory approach to interpretive planning was adopted in the hope that doing so would achieve the following: improved relations between polarised stakeholder groups, increased community support for the plan and its implementation, and improved access to the variety of knowledge pools within the Shark Bay community. Effectively ongoing and integrating the interests of the area's polarised stakeholders meant that their social, political, organisational and disciplinary divisions had to be overcome. To do this, a novel participatory interpretive planning method was developed using action research. This method employed a combination of techniques, including a modified Delphi Technique based on indepth interviews, key informants, and direct prolonged emersion of the researcher in the community. The practical results of the project were the production of a stakeholder-derived communications strategy and interpretive plan for the World Heritage Area. These products embodied the collective social, cultural, economic and environmental interests of Shark Bay stakeholders, and included agreed-upon objectives, messages, stories for representing Shark Bar to the outside world. The participatory planning process also resulted in a number of instrumental and transformative outcomes including: surfacing of latent community issues, quieting of dominant rhetoric, identification of common values among stakeholders, collection of knowledge from multiple sources and contexts, equalisation of power between community segments, empowerment of marginalised community members, creation of social capital, and generation of support and commitment to plan implementation. In addition, the study demonstrated that participatory processes are vulnerable to cooption and manipulation by powerful stakeholders, and that the success of such processes relies more on the creation of trusting relationships (i.e. social capital) between stakeholders and facilitators than on the application of formulaic group techniques used to garner public input. With respect to interpretive planning, this project showed how a participatory approach to interpretive planning can be used as an ethical means to develop multiple narratives for interpretation that are just and legitimate representations of the community’s interests and stories. Other implications of this project, particularly in relation to the creation of social capital and horizontal and vertical relationships between community and agency groups, indicate that participatory interpretive planning can be used as an intervention in situations where conservation initiatives have resulted in conflict with local communities. Positive change is achieved through the creation of a common platform of values, mutual understanding and knowledge, from which further dialogue and reciprocal cooperation can take place. The evidence presented suggest that the stakeholder-centred approach to interpretive planning used in Shark Bay may form a useful basis for collaborative environmental management in a range of contexts and landscapes where new conservation initiatives are being contemplated. Lessons learned through application of this novel approach to interpretive planning may prove useful to interpretive professionals, environmental managers, governments and businesses attempting cross-disciplinary integration of multiple stakeholder interests.

Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) and the Circular Economy (CE) concept might delineate a convergence point between growth and sustainability, in a general context as well as in an urban environment. The CE paradigm, indeed, introduces a new perspective to look at the industrial ecosystem, where the economic growth is decoupled from resource consumption and pollutant emissions as end-of-life materials and products are conceived as resources rather than waste (Sauvé et al., 2015). LCT introduces a holistic viewpoint, which considers all the lifecycle aspects of a product system or a service, from the extraction of the raw materials to the end-of-life of the latter. Both LCT and CE are implementable using a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach where all the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) are taken into account in order to set the right targets and improve the efficacy and efficiency of production systems or services. However, the latter are still far from being reached at a global level, due to a lack of practical examples of LCT implementation, to an uneducated mind-set and to missing regulations. In particular, the tangible Cultural Heritage (CH) field is lacking a clear and applicable instrument to support conservation management decisions and the emission of related regulations and directives. The Cultural Heritage field recalls what can be considered another hotspot in the scientific and political agendas, in a sustainable development perspective: urban environment and cities growth management. Recovering, conservation and valorisation of Cultural Heritage - in particular built CH - are part of a transition management process for the urban environment towards more sustainable cities. Being a shared, non-replaceable, unique resource and a common good confronted with important environmental challenges and possible under-funding, looking after CH to avoid neglect and possible decay is a common responsibility. The management of cultural heritage requires continuous conservation and restoration work, involving diverse professionals mainly in technical and scientific activities. A sustainable approach to the processes of Cultural Heritage restoration and conservation involves the selection of safe materials and methods both in terms of human and environmental health but also a quantification of the benefits deriving from the conservation process. It is therefore necessary to create comprehensive models for Cultural Heritage management in order to fulfil environmental, economic and social sustainability criteria. This study aims to apply the concept of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and Management to Cultural Heritage restoration and conservation. Pereira Roders and van Oers (2011) pointed out that Cultural Heritage Management is a relatively young field of research can be considered as being at an earlier stage of development than other related studies, such as the architectural conservation field (Van Oers and Pereira Roders, 2012). If LCA has been extensively applied in the building sector for assessing the environmental performance and impact of construction materials and products throughout the entire life cycle of a construction (Ortiz-Rodrıguez et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2011), the use of LCA is practically unknown in the field of cultural heritage (Settembre Blundo et al., 2014). Applying the LCSA approach to tangible Cultural Heritage Management allows creating a decision-making instrument tailor made for built CH, in order to implement the recent design process for restoration, providing quantitative outputs as well. On the one side, the LCSA approach ensures to maintain interdisciplinarity, a mandatory requirement for CH related investigations. On the other side, it fulfils the need for one single deliverable unit decipherable by all the parties involved and by non-expert decision makers.
Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) and the Circular Economy (CE) concept might delineate a convergence point between growth and sustainability, in a general context as well as in an urban environment. The CE paradigm, indeed, introduces a new perspective to look at the industrial ecosystem, where the economic growth is decoupled from resource consumption and pollutant emissions as end-of-life materials and products are conceived as resources rather than waste (Sauvé et al., 2015). LCT introduces a holistic viewpoint, which considers all the lifecycle aspects of a product system or a service, from the extraction of the raw materials to the end-of-life of the latter. Both LCT and CE are implementable using a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach where all the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) are taken into account in order to set the right targets and improve the efficacy and efficiency of production systems or services. However, the latter are still far from being reached at a global level, due to a lack of practical examples of LCT implementation, to an uneducated mind-set and to missing regulations. In particular, the tangible Cultural Heritage (CH) field is lacking a clear and applicable instrument to support conservation management decisions and the emission of related regulations and directives. The Cultural Heritage field recalls what can be considered another hotspot in the scientific and political agendas, in a sustainable development perspective: urban environment and cities growth management. Recovering, conservation and valorisation of Cultural Heritage - in particular built CH - are part of a transition management process for the urban environment towards more sustainable cities. Being a shared, non-replaceable, unique resource and a common good confronted with important environmental challenges and possible under-funding, looking after CH to avoid neglect and possible decay is a common responsibility. The management of cultural heritage requires continuous conservation and restoration work, involving diverse professionals mainly in technical and scientific activities. A sustainable approach to the processes of Cultural Heritage restoration and conservation involves the selection of safe materials and methods both in terms of human and environmental health but also a quantification of the benefits deriving from the conservation process. It is therefore necessary to create comprehensive models for Cultural Heritage management in order to fulfil environmental, economic and social sustainability criteria. This study aims to apply the concept of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and Management to Cultural Heritage restoration and conservation. Pereira Roders and van Oers (2011) pointed out that Cultural Heritage Management is a relatively young field of research can be considered as being at an earlier stage of development than other related studies, such as the architectural conservation field (Van Oers and Pereira Roders, 2012). If LCA has been extensively applied in the building sector for assessing the environmental performance and impact of construction materials and products throughout the entire life cycle of a construction (Ortiz-Rodrıguez et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2011), the use of LCA is practically unknown in the field of cultural heritage (Settembre Blundo et al., 2014). Applying the LCSA approach to tangible Cultural Heritage Management allows creating a decision-making instrument tailor made for built CH, in order to implement the recent design process for restoration, providing quantitative outputs as well. On the one side, the LCSA approach ensures to maintain interdisciplinarity, a mandatory requirement for CH related investigations. On the other side, it fulfils the need for one single deliverable unit decipherable by all the parties involved and by non-expert decision makers.

Aquesta tesi estudia els efectes de l'adopció d'un enfocament plurilingüe de l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge de llengües en una aula de llengua addicional d’una escola pública de Barcelona amb 45 alumnes de 10 i 11 anys. Un període d'observació inicial condueix a la hipòtesi que el reconeixement i l'ús de les llengües d'origen dels alumnes és rellevant per a la seva identitat plurilingüe. L'estudi té com a objectiu avaluar si promoure la identitat plurilingüe pot afectar la motivació i les actituds cap a les llengües, d'una banda, i el rendiment acadèmic (català, castellà i anglès) de l'altra. Finalment, també es planteja la hipòtesi que l'adopció d'un enfocament plurilingüe pot afectar les actituds de la mestra de llengua vers les llengües i el seu ensenyament i aprenentatge. Basat en un Enfocament Plurilingüe Integrat (EPI) (Esteve i González Davies, 2016), s'empren dos eines pedagògiques de translanguaging: TOLC (Traducció per a altres contextos d’aprenentatge), (González Davies, 2012, 2014) i LITS (Textos d’identitat de llengua), una adaptació dels textos d'identitat de Cummins (2001, 2009) amb la finalitat de crear contes en anglès i traduir-los en les diferents llengües presents a l'aula. Seguint un enfocament mixte de la Grounded Theory (Teoria fonamentada en dades), es recullen dades quantitatives i qualitatives. Les principals conclusions de l'estudi són que l'adopció d'un enfocament plurilingüe vers l’ensenyament i aprenentatge de llengües és rellevant per a la identitat plurilingüe. Al seu torn, la identitat plurilingüe afecta significativament la motivació de l'alumne i el seu desig vers l'aprenentatge de llengües. A més, el rendiment acadèmic no es veu afectat per l'adopció d'un enfocament plurilingüe i la consciència lingüística dels alumnes i la seva actitud vers les llengües i el seu aprenentatge augmenta. Finalment, també es conclou que la mestra de llengües ha tenir una competència plurilingüe per tal d’ensenyar llengües.
Esta tesis estudia los efectos de la adopción de un enfoque plurilingüe de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas en un aula de lengua adicional de una escuela pública de Barcelona con 45 alumnos de 10 y 11 años. Un período de observación inicial conduce a la hipótesis de que el reconocimiento y el uso de las lenguas de origen de los alumnos es relevante para su identidad plurilingüe. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si promover la identidad plurilingüe puede afectar la motivación y las actitudes hacia las lenguas, por un lado, y el rendimiento académico (catalán, castellano e inglés) de la otra. Finalmente, también se plantea la hipótesis de que la adopción de un enfoque plurilingüe puede afectar las actitudes de la maestra de lengua hacia las lenguas y su enseñanza y aprendizaje. Basado en un Enfoque Plurilingüe Integrado (EPI) (Esteve y González Davies, 2016), se emplean dos herramientas pedagógicas de translanguaging: TOLC (Traducción para otros contextos de aprendizaje), (González Davies, 2012, 2014) y LITS (Textos de identidad de lengua), una adaptación de los textos de identidad de Cummins (2001, 2009) con el fin de crear cuentos en inglés y traducirlos en las diferentes lenguas presentes en el aula. Siguiendo un enfoque mixto de la Grounded Theory (Teoría fundamentada en datos), se recogen datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Las principales conclusiones del estudio son que la adopción de un enfoque plurilingüe hacia la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas es relevante para la identidad plurilingüe. A su vez, la identidad plurilingüe afecta significativamente la motivación del alumno y su deseo hacia el aprendizaje de lenguas. Además, el rendimiento académico no se ve afectado por la adopción de un enfoque plurilingüe y la conciencia lingüística de los alumnos y su actitud hacia las lenguas y su aprendizaje aumenta. Finalmente, también se concluye que la maestra de lenguas ha tener una competencia plurilingüe para enseñar lenguas.
This thesis studies the effects of adopting a plurilingual approach to teaching and learning languages in an additional language classroom of state primary school of Barcelona with 45 pupils aged 10 and 11. An initial observation period leads to the hypothesis that acknowledging and using the heritage languages of pupils is relevant to their plurilingual identity. The study aims to assess whether plurilingual identity encouragement may affect motivation and attitudes towards languages on the one hand, and academic achievement (Catalan, Spanish and English) on the other. Finally, it is also hypothesised that adopting a plurilingual approach may affect the language teacher’s attitudes towards languages and language teaching and learning. Based on an Integrating Plurilingual Approach (IPA) (Esteve & González Davies, 2016), two translanguaging pedagogical tools are employed, namely TOLC (Translation for Other Learning Contexts), (González Davies, 2012, 2014) and LITS (Language Identity Texts), an adaptation of Cummins’s identity texts (2001, 2009) in order to create storybooks in English and translate them into the different languages present in the classroom. Following a Grounded Theory and mixed-method approach, quantitative and qualitative data are collected. The main conclusions of the study are that adopting a plurilingual approach to language teaching and learning is relevant to plurilingual identity. In turn plurilingual identity significantly affects pupil’s motivation and desire towards learning languages. Also, the academic performance is not affected by adopting a plurilingual approach and the pupils' linguistic awareness and attitude towards languages and language learning increases. Finally, it is also concluded that the language teacher must be plurilingualy competent in order to teach languages.

Values-based approaches to. heritage management are generally considered to be more effective than the traditional approaches for managing complex heritage res~urce issues. Urban built environment is a testament of change and transformation may be more radical in colonial urban built environments which are symbolic landscapes representing the period of colonialism. Urban conservation is influenced by the underlying contexts. It also operates at various spatial scales; city, area and even individual buildings and involves large numbers of actors. The planning and decision-making process is therefore complex, difficult and problematic. Further the existing methods may be generally ineffective in engaging with real life contexts, complex stakeholder interactions and project uncertainties. Building on this conceptual framework, this thesis developed a novel Value-Based Approach (VBA) which can guide urban conservation decision-making. Believing that sound conceptual work requires interplay of theory and practice this thesis has tested the new VBA in project' evaluation. The two study areas, New Delhi (British planned colonial city) and Pondicherry (capital of French India)provided the thesis an opportunity to evaluate the VBA in a cross-cultural perspective. The methodological design for project evaluation in this thesis involved explorative research related to the case studies of Gole Market(Delhi) and Bharati Park (Pondicherry), developing value assessment methodologies and integrating stakeholder analysis tools in heritage management. The research findings confirm the main assumption that urban conservation decisions are governed by contexts and urban heritage is a highly contentious terrain which involves multiple stakeholders. The project evaluations reveal that the main issues related to current practice is the failure on part of the practitioners to respond to these complexities related to urban heritage. In future, practitioners should therefore approach urban conservation with a more explorative or constructivist philosophy which involves integrated value assessment and stakeholder participatory action and dialective decision making process

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2003.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-142). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Cette thèse propose une analyse socio-politique des relations internationales au sein d'une Organisation Mondiale, en partant du cas concret de l’UNESCO dans le cadre de l’établissement des listes du Patrimoine Mondial. L’analyse sociologique des interactions entre les acteurs intervenant dans le choix et la publication des listes du Patrimoine Mondial forme le socle sur lequel une théorisation des processus en jeu est déployée. Bien que l'UNESCO fournisse aux états des outils leur permettant d'atteindre leurs objectifs nationaux, l'UNESCO contribue également à l’établissement de valeurs universelles et d’identités cosmopolites. Les dynamiques d’établissement des listes et leur contenu apparaissent de plus en plus marqués par les démarches des acteurs (états et individus) qui y participent. Le rôle de l'UNESCO apparaît donc ambivalent, dans la mesure où elle est en partie garante des institutions et des valeurs fondamentales qui sous-tendent sa création, et où elle favorise les jeux d’influence, l’établissement de rapports de force et les conflits. Cette tension n’affecte pas pour autant la valeur perçue par de nombreux acteurs des listes produites, et elle n’entame que partiellement les représentations de la capacité de l’institution à promouvoir la paix et la compréhension entre les peuples
This research project is a socio-political analysis of the International Relations within an International Organization, levering the practical case of UNESCO in the context of the establishing World Heritage Lists. It suggests a theorization of the underlying process, by which numerous actors take part in the selection and subsequent publication of World Heritage Lists. In addition to providing individual states with the tools to achieve their national objectives, UNESCO seem to contribute to the establishment of universal values and cosmopolitan identities. The establishment processes of these Lists and their content appear increasingly influenced by the behavior of their actors (i.e., states and individuals). In that context, the role of UNESCO seems ambivalent. It serves both as (a) guarantor for the underlying fundamental values of the institutions and as a place of (b) political economy, in which influences are exchanged between actors that can lead to power struggles and even conflicts. However, this tension doesn’t seem to impact the perceived value of the Lists by most actors and appears to only partially impact the perception of the Organization’s capacity to promote peace-building and closer relationships between peoples

Within HCI, CSCW, and other related disciplines, participatory design has been proven to be an effective way of developing technological solutions where the end- users are involved throughout the design process. This study aims to find out how and to what extent can the participatory design approach be implemented and investigated involving the end-user perspective to enhance cultural heritage experience in a case study of the Majapahit sites. The process started with an initial understanding of the users and the user’s need via online pre-study involving 53 respondents. The insights gathered envision the possible attributes of design solutions, the visiting experience in Majapahit sites, and the participants' relevant background. Three co-designing sessions with 35 participants were conducted, some needs and qualities were discussed based on the design process and the results of 11 design ideas from the design workshops. Later, to understand the usefulness and novelty of the identified design alternatives conducted from the workshops, further analysis of the design creativity was conducted with two experienced designers. The findings of the thesis involve five design areas in cultural heritage experience: improving the basic facility, support of learning about cultural heritage, assisting the visitor to explore the cultural heritage, social experience of cultural heritage, and support of entertainment and challenge in the cultural heritage experience. Hence, this study enables HCI researchers to do further study in regard to Majapahit sites or in the domain of cultural heritage in general.

La tesi si focalizza sul processo di formazione urbana della città vietnamita di Hue. Le attività della dinastia Nguyen (1802-1883) e la successiva invasione coloniale da parte dei francesi (1884-1845), crearono una città unica in Vietnam. In questo contesto, Hue Citadel è ancora oggi un esempio rilevante di pianificazione urbana in favore di uno lo sviluppo sostenibile. Fu costruito nel 1803, con un'insolita combinazione di elementi umani e naturali, con elementi architettonici tratti sia dalla tradizione militare occidentale, sia dalla filosofia orientale che dall'architettura tradizionale vietnamita. La Cittadella esterna seguiva il modello di fortificazione di Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, mentre i due bastioni interni - la Città Imperiale e la Città Proibita - erano costruiti secondo tipologie già presenti nell'antica architettura orientale. Il modello di fortificazione di Vauban si è unito armoniosamente ai principi del Feng Shui, armonizzandosi con gli elementi naturali (la montagna, l'acqua, la topografia del sito) e creando l'identità della città ecologica e storica. Inoltre, il processo di espansione urbana da parte dei francesi è stato rispettoso dell'identità architettonica locale e ha fornito un modello di sviluppo in armonia con ila popolazione locale e il clima tropicale. Negli ultimi decenni, Hue City ha subito i principali cambiamenti dovuti agli effetti dell'urbanizzazione, quali l'aumento della popolazione, i consumo di suolo, l'inquinamento ambientale, le inondazioni, causando pesanti alterazioni dei caratteri tradizionali del paesaggio e il danneggiamento del patrimonio architettonico. L'urbanizzazione e l'espansione urbana recente non hanno saputo comprendere le qualità della città storica, anche grazie al fatto che sia le moderne tecnologie, sia le idee urbanistica della prima metà del XX secolo tendono a ignorare l'identità locale dei luoghi. È molto importante capire il vero significato della forma urbana e i suoi valori storici. L'agenda per la salvaguardia di un modello sostenibile è orientata verso la metodologia del Feng Shui, che identifica la struttura urbana e i caratteri del paesaggio. Allo stesso modo, la teoria della città giardino è suggerita da un modello di chiara gerarchia e cooperazione tra il centro e la struttura urbana satellite. Dal 1993, il complesso dei Monumenti di Hue è stato iscritto nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dall'UNESCO.
Process of Hue urban formation, in the periods of the Nguyen feudal Dynasty during 1802-1883 and colonial invasion by the French during 1884-1845, created a unique city in Vietnam. In this context, Hue Citadel is a relevant example of urban planning for sustainable development. It was built in 1803, as an unusual combination of human and nature, the East-West architecture, i.e. the principles of Western military architecture meeting the ideology of Eastern philosophy and Vietnamese traditional architecture. The outer Citadel followed the fortification model of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, while the two inner ramparts - the Imperial City and the Forbidden City - were built according to the type of the ancient oriental architecture. The fortification model of Vauban type harmoniously united with Feng Shui principle, applied local natural elements such as mountain, water, topography to form the identities of ecological and historical city. Besides, the process of urban expansion by the French was respectful of the local architectural identity, and provided a model of development in harmony with local characters and the tropical climate. In the last decades, Hue City has experienced major changes by the impacts of urbanization such as the increase in population, land encroachment, environmental pollution, flood, causing heavy alteration of the traditional landscape characters, and damaging of the heritages. The urbanization and expansion of urban planning have not totally evaluated the urban qualities, modern technologies and ideas in the late 20th century tend to ignore the identity of local place. It is very important to understand the true meaning of the urban form and the historical values. The agenda for the preservation of a sustainable model is oriented towards the Feng Shui methodology, which will identify the urban structure and the characters of the landscape. In the same way, the theory of the garden city is suggested a model of clear hierarchy and cooperation between the centre and the satellite urban structure. Since 1993, the complex of Hue Monuments has been written on the List of World Heritage by UNESCO.

In this doctoral dissertation, photochemical and, in some cases, thermal aging (natural and accelerated) of materials from cultural heritage (paper, parchment, linseed oil paints, pigments and dyes) are studied with a number of both destructive and non-destructive experimental techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) , High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) , Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) , Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)3,1, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) , micro-fading-meter3 and Xenotest exposure device3. My research activity was carried out in collaboration with the Chemical Sciences Department of the University of Padua, the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (Amsterdam) and the Image Permanence Institute (Rochester Institute of Technology, NY) and thanks to the accessibility to the Van Gogh Museum collection. In chapters one and two, an introduction to the history of colorants and to colorimetry and a description of the degradation reactions induced by light and by common gaseous pollutants are presented. In chapters three, four and five, the results of my research activity are analyzed. In particular, in chapter three of my doctoral dissertation, Writing Materials, the dependence of chemical-physical properties of paper and parchment on aging is investigated with an NMR device called MOUSE. NMR-MOUSE is an instrument of great potential in the field of conservation science because it enables the measurement of nuclear relaxation times of various materials in situ and without sampling. Nuclear relaxation times are directly related to the chemical-physical nature of materials and were proved to be markers of the state of conservation of paper. As for parchment, nuclear relaxation times enabled to distinguish between samples from the XX century and XVIII century. For both materials, different environments for water (bound or free molecules) could be recognized. In chapter four, Pigments and Dyes, a number of EPR spectra of known and unknown pigments is provided. In addition, the effect of different pigments or dyes on polymerization of linseed oil paints is revealed with NMR-MOUSE. EPR spectroscopy was demonstrated to be effective in discriminating different pigments or classes of pigments with micro-invasive sampling. Relaxation times of linseed oil paints were demonstrated to be sensitive to the presence of pigments and an interpretation of the results in terms of different rates or degree of polymerization was given. In chapter five, Dyes in Aqueous Solution and on Paper: Discoloration and Fading of Crystal Violet, which represents the main body of my doctoral research activity, an extensive analysis (HPLC-PDA, LC-MS, FORS, EPR, micro-fading assessments, Xenotest exposure device) of the photo-fading and thermal aging of an early synthetic dye (Crystal Violet) in aqueous solution and on paper is presented. The interest on the subject stems from the discoloration occurred on a group of Van Gogh drawings and letters all produced in 1888 in Arles and all made with a type of purple ink which was demonstrated to contain crystal violet and other structurally related derivatives (triarylmethane dyes). In particular, a seemingly brown drawing belonging to this group and entitled Montmajour (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum) shows purple shades on the edges where the ink has been protected from light under the frame. Another example, although not belonging to the Arles group, is a menu (Paris, 1886. Van Gogh Museum) drawn and written by Van Gogh with purple ink, as can be inferred from a reproduction made in 1958. Nevertheless, in a picture of the menu taken in 2001 it can be seen that the writings and part of the drawings had disappeared entirely. Interestingly, although FORS analysis revealed the presence of ink containing triarylmethane dyes, in this case no brown discoloration was visible. With the aim of shedding light on aging mechanisms and discoloration of inks containing crystal violet on paper, accelerated aging experiments were conducted for pure crystal violet both in aqueous solution and on paper. Various experimental parameters were taken into consideration: the spectral range of the light source (UV or Vis), the paper substrate (pure cellulose paper, lignin paper, printing paper), temperature and the presence or absence of oxygen during irradiation. Moreover, a purple ink containing methyl violet (a mixture of crystal violet and some of its demethylated derivatives) was reconstructed (by Judith Geerts, student of the University of Amsterdam, according to a recipe by Sigmund Lehner, 1909) and its thermal (100 °C) and photo fading (UV light and natural sun light) was studied on different paper substrates (cellulose paper, lignin paper and protein-sized paper). The effect of various ink additives (gum arabic, sucrose and oxalic acid), of Fe(III) (as an example of photo-catalyst often present as an impurity in paper) and of common gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and O3, on the color of dyed (or written) samples of paper was also taken into consideration. A group of ten historical samples of methyl violet from the ICN dye collection was also analyzed with HPLC-PDA, with the aim of comparing actual dye samples with both the model samples described in this doctoral dissertation and with the purple ink of the ‘Montmajour’ drawing (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum). Successively, some dyes and pigments (cochineal ink, indigo blue ink, indigo carmine, copper logwood synthesized from CuSO4 or Cu(AcO)2 and chromium logwood) used in the XIX century as alternative ingredients for purple inks were deposited on paper and artificially aged with UV light or heat. A colorimetric analysis of the samples was conducted before and after aging. Finally, a group of letters from the XIX century (Birgit Reissland, private collection) was analyzed with FORS and the presence of dyes closely related to crystal violet was detected. The analysis presented in chapter five of this doctoral dissertation has thus demonstrated that the synthetic dye methyl violet was widely used after its introduction to the market in 1866. Moreover, the poor lightfastness of crystal violet was explained to be due to demethylation and oxidation reactions. A series of degradation products was identified with HPLC-PDA and LC-MS both for crystal violet in aqueous solution and on paper after exposure to UV in the presence of oxygen. HPLC-PDA analysis of a sample of purple ink from the ‘Montmajour’ drawing (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum) was in good agreement with the results of these model samples. The complete fading observed on the Menu was reproduced and explained as due to light exposure (UV or visible). According to my experimental results, the first stage of the degradation mechanism consists of a series of demethylation reactions eventually leading to pararosaniline, a red dye corresponding to fully demethylated crystal violet. Afterwards, oxidation at the central carbon atom forms colorless (or slightly yellow) ketones responsible both for the fading of crystal violet and for a sensitization effect on dye degradation. The presence of oxidized derivatives of Crystal Violet has also been demonstrated. As for the position of the oxygen attack, it has been hypothesized the formation of N-oxides of crystal violet or of its demethylated derivatives. Heat (50 °C, 40% relative humidity) was shown to play a minor role in the fading of crystal violet on paper whereas visible light alone was enough for the dye to fade visibly. Interestingly enough, considering the fact that anoxic protection is in use, crystal violet did fade on paper following the exposure to UV light in the absence of oxygen as well. The substrate (cellulose paper, lignin paper or printing paper), although it was not responsible for the nature of (colored) degradation products, played a role in determining the relative amounts products formed and the final color of the dye layer. Interestingly, both artificial aging (UV light) and natural aging (sun light) of samples of paper dyed with an ink containing methyl violet and other additives led to different colors than in the presence of pure crystal violet. In particular, the colors obtained were brownish-grey and bluish-grey, in the presence or in the absence of Fe(III) respectively. Moreover, the addition of Fe(III) or of ink additives (such as sucrose and oxalic) alone to paper, caused the formation of yellow or brown discoloration after exposure to sunlight. ATR-IR analysis of the yellow areas revealed the formation of carbonyl groups from cellulose and Fe(III). On the basis of the results of the aging tests of the reconstructed ink, an hypothesis for the brown discoloration of the Montmajour drawing is provided. Exposure to such a pollutant as NO2 of purple ink containing methyl violet applied on different paper substrates (cellulose paper, lignin paper and protein-sized paper) produced a strong darkening of ink which turned bluish-black or black on all substrates. On cellulose paper, pure crystal violet faded to light blue. LC-MS analysis of the dyes extracted from this sample revealed the formation of at least one nitrosamine, due to the attack of the gas at one of the nitrogen atoms of the dye molecule. Exposure to O3 did not lead to a significant color change of Crystal Violet on paper. Accelerated aging experiments on pigments and dyes used as alternative ingredients for purple inks have brought about significant discoloration effects. Among others, copper logwood produced from copper sulphate and logwood extract showed a color shift from blue to reddish-brown after aging (in particular after thermal aging) and indigo carmine has faded entirely after exposure to UV light. These experimental results therefore demonstrate the importance of reliable reconstructions of museum objects where the co presence of various components (e.g. additives, impurities, different paper substrate) can lead to peculiar interactions or color effects. To this regard, cooperation between natural scientists, art historians, conservators and restorers should be pursued both in order to get a complete characterization of a piece of artwork and so as not to misinterpret partial data coming from a single research field.
La presente tesi di dottorato riguarda lo studio dei fenomeni di invecchiamento naturale e accelerato di tipo foto-chimico (e in alcuni casi termico), di materiali di interesse artistico (carta, pergamena, colori a olio, pigmenti e coloranti) attraverso numerose tecniche sperimentali, sia distruttive che non, quali Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) , High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) , Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) , Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)3,1, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) , micro-fading-meter3 e camera per test di invecchiamento solare accelerato Xenotest3. La mia attività di ricerca è stata svolta in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell’Università degli Studi di Padova, il Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage di Amsterdam (ICN) e l’Image Permanence Institute (Rochester Institute of Technology, New York) e grazie all’accessibilità alla collezione del Museo Van Gogh di Amsterdam. Il primo e il secondo capitolo forniscono una introduzione alla storia dei coloranti e alla colorimetria e una descrizione delle reazioni di degrado indotte dalla luce e da comuni gas inquinanti. Nei capitoli numero tre, quattro e cinque, vengono invece presentati i risultati della mia attività di ricerca. In particolare, nel terzo capitolo della mia tesi di dottorato, intitolato ‘Materiali Scrittori’, viene analizzata la dipendenza di proprietà chimico-fisiche della carta e della pergamena dall’invecchiamento, attraverso l’uso di una sonda NMR nota come MOUSE. Lo strumento NMR-MOUSE ha dimostrato di avere grandi potenzialità nel campo della scienza della conservazione in quanto permette di misurare i tempi di rilassamento nucleari di svariati materiali in situ e senza alcun campionamento. I tempi di rilassamento nucleari dipendono dalla natura chimico-fisica dei materiali ed è stato dimostrato come costituiscano anche degli indicatori dello stato di conservazione della carta. Per quanto riguarda la pergamena, i tempi di rilassamento nucleari hanno permesso di discriminare fra campioni del XX secolo e del XVIII secolo. Inoltre, per entrambi i materiali, lo strumento NMR-MOUSE ha permesso di individuare due intorni chimico-fisici per le molecole d’acqua costituenti i materiali stessi. Si tratta, nel primo caso, di molecole d’acqua libere (acqua liquida) e, nel secondo, di molecole legate chimicamente al substrato cellulosico o proteico. Nel quarto capitolo, intitolato ‘Pigmenti e Coloranti’, sono riportati svariati spettri EPR di pigmenti e coloranti, la cui natura chimica era nota solo in alcuni casi. Inoltre, con lo strumento NMR-MOUSE è stato osservato l’effetto della presenza di diversi pigmenti o coloranti sulla polimerizzazione dell’olio di lino. La spettroscopia EPR si è dimostrata efficace nel discriminare fra diversi pigmenti o classi di pigmenti anche con campionamenti micro-invasivi. Inoltre, i tempi di rilassamento nucleari di colori a base di olio di lino si sono dimostrati essere dipendenti dalla presenza dei pigmenti e i risultati sono stati interpretati in termini di diverse velocità o gradi di polimerizzazione. Il quinto capitolo, intitolato ‘Dyes in Aqueous Solution and on Paper: Discoloration and Fading of Crystal Violet’, rappresenta il corpo principale di questa tesi di dottorato e consiste in un’estesa analisi (HPLC-PDA, LC-MS, FORS, EPR, valutazioni di micro-fading, camera per test di invecchiamento solare accelerato Xenotest) dei processi di invecchiamento foto-indotto e termico di uno dei primi coloranti organici sintetici, il crystal violet, in soluzione acquosa e su carta. L’interesse per questo argomento ha origine dall’osservazione dei fenomeni di alterazione cromatica che interessano un gruppo di disegni e lettere di Van Gogh, tutti prodotti ad Arles nel 1888 con un inchiostro viola che è stato dimostrato contenere crystal violet o altri coloranti strutturalmente correlati (coloranti del triafenilmetano). In particolare, il ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum), ¬un disegno apparentemente di colore marrone e appartenente al detto gruppo, mostra delle tracce di inchiostro viola sui bordi del foglio, dove l’inchiostro è stato protetto dalla luce sotto la cornice. Un altro esempio, anche se non appartenente al gruppo di Arles, è costituito da un menù (Parigi, 1886. Museo Van Gogh) scritto e disegnato da Van Gogh con un inchiostro viola, come è stato possibile stabilire da una riproduzione dell’opera risalente al 1958. Tuttavia, in una foto del 2001 si può constatate come il testo e parte del disegno fossero completamente sbiaditi. E’ interessante notare come in questo caso, benché da un’analisi con spettroscopia FORS siano state rilevate tracce di coloranti del trifenilmetano, non si è osservato l’imbrunimento dell’inchiostro tipico del ‘Montmajour’. Con l’obiettivo di far luce sui meccanismi di invecchiamento e di alterazione cromatica degli inchiostri contenenti crystal violet su carta, sono stati condotti degli esperimenti di invecchiamento accelerato di crystal violet puro, sia in soluzione acquosa che su carta. Numerosi parametri sperimentali sono stati presi in considerazione: l’intervallo spettrale della sorgente di luce (UV o visibile), il substrato cartaceo (di pura cellulosa, contenente lignina o da fotocopie), la temperatura e la presenza (o assenza) di ossigeno durante l’irraggiamento. Inoltre, è stato riprodotto (da parte di Judith Geerts, studentessa dell’Università di Amsterdam) un inchiostro viola a base di methyl violet (a base cioè di una miscela di crystal violet e alcuni dei suoi prodotti di demetilazione) secondo una ricetta di Sigmund Lehner (1909) e il suo degrado foto-indotto (luce UV e luce solare naturale) e termico (100 °C) è stato studiato su diversi substrati cartacei (carta di cellulosa, carta di lignina e carta collata con proteine). Inoltre, sono stati presi in considerazione anche gli effetti, sul colore di campioni di carta tinta, di alcuni additivi utilizzati negli inchiostri (gomma arabica, saccarosio e acido ossalico), del Fe(III) (come esempio di foto-catalizzatore spesso presente nella carta come impurezza) e di comuni gas inquinanti, quali NO2 e O3. E’ stato analizzato via HPLC-PDA anche un gruppo di dieci campioni storici di methyl violet provenienti dalla collezione dell’ICN al fine di poter confrontare campioni reali di coloranti sia con i campioni modello descritti nella presente tesi di dottorato che con un campione dell’inchiostro viola del disegno ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Museo Van Gogh). Successivamente, sono stati depositati su carta e invecchiati artificialmente (con luce UV o per trattamento termico) alcuni pigmenti e coloranti (inchiostro a base di cocciniglia o indaco, carminio d’indaco, colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e cromo e colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e rame sintetizzato a partire da CuSO4 o Cu(AcO)2) utilizzati nel XIX secolo come ingredienti per la produzione di inchiostri viola in alternativa al crystal violet. Infine, è stato analizzato con la spettroscopia FORS un gruppo di lettere del XIX secolo (Birgit Reissland, collezione privata) ed è stata rivelata la presenza di coloranti strettamente correlati al crystal violet. L’analisi presentata nel quinto capitolo della presente tesi di dottorato ha quindi dimostrato che l’uso del colorante sintetico methyl violet era molto diffuso dopo la sua introduzione nel mercato avvenuta nel 1866. Inoltre, la scarsa resistenza alla luce del crystal violet è stata spiegata come dovuta a reazioni di demetilazione e ossidazione. Una serie di prodotti di degrado è stata identificata con HPLC-PDA e LC-MS per il crystal violet esposto a luce UV in presenza di ossigeno, sia in soluzione acquosa che su carta. L’analisi HPLC-PDA di un campione di inchiostro viola prelevato dal disegno ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Museo Van Gogh) si è dimostrata in accordo con i risultati dei campioni modello appena descritti. Lo sbiadimento completo osservato nel menù è stato riprodotto e spiegato come il risultato dell’esposizione alla luce (UV o visibile). Sulla base dei miei risultati sperimentali, il primo stadio del meccanismo di degrado consiste di una serie di reazioni di demetilazione che porta come ultimo stadio alla pararosaniline, un colorante rosso corrispondente alla completa demetilazione del crystal violet. Successivamente, l’ossidazione in corrispondenza dell’atomo di carbonio centrale forma chetoni incolore (o debolmente gialli), responsabili sia dello sbiadimento del crystal violet che di un effetto di sensibilizzazione del colorante rispetto al degrado foto-indotto. E’ anche stata rivelata la presenza di derivati ossidati del crystal violet. Per quanto riguarda la posizione dell’attacco da parte dell’ossigeno, è stata ipotizzata la formazione di N-ossidi del crystal volet o dei suoi prodotti di demetilazione. Si è dimostrato anche come il calore (50 °C, 40% umidità relativa) abbia un ruolo secondario nel degrado del crystal violet su carta mentre l’esposizione a sola luce visibile è stata sufficiente a sbiadire completamente il colorante. Particolarmente interessante, considerato che la protezione in ambiente anossico è una delle tecniche di conservazione adottate nei musei, è il fatto che il crystal violet ha mostrato evidenti segni di sbiadimento anche a seguito di esperimenti di esposizione a luce UV in assenza di ossigeno. Il substrato cartaceo (carta di cellulosa, di lignina o da fotocopie), benché non responsabile per la natura dei prodotti di degrado (colorati) rivelati, ha determinato le quantità relative dei prodotti formati e il colore assunto dallo strato di colorante. E’ interessante notare come sia l’invecchiamento artificiale (luce UV) che quello naturale (alla luce del sole) di campioni di carta tinti con l’inchiostro contenente methyl violet e altri additivi, abbiano dato origine a colorazioni diverse da quella ottenuta in presenza di crystal violet puro. In particolare, i colori ottenuti sono un grigio-bruno o un grigio-blu, rispettivamente in presenza e assenza di Fe(III). Inoltre, la sola aggiunta di Fe(III) o additivi (tipo saccarosio o acido ossalico) alla carta ha causato la formazione di macchie gialle o brune dopo l’esposizione alla luce solare. L’analisi ATR-IR delle aree ingiallite ha rivelato la formazione di gruppi carbonilici a partire da cellulosa e Fe(III). Sulla base dei risultati dei test di invecchiamento dell’inchiostro ricostruito, è stato possibile formulare un’ipotesi per spiegare le cause del colore bruno apparso sul ‘Montmajour’. L’esposizione ad un inquinante quale il biossido di azoto (NO2) dell’inchiostro a base di methyl violet applicato su diversi substrati cartacei (di cellulosa, di lignina o collati con proteine) ha prodotto un forte scurimento dell’inchiostro, che è diventato nero-blu o nero, in tutti i substrati cartacei. Per quanto riguarda invece il crystal violet puro, si è ottenuto uno sbiadimento ad azzurro chiaro su carta di pura cellulosa. L’analisi LC-MS di quest’ultimo campione ha rivelato la presenza di almeno una nitrosoammina dovuta all’attacco del gas su uno degli atomi di azoto della molecola di colorante. L’esposizione ad ozono (O3) non ha invece prodotto una variazione significativa del colore del crystal violet puro su carta. Gli esperimenti di invecchiamento accelerato sui pigmenti e i coloranti utilizzati come ingredienti alternativi per la preparazione di inchiostri viola, hanno condotto a importanti alterazioni cromatiche. Fra gli altri, il colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e rame prodotto da solfato di rame ha mostrato una variazione di colore dal blu al bruno rossiccio a seguito dell’invecchiamento (termico in particolare) e il carminio d’indaco è sbiadito interamente dopo esposizione alla luce UV. Questi risultati sperimentali, quindi, hanno dimostrato l’importanza di avere a disposizione affidabili ricostruzioni degli oggetti museali, dove la compresenza di varie componenti (ad esempio additivi, impurezze, diversi substrati cartacei) può portare a particolari interazioni chimiche o influenzare il colore percepito. A questo proposito, sarebbe auspicabile la cooperazione fra scienziati, storici dell’arte, conservatori e restauratori, al fine di poter ottenere una caratterizzazione completa di un’opera d’arte e così da non malinterpretare i dati parziali provenienti da un singola campo di ricerca.

In its course of development, urban and regional planning has been greatly influenced by the modernist movement, which left human environments with various problematic ecological and social conditions. In reaction to these conditions, alternative planning approaches branched from the planning profession, one of these being the development approach known as place-making. Place-making is the physical designing of a place based on locational contexts. Place-making is offered as an alternative planning approach to current planning practice to ameliorate and possibly prevent continuation of the problematic ecological and social conditions. However, this implies that there has to come about a shift in the focus and aims of current planning practice. The main implications of place-making are that planning should become more contextually driven, holistic, multidisciplinary, as well as human and quality centred. Also, it is proposed to increase research on place in the South African context. In terms of current research in South Africa, a mixed-method research approach made it possible to include symbolic locational elements, like sense of place, in the planning process. Researching the Vredefort Dome's sense of place aimed to explore sense of place in a rural area and to concretise the area's sense of place for inclusion in spatial planning. Initial qualitative research informed the quantitative phase. This way symbolic experiences and meanings of participants were linked to spatial locations and three-dimensional features, which made it possible to create place-making guidelines based on both symbolic and material contexts of the Vredefort Dome.
Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Since being designated in 2001 as a natural World Heritage Site the Jurassic Coast managers have worked for it to be recognised as the Creative Coast. This thesis explores and challenges the entanglements of policy and practice in the process of the site becoming creative. Through archival research, interviewing and ethnographic methodologies this project has sought to develop a site-specific approach to creative arts policy. Research has integrated investigation of the embodied and quotidian geographies of decision-making with policy discourse analysis. Following formal and informal, public and private artistic practices, this research has traced how the Jurassic Coast is constructed by the creative activities of those who inhabit it. In this research, relationships between the arts, creativity and geological heritage become complicated due to a paradox inherent within the site’s policy. The geological heritage preserved through the Jurassic Coast’s designation is acknowledged to be under continual processes of change. In response, this research illustrates how creativity can be used as a tool to illuminate tensions between the need to preserve natural processes of erosion and retreat and the desire to provide access and promote engagement with the site. Furthermore, it is argued that using a site-specific and critical approach to everyday creativity allows geographers to understand how people engage with place in a multitude of ways. This is especially significant as the heritage value of this site lies in the ways in which different communities engage with it. It is through these day-to-day creative encounters that the Jurassic Coast is culturally constructed.

Restoration and conservation of the cultural and architectural heritage is a very complex topic in continuous developing. The issue raises interesting questions about the methodological approach to be followed and the objective from which it must be start for the definition of a correct restoration project. A regulatory-wide are creating and refining of a study procedures by means of the drafting of guidelines which intent is give a methodology and a sensitization at the problem at academic level, of public organs that control the conservation and the protection of the cultural heritage, and at the private technicians that work in this field. In Italy, a “normative effort” has been done by means of the production of technical documents that establish as evaluate the problem with more awareness. The aim is providing at the technicians the Guidelines about restoration of historical heritage. In the international field, from a general point of view, it is possible to refer to the ISCARSAH Recommendations, that give a preliminary approach to the topic. Currently, in this field different approaches are used: (1) a criteria based on the conservation, which puts attention to the form and to the materials of the building but less at the structural components, (2) a technical method that is more interested at the structure but, in many cases, involves over-dimensioned interventions than the real requirements, altering the original form and history of the building. The thesis is included in the current standards requirement and refers to the “Guidelines for evaluation and mitigation of seismic risk of cultural heritage” and the “Recommendations for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage” ISCARSAH. Based on these documents, the study aims to providing an operative procedure able to balance the two approaches mentioned above. It has been identified a integrated and multi-disciplinary method for the study of cultural heritage, created in function of the currently codes and in respect of the fundamental standard of restoration and conservation. This method was made as generic as possible, without give particular information inherent specific restoration techniques, in such a way that is applicable at all the types of buildings with elevated historical-cultural valence. The methodology was validate through its application to two paradigmatic case studies, both located within the highly historical / sociological / architecture site, the Arsenal of Venice. The case studies are: (1) the “Sala Maggiore at the Sale d’Armi Nord” (Main Room of the North weapons rooms) and (2) the Armstrong Mitchell & Co. hydraulic crane. The choice of the two examples has been dictated by the objective requirements of the Soprintendenza B.A.P. di Venezia e Laguna (local office of the ministry of fine arts responsible for the conservation of the cultural and landscape heritage of Venice and its lagoon), to intervene in these two constructions of great historical and architectural content, which differ in geometry, materials, structural behaviour and intended use.
Il restauro e la conservazione di beni storici è oggi un tema molto discusso ed in fase di evoluzione sia in Italia che all’estero. Il tema pone degli interessanti interrogativi circa la metodologia di approccio da seguire e gli obiettivi dai quali si deve partire per la definizione di un corretto progetto di restauro. A livello normativo si stanno creando e affinando delle procedure di studio mediante la stesura di linee guida che hanno lo scopo di fornire una metodologia e una sensibilizzazione al problema a livello accademico, agli enti pubblici preposti alla conservazione e al restauro, e ai tecnici che lavorano in questo ambito. È infatti in atto un processo di “sforzo normativo” per colmare queste lacune mediante la produzione di documenti tecnici che si prefiggono di valutare il problema con maggior consapevolezza fornendo linee guida per il restauro di beni storici. Attualmente la materia in esame vede due differenti tipi di approccio: da una parte il restauro conservativo, in cui viene data importanza alla forma ed alla materia e meno alla componente strutturale, e dall’altra un criterio più tecnicistico, che pone più riguardo alla struttura ma che, in molti casi, comporta degli interventi più massicci che rischiano di falsare la forma e la storia originaria del bene. La tesi proposta si inserisce nel filone delle richieste normative, dei contenuti tecnici e dei documenti di riferimento quali le Linee Guida per i Beni Culturali e, a livello europeo, le Raccomandazioni ISCARSAH, ed intende fornire una procedura operativa per porsi nel giusto mezzo tra i due approcci sopra citati. Sono stati presi in considerazione vari documenti tecnici di riferimento ed è stato identificato un metodo integrato e mutidisciplinare per lo studio di beni storici, creato in funzione delle attuali normative e nel rispetto dei fondamentali criteri del restauro e della conservazione. Si è voluto rendere tale metodo il più generico possibile, senza fornire particolari informazioni inerenti specifiche tecniche di restauro, in modo tale che sia applicabile ad i vari tipi di beni storici. Per validare tale approccio, la metodologia identificata è stata applicata a due differenti casi studio, entrambi presenti all’interno del sito ad elevato valore storico/sociologico/architettonico quale l’Arsenale di Venezia, che si differenziano tra loro per materiali, destinazioni d’uso e comportamento strutturale: la Sala Maggiore delle Sale d’Armi Nord e la gru idraulica Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. La scelta dei due casi studio è stata dettata da concrete esigenze della Soprintendenza B.A.P di Venezia e Laguna di recuperare i due beni riportandoli alla loro configurazione originaria sia materica che strutturale.